LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Note.—In order to facilitate reference to the illustrations, they have been so placed as to be easily found, without turning back. It has not, however, always been possible to place them in consecutive and proper order. To preserve the sequence, they are numbered in the order in which they are referred to in the text, although—especially in Chapter [XI].—they are sometimes referred to in paragraphs widely apart.

Fig.		Page.
[1], [2]	The cotton gin	16
[3]	Elephant opener	17
[4]	Bale breaker	17
[5]	Dobson and Barlow’s bale breaker	19
[6], [7]	Diagrams of mixing arrangements	20
[8]	Diagram of mixing arrangements	21
[9]	Taylor, Lang, and Company’s opening machine	25
[10]	Dobson and Barlow’s opening machine	25
[11], [12]	Lord Brothers’ porcupine cylinders	26
[13]	Diagram of mixing and opening	27
[14]	Platt Brothers and Company’s opening machine	28
[15]	Crighton and Sons’ opening machine	29
[16]	Section of opener grid, ordinary type	30
[17]	Crighton and Sons’ improved opener	29
[18]	Longitudinal section of Crighton’s improved grid	30
[19]	Cross section of Crighton’s improved grid	30
[20]	Lord Brothers’ combined porcupine and Crighton opening machine	33
[21]	Platt Brothers and Company’s improved dust trunk	34
[22]	Lord Brothers’ single scutching machine	36
[23]	Lord Brothers’ single scutching machine, end view	38
[24]	Howard and Bullough’s improved grid for scutching machine	38
[25]	Crighton and Sons’ scutching machine	39
[26]	Crighton and Sons’ leaf extractor	40
[27]	Platt Brothers and Company’s scutcher diagram of dead plate	41
[28], [29], [30], [31]	Lord Brothers’ piano feed motion	43
[32]	Platt Brothers and Company’s old form of pedal nose	44
[33]	Platt Brothers and Company’s new form of pedal nose	44
[34]	Old and new arrangement of pedal bowls	44
[35]	Platt Brothers and Company’s rope driving for cones	45
[36]	Platt Brothers and Company’s pedal regulator	46
[37], [38]	Dobson and Barlow’s pedal regulator	49
[39], [40]	Asa Lees and Company’s pedal regulator	49
[41]	Asa Lees and Company’s rope driving for cones	48
[42]	Plan of mixing room lattices. Platt Brothers and Company	50
[43]	Plan of scutching room. Platt Brothers and Company	50
[44]	Ashworth Brothers’ revolving flat carding engine	63
[45]	Vertical section of coiler	59
[46]	Diagram of roller carding engine	56
[47]	Perspective view of Mason’s roller carding engine	57
[48]	John Hetherington and Sons’ stripper for roller carding engine	60
[49]	Lord Brothers’ setting bracket for roller carding engine	60
[50]	Leigh’s flexible bend	65
[51]	Hetherington’s old construction of flat	66
[52]	Hetherington’s new construction of flat	66
[53]	Hetherington’s transverse section of bend milling apparatus	67
[54]	Hetherington’s side elevation of bend milling apparatus	67
[55]	Platt Brothers’ new setting of flats	69
[56]	Platt Brothers’ old setting of flats	69
[57]	Perspective view Platt’s card	68
[58]	Diagram of Dobson and Barlow’s bend	71
[59]	Front view of Dobson and Barlow’s bend	71
[60]	Front view of Howard and Bullough’s bend	70
[61]	Section of Howard and Bullough’s bend	73
[62]	Front view of Knowles’ bend	73
[63]	Diagram of Knowles’ bend	74
[64]	Ashworth’s bend	75
[65]	Side elevation of Brooks’ carding engine	76
[66]	Front view of milling arrangement of Brooks’ carding engine	77
[67]	Sectional view of milling arrangement of Brooks’ carding engine	77
[68]	Side elevation of Wellman card	80
[69]	Dobson and Barlow’s dish feed	83
[70]	Lap before acted on by licker-in	89
[71]	Lap after being acted on by licker-in	89
[72]	Dobson and Barlow’s doffer covers	84
[73]	Dobson and Barlow’s pedestal	87
[74]	Ashworth Brothers’ driving arrangement	87
[75]	Enlarged view of doffer fleece	89
[76]	Diagram of card setting	92
[77]	Diagram of Garnett teeth for licker-in	93
[78]	Diagram of setting of teeth	95
[79]	Enlarged view of needle pointed teeth	97
[80]	Enlarged view of side ground tooth	97
[81]	Enlarged view of side ground tooth	97
[82]	Whiteley’s fillet winding drum	99
[83]	Riveted and sewn flats	101
[84]	Dronsfield’s fillet stretcher for flats	103
[85]	Perspective view of Whiteley’s clip	103
[86]	Transverse section of flat with Whiteley’s clip	103
[87]	Longitudinal section of flat with Whiteley’s clip	103
[88]	Transverse section of Tweedale’s fastener	103
[89]	Sykes’ slow motion	106
[90]	Transverse section of Hetherington’s slow motion	106
[91]	End view of Hetherington’s slow motion	106
[92]	Side view of card with Hetherington’s slow motion	106
[93]	Side view of Brooks’ slow motion	107
[94]	End view of Brooks’ slow motion	107
[95]	Side view of Knowles’ slow motion	108
[96]	Sectional view of Knowles’ slow motion	108
[97]	Dronsfield’s grinding roller	108
[98], [99]	End views of Dronsfield’s grinding roller	109
[100], [101], [102]	Views of emery filleting	109
[103]	Horsfall grinding roller	110
[104]	Diagram of flat and wire	111
[105]	Knowles’ flat grinding apparatus	111
[106]	Hetherington’s flat grinding apparatus	112
[107]	Edge’s flat grinding apparatus	114
[108]	Higginson’s flat grinding apparatus	115
[109]	Platt’s flat grinding apparatus	116
[110]	Dronsfield’s roller grinding machine	118
[111]	Whiteley’s stripping brush	119
[112]	Dobson and Barlow’s sliver lap machine	123
[113]	Dobson and Barlow’s ribbon lap machine	121
[114]	Transverse section of Heilmann combing machine	127
[115]	Enlarged section of Heilmann combing machine	122
[116]	Enlarged section of nipper mechanism of Heilmann combing machine	125
[117]	Front view, Hetherington’s improved nipper	130
[118]	Sectional view, Hetherington’s improved nipper	130
[119]	Perspective view, Dobson and Barlow’s combing machine	131
[120]	Transverse section, Dobson and Barlow’s combing machine	134
[121]	Side view, detaching mechanism, Dobson and Barlow’s combing machine	133
[122]	Plan, detaching mechanism, Dobson and Barlow’s combing machine	133
[123]	End view, Brooks’ drawing frame	139
[124]	Transverse section, Brooks’ drawing frame	139
[125]	Front view, Brooks’ drawing frame	139
[126]	Elevation and section, Leigh’s loose boss rollers	138
[127]	Howard and Bullough’s electric stop motion	146
[128]	Front view, Mason’s slubbing frame	149
[129]	Sectional elevation, Mason’s long collar	151
[130]	Sectional elevation, Higgins’ spindle	153
[131]	Elevation of Higgins’ spindle	153
[132]	Diagram of winding on roving frames	156
[133]	Diagram of winding on roving frames	156
[134]	Back view of roving frame	159
[135]	Plan, Johnson’s cone motion	161
[136]	Elevation, Johnson’s cone motion	161
[137]	Section of differential motion	163
[138]	Curtis and Rhodes’s differential motion	164
[139]	Tweedale’s differential motion	165
[140]	Front view of building motion	167
[141]	Back view of building motion	169
[142]	Plan of building motion	169
[143]	Elevation of Paley’s traverse motion	173
[144]	End view of Paley’s traverse motion	173
[145]	Plan of Paley’s traverse motion	173
[146]	Section of Paley’s traverse motion	173
[147]	Diagram of variations of traverse	174
[148]	Diagram of mule (essential parts)	178
[149]	Front view of Platt’s mule	181
[150]	Back view of Platt’s mule	181
[151]	Diagram of setting of a pair of mules	180
[152]	Diagram of driving bands for mule	185
[153]	Longitudinal section of mule driving mechanism	185
[154]	Back view of mule driving mechanism	185
[155]	End view of rope attachment to end frame	187
[156]	Diagram of cam shaft and connections	191
[157]	Plan view of duplex driving	191
[158]	Diagram of belt guiding mechanism	195
[159]	Counter faller regulator	198
[160]	Backing-off mechanism	197
[161]	Diagram of copping arrangement	205
[162]	Diagram of taking-in and holding out	201
[163]	Diagram of building of cop	207
[164]	Diagram of coils on nose of cop	207
[165]	Diagram of copping rail arrangement	204
[166]	Diagram of winding barrel movement	208
[167]	Diagram of movement of quadrant arm	211
[168]	Diagram of winding mechanism	212
[169]	Diagram of winding chain tightening motion	215
[170], [171]	Diagram of position of scrolls beginning and end of set	216
[172]	Diagram of winding-on motion for chain	221
[173]	Diagram of ordinary arrangement of camshaft	220
[174]	Section of pendant plate and clutch	221
[175]	Front view of pendant plate	221
[176]	Side view of Hetherington’s mule	222
[177]	Back view of Hetherington’s mule	223
[178]	Elevation of Dobson and Hardman’s nosing motion	224
[179]	Enlarged view of Dobson and Hardman’s nosing motion	225
[180]	Dobson and Barlow’s governing motion	227
[181]	Dub’s governing motion	229
[182]	Side elevation of Curtis’ mule without cam shaft	230
[183]	Plan of Curtis’ mule without cam shaft	230
[184]	Inclined carriage slips for mules	231
[185]	Front view of Brooks’ ring spinning frame	237
[186]	End view of Brooks’ ring spinning frame	235
[187]	Transverse section of Brooks’ ring spinning frame	236
[188]	Longitudinal partial section of one spindle and roller stand	243
[189]	Common ring spindle	243
[190]	Booth Sawyer ring spindle	243
[191]	Rabbeth ring spindle	245
[192]	Whitin gravity ring spindle	245
[193]	Dodd ring spindle	245
[194]	Bernhardt’s bee spindle and anti-ballooner	249
[195]	Single ring	247
[196]	Coulthard’s double ring and holder	247
[197]	Diagram of winding on ring frames	251
[198]	Elevation of spindle with Lancaster’s traveller	253
[199]	Perspective view of ring and Lancaster’s traveller	253
[200]	Plan of Platt’s ring and traveller	253
[201]	Section of Platt’s ring and traveller	253
[202]	Howard and Bullough’s weft spinning frame	255
[203]	Asa Lees and Co.’s rope driving for tin rollers	254
[204]	Stubbs’ bobbin reel	263
[205]	Elevation of seven-lea arrangement	267
[206]	Section of shell for swift end	266
[207]	Guest and Brooks’ skeining motion	268
[208]	Elevation of bundling press	269
[209]	Perspective view of doubling winding machine	271
[210]	Transverse section of doubling winding machine	273
[211]	Section of one head of gassing machine	274
[212]	Thread beaming machine	277
[213]	Thread polishing machine	275
[214]	Wield’s spooling machine	279
[215]	Dronsfield’s cloth pasting machine	283
[216]	Dronsfield’s leather grinding machine	285
[217]	Roller leather splicing machine	285
[218]	Roller pulling machine	284
[219]	Roller ending machine	284
[220]	Roller trueing machine	287
[221]	Roving bobbins	289
[222]	Ring spinning bobbins	288
[223]	Ring doubling and throstle bobbins	291
[224]	Niess’ yarn scale	292
[225]	Mule indicator for hanks	293
[226]	Mule indicator for draws	293
[227]	Side view of indicator mechanism	295
[228]	End view of indicator mechanism	295
[229]	Front view of indicator for slubbing frames	294
[230]	Back view of indicator for slubbing frames	294
[231]	Bridge’s paste pump	295
[232]	Plan of card room of Standard Spinning Company Limited	299