FOOTNOTES:
[221] First edition. Printed at London, by Th. Godfray, c. 1534. Sig. A-Ea in fours.
[222] Both these grammars were reprinted by Génin, in the Collection des documents inédits sur l'Histoire de France. II. Histoire des lettres et sciences. Paris, 1852.
[223] By Andrew Baynton, in a letter prefixed to Palsgrave's grammar.
[224] Palsgrave in his grammar.
[225] Both Palsgrave's and Duwes's observations on the pronunciation of French are utilized by M. Thurot: De la prononciation française depuis le commencement du 16e siècle d'après les témoignages des grammairiens. 2 tom. Paris, 1881.
For further treatment of Palsgrave's grammar, see A. Benoist, De la syntaxe française entre Palsgrave et Vaugelas. Paris, 1877.
[226] The second book begins on folio xxxi. and ends on folio lix. In the third book the pagination begins anew: folio 1 to folio 473.
[227] Four hundred and seventy-three folios, while the first and second books together occupy only fifty-nine folios.
[228] The fulness, originality, and exhaustive character of the work may be illustrated by the treatment of such a point as the agreement of the past participle with its subject, when used with the auxiliary avoir. "... yet when the participle present followeth the tenses of Je ay, it is not ever generall that he shall remain unchaunged, but ... yf the tenses of Je ay have a relatyve before them or governe an accusative case eyther of a pronoune or substantyve, the participle for the most part shall agree with the sayd accusatyve cases in gendre and nombre, and in such sentences not remayne unchaunged. Helas, I have loved her, helas je l'ay aimée ..." etc.
[229] Duwes's plan is as comprehensive as Palsgrave's, as is seen by the following table:
"In the first part shal be treated of rules, that is to say, howe the fyve vowelles must be pronounced in redynge frenche, and what letters shal be left unsounde, and the course thereof.
"The second part shal be of nounes, pronounes, adverbes, participles, with verbes, propositions, and coniunctions.
"Also certayne rules for coniugation.
"Item fyve or syx maners of coniugations with one verbe.
"Item coniugations with two pronounes and with thre and finally combining or ioinyng 2 verbes together."
[230] The Boke of the Governour ... ed. H. H. S. Croft, 1883, vol. i. p. 55.
[231] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. iv. 5806.
[232] Ibid. iv. 4560.
[233] ". . . m'a comandé et enchargé de reduire et mectre en escript la maniere coment g'ay procedé envers ses dictz progeniteurs et predecesseurs, coe celle aussi y la quelle ie l'ay (tellement quellement) instruit et instruis iournellment. . . ."
[234] Privy purse expenses of the Princess Mary, ed. F. Madden, 1831, pp. xli-xliii.
[235] "Duwes avait d'une main leste et sure esquissé la petite grammaire de Lhomond: Palsgrave avait laborieusement compilé la grammaire des grammaires: L'in-folio fut étouffé par l'in-8vo. Cela se voit souvent dans la littérature où le quatrain de St. Aulaire triomphe de la Pucelle de Chapelain" (Génin's Introduction).
It seems an exaggeration to use the word "étouffer." At any rate the victory was not final. Palsgrave's work is not forgotten to-day, like that of Duwes.
[236] There are copies of all three editions in the Bodleian. The British Museum contains one copy of Bourman's edition, and two of Waley's (the third). Génin used Godfray's edition in his reprint.
[237] E. G. Duff, A Century of the English Book Trade, Bibliog. Society, 1905.
[238] There are, however, a larger number of Palsgrave's one edition extant than of Duwes's three. This is, no doubt, because its size and value prevented it from being used with the lack of respect with which school-books are usually treated. There is a copy of the Esclarcissement in the Bibliothèque Mazarine at Paris; two in the British Museum; one in the Bodleian, one in Cambridge University Library, and one in the Rylands Library.
[239] Supra, p. 92.
[240] Dated September 2, twenty-second year of his reign (i.e. 1530).
[241] There were three drafts of the indenture with Pynson, Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. iii. 3680, iv. 39. The first two were probably drawn up in 1523. The last is dated January 18, 1524. The first two were printed by Dr. Furnivall for the Philological Society, 1868. The third draft is in Cromwell's hand, corrected by Palsgrave. There is a clause that Pynson shall not print more than the given number—750—until that number is sold. Pynson seems to have printed only the first two parts of 59 leaves. After this there comes a third part, with a fresh numbering of leaves from 1 to 473. The printing was finished July 18, 1530, by J. Hawkins.
[242] At the rate of 6s. 8d. a ream.
[243] Ellis, Orig. Letters, 3rd series, vol. ii. p. 214.
[244] He found it useful in diplomatic service. He writes to his patron: "I am well asseyed here and my little knowledge of French well exercised" (Brussels, Nov. 20, 1538), Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. xiii. pt. ii. No. 882.
[245] "O devotz amateurs de bonnes lettres pleust a Dieu que quelque noble cœur s'employast a mettre et ordonner par regle nostre langaige françois! Ce seroit moyen que maints milliers d'hommes se evertueroient a souvent user de belles et bonnes paroles. S'il n'y est mis et ordonné on trouvera que de cinquante en cinquante ans la langue françoise pour la plus grande part sera changée et pervertie" (folio 1, verso). Tory sketched a plan of a great work on the language to which his Champ fleury was intended only as an introduction.
[246] Génin is 'certain' that the date given on the frontispiece of Palsgrave's work is a year earlier than that on which it actually appeared. He draws this conclusion from the date of the king's privilege, twenty-second year of Henry VIII., who came to the throne in 1509; 9 + 22 = 31. This leaves Palsgrave a longer period to gather what he could from Tory's work, says Génin. But the twenty-second year of the reign of Henry VIII. began in April 1530, and the printing of Palsgrave's work was completed on the 18th of July.
[247] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. i. Nos. 513 and 3094.
[248] Ibid. vi. No. 1199. Duwes also received numerous grants of money and licences to import Gascon wine.
[249] Printed in Theatrum Chemicum, Ursel, 1602, vol. ii. pp. 95-123, and reprinted in J. J. Manget's Bibliotheca Chemica, Geneva, 1702, vol. ii. Two copies of an English translation are in the Bodleian (Ashmole MSS.). See Dict. Nat. Biog.
[250] He is called "schoolmaster to my Lady Princess of Castile," in the Book of Payments, March 1513, Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. ii. No. 1460.
[251] Ibid. ii. 295.
[252] Ibid. i. 5582.
[253] Bale, Britanniae Scriptorum, 1548, fol. 219.
[254] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. ii. pt. 2, 1107.
[255] J. G. Nichols, Memoir of the Duke of Richmond, 1855, Camden Society, Miscellany, iii. pp. xxiii-xxiv; also Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. iv. 5806, and v. 1596, 1793, 2069, 2081.
[256] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. iv. 5806.
[257] Ibid. iv. 4560: Letter dated July 27, 1528.
[258] Ibid. iv. 5806, 5807.
[259] "Instructions for Syr Wm. Stevynson, what he shall do for one John Palsgrave with the Frenche Queenes Grace and the Duke of Suffolk her espouse": ibid. v. 5808.
[260] Wood, Athen. Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 121.
[261] Letters and Papers, v. 621-622: Letter dated Oct. 18, 1532.
[262] Palsgrave received ecclesiastical preferment from time to time. Amongst others, he was collated to the prebend of Portpoole in St. Paul's Cathedral by Bishop Fitzjames in 1514, and to the Rectory of St. Dunstan-in-the-East by Cranmer in 1533, and to that of Wadenhoe, Northamptonshire, in 1545, by the same Archbishop. (Thompson Cooper in the Dict. Nat. Biog.)
[263] Written by a Dutch contemporary, Fullonius, in 1529.
[264] J. G. Nichols, Literary Remains of Edward VI., Roxburghe Club, 1857, p. 210.
[265] Ibid. p. lxxviii.
[266] These have been printed by J. G. Nichols in his Literary Remains, p. 144 et seq. The MS. of the first is at Trin. Col. Cantab. R 7, 31, of the second in the Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 9000, and of the third at Biblio. Pub. Cantab. Dd 12, 59, and Brit. Mus. Addit. 5464. Nichols uses the text of the first of these.
[267] "Apres avoir noté en ma Bible en Anglois plusieurs sentences qui contredisent a toute ydolatrie, a celle fin de m'apprendre et exercer en l'ecriture Françoise, je me suis amusé a les translater en ladite langue Françoise, puis les ay fait rescrire en ce petit livret, lequel de tres bon cœur je vous offre" (Literary Remains ..., p. 144).
[268] "Lettre inédite de Bellemain": Bulletin de la Soc. de l'Hist. du Protestantisme Français, vol. xv., 1866, pp. 203-5.
[269] It was, however, translated into English and published in 1681 (two copies in the Brit. Mus.), and reprinted by Rev. J. Duncan in 1811 (no copy known), and by the Religious Tract Soc., Vol. of Writings of Ed. VI., etc.
[270] Calvin wrote to Edward VI. in French: "C'est grand chose d'estre roy, mesme d'un tel pays. Toutesfois je ne doubte pas que vous n'estimez sans comparaison mieux d'estre chrestien. C'est doncq un privilege inestimable que Dieu vous a faict, Sire, que vous soiez roy chrestien, voire que luy servez de lieutenant pour ordonner et maintenir le royaulme de J. Christ en Angleterre" (Bulletin, ut supra).
[271] There is a copy of this in Brit. Mus. Royal MSS. 20, A xiv.
[272] Ellis, Orig. Letters, ser. 1, vol. i. p. 132, and translated in Halliwell's Letters of the Kings of England, ii. 33.
[273] J. C. Nichols, Literary Remains, p. 32.
[274] Ibid. p. li.
[275] Huguenot Soc. Publications, vol. viii. ad nom.
[276] Brit. Mus. Royal MSS. 16, E 1. The whole consists of only eighteen small leaves, of which five are occupied by the dedication. No date is attached. The dedication continues:
". . . S'ainsy estoit (Tresnoble et Tresillustre Dame) que i'attendisse le temps auquel ie peusse trouver et inventer chose digne de presenter a vostre excellence, certes, madame, i'estime que ce ne seroit de long temps: car quelle chose est ce qu'on pourroit monstrer de nouveau a celle a qui rien n'est caché, soit en langue grecque ou latine ou en la plus part des autres langues vulgaires de l'Europe: soit en la congnoissance des histoires ecrites en icelles ou en philosophie et autres liberales sciences. Puis donc qu'ainsy est que peu de livres antiques se peuent trouver que n'ayez leuz ou au moins desquels n'ayez ouy aucunement parler, ioint aussy qu'estes maintenant comme en lieu solitaire, ie vous vueil seulement ramentevoir une epistre de Basile le grand que i'estime qu'avez autres fois leue: en laquelle il recommande fort la vie solitaire ou au moins exempte des cures et solicitudes de ce monde: et ce a intention de pouoir induire celuy a qui il l'envoioit a la contemplation de Dieu et de la vie future: qui sont les choses ausquelles devons le plus penser durant que sommes en ce monde comme estans les causes qui plus nous donnent occasion de bien vivre. . . ."
[277] Sylvius (1530) had proposed a new system of orthography based on etymology and pronunciation. Meigret, however, was the chief exponent of the reformers, who sought to make orthography tally with pronunciation (in his Traité touchant le comun usage de l'escriture françoise, 1542 and 1545, and other works). Meigret was supported by Peletier du Mans (Dialogue de l'ortografe et prononciation françoese, 1549) and others, and bitterly attacked by the opposing party. The question, once opened, continued to be discussed until the decision of the Academy (founded 1649) settled the matter. Brunot, op. cit. ii. pp. 93 sqq.
[278] "Ie vous ay escrit ce petit avertissement de paour que paraventure, en lisant tant de diversitéz d'impressions comme pourriez faire en ceste langue, ne sceussiez laquelle devriez suivre en ecrivant; mais il sera bon de suivre la plus part des modernes qui s'accordent quant a cela."
[279] Stevenson, Cal. of State Papers, foreign series, 1558-9, p. xxv, takes it for granted that Bellemain was Elizabeth's tutor in French.
[280] Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, 1884: Life of Elizabeth, iii. pp. 9, 13.
[281] First printed at Alençon, 1531.
[282] This is at present in the Bodleian Library. It has an embroidered cover, probably by the princess herself. See Cyril Davenport, English Embroidered Bookbindings, London, 1899, p. 32. It was reprinted in 1897.
[283] There are two copies of this rare little volume in the Brit. Mus. Another edition, varying considerably from the first, occurs in Bentley's Monuments of the Nations, iv., London, 1582 (Stevenson, ut supra, p. xxvi). It was republished in 1897.
[284] See Davenport, ut supra, p. 33. The original is in the Brit. Mus.
[285] This little work appears to have been lost.
[286] Such as Hentzer the German, in 1598; Justus Zinzerling, 1610; Peter Eisenburg the Dane, 1614. See Rye, England as Seen by Foreigners, pp. 133, 171, 268, 282.
[287] D. C. A. Agnew, Protestant Exiles from France ..., 3rd ed., 1886, vol. i. p. 45.
[288] Haag, La France Protestante, and Cooper, Athen. Cant. i. 306. Agnew, op. cit., does not mention that Chevallier was tutor to Elizabeth.