Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight

by John Willcock

CHAPTER VII

Translation of Rabelais

HE foundation on which Sir Thomas Urquhart's literary fame securely rests is his translation into English of the first three books of the works of Rabelais. Of these the first and second appeared in two separate volumes in the year 1653—exactly a century after the death of the great French satirist—and the third was published by Pierre Antoine Motteux in 1693, long after Sir Thomas's own death.[232]

The difficulty, singularity, and obscurity of the writings of Rabelais had probably been hindrances in the way of their being presented to the English public in their own tongue; for, though the register of the Stationers' Company preserves a record of two attempts at translation, these seem to have been but fragmentary, and to have dropped still-born from the press. The works themselves are not known to be extant, and nothing more than the bare name of them survives.

The difficulties which lie in the way of the ordinary reader who wishes to become acquainted with the works of Rabelais are very considerable.[233] The fantastical style of the satirist, his countless allusions to contemporary persons and events, his out-of-the-way learning, the care with which he conceals at such length the seriousness of his purpose, and the incredible grossness of manners which so often disfigures his pages, are obstacles which can with difficulty be surmounted. The last-mentioned characteristic is, indeed, a grave and ingrained fault, which must for ever be a slur upon the writer's fame. Yet we may say of him what Don Pedro says of Benedick, "The man doth fear God howsoever it seems not in him by some large jests he will make"; or what Mrs Blower in St Ronan's Well says of her deceased husband, "He was a merry man, but he had the root of the matter in him for a' his light way of speaking." Coleridge—"the brother," according to Mr Birrell, "whose praise is throughout all the churches"—speaks of Rabelais in very high terms indeed; "Beyond a doubt," he says, "he was among the deepest, as well as boldest thinkers of his age. His buffoonery was not merely Brutus' rough stick, which contained a rod of gold: it was necessary as an amulet against the monks and legates.[234] Never was there a more plausible, and seldom, I am persuaded, a less appropriate line than the thousand times quoted

'Rabelais laughing in his easy chair'

of Mr Pope. The caricature of his filth and zanyism show how fully he both knew and felt the danger in which he stood. I could write a treatise in praise of the moral elevation of Rabelais' work, which would make the church stare and the conventicle groan,[235] and yet would be truth, and nothing but the truth. I class Rabelais with the great creative minds of the world, Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes, etc."

François Rabelais was born in Touraine, according to the date usually given, and which there is no reason to question, in the same year as Luther and Raphael, A.D. 1483, and died in Paris in 1553. His father had a small estate, and was an apothecary (or, as some say, a tavern-keeper) in the town of Chinon, at the foot of the castle where, three centuries before, our Henry II. had died, and whither, a little more than fifty years before François was born, Joan of Arc had come with promises of supernatural aid to Charles VII. He was the youngest of five sons, and, as was often the case in those days, was provided for by being made a monk, while the other members of the family divided amongst them the paternal estate. In one passage in his works he speaks of mothers who "cannot bear their children nor brook them in their houses nine, nay often not seven years, but by putting a shirt over their robe, and by cutting a few hairs on the top of their head ... they transform them into birds," i.e., get rid of them as soon as possible, and thrust them into monasteries. This seems to have been his own sad fate.

In course of time, after the schoolboy period of his life was past, he entered the order of Franciscan monks at the convent of Fontenay-le-Comte in Poitou, and took holy orders; and it was here, during the next fifteen years (1509-1524), that he devoted himself to the acquisition of everything in the shape of literature or learning, and laid the foundation of the astonishing erudition which his works display. His long residence in the monastery had inspired Rabelais with a deep hatred of monasticism and monks, and, after being allowed to exchange the Franciscan for the Benedictine order, he laid down the regular habit and took that of a secular priest, and left the convent without the sanction of his superior—a breach of ecclesiastical discipline which exposed him to severe censure. After wandering hither and thither in the pursuit of medical knowledge, he entered the University of Montpellier, graduated as a physician, and practised there with credit and success. After being Hospital Physician at Lyons, he spent some time in Rome, as a medical attendant upon Jean du Bellay, Bishop of Paris. While here he succeeded in making his peace with the Church, and by a papal Bull (17th January 1536) was allowed to return to the Benedictine order and to practise physic according to canonical rules, i.e., to charge no fees and to use neither fire nor knife. This release from ecclesiastical disabilities allowed him to be appointed to a place in the abbey of St Maur-des-Fosses, near Paris. After another period of exile and wandering he was nominated curé of Meudon, an office which he resigned after two years. Three months afterwards he died in Paris (9th April, 1553), and was buried in the cemetery of the parish of St Paul's.

The publication of the satirical writings of Rabelais was spread over a long series of years, from 1532 or 1533, when the first installment, in his Gargantua, was brought out, down to 1564, eleven years after his death, when the fifth and concluding book of his Pantagruel was issued in its entirety. The main object of his satire was what used to be called "the intolerance, superstition, and disgusting follies and vices of the Romish Church," but, incidentally, pretenders to knowledge of every kind come under his lash. For when imposture, folly, and humbug grow too rank and noisome, there arise, it can scarcely be by accident, men like Lucian, Rabelais, and Voltaire, whose calling it is to cut them down. That theirs is an ill-requited office is sufficiently plain from the odium which, in spite of their beneficent labours, is often associated with their names. "[Hast thou] only a torch for burning, no hammer for building?" says the somewhat wearisome Herr Teufelsdröckh to the last named of these satirists, "take our thanks, then, and—thyself away."[236] Yet the torch for burning is as necessary as the hammer for building, if the site for the Temple of Truth is to be prepared. It may well be that burning down and rooting up are needed before building can be begun, and some of those who have endeavoured to benefit mankind have felt themselves called to the one sort of work rather than to the other.

The form which Rabelais chooses for the frame-work of his satire is the burlesque adventures of the giant Gargantua, of whom many legends were current in Touraine, and of his son Pantagruel, sometimes spoken of as also a giant, and at others as a wise and virtuous prince of ordinary proportions. Along with the strange, tangled, and chaotic story of their exploits the writer from time to time enunciates admirable ideas, which must have seemed revolutionary to his contemporaries, and some of which even we have not yet realised.

The translation of Rabelais by Sir Thomas Urquhart is his great literary achievement. "It is impossible," says Tytler, "to look into it without admiring the air of ease, freshness, and originality which the translator has so happily communicated to his performance. All those singular qualifications which unfitted Urquhart to succeed in serious composition—his extravagance, his drollery (?), his unbridled imagination, his burlesque and endless epithets—are in the task of translating Rabelais transplanted into their true field of action, and revel through his pages with a licence and buoyancy which is quite unbridled, yet quite allowable. Indeed, Urquhart and Rabelais appear, in many points, to have been congenial spirits, and the translator seems to have been born for his author."[237]

As might have been expected, the translation is not marked by painful exactness of rendering. On the contrary, evidences of carelessness and inaccuracy are by no means uncommon, but yet the work is, as some one calls it, "one of the most perfect transfusions of an author from one language to another,[238] that ever man accomplished." The great merits of the translation consist in its preserving the very air and style of the original, and in the astonishing richness of vocabulary which it manifests. Where Rabelais invents a word, Sir Thomas invents one, or two, or three; and if the former has a list of twenty or thirty epithets, the latter has no hesitation in supplying his readers with forty or sixty, which seem quite as good as the original stock which he thus enlarges. Sometimes, too, as Mr W. F. Smith, a very distinguished student of Rabelais, remarks, "in translating a single word of the French he often empties all the synonyms given by Cotgrave into his version."

Mr Tytler, in the above-quoted criticism on Urquhart's translation, speaks of the peculiarities of his style as "revelling through his pages with a licence and buoyancy which is quite unbridled, yet quite allowable." One is obliged to demur to the last adjective. A translator, like a compositor, should be under some obligation to adhere to the text before him; and, as a matter of fact, the success of Urquhart's version is occasionally interfered with by this same "unbridled revelling." The style of Rabelais is graphic and vigorous, and at times exceedingly graceful, and occupies a high place in French literature. Any tampering with it, therefore, in the way of alteration or addition, was not likely to be an improvement.

But, even after all deductions are made, the praise bestowed upon Urquhart's work has been fully deserved. "The buoyancy and unembarrassed sweep of its general character," says Sir Theodore Martin, "which gives his Rabelais more the look of an original than of a translation, its rich and well-compacted diction, the many happy turns of phrase that are quite his own, have fairly earned for it the high estimation in which it has long been held. His task was one of extreme difficulty, and there have perhaps been few men besides himself that could have brought to it the world of omnigenous knowledge which it required. It was apparently Urquhart's ambition to realise in his own person the ideal of human accomplishment, to be at once

'Complete in feature and in mind,
With all good grace to grace a gentleman.'

He had left no source of information unexplored, few aspects of life unobserved, and, in the translation of Rabelais, he found full exercise for his multiform attainments. Ably as the work has been completed by Motteux, one cannot but regret that the worthy Knight of Cromarty had not spared him the task."[239]

The merits of the translation can scarcely be exhibited in selections torn from their context, and perhaps only partly intelligible; but perhaps the following may be welcome to the reader. Let us take these extracts from the graceful and charming sketch of the Abbey of Thelema, which was to be different from all other monastic communities, and was to be the home of a society of young people living together in all innocence and joy, free from sordid cares, and devoted to the studies, exercises, and accomplishments which are appropriate to refined and noble spirits.

"'First, then,' said Gargantua, 'you must not build a wall about your convent, for all other abbies are strongly walled and mured about.... Moreover, seeing there are certain convents in the world, whereof the custome is, if any woman come in, I mean chaste and honest women, they immediately sweep the ground which they have trod upon;[240] therefore was it ordained, that if any man or woman, entered into religious orders, should by chance come within this new abbey, all the roomes should be thoroughly washed and cleansed through which they had passed. And because in all other monasteries and nunneries all is compassed, limited, and regulated by houres, it was decreed that in this new structure there should be neither clock nor dial, but that, according to the opportunities and incident occasions, all their hours should be disposed of; for,' said Gargantua, 'the greatest losse of time, that I know, is to count the hours. What good comes of it? Nor can there be any greater dotage in the world then [than] for one to guide and direct his courses by the sound of a bell, and not by his owne judgement and discretion.'

"Item, Because at that time they put no women into nunneries, but such as were either purblind, blinkards, lame, crooked, ill-favoured, misshapen, fooles, senselesse, spoyled, or corrupt; nor encloystered any men, but those that were either sickly, ill-bred lowts, simple sots, or peevish trouble-houses; ... therefore was it ordained, that into this religious order should be admitted no women that were not faire, well featur'd, and of a sweet disposition; nor men that were not comely, personable, and well conditioned.

"Item, Because in the convents of women men come not but under-hand, privily, and by stealth, it was therefore enacted, that in this house there shall be no women in case there be not men, nor men in case there be not women.

"Item, Because both men and women, that are received into religious orders after the expiring of their noviciat or probation-year, were constrained and forced perpetually to stay there all the days of their life, it was therefore ordered, that all whatever, men or women, admitted within this abbey, should have full leave to depart with peace and contentment, whensoever it should seem good to them so to do.

"Item, for that the religious men and women did ordinarily make three vows, to wit, those of chastity, poverty, and obedience, it was therefore constituted and appointed, that in this convent they might be honourably married, that they might be rich, and live at liberty.

"In regard of the legitimat time of the persons to be initiated, and years under and above which they were not capable of reception, the women were to be admitted from ten till fifteen, and the men from twelve till eighteen."[241]

After an elaborate description of the magnificence of the abbey and of its endowments, and of the apparel worn by the members of the new order, we are told of "how the Thelemites were governed, and of their manner of living." "All their life," we read, "was spent not in lawes, statutes, or rules, but according to their own free will and pleasure. They rose out of their beds, when they thought good; they did eat, drink, labour, sleep, when they had a minde to it, and were disposed for it. None did awake them, none did offer to constrain them to eat, drink, nor to do any other thing; for so had Gargantua established it. In all their rule, and strictest tie of their order, there was but this one clause to be observed,

DO WHAT THOU WILT;

Because men that are free, well-borne, well-bred, and conversant in honest companies, have naturally an instinct and spurre that prompteth them unto vertuous actions, and withdraws them from vice, which is called honour. Those same men when by base subjection and constraint they are brought under and kept down, turn aside from that noble disposition, by which they formerly were inclined to vertue, to shake off and break that bond of servitude, wherein they are so tyrannously inslaved; for it is agreeable with the nature of man to long after things forbidden, and to desire what is denied us.[242]

"By this liberty they entered into a very laudable emulation, to do all of them what they saw did please one. If any of the gallants or ladies should say, Let us drink, they would all drink. If any one of them said, Let us play, they all played. If one said, Let us go a-walking into the fields, they went all. If it were to go a-hawking or a-hunting, the ladies mounted upon dainty, well-paced nags, seated in a stately palfrey saddle,[243] carried on their lovely fists, miniardly begloved every one of them, either a sparhawk, or a laneret, or a marlin, and the young gallants carried the other kinds of hawkes. So nobly were they taught, that there was neither he nor she amongst them but could read, write, sing, play upon several musical instruments, speak five or sixe several languages, and compose in them all very quaintly, both in verse and prose. Never were seen so valiant knights, so noble and worthy, so dextrous and skilful both on foot and a horseback, more brisk and lively, more nimble and quick, or better handling all manner of weapons then [than] were there. Never were seene ladies so proper[244] and handsome, so miniard and dainty, lesse froward, or more ready with their hand, and with their needle, in every honest and free action belonging to that sexe, then [than] were there. For this reason, when the time came, that any man of the said abbey, either at the request of his parents, or for some other cause, had a minde to go out of it, he carried along with him one of the ladies, namely, her whom he had before that chosen for his mistris,[245] and [they] were married together. And if they had formerly in Theleme lived in good devotion and amity, they did continue therein and increase it to a greater height in their state of matrimony: and did entertaine that mutual love till the very last day of their life, in no lesse vigour and fervency, then [than] at the very day of their wedding."[246]

Such is the dream which floated before the mind of Rabelais, but, unhappily, it is still an airy fancy, and has never received a local habitation and a name. Mrs Grundy, the vegetarians, the teetotallers, the anti-tobacco people, and the enemies of "rational costume" have up to the present forbidden the erection of any such building.

One of the most prominent figures in the story of Pantagruel is his favourite, Panurge, who is a rogue, a drunkard, a coward, and a malicious scoundrel, but who yet, like Falstaff, in spite of all his moral deficiencies, manages to appear as an amusing personage. Into his lips is put, with a fine disregard of congruity, an eloquent speech, which begins in praise of debt, and ends by setting forth the interdependence of all things in the universe. Panurge is represented as having threescore and three ways of making money, and two hundred and fourteen of spending it, so that he is always poor, and his sovereign Pantagruel remonstrates with him on account of his prodigal habits.

He replies as follows: "Be still indebted to somebody or other, that there may be somebody always to pray for you; [to pray] that the giver of all good things may grant unto you a blessed, long, and prosperous life; fearing, if fortune should deal crossly with you, that it might be his chance to come short of being paid by you, he will always speak good of you in every company, ever and anon purchase new creditors unto you; to the end, that through their means you may make a shift by borrowing from Peter to pay Paul,[247] and with other folk's earth fill up his ditch. When of old in the region of the Gauls, by the institution of the Druids,[248] the servants, slaves, and bondmen were burnt quick at the funerals and obsequies of their lords and masters, had not they fear enough, think you, that their lords and masters should die? For, per force, they were to die with them for company. Did not they uncessantly send up their supplications to their great God Mercury,[249] as likewise unto Dis, the Father of Wealth,[250] to lengthen out their days, and preserve them long in health? Were not they very careful to entertain them well, punctually to look unto them, and to attend them faithfully and circumspectly? For by those means were they to live together at least until the hour of death. Believe me your creditors with a more fervent devotion will beseech [Providence] to prolong your life, they being of nothing more afraid than that you should die.... I, in this only respect and consideration of being a debtor, esteem myself worshipful, reverend, and formidable. For, against the opinion of most philosophers, that of nothing ariseth nothing, yet, without having bottomed on so much as that which is called the First Matter [Primary Matter], did I out of nothing become such [a] maker and creator, that I have created—what?—a gay number of fair and jolly creditors. Nay, creditors, I will maintain it, even to the very fire itself exclusively,[251] are fair and goodly creatures. Who lendeth nothing is an ugly and wicked creature.... You can hardly imagine how glad I am, when every morning I perceive myself environed and surrounded with brigades of creditors,—humble, fawning, and full of their reverences. And whilst I remark that, as I look more favourably upon, and give a chearfuller countenance to one than to the other, the fellow thereupon buildeth a conceit that he shall be the first dispatched, and the foremost in the date of payment; and he valueth my smiles at the rate of ready money.... I have all my lifetime held debt to be as an union or conjunction of the heavens with the earth, and the whole cement whereby the race of mankind is kept together;[252] yea, of such vertue and efficacy, that, I say, the whole progeny of Adam would very suddenly perish without it."

He then goes on to describe a world in which there are no debtors and no debts. There will be no regular course among the planets, but all will be in disorder. Jupiter, reckoning himself to be nothing indebted to Saturn, will go near to thrust him out of his place; Saturn and Mars will combine to promote the confusion; Mercury, being debtor to no one, will no longer serve any; Venus, because she shall have lent nothing, will no longer be venerated. "The moon," he says, "will remain bloody and obscure. For to what end should the sun impart unto her any of his light?[253] He owed her nothing. Nor yet will the sun shine upon the earth, nor the stars send down any good influence,[254] because the terrestrial globe hath desisted from sending up their wonted nourishment by vapours and exhalations, wherewith Heraclitus said, the Stoicks proved, Cicero maintained, they were cherished and alimented.... No rain will descend upon the earth, nor light shine thereon; no wind will blow there, nor will there be in it any summer or harvest.... Such a world without lending will be no better than a dog-kennel, a place of contention and wrangling.... Men will not then salute one another; it will be but lost labour to expect aid or succour from any, or to cry fire, water, murther, for none will put to their helping hand. Why? He lent no money, there is nothing due to him. Nobody is concerned in his burning, in his shipwrack, in his ruine, or in his death; and that because he hitherto hath lent nothing, and would never thereafter have lent anything. In short, Faith, Hope, and Charity would be quite banish'd from such a world—for men are born to relieve and assist one another."

"But, on the contrary," he went on to say, "be pleased to represent unto your fancy another world, wherein every one lendeth, and everyone oweth, all are debtors, and all creditors. O how great will that harmony be, which shall thereby result from the regular motions of the heavens! Methinks I hear it every whit as well as ever Plato did.[255] What sympathy will there be amongst the elements! O how delectable then unto nature will be our own works and productions! Whilst Ceres appeareth loaden with corn, Bacchus with wines, Flora with flowers, Pomona with fruits, and Juno fair in a clear air, wholsom and pleasant. I lose myself in this high contemplation. Then will among the race of mankind, peace, love, benevolence, fidelity, tranquillity, rests, banquets, feastings, joy, gladness, gold, silver, single money [small change], chains, rings, with other ware, and chaffer of that nature, be found to trot from hand to hand. No suits at law, no wars, no strife, debate, nor wrangling; none will be there an usurer, none will be there a pinch-penny, a scrape-good wretch, or churlish hard-hearted refuser. Will not this be the golden age in the reign of Saturn?—the true idea of the Olympick regions, wherein all [other] vertues cease, charity alone ruleth, governeth, domineereth, and triumpheth? All will be fair and goodly people there, all just and vertuous. O happy world! O people of that world most happy! Yea, thrice and four times blessed is that people! I think in very deed that I am amongst them."[256]

In one curious passage Sir Thomas Urquhart amplifies the text of the author whom he translates, and supplies his readers with an astonishing list of onomatopœic words, many of which will probably be new to those who have not come across this passage before. Rabelais has nine of these words, but the translator[257] enlarges the list to seventy-one. Pantagruel is arguing against fasting and solitude as aids to a contemplative life, and quotes the authority of his father Gargantua.

"He [Gargantua] gave us also," he said, "the example of the philosopher, who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a solitary privacy, far from the rusling clutterments of the tumultuous and confused world, the better to improve his theory, to contrive, comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost endeavours to free himself from all untoward noises, surrounded and environ'd about so with the barking of currs [bawling of mastiffs, bleating of sheep, prating of parrets, tatling of jack-daws, grunting of swine, girning of boars, yelping of foxes, mewing of cats, cheeping of mice, squeaking of weasils, croaking of frogs, crowing of cocks, kekling of hens, calling of partridges, chanting of swans, chattering of jays, peeping of chickens, singing of larks, creaking of geese, chirping of swallows, clucking of moorfowls, cucking of cuckos, bumling of bees, rammage of hawks, chirming of linots, croaking of ravens, screeching of owls, whicking of pigs, gushing of hogs, curring of pigeons, grumbling of cushet-doves, howling of panthers, curkling of quails, chirping of sparrows, crackling of crows, nuzzing of camels, wheening of whelps, buzzing of dromedaries, mumbling of rabets, cricking of ferrets, humming of wasps, mioling of tygers, bruzzing of bears, sussing of kitnings, clamring of scarfes, whimpring of fullmarts, boing of buffaloes, warbling of nightingales, quavering of meavises, drintling of turkies, coniating of storks, frantling of peacocks, clattering of mag-pyes, murmuring of stock-doves, crouting of cormorants, cigling of locusts, charming of beagles, guarring of puppies, snarling of messens, rantling of rats, guerieting of apes, snuttering of monkies, pioling of pelicanes, quecking of ducks], yelling of wolves, roaring of lions, neighing of horses, crying of elephants, hissing of serpents, and wailing of turtles, that he was much more troubled than if he had been in the middle of the crowd at the fair of Fontenay or Niort."[258] In spite of the amplification of the original text of Rabelais, two of the sounds are omitted—"the braying of asses," and the noise made by grass-hoppers (sonnent les eigales), which we might have called "chirping," if the swallows and sparrows had not taken possession of that term.

As already stated, the first two books were all that were published in the lifetime of Sir Thomas Urquhart. They appeared as separate volumes in 1653. The unsold stock of each was reissued in 1664, in one volume, an additional title-page, an extra preface, and a life of Rabelais being prefixed to them. The volume became very scarce, and in 1693-94 Pierre Antoine Motteux, a Frenchman, who was master of exceedingly racy and idiomatic English, published an edition containing the third book. This was extremely inaccurate, so far as typography was concerned, and gave the public the version of Sir Thomas Urquhart with certain unspecified changes made by the editor in order to impart to it additional "smartness." In 1708 Motteux published a complete translation of Rabelais, the version of the fourth and fifth books being supplied by himself,[259] as supplementary to Urquhart's work. After the death of Motteux, a somewhat pretentious editor named Ozell[260] brought out the combined versions, with notes principally taken from the French of Duchat, and this has been reprinted time after time since its first appearance in 1737.

At least seventeen editions of Urquhart's work, either by itself or with Motteux's supplementary matter, have been issued since his day, and there is no sign of its fame waxing dim through the lapse of time; and therefore the immortality after which he longed has in a measure been won by him. And so, once more before we take our leave of him, we look again into the twilight of the past, and see his striking figure—the soldier, the scholar, and the author—crowned with the wreath which his own hands have placed upon his brows, but which succeeding generations declare him worthy to bear.

[232] The title-page of the first book does not contain Sir Thomas Urquhart's name, but on it is his motto ("Mean, speak, and do well"). It runs as follows:—"The first Book of the Works of Mr. Francis Rabelais, Doctor in Physick: Containing Five Books of the Lives, Heroick Deeds, and Sayings of Gargantua and his Sonne Pantagruel. Together with the Pantagrueline Prognostication, the Oracle of the divine Bacbuc, and response of the bottle. Hereunto are annexed the Navigations unto the sounding Isle and the Isle of the Apedefts: as likewise the Philosophical cream with a Limosin Epistle. All done by Mr. Francis Rabelais, in the French Tongue, and now faithfully translated into English. ευνοει εὑλογε καἱ εὑπραττε. London, Printed for Richard Baddeley, within the Middle Templegate. 1653." On the title-page of the second book are the translator's initials, S, T. V. C. (Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie). While on that of the third book we have his name in full: "Now faithfully translated into English by the unimitable pen of Sir Thomas Urwhart, Kt. and Bar. The Translator of
the Two First Books. Never before Printed. London:
Printed for Richard Baldwin, near the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, 1693." Copies of the first and second books of the above date are in the British Museum, but erroneously catalogued—not under Urquhart, but only under C., S. T. V. A second edition of them both seems from the Bodleian Catalogue to have been published in 1664. Both are very rare, it is said, owing to the destruction caused by the fire of London in 1666.

[233] For those who are not special students, adequate information concerning Rabelais and extracts from his works are to be got in Sir Walter Besant's luminous and charming volume in the series of Foreign Classics for English Readers (Blackwood), and in Morley's Universal Library (Routledge). In one of his poems Browning describes the steps taken by a reader to banish the memory of a dreary pedant, whose book he had been perusing. He says:

"Then I went indoors, brought out a loaf,
Half a cheese, and a bottle of Chablis;
Lay on the grass, and forgot the loaf
Over a jolly chapter of Rabelais."

Some have turned over Rabelais and searched for the jolly chapter in vain, and have, perhaps, attributed their failure to the want of a bottle of Chablis.

[234] This is somewhat doubtful. The Sorbonne and the Parliaments might have been moved by ultra-orthodox opponents to prosecute Rabelais on this account. The true explanation seems to be that the form of his book was popular, and the popular French literature of the Middle Ages—fableaux, farces, and burlesque romances—can hardly be exceeded in the matter of coarseness (Ency. Brit., "Rabelais").

[235] This is surely an early allusion to the superior sensitiveness on some points of the "Nonconformist Conscience." The fact alluded to should inspire joy rather than call forth sneers, for when a conscience becomes sensitive on some points there are reasonable hopes of its becoming sensitive on others.

[236] Sartor Resartus, chap. ix.

[237] Life of Crichton, p. 182.

[238] In addition to any aid Urquhart may have received from friends who were intimately acquainted with the French language, he was deeply indebted to Cotgrave's French Dictionary, published in 1611, and dedicated to "Sir William Cecil, Knight, Lord Burghley, and sonne and heir apparant unto the Earle of Exeter," i.e., the grandson of Queen Elizabeth's Lord Burghley.

[239] Rabelais, p. xxi.

[240] I.e. the Carthusians: like their impudence!

[241] Book i. chap. 52.

[242] "Nitimur in vetitum, semper cupimus negata" (Ovid, Amor. iii. 4, 17).

[243] Avec leur palefroy guorrier—rather, "with their prancing palfrey." Guorrier from Gr. γαυρος—haughty.

[244] Cf. Heb. xi. 23, "a proper child."

[245] Celle laquelle l'auroit prins pour son devot—rather, "her, who had chosen him as her devoted servant."

[246] Book i. chap. 57.

[247] Fr. faire versure = Lat. facere versuram (Cic. Att. v. 1, § 2), to borrow money to pay another debt (F. W. S.).

[248] Caes. B. G. vi. 19.

[249] "Deum maxime Mercurium colunt" (B. G. vi. 17) (Ibid.).

[250] "Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos dicunt" (B. G. vi. 18). Dis is called père des escuz, as identical with Plutus, the god of hidden wealth (Ibid.).

[251] Exclusively, i.e., "I will affirm it, but not go to the stake for it" (F. W. S.).

[252] A fine passage in one of South's Sermons was evidently suggested by the above chapter in Rabelais. "The World is maintained by Intercourse; and the whole Course of Nature is a great Exchange, in which one good Turn is and ought to be the stated Price of another. If you consider the Universe as one Body, you shall find Society and Conversation to supply the Office of the Blood and Spirits; and it is Gratitude that makes them circulate. Look over the whole Creation, and you shall see that the Band or Cement that holds together all the Parts of this great and glorious Fabric is Gratitude, or something like it: you may observe it in all the Elements, for does not the Air feed the Flame? and does not the Flame at the same time warm and enlighten the Air? Is not the Sea always sending forth, as well as taking in? And does not the Earth quit scores with all the Elements, in the noble Fruits and Productions that issue from it? And in all the Light and Influence that the Heavens bestow upon this lower World, though the lower World cannot equal their Benefaction, yet with a Kind of grateful Return, it reflects those Rays that it cannot recompense: so that there is some Return however, though there can be no Requital.... In short, Gratitude is the great Spring that sets all the Wheels of Nature agoing; and the whole Universe is supported by giving and returning, by Commerce and Commutation. And now, thou ungrateful Brute, thou Blemish to Mankind, and Reproach to thy Creation; what shall we say of thee, or to what shall we compare thee? For thou art an Exception from all the visible World; neither the Heavens above nor the Earth beneath afford anything like thee: and therefore, if thou wouldest find thy Parallel, go to Hell, which is both the Region and the Emblem of Ingratitude; for besides thyself, there is nothing but Hell that is always receiving and never restoring" (I. Serm. xi. "Of the odious Sin of Ingratitude").

[253] "Nec fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna" (Virg. Georg. i. 396) (F. W. S.).

[254] Influence, much used as an astrological term. Cf. Milton:

"taught the fix'd
Their influence malignant when to shower."

"Bending one way their precious influence."

[255] Plato never pretends that the "music of the spheres" can be heard. He adopts the theory to some extent from the Pythagoreans. Aristotle (de Coelo, ii. 9), that the noise caused by the movements of the heavenly bodies is so prodigious and continuous, that, being accustomed to it from our birth, we do not notice it. The only notice in Plato that can be construed into a statement about audible music of the spheres is in Rep. x., where he speaks of a siren standing upon each of the circles of the planetary system uttering one note in one tone; and from all the eight notes there results a single harmony (F. W. S.).

[256] Book iii. chaps. 3, 4.

[257] It is quite possible that Motteux, who published the third book of Rabelais after Urquhart's death, is responsible for some of the interpolations.

[258] Book iii. chap 13. Fontenay le Comte in Lower Poitou and Niort were noted for their busy yearly fairs. There can be doubt that the above passage was suggested to Rabelais by what St Jerome records of the experience of St Hilarion in the desert. "Sic attentuatus," he says, "[jejunio et vigiliis], et in tantum exeto corpore, ut ossibus vix haereret, quadam nocte cœpit infantum audire vagitus, balatus pecorum, mugitus boum, planctum quasi mulierum, leonum rugitus, murmur exercitus, et prorsus variarum portenta vocum," etc. (Vita Sancti Hilarionis). In Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (iii. 4. 1. 2) there is the following reference to the same passage: "Monks, Anachorites, and the like, after much emptiness become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear strange noises, confer with Hob-goblins, Devils.... Hilarion, as Hierome reports in his life, and Athanasius of Antonius, was so bare with fasting, that the skin did scarce stick to the bones; for want of vapours (sic) he could not sleep, and for want of sleep became idle-headed, heard every night infants cry, Oxen low, Wolves howl, Lions roar (as he thought), clattering of chains, strange voices, and the like illusions of Devils." It is probable also that Rabelais had read the following passage in the Life of Geta, by Ælius Spartianus (c. A.D. 317): "Familiare illi fuit has quæstiones grammaticis proponere, ut dicerent, singula animalia quomodo vocem emitterent, velut, Agni balant, porcelli grumniunt, palumbes minurriunt, ursi saeviunt, leones rugiunt, leopardi rictant, elephanti barriunt, ranæ coaxant, equi hinniunt, asini rudunt, tauri mugiunt, easque de veteribus approbare." Nor is it likely that Rabelais was unacquainted with the verses in Teofilo Folengo's (1491-1544) Merlini Cocaii Macaronicon, which run thus:

"Nam Leo rugitum mittit, Lupus ac ululatum,
Bos boat, et uitrescit equus, Gallusque cucullat,
Sgnavolat et Gattus, baiat Canis, Ursus adirat,
Rancagat Oca, rudit Mullus, sed raggiat Asellus;
Denique quodque animal propria cum voce gridabat."

[259] In the introduction to this volume Motteux says that Sir Thomas Urquhart was "a learned physician." It is difficult to understand what could have given rise to such a statement. Sir Thomas had many projects for the benefit of the human race, but there is no evidence of his ever having cherished that of combating disease. One cannot help thinking of the magniloquent terms in which he would have extolled his remedies, if the fates had led him to the concoction of patent medicines. It is doubtful, however, whether he would have had what is technically known as "a good bed-side manner." It is quite possible that Motteux simply meant that Sir Thomas was well acquainted with medical science, and not that he was a physician by profession. Yet his words have often been understood as asserting the latter. Thus we find the erroneous statement in Granger's Biographical Dictionary, the Amsterdam (1741) edition of Rabelais, and Sir John Hawkins' Life of Johnson, p. 294.

[260] Both Ozell and Motteux figure in Pope's Dunciad, in i. 296, and ii. 412, respectively.

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APPENDICES

I. PRIMITIVE FATHERS AND MOTHERS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART.

II. THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON.

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APPENDIX I

The Names of the Chiefs of the Name of Urquhart, and of their Primitive Fathers; as by Authentick Records and Tradition they were from time to time through the various Generations of that Family successively conveyed, till the present yeer 1652 (p. 143).

The ancestors of Sir Thomas, for whose existence there is evidence apart from his assertions, are indicated by their names being printed in italics. If the editor of the Tracts (1774) were to believed, the italics would have to begin with George, No. 138 in the list. The fact that the names in this list are more numerous than those in the list which follows, is to be explained by brothers succeeding each other occasionally, when there was no son to inherit the dignity of chieftainship.

1. Adam.
2. Seth.
3. Enos.
4. Cainan.
5. Mahalaleel.
6. Jared.
7. Enoch.
8. Methusalah.
9. Lamech.
10. Noah.
11. Japhet.
12. Javan.
13. Penuel.
14. Tycheros.
15. Pasiteles.
16. Esormon.
17. Cratynter.
18. Thrasymedes.
19. Evippos.
20. Cleotinus.
21. Litoboros.
22. Apodemos.
23. Bathybulos.
24. Phrenedon.
25. Zameles.
26. Choronomos.
27. Leptologon.
28. Aglætos.
29. Megalonus.
30. Evemeros.
31. Callophron.
32. Arthmios.
33. Hypsegoras.
34. Autarces.
35. Evages.
36. Atarbes.
37. Pamprosodos.
38. Gethon.
39. Holocleros.
40. Molin.
41. Epitomon.
42. Hypotyphos.
43. Melobolon.
44. Propetes.
45. Euplocamos.
46. Philophon.
47. Syngenes.
48. Polyphrades.
49. Cainotomos.
50. Rodrigo.
51. Dicarches.
52. Exagastos.
53. Denapon.
54. Artistes.
55. Thymoleon.
56. Eustochos.
57. Bianor.
58. Thryllumenos.
59. Mellessen.
60. Alypos.
61. Anochlos.
62. Homognios.
63. Epsephicos.
64. Eutropos.
65. Coryphæus.
66. Etoimos.
67. Spudæos.
68. Eumestor.
69. Griphon.
70. Emmenes.
71. Pathomachon.
72. Anepsios.
73. Auloprepes.
74. Corosylos.
75. Detalon.
76. Beltistos.
77. Horicos.
78. Orthophron.
79. Apsicoros.
80. Philaplus.
81. Megaletor.
82. Nomostor.
83. Astioremon.
84. Phronematias.
85. Lutork.
86. Machemos.
87. Stichopæo.
88. Epelomenos.
89. Tycheros (2).
90. Apechon.
91. Enacmes.
92. Javan (2).
93. Lematias.
94. Prosenes.
95. Sosomenos.
96. Philalethes.
97. Thaleros.
98. Polyænos.
99. Cratesimachos.
100. Eunæmon.
101. Diasemos.
102. Saphenus.
103. Bramoso.
104. Celanas.
105. Vistoso.
106. Polido.
107. Lustroso.
108. Chrestander.
109. Spectabundo.
110. Philodulos.
111. Pallidino.
112. Comicello.
113. Regisato.
114. Arguto.
115. Nicarchos.
116. Marsidalio.
117. Hedumenos.
118. Agenor.
119. Diaprepon.
120. Stragayo.
121. Zeron.
122. Polyteles.
123. Vocompos.
124. Carolo.
125. Endymion.
126. Sebastian.
127. Lawrence.
128. Olipher.
129. Quintin.
130. Goodwin.
131. Frederick.
132. Sir Jasper.
133. Sir Adam.
134. Edward.
135. Richard.
136. Sir Philip.
137. Robert.
138. George.
139. James.
140. David.
141. Francis.
142. William.
143. Adam.
144. John.
145. Sir William.
146. William.
147. Alexander.
148. Thomas.
149. Alexander.
150. Walter.
151. Henry.
152. Sir Thomas.
153. Sir Thomas.

The Names of the Mothers of the Chiefs of the Name of Urquhart, as also of the Mothers of their Primitive Fathers. The authority for the truth thereof being derived from the same Authentick Records and Tradition on which is grounded the above-written Genealogie of their male collaterals.

1. Eva.
2. Shifka.
3. Mahla.
4. Bilha.
5. Timnah.
6. Aholima.
7. Zilpa.
8. Noema.
9. Ada.
10. Titea.
11. Debora.
12. Neginothi.
13. Hottir.
14. Orpah.
15. Axa.
16. Narfesia.
17. Goshenni.
18. Briageta.
19. Andronia.
20. Pusena.
21. Emphaneola.
22. Bonaria.
23. Peninah.
24. Asymbleta.
25. Carissa.
26. Calaglais.
27. Theoglena.
28. Pammerisla.
29. Floridula.
30. Chrysocomis.
31. Arrenopas.
32. Tharsalia.
33. Maia.
34. Roma.
35. Termuth.
36. Vegeta.
37. Callimeris.
38. Panthea.
39. Gonima.
40. Ganymena.
41. Thespesia.
42. Hypermnestra.
43. Horatia.
44. Philumena.
45. Neopis.
46. Thymelica.
47. Ephamilla.
48. Porrima.
49. Lampedo.
50. Teleclyta.
51. Clarabella.
52. Eromena.
53. Zocallis.
54. Lepida.
55. Nicolia.
56. Proteusa.
57. Gozosa.
58. Venusta.
59. Prosectica.
60. Delotera.
61. Tracara.
62. Pothina.
63. Cordata.
64. Aretias.
65. Musurga.
66. Romalia.
67. Orthoiusa.
68. Recatada.
69. Chariestera.
70. Rexenora.
71. Philerga.
72. Thomyris.
73. Varonilla.
74. Stranella.
75. Æquanima.
76. Barosa.
77. Epimona.
78. Diosa.
79. Bonita.
80. Aretusa.
81. Bendita.
82. Regalletta.
83. Isumena.
84. Antaxia.
85. Bergola.
86. Viracia.
87. Dynastis.
88. Dalga.
89. Eutocusa.
90. Corriba.
91. Præcelsa.
92. Plausidica.
93. Donosa.
94. Solicælia.
95. Bontadosa.
96. Calliparia.
97. Crelenca.
98. Pancala.
99. Dominella.
100. Mundala.
101. Pamphais.
102. Philtrusa.
103. Meliglena.
104. Philetium.
105. Tersa.
106. Dulcicora.
107. Gethosyna.
108. Collabella.
109. Eucnema.
110. Tortolina.
111. Ripulita.
112. Urbana.
113. Lampusa.
114. Vistosa.
115. Hermosina.
116. Bramata.
117. Zaglopis.
118. Androlema.
119. Trastevole.
120. Suaviloqua.
121. Francoline.
122. Matilda.
123. Allegra.
124. Winnifred.
125. Dorothy.
126. Lawretta.
127. Genivieve.
128. Marjory.
129. Jane.
130. Anne.
131. Magdalen.
132. Girsel.
133. Mary.
134. Sophia.
135. Elconore.
136. Rosalind.
137. Lillias.
138. Brigid.
139. Agnes.
140. Susanna.
141. Catherine.
142. Helen.
143. Beatrice.
144. Elizabeth.
145. Elizabeth.
146. Christian.

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APPENDIX II

The Admirable Crichton (p. 157).

"To speak a little now of his compatriot Crichtoun, I hope will not offend the ingenuous reader; who may know, by what is already displayed, that it cannot be heterogeneal from the proposed purpose, to make report of that magnanimous act atchieved by him at the Duke of Mantua's court, to the honour not only of his own, but to the eternal renown also of the whole Isle of Britain; the manner whereof was thus:

"A certain Italian gentleman, of a mighty, able, strong, nimble, and vigorous body, by nature fierce, cruell, warlike, and audacious, and in the gladiatory art so superlatively expert and dextrous, that all the most skilful teachers of Escrime, and fencing-masters of Italy, (which in matter of choice professors in that faculty, needed never as yet to yeild to any nation in the world), were by him beaten to their good behaviour, and by blows given in, which they could not avoid, enforced to acknowledge him their over comer; bethinking himself, how, after so great a conquest of reputation, he might by such means be very suddenly enriched, he projected a course of exchanging the blunt to sharp, and the foiles into tucks. And in this resolution providing a purse full of gold, worth neer upon four hundred pounds English money, traveled alongst the most especial and considerable parts of Spaine, France, the Low-Countryes, Germany, Pole, Hungary, Greece, Italy, and other places, where ever there was greatest probability of encountring with the eagerest and most atrocious duellists. And immediately after his arrival to any city or town that gave apparent likelihood of some one or other champion that would enter the lists and cope with him, he boldly challenged them with sound of trumpet, in the chief market-place, to adventure an equal sum of money against that of his, to be disputed at the sword's point who should have both. There failed not several brave men, almost of all nations, who, accepting of his cartels, were not afraid to hazard both their person and coine against him; but, (till he midled with this Crichtoun), so maine was the ascendant he had above all his antagonists, and so unlucky the fate of such as offered to scuffle with him, that all his opposing combatants, (of what state or dominion soever they were), who had not lost both their life and gold, were glad, for the preservation of their person, (though sometimes with a great expence of blood), to leave both their reputation and mony behind them. At last, returning homewards to his own country, loaded with honor and wealth, or rather the spoils of the reputation of those forraginers, whom the Italians call Tramontani, he, by the way, after his accustomed manner of abording other places, repaired to the city of Mautua, where the Duke, (according to the courtesie usually bestowed on him by other princes), vouchsafed him a protection and savegard for his person; he (as formerly he was wont to do, by beat of drum, sound of trumpet, and several printed papers, disclosing his designe, battered on all the chief gates, posts, and pillars of the town), gave all men to understand, that his purpose was to challenge, at the single rapier, any whosoever of that city or country, that durst be so bold as to fight with him, provided he would deposite a bag of five hundred Spanish pistols over against another of the same value, which he himself should lay down, upon this condition, that the enjoyment of both should be the conqueror's due. His challenge was not long unanswered, for it happened, at the same time, that three of the most notable cutters in the world, (and so highly cryed up for valour, that all the bravos of the land were content to give way to their domineering, how insolent soever they should prove, because of their former constantly obtained victories in the field), were all three together at the court of Mantua, who, hearing of such a harvest of five hundred pistols to be reaped, (as they expected), very soon, and with ease, had almost contested amongst themselves for the priority of the first encounterer, but that one of my Lord Duke's courtiers moved them to cast lots for who should be first, second, and third, in case none of the former two should prove victorious. Without more adoe, he whose chance it was to answer the cartel with the first defiance, presented himself within the barriers, or place appointed for the fight, where, his adversary attending him, as soon as the trumpet sounded a charge, they jointly fel to work; and, (because I am not now to amplifie the particulars of a combat), although the dispute was very hot for a while, yet, whose fortune it was to be first of the three in the field, had the disaster to be first of the three that was foyled; for, at last, with a thrust in the throat, he was killed dead upon the ground. This, nevertheless, not a whit dismayed the other two, for, the nixt day, he that was second in the roll gave his appearance after the same manner as the first had done, but with no better success; for he likewise was laid flat dead upon the place, by means of a thrust he received in the heart. The last of the three, finding that he was as sure of being engaged in the fight as if he had been the first in order, pluckt up his heart, knit his spirits together, and, all the day after the death of the second, most couragiously entering the lists, demeaned himself for a while with great activity and skill; but at last, his luck being the same with those that preceded him, by a thrust in the belly, he within four and twenty hours after gave up the ghost. These (you may imagine), were lamentable spectacles to the Duke and citie of Mantua, who, casting down their faces for shame, knew not what course to take for reparation of their honour. The conquering duellist, proud of a victory so highly tending to both his honour and profit, for the space of a whole fortnight, or two weeks together, marched daily along the streets of Mantua, (without any opposition or controulment), like another Romulus or Marcellus in triumph; which, the never too much to be admired Crichtoun perceiving, to wipe off the imputation of cowardise lying upon the court of Mantua, to which he had but even then arrived, (although formerly he had been a domestick thereof), he could neither eat nor drink till he had first sent a challenge to the conqueror, appelling him to repair with his best sword in his hand, by nine of the clock in the morning of the next day, in presence of the whole court, and in the same place where he had killed the other three, to fight with him upon this quarrel, that in the court of Mantua there were as valiant men as he; and, for his better encouragement to the desired undertaking, he assured him that, to the aforesaid five hundred pistols, he would adjoyn a thousand more, wishing him to do the like, that the victor, upon the point of his sword, might carry away the richer bootay. The challenge, with all its conditions, is no sooner accepted of, the time and place mutually condescended upon, kept accordingly, and the fifteen hundred pistols hinc inde deposited, but of the two rapiers of equal weight, length, and goodness, each taking one, in presence of the Duke, Dutchess, with all the noblemen, ladies, magnificos, and all the choicest of men, women, and maids of that citie, as soon as the signal for the duel was given, by the shot of a great piece of ordnance of threescore and four pound ball, the combatants, with a lion-like animosity, made their approach to one another, and, being within distance, the valiant Crichtoun, to make his adversary spend his fury the sooner, betook himself to the defensive part; wherein, for a long time, he shewed such excellent dexterity in warding the other's blows, slighting his falsifyings, in breaking measure, and often, by the agility of his body, avoiding his thrust, that he seemed but to play, while the other was in earnest. The sweetness of Crichtoun's countenance, in the hotest of the assault, like a glance of lightning on the hearts of the spectators, brought all the Italian ladies on a sudden to be enamoured of him; whilst the sternness of the other's aspect, he looking like an enraged bear, would have struck terrour into wolves, and affrighted an English mastiff. Though they were both in their linens, (to wit, shirts and drawers, without any other apparel), and in all outward conveniences equally adjusted, the Italian, with redoubling his stroaks, foamed at the mouth with a cholerick heart, and fetched a pantling breath; the Scot, in sustaining his charge, kept himself in a pleasant temper, without passion, and made void his designes; he alters his wards from tierce to quart; he primes and seconds it, now high, now lowe, and casts his body, (like another Prothee), into all the shapes he can, to spie an open on his adversary, and lay hold of an advantage, but all in vain; for the invincible Crichtoun, whom no cunning was able to surprise, contrepostures his respective wards, and, with an incredible nimbleness of both hand and foot, evades the intent and frustrates the invasion. Now is it, that the never before conquered Italian, finding himself a little faint, enters into a consideration that he may be over-matched; whereupon a sad apprehension of danger seizing upon all his spirits, he would gladly have his life bestowed on him as a gift, but that, having never been accustomed to yield, he knows not how to beg it. Matchless Crichtoun, seeing it now high time to put a gallant catastrophe to that so long dubious combat, animated with a divinely inspired servencie to fulfil the expectation of the ladies, and crown the Duke's illustrious hopes, changeth his garb, falls to act another part, and, from defender, turn assailant; never did art so grace nature, nor nature second the precepts of art with so much liveliness, and such observancie of time, as when, after he had struck fire out of the steel of his enemie's sword, and gained the feeble thereof with the fort of his own, by angles of the strongest position, he did, by geometrical flourishes of straight and oblique lines, so practically execute the speculative part, that, as if there had been Remoras and secret charms in the variety of his motion, the fierceness of his foe was in a trice transqualified into the numbness of a pageant. Then was it that, to vindicate the reputation of the Duke's family, and expiate the blood of the three vanquished gentlemen, he alonged a stoccade de pied ferme; then recoyling, he advanced another thrust, and lodged it home; after which, retiring again, his right foot did beat the cadence of the blow that pierced the belly of this Italian, whose heart and throat being hit with the two former stroaks, these three franch bouts given in upon the back of the other; besides that, if lines were imagined drawn from the hand that livered them, to the places which were marked by them, they would represent a perfect isosceles triangle, with a perpendicular from the top angle cutting the basis in the middle; they likewise give us to understand, that by them he was to be made a sacrifice of atonement for the slaughter of the three aforesaid gentlemen, who were wounded in the very same parts of their bodies by other such three venees as these, each whereof being mortal; and his vital spirits exhaling as his blood gushed out, all he spoke was this, That seeing he could not live, his comfort in dying was, that he could not dye by the hand of a braver man; after the uttering of which words, he expiring, with the shril clarcens of trumpets, bouncing thunder of artillery, bethwacked beating of drums, universal clapping of hands, and loud acclamations of joy for so glorious a victory, the aire above them was so rarified by the extremity of the noise and vehement sound, dispelling the thickest and most condensed parts thereof, that (as Plutarch speakes of the Grecians, when they raised their shouts of allegress up to the very heavens at the hearing of the gracious proclamations of Paulus Æmilius in favour of their liberty), the very sparrows and other flying fowls were said to fall to the ground for want of aire enough to uphold them in their flight.

"When this sudden rapture was over, and all husht into its former tranquility, the noble gallantry and generosity, beyond expression, of the inimitable Crichtoun, did transport them all againe into a new exstasie of ravishment, when they saw him like an angel in the shape of a man, or as another Mars, with the conquered enemie's sword in one hand, and the fifteen hundred pistols he had gained in the other, present the sword to the Duke as his due, and the gold to his high treasurer, to be disponed equally to the three widows of the three unfortunate gentlemen lately slaine, reserving only to himself the inward satisfaction he conceived, for having so opportunely discharged his duty to the House of Mantua.

"The reader perhaps will think this wonderful; and so would I too, were it not that I know, (as Sir Philip Sydney sayes), that a wonder is no wonder in a wonderful subject, and consequently not in him, who for his learning, judgement, valour, eloquence, beauty, and good-fellowship was the perfectest result of the joynt labour of the perfect number of those six deities, Pallas, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, Venus, and Bacchus, that hath been seen since the dayes of Alcibiades; for he was reported to have been inriched with a memory so prodigious, that any sermon, speech, harangue, or other manner of discourse of an hour's continuance, he was able to recite without hesitation, after the same manner of gesture and pronuntiation in all points, wherewith it was delivered at first; and of so stupendious a judgment and conception, that almost naturally he understood quiddities of philosophy; and as for the abstrusest and most researched mysteries of other disciplines, arts, and faculties, the intentional species of them were as readily obvious to the interiour view and perspicacity of his mind, as those of the common visible colours to the external sight of him that will open his eyes to look upon them; of which accomplishment and Encyclopedia of knowledge, he gave on a time so marvelous a testimony at Paris, that the words of Admirabilis Scotus, the Wonderful Scot, in all the several tongues and idiomes of Europ, were, (for a great while together), by the most of the echos resounded to the peircing of the very clouds. To so great a hight and vast extent of praise did the never too much to be extolled reputation of the seraphick wit of that eximious man attaine, for his commanding to be affixed programs on all the gates of the schooles, halls, and colledges of that famous university, as also on all the chief pillars and posts standing before the houses of the most renowned men for literature, resident within the precinct of the walls and suburbs of that most populous and magnificent city, inviting them all, (or any whoever else versed in any kinde of scholastick faculty), to repaire at nine of the clock in the morning of such a day, moneth, and yeer, as by computation came to be just six weeks after the date of the affixes, to the common schoole of the colledge of Navarre,[261] where, (at the prefixed time), he should, (God willing), be ready to answer to what should be propounded to him concerning any science, liberal art, discipline, or faculty, practical or theoretick, not excluding the theological nor jurisprudential habits, though grounded but upon the testimonies of God and man, and that in any of these twelve languages,[262] Hebrew, Syriack, Arabick, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, and Sclavonian, in either verse or prose, at the discretion of the disputant; which high enterprise and hardy undertaking, by way of challenge to the learndst men in the world, damped the wits of many able scholars to consider whether it was the attempt of a fanatick spirit, or lofty designe of a well-poised judgment; yet after a few days enquiry concerning him, when information was got of his incomparable endowments, all the choicest and most profound philosophers, mathematicians, naturalists, mediciners, alchymists, apothecaries, surgeons, doctors of both civil and canon law, and divines both for controversies and positive doctrine, together with the primest grammarians, rhetoricians, logicians, and others, professors of other arts and disciplines at Paris, plyed their studys in their private cels for the space of a moneth, exceeding hard, and with huge paines and labor set all their braines awork how to contrive the knurriest arguments, and most difficult questions could be devised, thereby to puzzle him in the resolving of them, meander him in his answers, put him out of his medium, and drive him to a non plus; nor did they forget to premonish the ablest there of forraign nations not to be unprepared to dispute with him in their own material dialects, and that sometimes metrically, sometimes otherwayes, pro libitu.[263] All this while the Admirable Scot, (for so from thenceforth he was called), minding more his hawking, hunting, tilting, vaulting, riding of well-managed horses, tossing of the pike, handling of the musket, flourishing of colours, dancing, fencing, swimming, jumping, throwing of the bar, playing at tennis, baloon, or long catch; and sometimes at the house games of dice, cards, playing at the chess, billiards, trou-madam, and other such like chamber sports, singing, playing on the lute and other musical instruments, masking, balling, reveling; and, which did most of all divert, or rather distract him from his speculations and serious employments, being more addicted to, and plying closer the courting of handsome ladyes, and a jovial cup in the company of bacchanalian blades, then [than] the forecasting how to avoid, shun, and escape the snares, grins [gins?], and nets of the hard, obscure, and hidden arguments, ridles, and demands, to be made, framed, and woven by the professors, doctors, and others of that thrice-renowned university. There arose upon him an aspersion of too great proness to such like debordings and youthful emancipations, which occasioned one less acquainted with himself then [than] his reputation, to subjoyn, (some two weeks before the great day appointed), to that program of his, which was fixed on the Sorbone gate, these words: 'If you would meet with this monster of perfection, to make search for him ... in the taverne ... is the reedyest way to finde him.' By reason of which expression, (though truly as I think, both scandalous and false), the eminent sparks of the university, (imagining that those papers of provocation had been set up to no other end, but to scoff and delude them, in making them waste their spirits upon quirks and quiddities, more then [than] was fitting), did resent a little of their former toyle, and slack their studyes, becoming almost regardless thereof, till the several peals of bells ringing an hour or two before the time assigned, gave warning that the party was not to flee the barriers, nor decline the hardship of academical assaults; but, on the contrary, so confident in his former resolution, that he would not shrink to sustaine the shock of all their disceptations. This sudden alarm so awaked them out of their last fortnight's lethargy, that, calling to minde, the best way they might, the fruits of the foregoing moneth's labour, they hyed to the forenamed schoole with all diligence; where, after all of them had, according to their several degrees and qualities, seated themselves, and that by reason of the noise occasioned through the great confluence of people, which so strange a novelty brought thither out of curiosity, an universal silence was commanded, the Orator of the University, in most fluent Latine, addressing his speech to Crichtoun, extolled him for his literature, and other good parts, and for that confident opinion he had of his own sufficiency, in thinking himself able to justle in matters of learning with the whole university of Paris, Crichtoun answering him in no less eloquent terms of Latine, after he had most heartily thanked him for his elegies, so undeservedly bestowed, and darted some high encomiums upon the university and the professors therein; he very ingeniously [ingenuously] protested that he did not emit his programs out of any ambition to be esteemed able to enter in competition with the university, but meerly to be honoured with the favour of a publick conference with the learned men thereof. In complements after this manner, ultro citroque habitis, tossed to and again, retorted, contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then graced with a quip or a clinch for the better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half hour and more; for he being the centre to which the innumerable diameters of the discourses of that circulary convention did tend, although none was to answer but he, any of them all, according to the order of their prescribed series, were permitted to reply, or commence new motions on any subject, in what language soever, and howsoever expressed; to all which, he being bound to tender himself a respondent, in matter and form suitable to the impugners propounding, he did first so transcendently acquit himself of that circumstantial kinde of oratory, that, by well-couched periods, and neatly running syllables, in all the twelve languages, both in verse and prose, he expressed to the life his courtship [courtliness] and civility; and afterwards, when the Rector of the university, (unwilling to have any more time bestowed on superficial rhetorick, or to have that wasted on the fondness of quaint phrases, which might be better employed in a reciprocacy of discussing scientifically the nature of substantial things), gave direction to the professors to fall on, each according to the dignity or precedency of his faculty, and that conform to the order given. Some metaphysical notions were set abroach, then mathematical, and of those arithmetical, geometrical, astronomical, musical, optical, cosmographical, trigonometrical, statical, and so forth through all the other branches of the prime and mother sciences thereof; the next bout was through all natural philosophy, according to Aristotle's method, from the acroamaticks, going along the speculation of the nature of the heavens, and that of the generation and corruption of sublinary things, even to the consideration of the soul and its faculties; in sequel hereof, they had a hint at chymical extractions, and spoke of the principles of corporeal and mixed bodies, according to the precepts of that art. After this, they disputed of medicine, in all its thereapeutick, pharmacopeutick, and chirurgical parts; and not leaving natural magick untouched, they had exquisite disceptations concerning the secrets thereof. From thence they proceeded to moral philosophy, where, debating of the true enumeration of all vertues and vices, they had most learned ratiocinations about the chief good of the life of man; and seeing the [that] œcumenicks and politicks are parts of that philosophy, they argued learnedly of all the several sorts of governments, with their defects and advantages; whereupon perpending, that, without an established law, all the duties of ruling and subjection, to the utter ruin of humane society, would be as often violated as the irregularity of passion, seconded with power, should give way thereto. The Sorbonist, canonical, and civilian doctors most judiciously argued with him about the most prudential maximes, sentences, ordinances, acts, and statutes for ordering all manner of persones in their consciences, bodyes, fortunes, and reputation; nor was there an end put to those literate exercitations till the grammarians, rhetoricians, poets, and logicians had assailed him with all the subtleties and nicest quodlibets their respective habits could afford. Now when, to the admiration of all that were there, the incomparable Crichtoun had, in all these faculties above written, and in any of the twelve languages wherein he was spoke to, whether in verse or prose, held tack to all the disputants, who were accounted the ablest scholars upon earth in each their own profession; and publickly evidenced such an universality of knowledge, and accurate promptness in resolving of doubts, distinguishing of obscurities, expressing the members of a distinction in adequate terms of art, explaining those compendious tearms with words of a more easie apprehension to the prostrating of the sublimest mysteries to any vulgar capacity, and with all excogitable variety of learning, (to his own everlasting fame), entertained, after that kinde, the nimble witted Parisians from nine o'clock in the morning till six at night; the Rector now finding it high time to give some relaxation to these worthy spirits, which, during such a long space, had been so intensively bent upon the abstrusest speculations, rose up, and saluting the divine Crichtoun, after he had made an elegant panegyrick, or encomiastick speech of half an houre's continuance, tending to nothing else but the extolling of him for the rare and most singular gifts wherewith God and nature had endowed him, he descended from his chaire, and, attended by three or four of the most especial professors, presented him with a diamond ring and a purse ful of gold, wishing him to accept thereof, if not, as a recompense proportional to his merit, yet as a badge of love, and testimony of the universitie's favour towards him. At the tender of which ceremony, there was so great a plaudite in the schoole, such a humming and clapping of hands, that all the concavities of the colledges there about did resound with the echo of the noise thereof.

"Notwithstanding the great honor thus purchased by him for his literatory accomplishments, and that many excellent spirits, to obteine the like, would be content to postpose all other employments to the enjoyment of their studyes, he, nevertheless, the very next day, (to refresh his braines, as he said, for the toile of the former day's work), went to the Louvre in a buff-suit, more like a favourite of Mars then [than] one of the Muses' minions; where, in presence of some princes of the court, and great ladies, that came to behold his gallantry, he carryed away the ring fifteen times on end, and broke as many lances on the Saracen.

"When for a quarter of a yeer together he after this manner had disported himself, (what martially, what scholastically), with the best qualified men in any faculty so ever, that so large a city, (which is called the world's abridgement), was able to afford, and now and then solaced these his more serious recreations, (for all was but sport to him), with the alluring imbellishments of the tendrer sexe, whose inamorato that he might be, was their ambition; he on a sudden took resolution to leave the Court of France, and return to Italy, where he had been bred for many yeers together; which designe he prosecuting within the space of a moneth, (without troubling himself with long journeys), he arrived at the Court of Mantua, where immediately after his abord, (as hath been told already), he fought the memorable combat whose description is above related. Here it was that the learned and valiant Crichtoun was pleased to cast anchor, and fix his abode; nor could he almost otherwise do, without disobliging the Duke, and the Prince his eldest son; by either whereof he was so dearly beloved, that none of them would permit him by any means to leave their Court, whereof he was the only privado, the object of all men's love, and subject of their discourse; the example of the great ones, and wonder of the meaner people; the paramour of the female sexe, and paragon of his own. In the glory of which high estimation, having resided at that Court above two whole yeers, the reputation of gentlemen there was hardly otherwayes valued but by the measure of his acquaintance; nor were the young unmaryed ladies, of all the most eminent places thereabouts, any thing respected of one another, that had not either a lock of his hair, or copy of verses of his composing. Nevertheless it happening on a Shrove-tuesday at night, (at which time it is in Italy very customary for men of great sobriety, modesty, and civil behaviour all the rest of the yeer, to give themselves over on that day of carnavale, as they call it, to all manner of riot, drunkenness, and incontinency, which that they may do with the least imputation they can to their credit, they go maskt and mum'd with vizards on their faces, and in the disguise of a Zanni or Pantaloon, to ventilate their fopperies, and sometimes intolerable enormities, without suspicion of being known), that this ever renowned Crichtoun, (who, in the afternoon of that day, at the desire of my Lord Duke, the whole court striving which should exceed each other in foolery, and devising of the best sports to excite laughter, neither my Lord, the Dutchess, nor Prince, being exempted from acting their parts, as well as they could), upon a theater set up for the purpose, begun to prank it, à la Venetiana, with such a flourish of mimick and ethopoetick gestures, that all the courtiers of both sexes, even those that a little before were fondest of their own conceits, at the sight of his so inimitable a garb, from ravishing actors that they were before, turned them ravished spectators. O with how great liveliness did he represent the conditions of all manner of men! how naturally did he set before the eyes of the beholders the rogueries of all professions, from the overweening monarch to the peevish swaine, through all the intermediate degrees of the superficial courtier or proud warrior, dissembled churchman, doting old man, cozening lawyer, lying traveler, covetous merchant, rude seaman, pedantick scholar, the amourous shepheard, envious artisan, vainglorious master, and tricky servant; he did with such variety display the several humours of all these sorts of people, and with a so bewitching energy, that he seemed to be the original, they the counterfeit; and they the resemblance whereof he was the prototype. He had all the jeers, squibs, flouts, buls, quips, taunts, whims, jests, clinches, gybes, mokes, jerks, with all the several kinds of equivocations, and other sophistical captions, that could properly be adapted to the person by whose representation he intended to inveagle the company into a fit of mirth; and would keep in that miscelany discourse of his, (which was all for the splene, and nothing for the gall), such a climacterical and mercurially digested method, that when the fancy of the hearers was tickled with any rare conceit, and that the jovial blood was moved, he held it going with another new device upon the back of the first, and another, yet another, and another againe, succeeding one another for the promoval of what is a-stirring into a higher agitation; till in the closure of the luxuriant period, the decumanal wave of the oddest whimsy of all, enforced the charmed spirits of the auditory, (for affording room to its apprehension), suddenly to burst forth into a laughter, which commonly lasted just so long as he had leisure to withdraw behind the skreen, shift off, with the help of a page, the suite he had on, apparel himself with another, and return to the stage to act afresh; for by that time their transported, disparpled, and sublimated fancies, by the wonderfully operating engines of his solacious inventions, had from the hight to which the inward scrues, wheeles, and pullies of his wit had elevated them, descended by degrees into their wonted stations, he was ready for the personating of another carriage; whereof to the number of fourteen several kinds, (during the five hours space that at the Duke's desire, the solicitation of the court, and his own recreation, he was pleased to histrionize it), he shewed himself so natural a representative, that any would have thought he had been so many several actors, differing in all things else, save only the stature of the body; with this advantage above the most of other actors, whose tongue, with its oral implements, is the onely instrument of their minds' disclosing, that, besides his mouth with its appurtenances, he lodged almost a several oratour in every member of his body; his head, his eyes, his shoulder, armes, hands, fingers, thighs, legs, feet, and breast, being able to decipher any passion whose character he purposed to give.

"First, he did present himself with a crown on his head, a scepter in his hand, being clothed in a purple robe furred with ermyne; after that, with a miter on his head, a crosier in his hand, and accoutred with a paire of lawn-sleeves; and thereafter, with a helmet on his head, the visiere up, a commanding stick in his hand, and arayed in a buff-suit, with a scarf about his middle. Then, in a rich apparel, after the newest fashion, did he shew himself, (like another Sejanus), with a periwig daubed with Cypres powder; in sequel of that, he came out with a three-corner'd cap on his head, some parchments in his hand, and writings hanging at his girdle like Chancery bills; and next to that, with a furred gown about him, an ingot of gold in his hand, and a bag full of money by his side; after all this, he appeares againe clad in a country-jacket, with a prong in his hand, and a Monmouth-like-cap on his head; then very shortly after, with a palmer's coat upon him, a bourdon in his hand,[264] and some few cockle-shels stuck to his hat, he look'd as if he had come in pilgrimage from St Michael; immediately after that, he domineers it in a bare unlined gown, with a pair of whips in the one hand, and Corderius in the other; and in suite thereof, he honderspondered[265] it with a pair of pannier-like breeches, a mountera-cap on his head, and a knife in a wooden sheath dagger-ways by his side; about the latter end, he comes forth again with a square in one hand, a rule in the other, and a leather apron before him; then very quickly after, with a scrip by his side, a sheep-hook in his hand, and a basket full of flowers to make nosegayes for his mistris; now drawing to a closure, he rants it first in cuerpo, and vapouring it with gingling spurs, and his armes a kenbol like a Don Diego he strouts it, and by the loftiness of his gate, plaies the Capitan Spavento; then in the very twinkling of an eye, you would have seen him againe issue forth with a cloak upon his arm, in a livery garment, thereby representing the serving-man; and lastly, at one time amongst those other, he came out with a long gray beard, and bucked ruff, crouching on a staff tip't, with the head of a barber's cithern,[266] and his gloves hanging by a button at his girdle.

"Those fifteen several personages did he represent with such excellency of garb, and exquisiteness of language, that condignely to perpend the subtlety of the invention, the method of the disposition, the neatness of the elocution, the gracefulness of the action, and wonderful variety in the so dextrous performance of all, you would have taken it for a comedy of five acts, consisting of three scenes, each composed by the best poet in the world, and acted by fifteen of the best players that ever lived, as was most evidently made apparent to all the spectators in the fifth and last hour of his action, (which, according to our western account, was about six a clock at night, and by the calculation of that country, half an hour past three and twenty, at that time of the yeer), for, purposing to leave off with the setting of the sun, with an endeavour nevertheless to make his conclusion the master-piece of the work, he, to that effect, summoning all his spirits together, which never failed to be ready at the call of so worthy a commander, did by their assistance, so conglomerate, shuffle, mix, and interlace the gestures, inclinations, actions, and very tones of the speech of those fifteen several sorts of men, whose carriages he did personate into an inestimable ollapodrida of immaterial morsels of divers kinds, suitable to the very ambrosian relish of the Heliconian nymphs, that, in the peripetia of this drammatical exercitation, by the inchanted transportation of the eyes and eares of its spectabundal auditorie, one would have sworne that they all had looked with multiplying glasses, and that, (like that angel in the Scripture whose voice was said to be like the voice of a multitude), they heard in him alone the promiscuous speech of fifteen several actors; by the various ravishments of the excellencies whereof, in the frolickness of a jocund straine beyond expectation, the logofascinated spirits of the beholding hearers and auricularie spectators, were so on a sudden seazed upon in their risible faculties of the soul, and all their vital motions so universally affected in this extremitie of agitation, that, to avoid the inevitable charmes of his intoxicating ejaculations, and the accumulative influences of so powerfull a transportation, one of my lady Dutchess' chief maids of honour, by the vehemencie of the shock of those incomprehensible raptures, burst forth into a laughter to the rupture of a veine in her body; and another young lady, by the irresistible violence of the pleasure unawares infused, where the tender receptibilitie of her too tickled fancie was least able to hold out, so unprovidedly was surprised, that, with no less impetuositie of ridibundal passion then [than], (as hath been told), occasioned a fracture in the other young ladie's modestie, she, not being able longer to support the well beloved burthen of so excessive delight, and intransing joys of such mercurial exhilations through the ineffable extasie of an overmastered apprehension, fell back in a swown, without the appearance of any other life into her then [than] what, by the most refined wits of theological speculators, is conceived to be exerced by the purest parts of the separated entelechises of blessed saints in their sublimest conversations with the celestial hierarchies; this accident procured the incoming of an apothecary with restoratives, as the other did that of a surgeon with consolidative medicaments.[267] The Admirable Crichtoun now perceiving that it was drawing somewhat late, and that our occidental rays of Phœbus were upon their turning oriental to the other hemisphere of the terrestrial globe; being withall jealous that the uninterrupted operation of the exuberant diversitie of his jovialissime entertainment, by a continuate winding up of the humours there present to a higher, yet higher, and still higher pitch, above the supremest Lydian note of the harmonie of voluptuousness, should, in such a case, through the too intensive stretching of the already super-elated strings of their imagination, with a transcendencie over-reaching Ela, and beyond the well concerted gain of rational equanimitie, involve the remainder of that illustrious companie into the sweet labyrinth and mellifluent anfractuosities of a lacinious delectation, productive of the same inconveniences which befel the two afore-named ladies; whose delicacie of constitution, though sooner overcome, did not argue, but that the same extranean causes from him proceeding of their pathetick alteration, might by a longer insisting in an efficacious agencie, and unremitted working of all the consecutively imprinted degrees that the capacity of the patient is able to containe, prevaile at last, and have the same predominancie over the dispositions of the strongest complexioned males of that splendid society, did, in his own ordinary wearing apparel, with the countenance of a Prince, and garb befitting the person of a so well bred gentleman and cavalier, κατ εξοχην full of majestie, and repleat with all excogitable civilitie, (to the amazement of all that beheld his heroick gesture), present himself to epilogate this his almost extemporanean comedie, though of five hours continuance without intermission; and that with a peroration so neatly uttered, so distinctly pronounced, and in such elegancie of selected tearmes, expressed by a diction so periodically contexed with isocoly of members, that the matter thereof tending in all humility to beseech the highnesses of the Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, together with the remanent lords, ladies, knights, gentlemen, and others of both sexes of that honourable convention, to vouchsafe him the favour to excuse his that afternoon's escaped extravagancies, and to lay the blame of the indigested irregularity of his wits' excursions, and the abortive issues of his disordered brain, upon the customarily dispensed with priviledges in those Cisalpinal regions, to authorize such like impertinencies at Carnavalian festivals; and that, although, according to the meet commonly received opinion in that country, after the nature of Load-him, (a game at cards), where he that wins loseth, he who, at that season of the year, playeth the fool most egregiously, is reputed the wisest man; he, nevertheless, not being ambitious of the fame of enjoying good qualities, by vertue of the antiphrasis of the fruition of bad ones, did meerly undergo that emancipatorie task of a so profuse liberty, and to no other end embraced the practising of such roaming and exorbitant diversions but to give an evident, or rather infallible, demonstration of his eternally bound duty to the House of Mantua, and all inviolable testimony of his never to be altered designe, in prosecuting all the occasions possible to be laid hold on that can in any manner of way prove conducible to the advancement of, and contributing to, the readiest means for improving those advantages that may best promove the faculties of making all his choice endeavours, and utmost abilities at all times, effectual to the long-wished-for furtherance of his most cordial and endeared service to the serenissime highnesses of My Lord Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, and of consecrating with all addicted obsequiousness, and submissive devotion, his everlasting obedience to the illustrious shrine of their joynt commands. Then incontinently addressing himself to the Lords, ladies and others of that rotonda, (which, for his daigning to be its inmate, though but for that day, might be accounted in nothing inferior to the great Colisee of Rome, or Amphitheater of Neems), with a stately carriage, and port suitable to so prime a gallant, he did cast a look on all the corners thereof, so bewitchingly amiable and magically efficacious as if in his eys had bin a muster of ten thousand cupids eagerly striving who should most deeply pierce the hearts of the spectators with their golden darts. And truly so it fell out, (that there not being so much as one arrow shot in vain), all of them did love him, though not after the same manner, nor for the same end; for, as the manna of the Arabian desarts is said to have had in the mouths of the Egyptian Israelites, the very same tast of the meat they loved best, so the Princes that were there did mainly cherish him for his magnanimity and knowledge; his courtliness and sweet behaviour being that for which chiefly the noblemen did most respect him; for his pregnancie of wit, and chivalric in vindicating the honour of ladies, he was honoured by the knights, and the esquires and other gentlemen courted him for his affability and good fellowship; the rich did favour him for his judgment and ingeniosity; and for his liberality and munificence he was blessed by the poor; the old men affected him for his constancie and wisdome, and the young for his mirth and gallantry; the scholars were enamoured of him for his learning and eloquence, and the souldiers for his integrity and valour; the merchants, for his upright dealing and honesty, praised and extolled him, and the artificers for his goodness and benignity; the chastest lady of that place would have hugged and imbraced him for his discretion and ingenuity; whilst for his beauty and comeliness of person he was, at least in the fervency of their desires, the paramour of the less continent; he was dearly beloved of the fair women, because he was handsome, and of the fairest more dearly, because he was handsomer: in a word, the affections of the beholders, (like so many several diameters drawn from the circumference of their various intents), did all concenter in the point of his perfection. After a so considerable insinuation, and gaining of so much ground upon the hearts of the auditory, (though in a shorter space then [than] the time of a flash of lightning), he went on, (as before), in the same thred of the conclusive part of his discourse, with a resolution not to cut it, till the overabounding passions of the company, their exorbitant motions and discomposed gestures, through excess of joy and mirth, should be all of them quieted, calmed, and pacified, and every man, woman, and maid there, (according to their humour), resented in the same integrity they were at first; which when by the articulatest elocution of the most significant words, expressive of the choisest things that fancie could suggest, and, conforme to the matter's variety, elevating or depressing, flat or sharply accinating it, with that proportion of tone that was most consonant with the purpose, he had attained unto, and by his verbal harmony and melodious utterance, setled all their distempered pleasures, and brought their disorderly raised spirits into their former capsuls, he with a tongue tip't with silver, after the various diapasons of all his other expressions, and making of a leg for the spruceness of its courtsie, of greater decorement to him then [than] cloth of gold and purple, farewel'd the companie with a complement of one period so exquisitely delivered, and so well attended by the gracefulness of his hand and foot, with the quaint miniardise of the rest of his body, in the performance of such ceremonies as are usual at a court-like departing, that from the theater he had gone into a lobie, from thence along three spacious chambers, whence descending a back staire, he past through a low gallerie which led him to that outer gate, where a coach with six horses did attend him, before that magnificent convention of both sexes, (to whom that room, wherein they all were, seemed in his absence to be as a body without a soul), had the full leisure to recollect their spirits, (which, by the neatness of his so curious a close, were quoquoversedly scattered with admiration), to advise on the best expediency how to dispose of themselves for the future of that [delightful] night."

[261] The College of Navarre was founded by Jeanne of Navarre, consort of Philippe the Fair, in 1305. Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries it was the foremost foundation of the University of Paris (F. W. S.).

[262] John Hill Burton points out the somewhat curious fact that, among the hero's linguistic accomplishments, Gaelic, which must have been talked at his own door, does not appear.

[263] In the matter of length this is surely a record sentence.

[264] "A bourdon in his hand"—"A musical instrument resembling a bassoon, in use with pilgrims who visit the body of St James at Compostella" (Sir John Hawkins).

[265] "Honderspondered"—i.e. floundered. Fr. hondrespondres (Rab. iii. 42)—"hundred-pounders," heavy, burly fellows.

[266] "Barber's cithern"—"The instrument now ignorantly called a guitar. It was formerly part of the furniture of a barber's shop, and was the amusement of waiting customers" (Sir John Hawkins).

[267] This incident reminds one of the effect produced upon the lawyers in court when "Pantagruel gave judgment upon the difference of the two lords." Our readers will remember that it is the author of the above description who is the translator of the narrative which tells of that wonderfully satisfactory decision. "As for the counsellors, and other doctors in the law that were there present, they were all so ravished with admiration at the more than humane wisdom of Pantagruel, which they did most clearly perceive to be in him, by his so accurate decision of this so difficult and thornie cause, that their spirits, with the extremity of the rapture, being elevated above the pitch of actuating the organs of the body, they fell into a trance and sudden extasie, wherein they stayed for the space of three long houres; and had been so as yet, in that condition, had not some good people fetched store of vinegar and rose water to bring them again into their former sense and understanding, for the which God be praised everywhere. And so be it." (Rabelais, ii. 13.)

---

INDEX

Aberdeen, [43].
Attitude towards covenant, [32], [36].
"Aberdeen Doctors," [37].
Aberdeen Sasines, [7] (note).
Aberdeen University, [19].
New constitution, [10], [11] (note).
Abercrombie, Sir Alexander, [7] (note).
Abernethie, Helen, wife of Thomas Urquhart, [141].
Abraham, Patriarch, [133].
Acts of the Parliament of Scotland, [61] (note 3), [71] (note 2), [93] (note), [101] (notes).
Adam, [130], [146].
Advancement of Learning, [118] (note).
Ægyptus' sons, [134].
Æquanima, sister of Marcus Coriolanus, [136].
Agamemnon, [135].
Ainsworth, W. Harrison, Crichton, [105] (note 2).
"Airgiod cagainn" (chewing-money), [77].
Airlie, Earl of, [19] (note).
Alcibiades, [136].
Alexander of Macedon, [27], [51].
Allibone, Dictionary, and Urquhart, [101].
Alsop, Captain, treatment of Sir Thomas Urquhart, [89].
Amadis of Gaul, [144] (note 2).
Anastasius, quoted, [77] (note 1).
Anderson, Gilbert, minister of Cromartie, [63], [66] (note 3).
---- Hugh, [66] (note 3).
---- P. J., [10], [11] (notes).
Annals of Banff, quoted, [8] (note 2), [19] (note), [47] (note 3).
Annand, John, minister of Inverness, and Sir Thomas Urquhart, [68], [82].
Antiquarian Notes, [7] (note), [69] [70] (note).
Apprizing, [58] (note).
Arcalaus, [144] (note).
Archimedes, [124].
Arduamurchan, [136] (note 1).
Ardoch farm, [55].
Argyll, Marquis of, and Covenanters, [32].
Ariosto, [166].
Hippogriff and Astolfo, [107].
Aristotle, [124], [202] (note).
Organon, Ethics, and Politics, [10].
Arnold, Matthew, standard for judging literature, [143].
Arran, [136] (note 1).
Arren, Earle of, [115].
Arundel, Earl of, [116].
Astioremon, [137].
Asymbleta, [144] (note).
Atbara, battle of, [102] (note 3).
Atropos, 129.
Bacchus, [202];
conquers India, [135].
Bacon, Lord, Solicitor-General, [8].
On fate of solid and weighty things, [118].
Rules for young travellers in Essays, Civil and Moral, [26].
Baddeley, Richard, [128] (note), [149] (note).
Badenoch, [76].
Baillie, Robert, Letters, [81] (note 1), [82].
Baldwin, Richard, [185] (note).
Balquholly Castle, [35], [39], [102] (note 3): now Hatton Castle.
Account of, [39] (note 1).
Balvenie, battle at, [77] (and note 2), [79].
Banff, [8], [18].
Entry in Court-book of Burgh, [15], [19].
Barclay, Waiter, [41] (note 2).
Barclays, [38] (note 2).
Baron, Dr Robert, [37] (note 2).
Basagante, [144] (note).
Beaten, Cardinal, [55].
Bedell, William, idea of universal language, [175].
Belladrum, [70].
Bellay, Jean du, Bishop of Paris, [188].
Bellenden, Adam, [43] (note).
Beltistos, [2].
Bembo, [166].
Berwick, [44].
Besant, Sir Walter, [185] (note 2).
Bickerstaffe, Isaac, [51] (note).
Biggar, [85].
Billing, Baronial Antiquities, [39] (note).
Biographia Britannica, quoted, [144] (note 2), [158] (note 2).
Birkenbog, [7] (note).
Birrell, A., [186].
Black Island, [62] (note 1).
Blackwood's Magazine, quoted, [181] (note 2).
(See also names of subjects.)
Boece, Hector, fictions, [145].
Book of Bon Accord, [13] (note 1).
Bracegirdle, Mrs, [50] (note 2).
Braughton discovers Sir Thomas Urquhart's MSS., [155], [156].
Brisena, [144] (note).
Browne, Sir Thomas:
Phraseology, [2].
Quoted, [49], [137].
Vulgar Errors, [126].
Browning, Robert, [113].
Bruce, James, [126] (note 1).
---- King David, [4].
---- King Robert, grants Cromartie to Sir Hugh Ross, [4].
Bruklay, [7] (note).
Brydges, Sir Egerton, Autobiography;
Mary de Clifford, [152] (note 1).
Bullock, J. M., History of University of Aberdeen, quoted, [36].
Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, [191] (note).
Burnet, quoted, [82] (note), [175].
Burns, Robert, [23].
Burton, John Hill:
On "Aberdeen Doctors" in History of Scotland, [37].
On description of Crichton's feats, [162], [223] (note 2).
On Sir Thomas Urquhart's writings, [157], [159].
Scot Abroad, quoted, [159].
Burton, Robert, Anatomy of Melancholy, [205] (note).
Cæsar, De Bello Gallico, [198] (note).
Caithness, [3], [70], [80] (note 2).
Calder, Campbell of, [7] (note).
Calendar of Proceedings in Committee for Advances of Moneys-Taxes, [50] (note).
Calvert, Giles, [176] (note).
Cambridge, Earl of, [115].
Cant at Aberdeen, [36].
Carberry Tower, [13] (note 3).
Carlisle, [85].
Carlyle, Thomas:
Oliver Cromwell, quoted, [86], [87].
Sartor Resartus, quoted, [189].
Cartadaque, [144] (note).
Castalia, [109].
Cawdor, [66] (note 3).
Chanonry Castle taken, [76].
Charles I.:
Endeavours to force Episcopacy on Scotland, [31].
Execution of, [69], [70], [168].
Letter of Protection to Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, [15].
Licence to T. York, [50] (note 2).
On knowledge of law, [52].
Charles II., [97], [99].
Crowned, [84], [169].
Lands in Scotland, [83].
Charles VII., [187].
Chatterton, [152] (note).
Chinon, [187].
"Christianus Presbyteromastix," [150].
Cibber, Apology, [170] (note).
Cicero, [201]; De Officiis, [10].
Cid, The, [27].
Clan Mackenzie, [72].
Clanmolinespick, [135] (and note).
Clanrurie, [136] (note 1).
Clare, Earl of, [50] (note 2).
Clare Street, [50] (note 2).
Clio, [109] (note).
Coleridge, on Rabelais' writings, [186].
College of Navarre, [160], [223] (note).
"Colophonian Poet," [109] (note).
Colophos, [109] (note).
Commission of General Assembly, [72], [79] (and note 1), [81].
Constantinople, [77] (note 1).
Cotgrave, French Dictionary, [191].
Cottrel, James, [149] (note).
Court of Session, Decisions of, [146].
Covenant signed, [47] (note 3).
Covenanting Movement, [31].
Coventry, [86].
Craig, John, [42] (note).
Craigfintray, [5], [19] (note), [60], [101] (note 2).
Cratynter, [132].
Craven, Earl of, [116].
---- Rev. J. B., [57] (note).
Crawford, Earl of, [146].
Crichton, James (the Admirable), [157], [158] (note 2).
Age on entering St Andrews, [9].
Sketch of, [159];
Appendix ii, [215].
Cromartie (Crwmbawchty or Crumbathy), [3], [70].
---- Castle, account of, [17] (and note 1), 18.
Library, [29].
Put in state of defence, [70], [71] (note 1).
Siege of, [139].
---- estate, proprietors of, [103].
---- Lady Dowager of, [120].
---- parish, [62] (note 1).
Cromwell, Oliver, [8], [32] (note), [84], [86], [96].
Cullicudden, [62] (note 1), [63], [71] (note 1).
Culloden, [19] (note).
Cumberland's, Duke of, headquarters, [19].
Curators, [5] (note).
Danaus' daughters, [133].
Dante, [166].
Quoted, [161] (note).
Darioleta, [144] (note).
Darwin, Charles, [131] (note).
David Copperfield, quoted, [51] (note 2), [59] (note), [62] (note).
Debora, Judge and Prophetess, [135].
Delgatie, Laird of, plunders Balquholly, [39].
Delos, [119] (note).
Demosthenes, [162] (note).
Dickson, David, Professor of Divinity, Glasgow, [82].
At Aberdeen, [36].
Dictionary of National Biography, quoted, [82] (note), [101] (note).
Diosa, daughter of Alcibiades, [136].
Dis, Father of Wealth, [198].
Don river, [126] (note 1).
Don Quixote, [104] (and note 2).
Donne, Age on going to Oxford, [9].
Dorset, Earl of, [116].
Douglas, Robert, Moderator of Commission of General Assembly, [81] (and note 2).
Dove, Dr, [114] (note).
Duchat, Notes on Rabelais, [206].
Duff, Garden Alexander, [39], [102] (note 3).
---- Isabel Annie, [102] (note 3).
Dunbar, Battle of, [83], [87].
Dunlugas in Alvah, [47] (note 1).
Edward, King, [138].
Egypt, English peer in, [27].
Elgin, [4] (note), [70], [95].
Elibank, Patrick, Lord, buys Cromartie estate, [103].
Eliock, Perthshire, [159].
Elphinstone, Alexander, Lord, [6], [13] (and note 3).
---- Lady Christian, [6], [7] (note).
Englishman abroad, [22].
Entelechia, Queen, [158] (note).
Episcopacy in Scotland, [32], [102] (note 2).
Erasmus, [143].
Eromena, [144] (note).
Errol, Earl of, [146].
Esormon, Prince of Achaia, [131].
Euclid, [124], [142].
Falkirk, [84].
Famongomadan, [144] (note).
Farquhar, Sir Robert of Mounie, and Cromartie creditors, [60].
Fergus, King of Scots, [136], [145].
Findlay, Andrew, [43].
Findrassie. (See Lesley, Robert.)
Firth of Cromartie, [62] (note 1).
---- of Forth, [38].
Fisherie, Barony of, [4], [8] (and note 1), [19] (note).
Fleetwood, [96].
Florence, [28].
Folengo, T., Macaronea, [205] (note).
Fontenay-le-Comte, [188], [204] (note).
Forbes, Alexander, [15], [41] (note 2).
---- Arthur, of Blacktown, [40].
---- Dr John, [37] (note 2).
Forestalling, [15] (note 2).
Fortrose Castle garrisoned, [76].
Fountainhall, Decisions, [146] (note).
Fraser, (Colonel) Hugh, of Belladrum, and Rising in North, [70].
---- (Sir) James, [71] (note 1).
---- Lord, garrisons Towie-Barclay Castle, [39].
---- Sir William:
Earls of Cromartie, quoted, [3] (note 2).
The Lords Elphinstone, quoted, [7] (note), [13] (note 3).
G. P., [128].
Gardenstoun Papers, [7] (note).
Gargantua, [190], [193].
Gathelus, [145].
Gaurin (Gowran), Earl of, [116].
General Assembly Commission Records, [72] (note), [74] (note), [75] (note), [78] (note), [79] (note 2), [80] (note).
Genoa, [28].
Gight, Laird of, [40].
Gladmon, Captain, [88].
Glasgow, General Assembly in, [35].
Glenkindie, [7] (note).
Glover, George, portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart, [107].
Gonima, [144] (note).
Gonzaga, Vincenzio de, [164].
Goodwin, Captain, [94].
Gordon, James, History of Scots Affairs, [35] (notes), [41] (note 2), [132] (note).
---- (Sir) James, of Lesmoir, [7] (note).
---- John, [101] (note 3).
Granada, [27].
Granger, Biographical Dictionary, [107] (note 2), [112] (note 1), [206] (note 1).
Grimm, Household Tales, [180].
Guild, Dr William, [13] (note 1), [19] (note).
Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, [12].
Gulliver's Travels, [144] (note 2).
Gustavus Adolphus, [81] (note 2).
Guthrie, James, [82].
Halket, General, [77] (note 2), [81] (note).
Hatton Castle. (See Balquholly.)
Hamilton, Marquis of, [111], [115].
At Berwick, [44].
Harrison, [85].
Hawkins, Sir John, [232], [233] (notes).
Life of Johnson, [206] (note).
Hazlitt, quoted, [167] (note).
Heine, Das Buch Le Grand, [182] (note).
Henderson at Aberdeen, [36].
Henry II., [187].
Henry, Prince, [8].
Heraclitus the Obscure, [119](note), [201].
Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, Autobiography, [25] (note 1).
Hercules Lybius, [133].
Herd, David, [101] (note).
Highland soldiers in Inverness, [76], [79].
Hippocrene, [109].
History of Clan Mackenzie, [70] (note).
History of Scotland. (See under Burton, J. H.)
History of Scots Affairs. (See Gordon, James.)
Holland, Earl of, [116].
Holles, Gervase, [50] (note 2).
---- John, Earl of Clare, [51] (and note 1).
Homer, Birthplace of, [109].
Works, [166].
Hope, Anastasius, quoted, [77](note).
Horace, Odes, quoted, [134] (note 1).
Houghton, in Nottingham, [51] (note 1).
Hudibras, Alexander Ross mentioned in, [126].
Huntly, Second Marquis of, [116].
Covenanters and, [33].
Family name (Gordon), [41] (note 2).
Taken prisoner, [38].
---- Third Marquis of, takes Ruthven Castle, [77].
Hypermnestra, [133], [134].
Innes, Alexander, [43] (note).
Inverkeithing, [84].
Inverness, [2], [32].
Capture of, [68], [70], [81].
Fortifications destroyed, [76].
Highland soldiers at, [76], [78].
Sasines, [101] (note 3).
Irving, Dr:
Account of Sir Thomas Urquhart leaving Scotland, [43].
Lives of Scottish Writers, [44] (note), [149] (note).
---- John, of Bruklay, [7] (note).
J. A., [124].
James III.:
Act of, [54].
Grant of Motehill of Cromartie to William Urquhart, [17].
James VI., [7], [147] (note).
Japhet, [131].
Jericho, [55].
Joan of Arc, [187].
Johnson, Dr, on—
Crichton in Adventurer, [159] (note 1).
Traveller in Egypt, [27].
Johnston and Mr Bedell, [175].
---- Arthur,

[112].
Latin Poems, [57] (note).
Jonson, Ben, Catiline, [8].
Jovius, Panlus, [145].
Julius Cæsar, [27].
Ker, General, [77] (note 2).
Kinbeakie, Stone lintel at, [137] (note).
King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, [4], [8] (note 2), [19] (note).
King's College: Officers and Graduates, [10] (note).
King's Covenant, Account of, [42] (note 1).
Kippis, Dr, [158] (note 2).
On Urquhart's pedigree, [144] (note 2).
Kirkhill, [76].
Kirkmichael, [62] (note 1), [63].
Lamb, Charles, [132] (note), [167] (note).
Lambert, [85].
Laud, Archbishop, [32].
Leake, William, [116].
Leighton, Archbishop, [66] (note 1).
Lemlair, [70].
Lesley, Lieut.-General David, [32] (note).
March to England, [84].
Message of encouragement to, [75].
Takes Castle of Chanonry, [76].
---- Norman, [55] (and note 1).
---- Robert, of Findrassie, [59] (note), [71] (note 1).
Conduct towards Sir Thomas Urquhart, [55], [95].
Mortgage on Cromartie estate, [46].
---- Dr William, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, [12] (and note 2), [37] (note 2).
Letters of Junius, [103] (note 3).
Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen, quoted, [126] (note 1).
Lives of Scottish Writers. (See under Irving, Dr.)
Logarithms, [123] (and note).
Lowndes, Bibliographer's Manual, [101] (note).
Lucian, [100] (note), [189].
Lumphanan, [3] (note 2).
Lunan, Alexander, [11] (note).
Luther, Martin, [187].
Lynceus, [134].
Macaulay, [174] (note).
History of England, quoted, [23].
Macbeth's titles, [3].
Macduff, [3] (note 2).
Mackenzie. Alexander, [70] (note).
---- (Sir) George, [102].
---- George, sells estate to Capt. W. Urquhart, [103].
---- (Sir) Kenneth, [103].
---- Thomas, of Pluscardine.
Enters Inverness, [76].
Proclaimed rebel and traitor, [71].
Rising in North and, [69], [70], [76].
Mackintosh, C. Fraser, (See Antiquarian Notes.)
Macmillans of Knapdale, [135] (n.).
Madanfabul, [144] (note).
Madasima, [114] (note).
Madrid, [27].
M'Farlane, Genealogical Collections, [16] (note 1).
Maitland, on date of Sir Thomas Urquhart's birth, [6].
Mantua, [163].
Mantua, Duke of, [164], [215] seqq.
Mantuanus, Baptista, [166].
Marischal College, [11] (note).
Marischal, Earl, [36], [146].
Enters Aberdeen, [43].
Martin, Sir Theodore, on—
Trissotetras, [119] (note).
Unpublished Epigrams of Sir Thomas Urquhart, [116].
Urquhart's account of his misfortunes, [61].
Death, [97].
Translation of Rabelais, [192].
Mary Queen of Scots, [104] (note 1).
Maubert, Place, [161] (note).
Meldrum arms, [139] (note).
Melville, Andrew, assists to remodel University education, [10], [11] (note).
Mercury, [198].
Messina, [27].
Micawber, Wilkins. (See David Copperfield.)
Middleton, General, [32] (note).
Joins Mackenzie's force, [76].
---- Earl of, [102] (note 2).
Miller, Hugh, [102] (note 2).
Description of Cromartie Castle, [18].
On siege of Cromartie Castle, [140].
On stone lintel at Kinbeakie, [138].
On Urquhart's inventive powers, [180].
Reference to Sir Alexander Urquhart, [101] (note 3).
(See also Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland.)
Milton, John, [8], [30], [91].
Hymn on Nativity, quoted, [201] (note 2).
Paradise Lost, quoted, [201] (n. 2).
Sonnet to Cromwell, quoted, [86].
Miol, [145].
Mitchell, Thomas, minister of Turriff, [41] (note 2), [42].
Molinea, [133].
Monboddo, Lord, on dual number, [182].
Montaigne, age on completing collegiate course, [9].
Montrose, Earl of, [36], [38], [78], [80] (note 2).
Moral Tales, [113] (note).
Moray, [3], [4] (note).
Moray Firth, [32], [62] (note 1).
Morley, Universal Library, [185] (note 2).
Morrison, Dictionary of Decisions, [146] (note).
Motteux, Pierre A., [97], [184], [203] (note 2).
Completes Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, [192], [206] (and note 1).
On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, [98].
Monat (de Monte Alto) family in Cromartie, [4] (and note 1).
---- William, takes part of King Robert Bruce, [138].
Mounie, [60].
Mucholles, Lord, [41] (note 2).
Munro, John, of Lemlair, and rising in North, [70].
---- Colonel Robert, Mission to Marquis of Huntly, [34].
Nairn, [70].
Napier, John, of Merchiston, [119], [122] (and note 2), [124].
Naples, [28].
Narfesia, Sovereign of the Amazons, [132].
National Covenant, quoted, [31].
Newcastle, Earl of, [116].
Nicholas Nickleby, quoted, [11] (note).
Nicolia, [136].
Nimrod, [131].
Niort, [204] (note).
Nisbet, on Urquhart's property, [2].
System of Heraldry, [3] (note 1).
Noah, [131], [146].
Noctes Ambrosianæ (Blackwood), version of Urquhart's death, [101] (note).
"Nonconformist Conscience," [187].
Northumberland, Earl of, [116].
Nottingham, [86].
Ogilvie, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, [76].
Old Machar, [10].
Orkneys, [80] (note 2).
Orpah, [131].
Overton, [96].
Ovid, [195] (note).
Metamorphosis, [133].
Ozell, edition of Rabelais, [206].
Padua, [163].
Pantagruel, [158] (note), [161], [190].
(See also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
Panthea, daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, [133].
Panurge, [158] (note), [197]. (See also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
Pape, Charles, Minister of Cullicudden, [63].
Paris, [28].
Parnassus, Mount, [44], [109].
Pegasus, [109].
Pembroke, Earl of, [116].
Pentasilea, Queen of the Amazons, [135].
Penuel, [131].
Pericles, [149] (note).
Persius, [8] (note 2); quoted, [162].
Perth, [84].
Petrarch, [166].
Petric, James, [8] (note 2).
Pharaoh Amenophis, [133].
Philemon (Philomenes), death of, [100] (note).
Pillars of Hercules, [124].
Pistol, Ancient, [2], [109] (note).
Pitkerrie, [103].
Plato, [124], [202] (and note).
Pliny, [52] (note 2).
Pluscardine. (See Mackenzie, Thomas.)
Plutus, [52], [198] (note).
Pococke's Tour, [17] (note 2), [103] (note 1).
Pope, Alexander—
Dunciad, [206] (note 2).
On Rabelais, [186].
Portia, [22], [25].
Portugal founded, [145].
Pothina, niece of Lycurgus, [136].
Prott, David, killed at Towie-Barclay, [40].
Providence, Rhode Island, [90].
Pulteney, Sir William, [103] (note 2).
Pythagoras, [124], [202].
Queen Elizabeth, [120].
---- Mary, of England, [102].
---- Mary, of Scotland, [104] (note 1), [168].
Queensferry, [84].
Raban, printer, Aberdeen, [57] (n.).
Rabelais, [107] (note 2), [119] (note), [185] (and note 2), [192] (note), [235] (note).
Rabelais, François, sketch of, [187].
Gargantua and Pantagruel, [189].
(See Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
Raleigh, Sir Walter, [120].
History of the World, [8].
Raphael, [187].
Reay, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, [76], [78] (note).
Records of Court of Justiciary, [16] (note 2).
Redgauntlet, quoted, [102] (note 1).
Resolis, [62] (note 1).
Riddell, J., Scotch Peerage Law, [55] (note).
Rising of Cavaliers in North, [69].
Robertson, William, of Kindeasse, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, [94].
Rolland, Catharine, [13] (note 1).
Rome, [28].
Ross, Alexander (1), minister in Aberdeen, [37] (note 2).
---- Alexander (2), [126] (note 1).
Recommends Trissotetras, [126].
Verses, [126], [127] (note).
---- George, of Pitkerrie, buys Cromartie estate, [17], [103].
---- (Sir) Hugh, owns Cromartie, [4].
---- (Major) Walter Charteris, of Cromartie, [103] (note 3).
---- William, Earl of, [4].
Rothes, Earls of, [55] (note).
Rothiemay, Banffshire, [35] (note 1), [43] (note).
Row, Historie of Kirk of Scotland, [42] (note).
Royalists escape to England, [43] (note 1).
Ruskin, John, [173] (note).
Rutherford, Samuel, Principal of St Andrews, [82].
Ruthven Castle taken by Marquis of Huntly, [77].
St Andrews, [82].
St Hilarion, [204] (note).
St Jerome, Vita Sancti Hilarionis, [204] (note).
St Ronan's Well, quoted, [186].
Salton, Lord, [141].
Saragossa, [27].
Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland, quoted, [18], [102] (note 2), [139] (note), [141] (note).
Scota, daughter of Pharaoh, [145].
Scotch army marches into England, [84].
Scotch Peerage Law. (See Riddell, J.)
Scotchman abroad, [24].
Scotland:
Episcopacy in, [32], [102] (note 2).
Four armies in, [32], (note 1).
Mythical history of, [145].
University education in, [9]. (See also Aberdeen University.)
Scrogie, Dr Alexander, [37] (note 2), [43] (note).
Seaforth, George, Earl of, [69].
Seaton, Dr, in Paris, [28].
---- John, [11] (note).
---- William, [11] (note).
Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, [13].
Seton, Alexander, of Meldrum, [102] (note 3).
---- arms, [139] (note).
---- Elizabeth, [102] (note 3).
Shafton, Sir Piercie, [124].
Shakespeare, William:
Henry IV., [165] (note).
Merchant of Venice, [25].
Midsummer Night's Dream, [174] (note).
Twelfth Night, [122] (note).
Winter's Tale, [8].
Shephard, Jack, [51] (note).
Shrewsbury, [86].
Sibbald, Dr James, [37] (note 2).
Smith, Sidney, "preaching to death by wild curates," [66].
---- W. F., Translation of Rabelais, [158] (note 1), [99] (note 1), [191].
Socrates, [119] (note), [124].
Sodom and Gomorrha, [133].
Solvatius, King, [137].
Somerled, Lord of the Isles, [136] (note 1).
South, Sermons, [199] (note).
Southcote, Joanna, [179] (note).
Southey, Dr Dove, [114] (note), [178] (note).
Spalding, mentions Sir Thomas Urquhart, [38].
Memorials, quoted, [40], [43] (note).
Spartianus, Ælius, Life of Geta, [205] (note).
Spenser, [120].
Spilsbury, Sir Thomas Urquhart stays with, [86], [153].
Stacker, James, [41] (note 2).
Steele, Richard, [50] (note 2).
Stirling, [84].
Strachan, General, [77] (note 2), [81] (note).
Strafford, Earl of, [116].
Stralsund, [69].
Stratford-on-Avon, [86].
Strathbogie, [34].
Strathearn, Earls of, family name, [135] (note).
Sutherland, Earl of, action against Earls of Crawford, Errol, and Marischal, [146].
---- James, "Tutor of Duffus," [56].
Tamerlane, [67].
Tarbat, Viscount, First Earl of Cromartie, [103].
Termuth, daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis, [133].
Thaumast, [158] (note).
The Lords Elphinstone, quoted, [7] (note), [13] (note 3).
The Tables and Aberdeen, [35], [37].
Thelema, Abbey of, [193] seqq.
Thelemites, [195] seqq.
Through the Looking-Glass, quoted, [114] (note).
Thucydides, [149] (note).
Thymelica, daughter of Bacchus, [135].
Toledo, [27].
Torespay, [77] (note).
Tor Wood, [84].
Tomlius, Richard, [176] (note).
Towie-Barclay Castle, [38] (note 2).
---- laird of, plunders Balquholly, [39].
Tristram Shandy, quoted, [47] (note 3).
Trot of Turriff, [41] (and note 2).
Turriff, [38].
Inhabitants subscribe King's Covenant, [42].
"Tutor," Meaning of, [5] (note 1).
Tycheros, [131].
Tytler, Patrick F.:
Life of the Admirable Crichton, [159], [165], [190].
On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, [190].
University of Aberdeen, New Constitution, [10], [11] (note).
Urquhart, Adam of, owns Cromartie, [4].
---- Sir Alexander, [16].
Petition for compensation for losses, [61].
Petition for Sheriffship of Cromartie, [98], [100].
---- Annas, [7] (note).
---- arms, [132], [133], [137] (and note 1).
---- (Major) Beauchamp Colclough, [102] (note 3).
---- Cainotomos, [135].
---- Euplocamos, [134].
---- family, descent of, [130] seqq.
---- George, [7] (note).
---- Helen, [7] (note).
---- Henry, [7] (note).
---- Hypsegoras, [133].
---- Colonel James, [102] (note 3).
Urquhart, Jane, [7] (note).
---- John, [7] (note).
---- Sir John, of Craigfintray, [101] (note 2).
Hereditary Sheriff of Cromartie, [60].
Death, [102] (note 2).
---- John, of Craigfintray, "the Tutor of Cromartie," [5] (and note 1), [6] (and note 1), [19] (note), [102] (note 3).
---- Jonathan, [102].
---- Margaret, [7] (note).
---- Mellessen, [136].
---- Molin, [133].
---- Names of Chiefs and Primitive Fathers, Appendix i. [211].
Names of Mothers of Chiefs, Appendix i. [213].
---- (de Vrquhartt), origin of name, [4] (note 2), [132] (note 1).
---- Pamprosodos, [133].
---- Phrenedon, [133].
---- Propetes, [133].
---- Rodrigo, [135].
---- Sir Thomas (Urchard, Urquhardus, Wrqhward, Wrwhart), [132] (note).
Account of Aberdeen and eminent men, [12].
Account of Admirable Crichton, [157].
Account of impoverished estates, [45].
Ancestry, [2].
At Worcester, [86], [129].
Birth, [6].
Birthplace unknown, [8].
Book-hunting, [29].
Characteristics, [53], [104] (and notes 1, 2), [105], [130], [144] (note 2).
Conduct of creditors, [94].
Death, [97], [99] (note 1).
Description of his father's character, [14].

Enters University of Aberdeen, [9] (and note 1).
Escapes to England, [43].
Foreign Travel, [22], [25], [27].
Knighted, [44].
Lesley and, [55].
Liberated on parole, [89].
Literary achievements, [2], [148].
Lives at Cromartie—financial difficulties, [51].
Loses ancestral domains and jurisdiction, [60].
MS. of unpublished Poems quoted, [5] (note 2); described, [116].
MSS. lost after Worcester, [88], [129], [154].
On G. Anderson's preaching, [63], [66].
Papers seized, [93].
Portraits, [107].
Praise of "the Tutor of Cromartie," [5] (and note 2).
Prepares MSS. for publication, [89].
Prisoner in the Tower, [88].
Proclaimed rebel and traitor, [71].
Relations with Ministers of Church, [61].
Religious belief, [67].
Reminiscence of his youth, [20].
Rental, [51].
Reply to Commissioners' remonstrances, [72].
Resides in London, [50] (and note 2).
Returns home, [30].
Rising in North and, [69].
Schemes and inventions, [53].
Speed in composition, [117], [151].
Succeeds to estates, 47.
"Supplication" for pardon, [81].
Takes up arms for Stuarts, [38], [69], [84].
Vanity, [24] (note 3).
Works:—
ΕΚΣΚΥΒΑΛΑΥΡΟΝ: or, Discovery of a most exquisite Jewel, [92].
Account of, [148] seqq. (and note 1).
Description of Admirable Crichton, [157] seqq.
In contemporary politics, [168].
On fame of Scots in battle, [157].
Quoted, [67], [153], [165], [168], [170], [172], [174].
Epigrams: Divine and Moral, [44].
Account of, [111] seqq.
Dedication, [111], [115].
Quoted, [60] (note), [113], [114].
MS., quoted, [109] (note).
Logopandecteision; or, An Introduction to the Universal Language:
Account of, [175] seqq.
Published, [96].
Quoted, [48], [57], [62] (note 2), [90].
ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ: Peculiar Promptuary of Time, [92].
Account of, [128] seqq.
Translation of Rabelais, [2], [96], [97], [161], [205].
Account of, [184], [190] seqq.
Exploits of Pantagruel, [161] (note 2).
Genealogy of Pantagruel, [144].
Interpolations, [203].
Panurge, Sketch of, [197].
Sketch of Abbey of Thelema, [193].
Various editions, [206].
Trissotetras, [92], [114].
Account of, [117] (and note 1).
Unpublished Epigrams, Dedications of, [116].
---- Thomas, marries Helen Abernethie, their family, [141].
---- Sir Thomas, senior—
Action against his sons, [16].
Becomes caution for Alexander Forbes, [15].
Believes in long pedigree, [147].
Death, [47] (and note 3).
"Desk" or Pew in Banff Church, [19] (and note 1).
Episcopalian, [30], [33], [35].
Marriage-contract, [7] (and note 1).
Pecuniary difficulties, [13], [15], [45].
Residence in Banff, [18] (and note 2).
Sketch of, [5], [6].
---- (Captain) William, of Meldrum, buys Cromartie estate, [103].
---- William, receives grant of Motehill of Cromartie, [17].
Urquharts of Meldrum, [102] (note 3).
Valerius Maximus, [100] (note).
Venice, [28], [163].
Virgil, [166], [201] (note 1).
Vocompos, arms of, [137].
Voltaire, [189].
Wallace, Professor of Mathematics, Edinburgh, on Trissotetras, [119].
---- William, and William Mouat, [139].
Wardlaw MS., [76], [78] (note).
Warrington Bridge, [85].
Westminster Abbey, [145].
Whibley, Charles, New Review, quoted, [112].
Williams, Roger, Missionary to Indians, [90], [91] (note 1).
Williamson, Robert, Minister of Kirkmichael, [63].
Windsor Castle, Sir Thomas Urquhart removed to, [89].
Wodrow, quoted, [81] (note 2), [102] (note 2).
Worcester, [86].
Battle of, [87].
---- Marquis of, Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions, [181] (note 2).
Worldly Wiseman, [34].
Wyntown's Cronykil, quoted, [3] (note 2).
Yares of Udoll, [56].
York, [86].
---- Thomas, [50] (note 2).
Young, James, [118] (note).

---

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Transcriber's Notes: Hyphenation has been standardized, for instance, "footnote" rather than "foot-note". Spelling has not been standardized, for instance "Lieutenant-General" and "Lieutenant-Generall", or "falsehood" and "falshood". The period following a royal's roman number belongs, for instance, "King Charles. is".