FOOTNOTES:
[ [1] Purchas's Pilgrimes, vol. iii, p. 35, 36.
[ [2] Purchas's Pilgrimes, vol. iii, p. 5.
[ [3] Barros, dec. III, liv. ii, cap. 6.
[ [4] ... Mui prospero em honra, e fazenda, cousas que poucas vezes juntamente se conseguem, porque ha poucos homens que por sus trabalhos as merecem pelo modo que Fernão Peres naquellas partes as ganhava. Barros, dec. III, liv. ii, cap. 8. Goes, p. iv, cap. 24. Osorius, lib. xi, p. 317 et seq.
[ [5] Barros, dec. III, liv. vi, cap. 2, has further particulars concerning his regulations. Concerning his person and manners the same author says: "Como era cavalleiro de sua pessoa, muy pomposo, glorioso e gastador, todos suas obras eram com grande magestade, etc." In Osorius (lib. xi, p. 319 b) he appears more faulty and blameworthy. "... Andradii, viri sane fortis sed temerarii, et plurimum a mente fratris abhorrentis ... deinde in tyrannidem erupit: rapuit quæ voluit, intulit vim ingenuis virginibus, quibus voluit: multa præterea signa insiti furoris dedit."
[ [6] For the elaboration of the route of the friars, rendered difficult of solution by the changes in the form of names, the writer is indebted to the kind assistance of his learned friend Dr. Neumann, professor of Chinese in the University of Munich.
[ [7] Martin de Rada, otherwise called Herrada, for an account of whom and his companions, see Introduction.
[ [8] Manilla.
[ [9] Cochinchina.
[ [10] Hainan.
[ [11] Birman Empire.
[ [12] Bernier, in his Lettre à Colbert sur l'étendue de l'Hindoustan, describes the Patans as "peuples mahometans, sortis du costé du Gange vers Bengale, qui avant l'invasion des Mogols dans les Indes avoient sceu se rendre puissans dans plusieurs endroits, et principalement à Dehly et faire plusieurs Rajas des environs leurs tributaires. Ces Patans ... haïssent mortellement les Mogols, souvenans toujours de ce qu'ils ont été autrefois, avant qu'ils les eussent chassez de leurs grandes principautez et les eussent obligez de se retirer deça delà, loin de Dehly et Agra dans des montagnes où ils se sont habituez."
[ [13] Moguls.
[ [14] Capital.
[ [15] Samarcand.
[ [16] Loo Choos.
[ [17] Cleanness.
[ [18] Germans.
[ [19] See note, page 7.
[ [20] Dimocarpus leechee.
[ [21] From fanega, Span. A measure for grain, varying in capacity in different parts of Spain and Portugal. It contains on an average one and three-fifths of an English bushel.
[ [22] Panic-grass.
[ [23] Martas zibellinas-sables.
[ [24] The Spanish Cuarto equals four maravedis, and is of about the same value as a French sou, or something less than an English halfpenny.
[ [25] Misspelt for Cansi. Probably Sin-gan-fu, capital of the province of Chen-sy is here referred to.
[ [26] Misspelt for Taybinco, meaning Ta-Bing-kwo, the kingdom under the great Bing (Ming) dynasty.
[ [27] Query li.
[ [28] Misspelt for Malacca. This sentence shows Olam to be Yun-nan.
[ [29] After a careful collation of the following illspelt and vague enumeration of the provinces of China with those given by Semedo, Heningius, Heylyn, and in a very early map of the country, as well as with some elucidatory passages in the text, the following explanations are offered as to their respective significations. The Paguia here mentioned is evidently Pe-che-lie.
[ [30] Fo-kien.
[ [31] Yun-nan, see note page 21.
[ [32] Quang-see.
[ [33] Chen-sy.
[ [34] Chan-si.
[ [35] Kiang-see.
[ [36] Hou-quang.
[ [37] This name which is spelt in the same manner as that given in the second volume to the city of Fo-cheu, would seem to mean the province of Kiang-nan, as that province is not otherwise represented in the list.
[ [38] Ho-nan.
[ [39] Chan-tung.
[ [40] Koei-tcheou.
[ [41] Che-kiang.
[ [42] Se-tchuen.
[ [43] Evidently Canton, by comparison with the list in next chapter.
[ [44] Quinsay or King-sze, means "the capital."
[ [45] Peking.
[ [46] Tay-ping-fu.
[ [47] One of the five ports opened to England by the treaty of Nanking in 1842.
[ [48] Ho-chow, in the province of Shen-si.
[ [49] The Tartar province of Leao-tung, in which the wall commences, has also the name of Quantonz: see Gutzlaff's Map of China and Biot's Dictionnaire des noms anciens et modernes des Villes, etc., dans l'Empire Chinois, fo. 86. From this it is evident that our author is now considering the work in its course from east to west, and not from west to east, as in the commencement of this paragraph.
[ [50] This is evidently Se-tchuen, as given in p. 22; for although it is not strictly correct to say that the great wall terminates in Se-tchuen, yet that province borders on the ancient province of Shen-si sufficiently near to justify the conclusion that it is here referred to, the whole of the geographical information gained by the writers at this early period being necessarily but vague and indefinite.
[ [51] Sic, hot.
[ [52] Germans.
[ [53] A mis-print for Barbosa. Duarte Barbosa, or Barbessa, a native of Lisbon, wrote in Portuguese an account of his travels in the south of Asia; but according to Antonio, they have only appeared in type in an Italian translation. An abridgement of his narrative is given in Ramusio, tom. i, p. 288. Subsequently Barbosa accompanied Magellan in his voyage round the world, and shared the melancholy fate of that great navigator in the Island of Zebu in 1521.
[ [54] Mexico.
[ [55] Saxii.This has been supposed to mean the province of Canton, the names of the other provinces having been pretty well identified. The writer may have considered that the finest porcelain was made at Canton, as it was usually exported from thence to Europe; but the chief seat of the manufacture is, in fact, the province of Kiang-see.
[ [56] Chincheou. One of the chief districts of Fokien, often named for the entire province.
[ [57] This and the following details of the striking similarity which exists between the ceremonial of the Buddhist and Roman Catholic religions, are verified by later travellers and resident missionaries, but there is no evidence from history to show that the former derived these peculiarities from the latter.
[ [58] The work here referred to was printed in black letter at Evora, 1569, 4to., under the title, "Tractado em que se contam muito por estenso as cousas da China, con suas particularidades, y assi do regno dormuz."
[ [59] Laocon Izautey. The following particulars evidently relate, not to the Confucian or national religion of the Chinese, but to the sect of the Tao-sse. Grosier tells us, that "the sect of the Tao-see was founded by a philosopher named Lao-kiun or Lao-Tse, who came into the world in the year 603 before the Christian era." Grosier's China, vol. ii, p. 203. It is impossible to identify all the names given in this legend of Chinese superstition. Paosaos (see next page) is probably the same with Poosah, the name generally given to the Chinese idols. The Sichia, who are said to have come from Trautheyco, towards the west [Thibet? [see note next page]], are probably the disciples of the sect of Foe, also noticed by Grosier. "This sect, still more pernicious and much wider diffused throughout China than the preceding, came originally from India."—Vol. ii, p. 215. The description here given of the religious people who live without marrying and wear no hair, tallies exactly with the practice of the Bonzes or priests of Foe of the present day.
[ [60] This would seem to be Kwan-she, the same as Kwan-yin, the goddess of mercy of the votaries of Foe.
[ [61] This would appear to be Thibet (for there is no Chinese form that we can recognize as corresponding with the word), and Thibet is the country from which those points of belief are derived.
[ [62] This superstitious practice is described in much the same terms by Grosier. "The commonest way is to burn perfumes before an idol, and to beat the earth several times with the forehead. Upon the altar which supports this idol, there is always a kind of horn, filled with small flat sticks, upon which are traced a variety of unintelligible characters. Each of these small sticks conceals an answer. The person who consults, lets fall, at random, one of these small sticks, the inscription of which is explained by the Bonze who accompanies him. When no Bonze is present, they have recourse to a paper fixed up to the wall of the pagoda, to discover the enigmatical meaning of the word. This manner of consulting is very common in China."—Grosier, vol. ii, p. 235.
[ [63] Pwan-koo, the Adam of the Chinese.
[ [64] Better known as Teen-Hwang.
[ [65] Also called Te Hwang.
[ [66] Also named Laoutsze.
[ [67] Also named Fuh-he-te.
[ [68] Also named Shin Nung.
[ [69] The Chinese pray to the dead, but the practice of prayers for the dead and the doctrine of the creation of man out of nothing by Tien, alluded to at page 50, are not found in other writers; if therefore our author is correct, these may possibly have been relics of early Christian teaching.
[ [70] This expression is introduced by the English translator.
[ [71] Severely.
[ [72] This is the well-known lignum aloes of commerce. In some remarks by the late H. T. Colebrooke, Esq., on a paper of the late Dr. Roxburgh's recently read at the Linnean Society, occurs the following observation: "The Portuguese pao de aguila is an undoubted corruption, either of the Arabic aghaluji, or of the Latin agallochum; and it is by a ludicrous mistake that from this corruption has grown the name of lignum aquilæ, whence the genus of the plant now receives its botanic appellation, aquilaria agallocha." Roxb.
[ [73] It is thus spelt also in Steven's Spanish Dictionary. Query, cayolizan, a Mexican shrub, giving a perfume like incense.
[ [74] Rough.
[ [75] A mill. Wickliffe's translation of the Bible: Matthew xxiv, has: Two wymmen schulen be gryndynge in oo querne; oon schal be taken and the tother left.
[ [76] This sketch of the early annals of China is not altogether correct; but agrees in the main with that given by Du Halde. The names of the sovereigns are strangely misspelt; but the order of succession, and the years of their respective reigns, render it not difficult to identify them. Vitey does not seem to be the commonly reputed founder of the Chinese monarchy Fo-hi, but either his great successor Hoang-tie, who had 25 sons, or the celebrated Emperor Yao, whose reign lasted 100 years, and commenced b.c. 2357. Tzintzon is evidently the Chi-Hoang-ty of Du Halde, who built the great wall, and reigned b.c. 237. Aguisi, his son, is named by Du Halde Cul-chi. The Anchosan of our author is clearly the first emperor of the dynasty of Han, named Han-Cao-tsou by Du Halde. The years of the reigns which follow correspond very exactly with those of the several emperors of the Han dynasty; but the names are all spelt differently.
[ [77] Spanish. Vara-A yard.
[ [78] A third.
[ [79] Position, from Span. Estado.
[ [80] For the names of the following provinces, see note, p. 22.
[ [81] More properly "Mace". "The only coin in general use throughout China is the le or cash. Its intrinsic value may be about one-twelfth part of an English penny. The nominal names are those called fun, tsien, and leang, denominated by foreigners candareen, mace, and tael, bearing respectively to each other a decimal proportion."—Murray's China, vol. iii, p. 93.
The mace is usually estimated at about 8d., and the tael 6s. 10d. sterling.
[ [82] Span. Quilates-carats.
[ [83] More properly "tael".
[ [84] Spanish. Millo or mijo-millet.
[ [85] Spanish. Panizo-panic-grass.
[ [86] This word is spelt the same in the original. Query blankets, from Portuguese Chim-Chinese, and mantas-blankets.
[ [87] Prevent.
[ [88] The military and non-military in China are usually distinguished by the terms ping and ming. The pon seems to refer to the ping or regular troops, and the cum to the ming or people; being only a species of local militia.
[ [89] Falchions?
[ [90] Billhooks?
[ [91] Bombs.
[ [92] Loo chooans.
[ [93] Mis-spelt for Narsinga.
[ [94] Mis-spelt for Bengala.
[ [95] Query, Java.
[ [96] Pekin.
[ [97] Tsong-tuh.
[ [98] Laoye. See Chap. xiv on the title of Loytia.
[ [99] Possibly this word is confounded with Colao or Chung-tang, a minister of state.
[ [100] More properly To't'ung.
[ [101] More properly Po-ching-sz, or, as Du Halde has it, Pou-ching-ssee.
[ [102] More properly Too-tuh, adjutant-general.
[ [103] More properly Ngan-tcha-see.
[ [104] More properly Hai-tao. Respecting these offices see Du Halde, vol. ii, fol. 32, 33.
[ [105] Standard-bearer.
[ [106] More properly Paou-yin.
[ [107] This and the preceding title seem to be the same as those similarly spelt on page 103.
[ [108] Perhaps the Koo-ta-sze, or treasurer.
[ [109] Perhaps the Che-tsze, or secretary.
[ [110] Taou, tae, the intendant of circuits.
[ [111] More properly Kwan-paou, commissioner of customs. See Morrison's View of China, p. 94.
[ [112] Perhaps Te-paou, a police runner.
[ [113] More properly Yuen-chae, a police constable.
[ [114] Perhaps Ching-tang, assistant officer in a prise.
[ [115] Shin is the Chinese for the verb "to judge", and with the word officer added to it will be "a judging officer". Thus also leu-law, prefixed to che-to rule, or govern, may be the origin of the term Leuchi. This construction is, however, entirely conjectural.
[ [116] See note on page 113.
[ [117] This character is so vague as to be scarcely recognizable. The proper Chinese word for heaven is tien. The word here given may perhaps mean tsang, the azure sky, which is sometimes used metaphorically for heaven. At the same time the modern Chinese character for Keen, also pronounced Kan
, which is likewise a very old word for heaven, appears somewhat to approximate in form to the character given in the text.
[ [118] Evidently hwang te, the character here given corresponding with the modern Chinese character Hwang.
[ [119] This character would seem to be intended for ching,—a walled city, the correct form of the character being
.
[ [120] Fucheou, the capital of Fokien.
[ [121] Padrinos, Span.—Literally sponsors.
[ [122] A German.
[ [123] A misprint for Pegu.
[ [124] Mis-translated from the Spanish "Tudesco", a German. The reader will readily recognize the name of Johann Gutemberg or Ganzfleisch, of Mentz, who disputes with Laurens Koster, of Haarlem, the honour of having invented and first practised the art of printing with moveable types.
[ [125] Conrad Sweynheim, who, in partnership with Arnold Pannartz, published in 1465, at the Monastery of Subiaco, near Rome, the Lactantii Opera, 4to., the first work printed in Italy. The De Civitate Dei of St. Augustine, was printed by the same printers at Subiaco two years later. It is now known that the first book printed in Europe with metal types, was the Mazarine Bible, printed by Gutemberg and Fust, at Mentz, in 1455.
[ [126] Germany.
[ [127] Printing without moveable types does not go back, even in China, beyond the beginning of the tenth century of our era. The first four books of Confucius were printed, according to Klaproth, in the province of Sze-chuen, between 890 and 925, and the description of the technical manipulation of the Chinese printing press might have been read in western countries even as early as 1310, in Raschid Eddin's Persian history of the rulers of Khatai. According to the most recent results of the important researches of Stanislas Julien, however, an ironsmith in China itself, between the years 1041 and 1048, a.d., or almost 400 years before Gutemberg, would seem to have used moveable types made of burnt clay. This is the invention of Pi-sching, but it was not brought into application. See Humboldt's Kosmos, translated by Otté, fol. 623. Moveable types are now no longer used, for as Sir John Davis observes, vol. ii, p. 222, "the present mode of Chinese printing with wooden stereotype blocks is peculiarly suited to the Chinese character, and for all purposes of cheapness and expedition is perfect". A complete set of the materials used by the Chinese in the process of printing, may be seen in the Museum of the Royal Asiatic Society. In the note on page 121 of Hakluyt's Divers Voyages, edited for the Hakluyt Society by J. Winter Jones, Esq., the following description is given of a book printed in 1348: "The earliest work of which we have been able to obtain an account, from one having had the opportunity of personally inspecting it, bears date the eighth year of the last period of the reign of Shun Te, or a.d. 1348. Mr. Prevost, our informant, who is at present engaged in cataloguing the splendid collection of Chinese books in the British Museum, has favoured us with the following description of the book. The title is 'Chin Tsaou Tsëen Wan, or the Thousand Character Classic'. It is one of the most popular works in China, and consists of exactly one thousand different characters, not one being repeated. It is composed in octosyllabic verses, which rhyme in couplets; each verse presenting to the student some useful Chinese notion, either in morals or in general knowledge. The object of this work is to teach the written character, both in its semi-cursive and in its stenographic form, termed Tsaou, or grass-writing: the text is, therefore, printed in parallel columns, alternately in the Chin, or correct, and the Tsaou, or cursive character. The author lived in the first half of the sixth century. This work, when seen by Mr. Prevost, was in the possession of Colonel Tynte." The Editor has also in his own possession a Chinese bank note, printed, or rather stamped, in the fourteenth century.
[ [128] Hou-quang.
[ [129] A sort of confection made of almonds, sugar, etc.
[ [130] Bever, probably from bevere, Ital., to drink, a small collation between dinner and supper.
[ [131] Vname, is probably Yew ma,—pitch, or the resin of the pine. In Morrison's Dictionary, "tar" is translated Pa ma yew: but the Editor finds nothing analogous to Ja pez, which is probably now obsolete.
[ [132] The Goletta of Tunis was taken from the Spaniards by Sinan Pacha, admiral of Selim II, on the 23rd of August 1574.
[ [133] Mistranslated for "the extensive knowledge which I had of navigation."
[ [134] Misspelt for Corunna.