FOOTNOTES:
[289] Sources for the History of the Persecutions: L. Batiffol, The Century of the Renaissance, London, 1916; D. C. A. Agnew, Protestant Exiles from France, 3rd ed., 1886, vol. i.; J. S. Burn, The History of the French, Walloon, Dutch, and other Foreign Protestant Refugees settled in England, London, 1846; S. Smiles, The Huguenots, their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland, London, 1867.
[290] Early refugees also came in small numbers from Italy where the Inquisition was established in 1542; and a few others from Spain, where it was set up in 1588. Their arrival in England imparted some slight impetus to the study of their respective languages; cp. F. Watson, The Beginnings of the Teaching of Modern Subjects in England, London, 1909, chapters xii. and xiii.
[291] Huguenot Society Publications, xv., 1898; F. W. Cross, History of the Walloon and Huguenot Church at Canterbury (Introduction).
[292] L. Humphrey, The Nobles or of Nobilitye, London, 1563, 2nd book.
[293] See A. Rahlenbeck, "Les Réfugiés belges au 16me siècle en Angleterre," in the Revue Trimestrielle, Oct. 1865.
[294] The following numbers show the proportion of the Netherlanders to the French: in 1567, 3838 Flemish to 512 French; in 1586, 5225 to 1119.
[295] Huguenot Soc. Pub. i., 1887-88; O. J. W. Moens, The Walloons and their Church at Norwich, ch. ix.
[296] W. Besant, London in the Time of the Tudors, London, 1904, pp. 80, 200, 203. The population of London is taken as about 120,000.
[297] Hug. Soc. Pub. x., 1900-1908, 4 parts.
[298] Hug. Soc. Pub. viii., 1893: Letters of Denization and Acts of Naturalisation for Aliens in England, 1509-1603, ed. W. Page.
[299] Naturalization by Act of Parliament, which gave additional rights, such as that of succession to and bequeathment of real property, was in general of more advantage to Englishmen born abroad than to foreigners.
[300] On the French churches in England, see F. de Schickler, Les Églises du refuge en Angleterre, 3 tom., Paris, 1892.
[301] The first ministers appointed to the French church were François Pérussel, dit la Rivière, and Richard Vauville. Perlin visited the French church: "La prechoit un nommé maistre Françoys homme blond, et un autre nommé maistre Richard, homme ayant barbe noire" (Description des royaulmes d'Angleterre et d'Escosse, Paris, 1558, p. 11). Perlin was one of the few Frenchmen who came to England at this time.
[302] Op. cit. p. 11. Perlin also says that the English tried several times to set fire to the French church.
[303] See accounts in Rye, England as seen by Foreigners.
[304] This was naturally not without exceptions. For instance, Sir Nicholas Bacon, father of Francis, was noted for his support of the attempt to drive all the French from the country after the St. Bartholomew massacre (Archaeologia, xxxvi. p. 339).
[305] F. Foster Watson, "Religious Refugees and English Education," Proceedings of the Huguenot Society, London, 1911.
[306] The Nobles or of Nobilitye, ut supra.
[307] Athenae Cantab. ii. 274. A certain L. T. attacked Baro about a sermon of his on the text in the third chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, twenty-eighth verse (Brit. Mus. Catalogue).
[308] Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt. iii. p. 360.
[309] Ellis, Original Letters, 1st series, i. pp. 341-3.
[310] Arte of Rhetorique (1553), ed. G. H. Mair, 1909, p. 13.
[311] Lord Herbert of Cherbury's Autobiography, ed. Sir S. Lee (2nd ed. 1906), p. 37, n.
[312] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., xiv. pt. ii. No. 601; and Works, Parker Society, i. p. 396.
[313] E. J. Furnivall, Manners and Meals in Olden Time, pp. ix et seq.
[314] Ascham, Toxophilus, quoted by Nichols: Literary Remains ..., p. xl.
[315] Reliquiae Wottoniae, London, 1657 ("Life of Sir Henry Wotton"), n.p.
[316] J. Payne Collier, in Archaeologia, vol. xxxvi. pp. 339 et seq.
[317] Queene Elizabeth's Academy, ed. Furnivall, Early English Text Society, 1869.
[318] This purpose is expressly stated in the earliest grammar for teaching Italian to the English, dated 1550: The Principal Rules of Italian Grammar, with a Dictionary for the better Understandynge of Boccace, Petrarcha, and Dante (also in 1562 and 1567). Cp. F. Watson, Modern Subjects, chapter xii.
[319] Cp. F. Watson, Modern Subjects, chapter xiii.; and J. G. Underhill, Spanish Literature in England of the Tudors, New York, 1899.
[320] Hug. Soc. Pub. viii.: List of Denizations.
[321] Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[322] Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, 1532, the first of Latin-French dictionaries.
[323] Printed by T. Wolfe.
[324] The first French grammar for teaching French to the Germans, mentioned in Stengel's Chronologisches Verzeichniss französischer Grammatiken (Oppeln, 1890), was the work of a Frenchman Du Vivier, schoolmaster at Cologne, and was published in 1566.
[325] Cp. Ph. Sheavyn, The Literary Profession in the Elizabethan Age, Manchester, 1909, chap. i.
[326] De Republica Anglorum, ed. L. Alston, Camb., 1906, p. 139.
[327] C. W. Wallace, "New Shakespeare Discoveries," Harper's Magazine, 1910, and University Studies, Nebraska, U.S.A.; Sir S. Lee, Life of Shakespeare ..., new ed., London, 1915, pp. 17, 276.
[328] Unfortunately the registers of the Threadneedle Street Church, previous to 1600, have been lost. It would have been interesting to have found Shakespeare brought into contact with this church by his Huguenot friends.
[329] A list of French words and phrases used by Shakespeare is given in A. Schmidt's Shakespeare Lexicon, 2 vols., Berlin, 1902, p. 1429.
[330] Act I. Sc. 4; Act II. Sc. 3; and other Scenes in which the Doctor appears.
[331] Act III. Sc. 6; Act IV. Sc. 2, Sc. 4, Sc. 5; Act V. Sc. 2.
[332] Act III. Sc. 4.
[333] Act III. Sc. 6. The quotation from 2 Peter ii. 22 bears closest resemblance to the edition of the Bible issued at Geneva, 1550; H. R. D. Anders, Shakespeare's Books, Berlin, 1904, p. 203.
[334] Often what appear to be mistakes to-day are due to change in pronunciation; as when Pistol takes the French soldier's "bras" ('arm') for English 'brass,' a possibility at this period when the final s was still sounded (Thurot, Prononciation française, ii. pp. 35-36; Anders, op. cit. pp. 50-51.)
[335] Anders, op. cit. p. 51 et seq.
[336] Cp. A. F. Leach, English Grammar Schools of the Reformation, 1896: F. Watson, The English Grammar Schools up to 1660, Cambridge, 1908, and The Curriculum and Text-Books of English Schools in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century, Bibliog. Soc., 1906.
[337] The author of the Institution of a Gentleman, 1555 and 1560, mentions the "knowledge of tongues as necessary to gentlemen," but he does not seem to have meant modern languages. William Kemp, in his Education of Children in Learning, 1588, names the ancient tongues, especially Latin, and other writers do the same. For a list of similar works, cp. Watt, Bibliotheca Britannica, under "Education."
[338] Cp. J. W. Adamson, Pioneers in Modern Education, Cambridge, 1905, pp. 178 sqq.
[339] Sidney Papers, ed. A. Collins; Letters and Memorials of State, vol. i. p. 8.
[340] E. Arber, Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers, 1554-1640, v. p. 162.
[341] Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Addenda, 1580-1625, p. 413.
[342] Handlists of Books printed by London Printers, 1501-56, Bibliog. Soc., 1913: Grafton, p. 13.
[343] There is no trace of Du Ploich's name in any of the registers of aliens published by the Hug. Soc. The only trace of a name resembling his is that of Peter de Ploysse, butcher, in Breadstreet Ward (Lay Subsidies, 1549).
[344] F. Watson, Grammar Schools, pp. 69 et seq.
[345] Arber, Stationers' Register, i. p. 126.
[346] Sig. A-N in fours.
[347] French in Roman type, English in black letter.
[348] Especially the Lambeth fragment, and the Introductorie of Duwes.
[349] Sig. A-I in fours. Like the first edition, this is preserved in a unique volume in the Brit. Mus. The copy of Kingston's edition is not complete, wanting all before signature A3.
[350] Brit. Mus. Royal MSS. 16, E xxxvii., 63 quarto leaves.
[351] Edward had the MS. placed in his Library. Nichols, Literary Remains, p. cccxxxiv.
[352] Royal MSS. 16, E xxiii., 29 quarto leaves.
[353] "Et je ne suis pas si presumptueux de vouloir dire que celuy livre je soye suffissant a translater du tout en englois, a cause que je ne l'ay de nature. Mais a mon simple entendement, ayant l'opportunité et le loisir, l'ensuivray au plus pres que ie pourray."
[354] Returns of Aliens in London, Hug. Soc. Pub. x.
[355] Lists of Denizations, Hug. Soc. Pub., ad nom. (a Sancto Vinculo). Other details of his life are given in Miss L. E. Farrer's La vie et les œuvres de Claude de Sainliens, Paris, 1907.
[356] Yet in this work Holyband refers several times to the necessity of having a good tutor.
[357] Farrer, op. cit. p. 21.
[358] As in the French Schoolemaister, French and English are arranged on opposite pages, the French in Roman characters, and the English in black letter.
[359] Des escholiers et l'eschole—Pour voyageurs—Du Logis, Du Poidz, Vendre et acheter, Pour marchans.
[360] Sylvius (1530) had placed a small vertical line over final unsounded consonants.
[361] Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt. iii. p. 400. The name John Henricke occurs frequently in the registers of aliens. There was a John Henryke, a "Dutchman," who, in 1567, was living in Broadstreet Ward, and had been three weeks in England; and, in 1571, in St. Mary Alchurch Parish, when he is said to have been five years in England, and to be a native of Barowe in Brabant and nineteen years old. In 1582 one of the same name was living in Blackfriars and had two servants (Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt i. p. 322; pt. ii. pp. 91, 253). In 1579 a John Hendricke from the dominion of the Bishop of Liége received letters of denization (Hug. Soc. Pub. viii. ad nom.). It does not seem likely that Holyband employed one of the Walloons, whose accent he taught his pupils to avoid.
[362] Foster, Alumni Oxonienses, ad nom.
[363] Farrer, op. cit. p. 1.
[364] C. Livet, La Grammaire française et les grammairiens du 16e siècle, Paris, 1859, pp. 500 et seq.
[365] For his sources, etc., see Farrer, op. cit. pp. 73 et seq.
[366] Schickler, Églises du Refuge, i. p. 358.
[367] Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[368] Farrer, op. cit. p. 16. Miss Farrer suggests that Holyband was connected with the family of Thuillier de Saint Lyens of Moulins (op. cit. pp. 8, 9).
[369] Latin poem in the Campo di Fior, 1583.
[370] In the Schoolemaister, on the contrary, the exercises follow the rules, "to the end that I may teache by experience and practice that which I have shewed by arte."
[371] The philological side of Holyband's work has been fully treated by Farrer, op. cit.
[372] In the Schoolemaister. The rules of the French Littleton are much the same, only less quaintly worded.
[373] Holyband was the author of a work for teaching Italian: The Italian Schoolmaster, 1583, and again in 1591, 1597, and 1608.
[374] Schickler, Églises du Refuge, iii. pp. 167-171. The members of the Church attended to the interests of the schools, and donations were made from time to time. Cp. for instance, Schickler, op. cit. i. p. 123.
[375] The Scholemaster, ed. Arber, 1869, p. 82.
[376] Schickler, op. cit. i. p. 211.
[377] Registers of Threadneedle Street, London, Hug. Soc. Pub. ix.
[378] Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv., 1890. In 1584 three baptisms were performed by Mr. Hopkins, an English minister.
[379] Registre de l'Église de Cantorbéry, Hug. Soc. Pub. v. pt. i., 1890.
[380] W. J. C. Moens (The Walloons and their Church at Norwich, Hug. Soc. Pub. i., 1887-8, p. 58) enumerates eighteen sons of strangers at Norwich who went to the Grammar School and thence to Cambridge.
[381] Schickler, op. cit. i. p. 106.
[382] Ibid. p. 346.
[383] Schickler, op. cit. i. p. 281; F. W. Cross, History of the Walloon and Huguenot Church at Cantuar, Hug. Soc. Pub. xv., 1898, p. 15.
[384] W. J. Hardy, Foreign Refugees at Rye, Proceedings Hug. Soc. ii., 1887-8, p. 574.
[385] Cross, op. cit. p. 53.
[386] Hardy, op. cit. p. 570 (cp. Durrant Cooper, Refugees in Sussex, Sussex Archaeological Collections, xiii., 1861). The name is here written John Robone.
[387] F. W. Cross, ut supra.
[388] Cross, ut supra; Schickler, op. cit. i. p. 283.
[389] Hug. Soc. Pub. x.
[390] Hardy, op. cit. p. 572.
[391] Moens, The Walloons and their Church at Norwich; W. Durrant Cooper, Lists of Foreign Protestants and Aliens resident in England, 1618-1688, Camden Soc., 1862.
[392] G. H. Overend, Strangers at Dover, p. 166; and D. Cooper, Lists of Foreign Protestants.
[393] Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv.
[394] Schickler, op. cit. i. 25.
[395] Ibid. i. 59.
[396] For example, John Veron, J. R. Chevallier, mentioned above.
[397] Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[398] In 1568 letters of denization were granted him (Hug. Soc. Pub. viii., ad nom.).
[399] MS. Memoir of Robert Ashley (Sloane, 2105); cp. Sylvester's Works, ed. Grosart, 1880, i. p. x.
[400] Works, ed. Grosart, i. p. 4. See also i. p. lvii, and ii. pp. 52, 301, 322.
[401] 1567?-1630. Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[402] Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv., 1890.
[403] J. S. Davids, History of Southampton, Southampton, 1883, p. 311.
[404] Another Fleming, Thomas Hylocomius, a native of Brabant, was master of St. Alban's Grammar School, 1570-1596 (Watson, Protestant Refugees, pp. 137-139). But there is nothing to show that he encouraged the study of French.
[405] Authorities for the use of French in Scotch schools are: J. Strong, Secondary Education in Scotland, Oxford, 1909, pp. 44 et seq., 76, 142; T. P. Young, Histoire de l'enseignement primaire et secondaire en Écosse, Paris, 1907, pp. 12 et seq., pp. 64 et seq.; J. Grant, Burgh Schools of Scotland, London and Glasgow, 1876, pp. 64, 404; F. Michel, Les Écossais en France et les Français en Écosse, 1862, ii. p. 78.
[406] Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melville, minister of Kilrenny and Professor of Theology in the University of St. Andrews, ed. R. Pitcairn (Wodrow Soc., Edinburgh, 1842), pp. 16 et seq.
[407] His daughter Esther, who married a Scotch minister Kello, became famous for her calligraphy. Some of her work, preserved in the Bodleian, was admired by Hearne (Collections and Recollections, Oxf. Hist. Soc., 1885, i. p. 38).
[408] D. Murray, Some Early Grammars, etc., in use in Scotland, in the Proceedings of the Royal Philos. Soc. of Glasgow, xxxvii. pp. 267-8. In the List of Books printed in Scotland before 1700, by H. G. Aldis (Edinburgh Bibliog. Soc., 1904), there is not one book on the French language amongst the 3919 titles recorded.
[409] Pasquier, Letters, Amsterdam, 1723, lib. i. p. 5.