APPENDIX
APPENDIX
IDENTIFICATION KEYS TO TREE GROUPS AND FAMILIES
A KEY TO NEEDLE-LEAVED EVERGREENS
A. Leaves few, in sheathed bundles, set spirally on the twig. THE PINES. AA. Leaves solitary, set spirally on the twig. B. Twigs with bracket-like projections for attachment of leaves; cones hanging down. C. Leaves flat, blunt, with short stalks. The Hemlocks. CC. Leaves angled, sharp, without stalks. The Spruces. BB. Twigs smooth; cones standing erect. The Firs.
A KEY TO THE PINES
A. Sheaths of leaf-bundles soon shed; wood soft, pale. SOFT PINES. B. Needles, 5 in a bundle. C. Cones, 5 to 8 inches long; Eastern. White Pine. CC. Cones, 12 to 18 inches long; Western. Sugar Pine. BB. Needles fewer than 5 in a bundle; Western. Nut Pines. AA. Sheaths of leaf-bundles not soon shed; wood hard, heavy, dark, resinous. HARD PINES. B. Needles, 3 in a bundle. C. Length of needles, 8 to 18 inches; cones, 6 to 10 inches. Longleaf Pine. CC. Length of needles, 6 to 9 inches; cones, 3 to 5 inches. Loblolly Pine. CCC. Length of needles, 3 to 5 inches; cones, 1 to 3 inches. Pitch Pine. BB. Needles, 2 in a bundle; Northern. C. Length of needles, 4 to 6 inches; cones 2 inches. Red Pine. CC. Length of needles, 1 to 3 inches; cones, 2 to 3 inches. Jersey Pine. BBB. Needles, 2 or 3 in a bundle; Southern. C. Length of needles, 3 to 5 inches; cones, 1 to 3 inches. Shortleaf Pine. CC. Length of needles, 8 to 12 inches; cones, 3 to 6 inches. Cuban Pine.
A KEY TO THE SCALE-LEAVED EVERGREENS
A. Seeds borne in a woody cone; twigs flattened, leaves minute. Arbor Vitae. White Cedar. AA. Seeds borne in a fleshy, blue berry; leaves scale-like or spiny, or both. Juniper. Red Cedar.
A KEY TO THE NUT TREES
A. Nuts in a husk that opens when ripe. B. Husk opens in four divisions. C. Surface of husk, spiny. D. Nut three-angled, small, two in a husk. Beech. DD. Nut rounded, or flattened, 2 or 3 in a husk. Chestnut. CC. Surface of husk not spiny. Hickories. BB. Husk opens in three divisions. Horse-chestnuts and Buckeyes. BBB. Husk opens in two divisions; spiny. Chinquapin. A. Nuts in a husk that does not open when ripe. B. Shape of nut, globular; surface, smooth. Black Walnut. BB. Shape of nut, oblong; surface, clammy. Butternut.
A KEY TO THE GROUPS OF OAKS
A. Acorns, annual; bark usually pale; leaves with rounded lobes, not spiny-pointed. The White Oak Group. AA. Acorns, biennial; bark usually dark; leaves with spiny-pointed lobes. The Black Oak Group.
A KEY TO THE WHITE OAK GROUP
A. Leaves evergreen; Southern tree. Live Oak. AA. Leaves not evergreen. B. Lining of leaves pale, not downy; lobes finger-like. White Oak. BB. Lining of leaves pale, downy. C. Bark of branches corky-ridged; acorn large, in fringed cup. Bur Oak. CC. Bark of branches shed in rough flakes; acorns large, on long stalks. Swamp White Oak. CCC. Bark of branches not corky-ridged, nor scaly. D. Acorn medium-sized; leaf margins cut into squarish lobes. Post Oak. DD. Acorn large; leaf margins wavy; bark dark brown. Chestnut Oak.
A KEY TO THE BLACK OAK GROUP
A. Leaves narrow, willow-like; Southern tree. Willow Oak. AA. Leaves oval, with deeply-cleft margins. B. Acorn cups, shallow, broader than high. C. Tree pyramidal, twigs with pin-like spurs. Pin Oak. CC. Tree spreading; acorns large, in shallow saucers. Red Oak. BB. Acorn cups as deep as broad. C. Leaves thin, smooth, deeply cut; acorn cup drawn in at the top. Scarlet Oak. CC. Leaves leathery, rough, with rusty hairs beneath; acorn cup not drawn in at the top. Black Oak.
A KEY TO THE ELMS
A. Twigs smooth, not hairy-coated. B. Bark of branches not corky-ridged. American Elm. BB. Bark of branches corky-ridged. Winged Elm. Wahoo. AA. Twigs hairy-coated. B. Bark of branches corky. Cork Elm. Rock Elm. BB. Bark of branches not corky; buds coarsely hairy. Slippery Elm.
A KEY TO THE MAPLES
A. Leaves simple. B. Bloom before the leaves open; seeds ripe in May. C. Flowers red; leaves pale beneath, with three triangular lobes. Red Maple. CC. Flowers greenish; leaves pale beneath, deeply cleft, with long, spiny lobes. Silver Maple. BB. Bloom after the leaves open; seeds ripe in autumn. C. Leaves wider than long; lobes spiny-tipped. D. Lining of leaves, pale; keys joined at acute angle. Sugar Maple. DD. Lining of leaves, not pale; keys joined at wide angle. Norway Maple. CC. Leaves circular, lobed; tree prostrate. Vine Maple. CCC. Leaves about as wide as long; trees small. D. Bark striped with white lines; flowers and seeds in dense, pendant clusters. Striped Maple. DD. Bark not striped; flowers and seeds in pendant clusters. Mountain Maple. AA. Leaves compound, of 3 to 7 leaflets. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder.
A KEY TO THE WILLOWS
A. Twigs long, drooping. Weeping Willow. AA. Twigs erect. B. Leaves white beneath. C. Twigs yellow in spring; leaves narrow. Golden Osier Willow. CC. Twigs reddish in spring; leaves broad. Pussy Willow. BB. Leaves not white beneath; heart-shaped frill at base of leaf stem. Black Willow.
A KEY TO THE LOCUSTS
A. Leaves simple; flowers rosy. Redbud. AA. Leaves compound. B. Trees thorny. C. Thorns simple, paired, at bases of leaves; pods small, thin. Black Locust. CC. Thorns often branched, clustered; pods large, curved. Honey Locust. BB. Trees not thorny. C. Pods thick; limbs clumsy; leaves twice compound. Kentucky Coffee Tree. CC. Pods thin, small; limbs not clumsy; leaves once compound. Yellow-wood. Virgilia.