Cato: A Tragedy, in Five Acts

by Joseph Addison

ACT THE SECOND.

SCENE I.

The Senate sitting.
Flourish.
Enter Cato.

Cato. Fathers, we once again are met in council;

Cæsar's approach has summon'd us together,

And Rome attends her fate from our resolves.

How shall we treat this bold aspiring man?

Success still follows him, and backs his crimes;

Pharsalia gave him Rome, Egypt has since

Received his yoke, and the whole Nile is Cæsar's.

Why should I mention Juba's overthrow,

And Scipio's death? Numidia's burning sands

Still smoke with blood. 'Tis time we should decree

What course to take. Our foe advances on us,

And envies us even Lybia's sultry deserts.

Fathers, pronounce your thoughts: are they still fix'd

To hold it out, and fight it to the last?

Or are your hearts subdued at length, and wrought,

By time and ill success, to a submission?

Sempronius, speak.

Sem. Gods! can a Roman senate long debate

Which of the two to chuse, slav'ry or death!

No; let us rise at once, gird on our swords,

And, at the head of our remaining troops,

Attack the foe, break through the thick array

Of his throng'd legions, and charge home upon him.

Perhaps some arm, more lucky than the rest,

May reach his heart, and free the world from bondage.

Rise, fathers, rise! 'tis Rome demands your help;

Rise, and revenge her slaughter'd citizens,

Or share their fate!—

To battle!

Great Pompey's shade complains that we are slow;

And Scipio's ghost walks unrevenged amongst us.

Cato. Let not a torrent of impetuous zeal

Transport thee thus beyond the bounds of reason;

True fortitude is seen in great exploits,

That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides;

All else is tow'ring phrensy and distraction.

Lucius, we next would know what's your opinion.

Luc. My thoughts, I must confess, are turn'd on peace.

Already have our quarrels fill'd the world

With widows, and with orphans: Scythia mourns

Our guilty wars, and earth's remotest regions

Lie half unpeopled by the feuds of Rome:

'Tis time to sheathe the sword, and spare mankind.

Already have we shown our love to Rome,

Now let us show submission to the gods.

We took up arms, not to revenge ourselves,

But free the commonwealth; when this end fails,

Arms have no further use. Our country's cause,

That drew our swords, now wrests them from our hands.

And bids us not delight in Roman blood,

Unprofitably shed. What men could do,

Is done already: Heav'n and earth will witness,

If Rome must fall, that we are innocent.

Cato. Let us appear nor rash nor diffident;

Immod'rate valour swells into a fault;

And fear, admitted into public councils,

Betrays like treason. Let us shun them both.

Fathers, I cannot see that our affairs

Are grown thus desp'rate: we have bulwarks round us;

Within our walls are troops inured to toil

In Afric's heat, and season'd to the sun;

Numidia's spacious kingdom lies behind us,

Ready to rise at its young prince's call.

While there is hope, do not distrust the gods;

But wait, at least, till Cæsar's near approach

Force us to yield. 'Twill never be too late

To sue for chains, and own a conqueror.

Why should Rome fall a moment ere her time?

No, let us draw her term of freedom out

In its full length, and spin it to the last,

So shall we gain still one day's liberty;

And let me perish, but in Cato's judgment,

A day, an hour, of virtuous liberty,

Is worth a whole eternity in bondage.

Enter Marcus.

Marc. Fathers, this moment, as I watch'd the gate,

Lodged on my post, a herald is arrived

From Cæsar's camp, and with him comes old Decius,

The Roman knight; he carries in his looks

Impatience, and demands to speak with Cato.

Cato. By your permission, fathers—bid him enter.

[Exit Marcus.

Decius was once my friend, but other prospects

Have loosed those ties, and bound him fast to Cæsar.

His message may determine our resolves.

Enter Decius.

Dec. Cæsar sends health to Cato—

Cato. Could he send it

To Cato's slaughter'd friends, it would be welcome.

Are not your orders to address the senate?

Dec. My business is with Cato. Cæsar sees

The straits to which you're driven; and, as he knows

Cato's high worth, is anxious for your life.

Cato. My life is grafted on the fate of Rome.

Would he save Cato, bid him spare his country.

Tell your dictator this; and tell him, Cato

Disdains a life which he has power to offer.

Dec. Rome and her senators submit to Cæsar;

Her gen'rals and her consuls are no more,

Who check'd his conquests, and denied his triumphs.

Why will not Cato be this Cæsar's friend?

Cato. These very reasons thou hast urged forbid it.

Dec. Cato, I've orders to expostulate

And reason with you, as from friend to friend:

Think on the storm that gathers o'er your head,

And threatens ev'ry hour to burst upon it;

Still may you stand high in your country's honours—

Do but comply, and make your peace with Cæsar;

Rome will rejoice, and cast its eyes on Cato,

As on the second of mankind.

Cato. No more;

I must not think of life on such conditions.

Dec. Cæsar is well acquainted with your virtues,

And therefore sets this value on your life.

Let him but know the price of Cato's friendship,

And name your terms.

Cato. Bid him disband his legions,

Restore the commonwealth to liberty,

Submit his actions to the public censure,

And stand the judgment of a Roman senate.

Bid him do this, and Cato is his friend.

Dec. Cato, the world talks loudly of your wisdom——

Cato. Nay, more, though Cato's voice was ne'er employ'd

To clear the guilty, and to varnish crimes,

Myself will mount the rostrum in his favour,

And strive to gain his pardon from the people.

Dec. A style like this becomes a conqueror.

Cato. Decius, a style like this becomes a Roman.

Dec. What is a Roman, that is Cæsar's foe?

Cato. Greater than Cæsar: he's a friend to virtue.

Dec. Consider, Cato, you're in Utica,

And at the head of your own little senate:

You do not thunder in the capitol,

With all the mouths of Rome to second you.

Cato. Let him consider that, who drives us hither.

'Tis Cæsar's sword has made Rome's senate little,

And thinn'd its ranks. Alas! thy dazzled eye

Beholds this man in a false glaring light,

Which conquest and success have thrown upon him;

Did'st thou but view him right, thou'dst see him black

With murder, treason, sacrilege, and crimes

That strike my soul with horror but to name them.

I know thou look'st on me as on a wretch

Beset with ills, and cover'd with misfortunes;

But, by the gods I swear, millions of worlds

Should never buy me to be like that Cæsar.

Dec. Does Cato send this answer back to Cæsar,

For all his gen'rous cares and proffer'd friendship?

Cato. His cares for me are insolent and vain:

Presumptuous man! the gods take care of Cato.

Would Cæsar show the greatness of his soul,

Bid him employ his care for these my friends,

And make good use of his ill-gotten pow'r,

By sheltering men much better than himself.

Dec. Your high, unconquer'd heart makes you forget

You are a man. You rush on your destruction.

But I have done. When I relate hereafter

The tale of this unhappy embassy,

All Rome will be in tears.[Exit Decius.

Sem. Cato, we thank thee.

The mighty genius of immortal Rome

Speaks in thy voice; thy soul breathes liberty.

Cæsar will shrink to hear the words thou utter'st,

And shudder in the midst of all his conquests.

Luc. The senate owns its gratitude to Cato,

Who with so great a soul consults its safety,

And guards our lives, while he neglects his own.

Sem. Sempronius gives no thanks on this account.

Lucius seems fond of life; but what is life?

'Tis not to stalk about, and draw fresh air

From time to time, or gaze upon the sun;

'Tis to be free. When liberty is gone,

Life grows insipid.

Cato. Come; no more, Sempronius;

All here are friends to Rome, and to each other.

Let us not weaken still the weaker side

By our divisions.

Sem. Cato, my resentments

Are sacrificed to Rome—I stand reproved.

Cato. Fathers, 'tis time you come to a resolve.

Luc. Cato, we all go in to your opinion;

Cæsar's behaviour has convinced the senate

We ought to hold it out till terms arrive.

Sem. We ought to hold it out till death; but, Cato,

My private voice is drown'd amidst the senate's.

Cato. Then let us rise, my friends, and strive to fill

This little interval, this pause of life

(While yet our liberty and fates are doubtful)

With resolution, friendship, Roman bravery,

And all the virtues we can crowd into it;

That Heav'n may say, it ought to be prolong'd.

Fathers, farewell—The young Numidian prince

Comes forward, and expects to know our counsels.

[Exeunt Senators.

Enter Juba.

Juba, the Roman senate has resolved,

Till time give better prospects, still to keep

The sword unsheathed, and turn its edge on Cæsar.

Jub. The resolution fits a Roman senate.

But, Cato, lend me for a while thy patience,

And condescend to hear a young man speak.

My father, when, some days before his death,

He order'd me to march for Utica,

(Alas! I thought not then his death so near!)

Wept o'er me, press'd me in his aged arms,

And, as his griefs gave way, "My son," said he,

"Whatever fortune shall befal thy father,

Be Cato's friend; he'll train thee up to great

And virtuous deeds; do but observe him well,

Thou'lt shun misfortunes, or thou'lt learn to bear them."

Cato. Juba, thy father was a worthy prince,

And merited, alas! a better fate;

But Heav'n thought otherwise.

Jub. My father's fate,

In spite of all the fortitude that shines

Before my face, in Cato's great example,

Subdues my soul, and fills my eyes with tears.

Cato. It is an honest sorrow, and becomes thee.

Jub. My father drew respect from foreign climes:

The kings of Afric sought him for their friend;

Kings far remote, that rule, as fame reports,

Behind the hidden sources of the Nile,

In distant worlds, on t'other side the sun;

Oft have their black ambassadors appear'd,

Loaden with gifts, and fill'd the courts of Zama.

Cato. I am no stranger to thy father's greatness.

Jub. I would not boast the greatness of my father,

But point out new alliances to Cato.

Had we not better leave this Utica,

To arm Numidia in our cause, and court

Th' assistance of my father's powerful friends?

Did they know Cato, our remotest kings

Would pour embattled multitudes about him:

Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains,

Doubling the native horror of the war,

And making death more grim.

Cato. And canst thou think

Cato will fly before the sword of Cæsar?

Reduced, like Hannibal, to seek relief

From court to court, and wander up and down

A vagabond in Afric?

Jub. Cato, perhaps

I'm too officious; but my forward cares

Would fain preserve a life of so much value.

My heart is wounded, when I see such virtue

Afflicted by the weight of such misfortunes.

Cato. Thy nobleness of soul obliges me.

But know, young prince, that valour soars above

What the world calls misfortune and affliction.

These are not ills; else would they never fall

On Heav'n's first fav'rites, and the best of men.

The gods, in bounty, work up storms about us,

That give mankind occasion to exert

Their hidden strength, and throw out into practice

Virtues, which shun the day, and lie conceal'd

In the smooth seasons and the calms of life.

Jub. I'm charm'd, whene'er thou talk'st; I pant for virtue,

And all my soul endeavours at perfection.

Cato. Dost thou love watchings, abstinence, and toil,

Laborious virtues all? Learn them from Cato;

Success and fortune must thou learn from Cæsar.

Jub. The best good fortune that can fall on Juba,

The whole success at which my heart aspires,

Depends on Cato.

Cato. What does Juba say?

Thy words confound me.

Jub. I would fain retract them.

Give them me back again: they aimed at nothing.

Cato. Tell me thy wish, young prince; make not my ear

A stranger to thy thoughts.

Jub. Oh! they're extravagant;

Still let me hide them.

Cato. What can Juba ask,

That Cato will refuse?

Jub. I fear to name it.

Marcia—inherits all her father's virtues.

Cato. What wouldst thou say?

Jub. Cato, thou hast a daughter.

Cato. Adieu, young prince; I would not hear a word

Should lessen thee in my esteem. Remember,

The hand of fate is over us, and Heav'n

Exacts severity from all our thoughts.

It is not now a time to talk of aught

But chains or conquest, liberty or death.[Exit.

Enter Syphax.

Syph. How's this, my prince? What, cover'd with confusion?

You look as if yon stern philosopher

Had just now chid you.

Jub. Syphax, I'm undone!

Syph. I know it well.

Jub. Cato thinks meanly of me.

Syph. And so will all mankind.

Jub. I've open'd to him

The weakness of my soul—my love for Marcia.

Syph. Cato's a proper person to intrust

A love-tale with!

Jub. Oh, I could pierce my heart,

My foolish heart!

Syph. Alas, my prince, how are you changed of late!

I've known young Juba rise before the sun,

To beat the thicket where the tiger slept,

Or seek the lion in his dreadful haunts.

I've seen you,

Ev'n in the Lybian dog-days, hunt him down,

Then charge him close,

And, stooping from your horse,

Rivet the panting savage to the ground.

Jub. Pr'ythee, no more.

Syph. How would the old king smile,

To see you weigh the paws, when tipp'd with gold,

And throw the shaggy spoils about your shoulders!

Jub. Syphax, this old man's talk, though honey flow'd

In ev'ry word, would now lose all its sweetness.

Cato's displeased, and Marcia lost for ever.

Syph. Young prince, I yet could give you good advice;

Marcia might still be yours.

Jub. As how, dear Syphax?

Syph. Juba commands Numidia's hardy troops,

Mounted on steeds unused to the restraint

Of curbs or bits, and fleeter than the winds:

Give but the word, we snatch this damsel up,

And bear her off.

Jub. Can such dishonest thoughts

Rise up in man? Wouldst thou seduce my youth

To do an act that would destroy mine honour?

Syph. Gods, I could tear my hair to hear you talk!

Honour's a fine imaginary notion,

That draws in raw and inexperienced men

To real mischiefs, while they hunt a shadow.

Jub. Wouldst thou degrade thy prince into a ruffian?

Syph. The boasted ancestors of these great men,

Whose virtues you admire, were all such ruffians.

This dread of nations, this almighty Rome,

That comprehends in her wide empire's bounds

All under Heav'n, was founded on a rape;

Your Scipios, Cæsars, Pompeys, and your Catos

(The gods on earth), are all the spurious blood

Of violated maids, of ravish'd Sabines.

Jub. Syphax, I fear that hoary head of thine

Abounds too much in our Numidian wiles.

Syph. Indeed, my prince, you want to know the world.

Jub. If knowledge of the world makes men perfidious,

May Juba ever live in ignorance!

Syph. Go, go; you're young.

Jub. Gods, must I tamely bear

This arrogance, unanswer'd! Thou'rt a traitor,

A false old traitor.

Syph. I've gone too far.[Aside.

Jub. Cato shall know the baseness of thy soul.

Syph. I must appease this storm, or perish in it. [Aside.

Young prince, behold these locks, that are grown white

Beneath a helmet in your father's battles.

Jub. Those locks shall ne'er protect thy insolence.

Syph. Must one rash word, the infirmity of age,

Throw down the merit of my better years?

This the reward of a whole life of service!—

Curse on the boy! how steadily he hears me![Aside.

Jub. Syphax, no more! I would not hear you talk.

Syph. Not hear me talk! what, when my faith to Juba,

My royal master's son, is call'd in question?

My prince may strike me dead, and I'll be dumb;

But whilst I live I must not hold my tongue,

And languish out old age in his displeasure.

Jub. Thou know'st the way too well into my heart.

I do believe thee loyal to thy prince.

Syph. What greater instance can I give? I've offer'd

To do an action which my soul abhors,

And gain you whom you love, at any price.

Jub. Was this thy motive? I have been too hasty.

Syph. And 'tis for this my prince has call'd me traitor.

Jub. Sure thou mistakest; I did not call thee so.

Syph. You did, indeed, my prince, you call'd me traitor.

Nay, further, threatened you'd complain to Cato.

Of what, my prince, would you complain to Cato?

That Syphax loves you, and would sacrifice

His life, nay, more, his honour, in your service?

Jub. Syphax, I know thou lovest me; but indeed

Thy zeal for Juba carried thee too far.

Honour's a sacred tie, the law of kings,

The noble mind's distinguishing perfection,

That aids and strengthens Virtue where it meets her,

And imitates her actions where she is not;

It ought not to be sported with.

Syph. Believe me, prince, you make old Syphax weep

To hear you talk—but 'tis with tears of joy.

If e'er your father's crown adorn your brows,

Numidia will be blest by Cato's lectures.

Jub. Syphax, thy hand; we'll mutually forget

The warmth of youth, and forwardness of age:

Thy prince esteems thy worth, and loves thy person.

If e'er the sceptre come into my hand,

Syphax shall stand the second in my kingdom.

Syph. Why will you overwhelm my age with kindness?

My joys grow burdensome, I sha'n't support it.

Jub. Syphax, farewell. I'll hence, and try to find

Some blest occasion, that may set me right

In Cato's thoughts. I'd rather have that man

Approve my deeds, than worlds for my admirers.[Exit.

Syph. Young men soon give, and soon forget, affronts;

Old age is slow in both—A false old traitor!

These words, rash boy, may chance to cost thee dear.

My heart had still some foolish fondness for thee;

But hence, 'tis gone! I give it to the winds:

Cæsar, I'm wholly thine.

Enter Sempronius.

All hail, Sempronius!

Well, Cato's senate is resolved to wait

The fury of a siege, before it yields.

Sem. Syphax, we both were on the verge of fate;

Lucius declared for peace, and terms were offer'd

To Cato, by a messenger from Cæsar.

Should they submit, ere our designs are ripe,

We both must perish in the common wreck,

Lost in the general, undistinguish'd ruin.

Syph. But how stands Cato?

Sem. Thou hast seen mount Atlas:

Whilst storms and tempests thunder on its brows,

And oceans break their billows at its feet,

It stands unmoved, and glories in its height;

Such is that haughty man; his tow'ring soul,

'Midst all the shocks and injuries of fortune,

Rises superior, and looks down on Cæsar.

Syph. But what's this messenger?

Sem. I've practised with him,

And found a means to let the victor know

That Syphax and Sempronius are his friends.

But let me now examine in my turn;

Is Juba fix'd?

Syph. Yes—but it is to Cato.

I've tried the force of every reason on him,

Soothed and caress'd; been angry, soothed again;

Laid safety, life, and interest in his sight;

But all are vain, he scorns them all for Cato.

Sem. Come, 'tis no matter; we shall do without him.

He'll make a pretty figure in a triumph,

And serve to trip before the victor's chariot.

Syphax, I now may hope thou hast forsook

Thy Juba's cause, and wishest Marcia mine.

Syph. May she be thine as fast as thou wouldst have her.

Sem. Syphax, I love that woman; though I curse

Her and myself, yet, spite of me, I love her.

Syph. Make Cato sure, and give up Utica,

Cæsar will ne'er refuse thee such a trifle.

But are thy troops prepared for a revolt?

Does the sedition catch from man to man,

And run among the ranks?

Sem. All, all is ready;

The factious leaders are our friends, that spread

Murmurs and discontents among the soldiers;

They count their toilsome marches, long fatigues,

Unusual fastings, and will hear no more

This medley of philosophy and war.

Within an hour they'll storm the senate house.

Syph. Meanwhile I'll draw up my Numidian troops

Within the square, to exercise their arms,

And, as I see occasion, favour thee.

I laugh, to see how your unshaken Cato

Will look aghast, while unforeseen destruction

Pours in upon him thus from every side.

So, where our wide Numidian wastes extend,

Sudden th' impetuous hurricanes descend,

Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play,

Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away.

The helpless traveller, with wild surprise,

Sees the dry desert all around him rise,

And, smother'd in the dusty whirlwind, dies.[Exeunt.

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