FOOTNOTES

[1] Staff. Cols. xi. N.S. p. 261-2.

[2] There were only seven monks at Hulton at the dissolution in 1536.

[3] 1671. List of inhabitants of Burslem from the Head-borough’s presentments in the Tunstall Court Rolls.

[4] Shaw, “Staffordshire Potteries,” p. 103.

[5] Solon, “Art of the Old English Potters,” p. 34.

[6] ibid., p. 35.

[7] Burton, “Hist. and Descrip. English Earthenware,” p. 31.

[8] Brit. Museum.

[9] This ware turned yellow with the glaze.

[10] The uncoloured lead glaze generally gave a warm yellow tint to the ware.

[11] The manganese lead glaze darkened the ware to a rich brown. It produced the mottled effect by being dabbed or dusted on in patches.

[12] M. Solon explains this method of reckoning as follows: “Art of the Old English Potter,” p. 32. “The unit was represented by a dozen small pieces, and that unit served as the basis of reckoning for all the rest. For instance, a dish might have been worth a ‘dozen’; a very large dish ‘counted 2 dozen’; of bowls, jugs, cups, and other articles of middle sizes it required 2, 3 or 4 to make a dozen. The potter knew at once the value of the contents of his oven by the number or ‘dozens’ put in; while the workman could easily calculate his wages by the number of ‘dozen’ he made in the week.... So convenient was this method of reckoning that it is kept up to this day in many manufactories both in England and on the Continent.”

[13] This Act was passed in 1661, which would make the date of Plot’s visit to the Potteries 1675-7.

[14] Lawton Park is on the Cheshire side of Mow Cop, only six miles from Burslem.

[15] S. Shaw, “Hist. Staffs. Potteries.” p. 109.

[16] “Philosophical Transactions,” vol. xvii, 1693, p. 699.

[17] Burton’s “English Earthenware,” p. 77.

[18] Burton, op. cit. 76.

[19] S. Shaw, “Staffordshire Potteries,” p. 119.

[20] S. Shaw, op. cit., 118.

[21] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 74.

[22] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 74.

[23] A list of those who joined the “Association to defend and avenge King William” in 1696 is preserved at the Record Office. Among 100 names given in Stoke-on-Trent, which included Hanley, Shelton, Longton, &c., occur side by side the names of Joshua Twiford and Robert Astbry. Is it possible that even then they had their pot-banks side by side, as tradition says, on the knoll where Shelton Church now stands?

[24] Wedgwood’s Letters II, 367-70.

[25] Shaw, op. cit., pp. 108-9.

[26] Aikin, “Manchester,” 526.

[27] Shaw, op. cit., p. 121.

[28] Burton, op. cit., p. 86.

[29] See [page 87] for the relationship of the various potters of the Wedgwood family.

[30] The Christian name of the first Astbury was probably Robert, but see Dict. Nat. Biog. under Astbury.

[31] Shaw, op. cit., p. 130.

[32] Shaw, op. cit., p. 126.

[33] “Wedgwood’s Letters, II,” p. 368.

[34] The incident referred to, which Shaw says occurred to Astbury, and Wedgwood to Heath, was as follows:—One of them was on a business journey to London, then naturally taken on horseback; before reaching Dunstable or Banbury, his horse’s eyes became inflamed. The ostler of the Inn put a piece of flint into the fire; when it was red-hot he quenched it with water and pounded it to a fine powder, a little of which was blown into the horse’s eye, relieving the inflammation. The potter, noticing the extreme whiteness of the calcined flint, and also the ease with which it was powdered, was led to try this material to improve the whiteness of his ware, and with the most successful results.

[35] Shaw, op. cit., p. 141.

[36] “Wedgwood Letters,” III, p. 190.

[37] “Monthly Magazine,” November 1823.

[38] A family of Adams lived and potted at the Brick House in Burslem for over 200 years. In 1762 Josiah Wedgwood rented the Brick House works for seven years during the minority of the then Adams of Brick House. The family became extinct early in the nineteenth century.

[39] Wedgwood MSS.

[40] Burton, op. cit., p. 86.

[41] Shaw, op. cit., p. 126.

[42] But there are several places called Delf or Delves in Staffordshire, and they took their name from spots where men delved or dug turf for peat.

[43] Burton, op. cit., p. 83.

[44] Aikin, “Manchester,” p. 527.

[45] Shaw, op. cit., p. 145.

[46] Aikin, op. cit., p. 528.

[47] Burton, op. cit., p. 89.

[48] Burton, op. cit., p. 88.

[49] Shaw, op. cit., p. 147.

[50] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 227.

[51] Shaw, op. cit., p. 163.

[52] Shaw, op. cit., p. 150, 151.

[53] Shaw, op. cit., p. 153.

[54] Ward, op. cit., p. 230.

[55] Shaw, op. cit., pp. 152, 153.

[56] Shaw, op. cit., p. 161.

[57] Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 24.

[58] Burton, op. cit., p. 102.

[59] Shaw, op. cit., p. 161.

[60] Shaw, op. cit., p. 157.

[61] Shaw, op. cit., p. 176; and Ward, op. cit., p. 49.

[62] Shaw, op. cit., p. 201.

[63] Shaw, op. cit., p. 93.

[64] Ward, op. cit., p. 283.

[65] Shaw, op. cit., p. 179.

[66] Shaw, op. cit., p. 168.

[67] Burton, op. cit., p. 104.

[68] J. H. Nightingale, “Old English Porcelain,” passim.

[69] Burton, “History and Description of English Porcelain.”

[70] Shaw, op. cit., 155.

[71] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 111.

[72] Burton, op. cit., p. 114-5.

[73] L. Jewitt, “The Wedgwoods,” pp. 112-7.

[74] “Earnest money” was the lump sum paid to a workman on his entering into his servitude.

[75] An example of truck wages.

[76] It is recorded of the Rev. J. Middleton, Master Potter and Curate of Hanley, c. 1750, that he refused to hire men by the year, deeming it slavery. It was not till 1866 that the Trade Unions put an end to the annual hiring of grown men by a year’s binding agreement.

[77] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 119.

[78] Shaw, op. cit., p. 157.

[79] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 372.

[80] Shaw, op. cit., pp. 148-9.

[81] This makes 6s. 8d. a ton delivered at the Pot Bank.

[82] Professor Church quotes the following memorandum, done in red enamel on the back of a large dish of Wedgwood’s Queen’s Ware in the possession of Mr Sidney Locock:—“This dish was made at Etruria by Messrs Wedgwood & Bentley, the first year after Messrs Wedgwood & Bentley removed from Burslem to Etruria. Ric. Lawton served his apprenticeship at turning with them, and has had it in his house more than fifty years. It is my brother William’s modelling. It was turned on a hand lathe, as plates were at that date. I preserve this to show the quality of common cream ware before the introduction of growan or Cornwall stone. This body is formed of flint and clay only, the same as used for salt-glazed ware at that time, and flint and lead only instead of salt glaze, and it is fired in the usual and accustomed way and manner, as usual for glazed tea-pots, tortoiseshell, mottled, and agate, and cauliflower, &c. Also sand from the Mole Cop and Baddley Edge was used either in the body or glaze. N.B. Before flint was used they used a certain proportion of slip for the body in the glaze to prevent crazing, and to make it bear a stronger fire in the glaze oven. I was the first person that made use of bone in earthenware when in my apprenticeship at Mr Palmers at Hanley Green.

Burslem, Sept. 26th, 1826.

Enoch Wood.”

Church, “English Earthenware,” pp. 81-82.

[83] Shaw, op. cit., p. 184.

[84] Many “lives” of Wedgwood have been written, and this is not the place to repeat them. Miss Meteyard has two large volumes on him; Jewitt has one; Smiles holds him up in a recent work as a model of self-help; Professor Church has written a monograph on him and his Jasper Ware; and lastly, Mr Elbert Hubbard, of New York, has made his courtship and marriage the subject of an exhaustive and wholly imaginary study. But many of these works, and some of the Histories of Potting too, are marred by indiscriminating eulogy and a fertile imagination. Simeon Shaw, for instance, within 120 pages, manages to distinguish no fewer than 47 favoured manufacturers by name with praise of this stereotyped character:—“of whom we may observe that great professional ability is in him joined with philanthropy, and a readiness to accelerate every meritorious enterprise.” This, however, is perhaps preferable to the style:—“Wedgwood, poor dear, old soul, got terribly worried,” which distinguishes another of these Histories.

[85] Wedgwood MS., Bills for carting goods to the “new works.”

[86] Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 24.

[87] Meteyard’s “Wedgwood,” I, 486.

[88] Meteyard’s “Wedgwood,” II, 235.

[89] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.

[90] The converting of a road into a turnpike road was the only way in which it could be kept in really good repair. Tolls were charged and used partly to repair the road and to attract more traffic.

[91] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.

[92] Jewitt, op. cit., pp. 162-3.

[93] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.

[94] A. Young, “Tour thro’ the North of England,” iii, 433.

[95] Meteyard, op. cit., I, 273.

[96] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, 249.

[97] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Jas. Brindley.”

[98] Wedgwood’s Letters, I.

[99] Wedgwood’s Letters, I, pp. 85-7.

[100] Ward, op. cit., p. 154.

[101] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 31.

The original proposition was for a canal 3 feet deep in general, but at the fords only 30 inches; and the original estimate of cost, excluding the tunnel, was £700 a mile south of Harecastle and £1,000 north of that place. The tunnel, a single one, was to cost £10,000.—Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 290.

[102] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 30.

[103] Wedgwood’s Letters, III, p. 206.

[104] Burton, “Porcelain, a Sketch,” p. 251.

[105] Burton, “Hist. Porcelain,” p. 135.

[106] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 128.

[107] Meteyard, op. cit., II, 118.

[108] Jewitt, op. cit., p. 319, etc.

[109] See his Will, Jewitt, op. cit., pp. 413-9.

[110] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 151.

[111] See Wedgwood’s Letters, passim.

[112] See Wedgwood’s Letters, II, 30-2.

[113] Shaw, op. cit., p. 127.

[114] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” III, 72, but see Shaw, op. cit., p. 172.

[115] Shaw, op. cit., p. 170.

[116] Wedgwood MSS.

[117] Shaw, op. cit., p. 171-2.

[118] Shaw, op. cit., p. 206-8.

[119] Wedgwood MSS.

[120] Burton, “English Earthenware,” 152-3.

[121] Meteyard, “Wedgwood,” II, 198.

[122] Shaw, op. cit., p. 201.

[123] Ward, op. cit., p. 373.

[124] Shaw, op. cit., p. 205.

[125] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 162.

[126] Shaw, op. cit., 199, 204.

[127] Shaw, op. cit., 209-10.

[128] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 367.

[129] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “William Adams.”

[130] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 163.

[131] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 103.

[132] “Carey’s Atlas,” 1787.

[133] “Wedgwood’s Letters,” II, 140.

[134] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 152.

[135] “Cat. of English Figures,” Falkner and Sidebotham, p. 13, etc.

[136] “Romance of Staffordshire,” H. Wedgwood, III, 67.

[137] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 152.

[138] H. Wedgwood, op. cit., III, p. 53.

[139] Scarratt, “Old Times in the Potteries,” pp. 46, 47.

[140] Shaw, op. cit., p. 170.

[141] One part is at present in the Royal Museum at Dresden, uncatalogued, and much of the rest has found its way into the Victoria and Albert Museum at South Kensington, though Mr Wood’s catalogue, if it ever existed, is not there to illustrate and explain the pieces.

[142] Shaw, op. cit., p. 223.

[143] A. H. Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 96; and Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 166.

[144] Shaw, op. cit., p. 215; and Burton, op. cit., 160-1.

[145] Shaw, op. cit., p. 212.

[146] “Gent.’s Magazine,” 1797, p. 802.

[147] Shaw, “Staffs. Potteries,” p. 216-7; and “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Spode.”

[148] Prof. Church attributes the first manufacture of bone-paste porcelain to the Bow Factory (1749-75). “English Earthenware,” p. 82.

[149] Burton, “Porcelain,” p. 19-20.

[150] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Herbert Minton.”

[151] Church, op. cit., p. 85.

[152] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 150.

[153] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” 476.

[154] Shaw, op. cit., p. 63.

[155] Aikin, “Manchester,” p. 522.

[156] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” I, 2.

[157] Wedgwood, op. cit., p. 7.

[158] Wedgwood, op. cit., p. 14.

[159] Wedgwood, op. cit., p. 24.

[160] H. Wedgwood, op. cit., p. 15.

[161] Ward, op. cit., p. 159.

[162] Ward, op. cit., p. 286.

[163] Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 97, and Ward, op. cit., p. 552.

[164] Shaw, op. cit., p. 225.

[165] Sleigh, “Leek,” p. 46, 47.

[166] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” pp. 156, 157.

[167] Brongniart, “Traité des Arts Ceramiques,” vol. II, p. 453.

[168] Church, “English Earthenware,” p. 84.

[169] Wedgwood MS.

[170] Figure-makers.

[171] Burton, “English Earthenware,” p. 176.

[172] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 361.

[173] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 266.

[174] Shaw, op. cit., p. 235-6.

[175] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 103.

[176] H. Wedgwood, “Romance of Staffordshire,” I, p. 9.

[177] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 389.

[178] London “Star” Nov. 26, 1792.

[179] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” pp. 66-67.

[180] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 16.

[181] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 19.

[182] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 26.

[183] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 34.

[184] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 43.

[185] Owen, op. cit., p. 57.

[186] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 64-6.

[187] Owen, op. cit., p. 98.

[188] Dict. Nat. Biog.: “W. T. Copeland.”

[189] Ex information W. D. Phillips, Genl. Manager N.S.R.

[190] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Herbert Minton.”

[191] L. Jewitt, “Ceramics,” II, 195.

[192] Jewitt, op. cit., II, 195-8.

[193] Jewitt, “Ceramics,” II, 202.

[194] Report of Trial, “Hollins v. Campbell,” 1871.

[195] M. L. Solon, Pamphlet “A Century of Potting.”

[196] M. L. Solon, Pamphlet “Leon Arnoux.”

[197] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “H. Minton”

[198] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 126.

[199] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 203.

[200] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 374.

[201] Furnival, op. cit., p. 189.

[202] Burton, “English Earthenware,” 174.

[203] Ward, “Stoke-on-Trent,” p. 264-5.

[204] Paper read by Mr Frank Harris before the Ceramic Society, 1905.

[205] Paper read by Mr F. Harris before the Ceramic Society, 1905.

[206] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 112, 113.

[207] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 115.

[208] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 124.

[209] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 144.

[210] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 160.

[211] Harold Owen, op. cit., p. 177 et seq.

[212] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 411-12.

[213] “Dict. Nat. Biog.”: “Henry Doulton.”

[214] Furnival, “Leadless Decorative Tiles,” p. 200-1.

[215] Official Returns.

[216] Harold Owen, “Staffordshire Potter,” p. 334.

[217] Gross Imports, including goods re-exported.

[218] Net Imports, excluding goods re-exported.

[219] These manufactures are not at all specialized in the Potteries.

[220] Estimated figures.