FOOTNOTES:
[449] This was the fee charged by Holyband in his French school.
[450] The interlinear arrangement used in the Middle Ages had been abandoned in all but a few exceptional cases. These teachers no doubt agreed with the pedagogue John Brinsley, the chief exponent of the method of translation, that interlinears were confusing because the eye catches the two languages simultaneously.
[451] F. Watson, English Grammar Schools, Cambridge, 1908, pp. 305 sqq. J. E. Sandys, "Education in Shakespeare's England," in Shakespeare's England, i. pp. 231 sqq.
[452] Cp. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, ii. p. 603.
[453] Article on Lily in Dict. Nat. Biog., and Watson, Grammar Schools, pp. 243 sqq.
[454] Cp. W. Lilly's History of His Life, "Autobiographies," I., London, 1828, pp. 12, 13; The Autobiography of Adam Martindale, Chetham Soc., 1845, pp. 14, 15, and similar diaries and memoirs.
[455] Published at Brabant, 1538; cp. F. Watson, Tudor Schoolboy Life, 1908.
[456] By Leonard Culman.
[457] Less widely used were the Dialogues of John Posselius, a German philosopher. They treat of the school and the study of the classical tongues. They were printed in London in Latin and English in 1625, as Dialogues conteyning all the most familiar and usefull words of the Latin Tongue.
[458] Which took the form of translating: "For all your constructions in Grammar Scholes be nothing els but translations," Ascham, The Scholemaster (1570), ed. Arber, 1869, p. 92.
[459] C. Hoole, An advertisement touching ... school books, 1659.
[460] Institution of a young nobleman, 1607, p. 78.
[461] Quoted by F. Watson, Grammar Schools, p. 246.
[462] The Boke named the Governour, ed. Crofts, 1883, i. p. 33.
[463] The Scholemaster (1570), ed. Arber, London, 1869, p. 28.
[464] Elyot, op. cit. i. p. 54.
[465] Ascham, op. cit. p. 92.
[466] F. Watson, Grammar Schools, p. 264. "Much writing breedeth ready speaking," was one of his precepts.
[467] Ascham himself got his ideas mainly from Cicero (De Oratore).
[468] The Scholemaster, ed. cit. p. 26. Ascham also suggests the use of a third paper book, in which a collection of the different forms of speech and phrases should be made from the material read.
[469] 1574?-1637, the second of the five sons of Edmund Lisle of Tanbridge in Surrey, Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[470] This is the title of the 1625 edition, printed by John Hoviland. That of 1596 was printed by L. Bollifant for R. Wilkins, and entitled Babilon a part of Du Bartas his second Weeke (Pyne, List of Books, 1874-8, i. p. 132); cp. Stationers' Register, iii. 98 (A Booke called the Colonyes of Bartas with the commentarye of S. G. S. englished and enlarged by Wm. L'Isle, 1597).
[471] This is a copy bound separately from the rest of the 1605 edition of Sylvester's Divine Weekes, with which it was issued.
[472] S. Lee, in Dict. Nat. Biog.
[473] A long list may be compiled from the Registers of the Stationers' Company. J. Wolfe and R. Field, both printers of French grammars, received many licences to print books in French and English. See also Upham, French Influence in English Literature, New York, 1908 (Appendix I., pp. 471-505). Many of these works are on religious topics; others belong to no particular category, in the style of Bellot's Jardin de Vertu; many on topical subjects, such as news-letters and pamphlets on the French wars, were printed in French more to appeal to a larger public than to give instruction in the language.
[474] An advertisement touching ... school books, 1659.
[475] Autobiography, ed. S. Lee, 2nd ed., 1906, p. 23.
[476] Hazlitt, Bibliog. Collections, iv. 111. In 1584 Newbury and Denham received licence to print "the Dictionary in French and English, in 4to, and all other dictionaries French and English in quarto," Stationers' Register, ii. 438.
[477] "Knowing then of no other dictionary to help us, but Sir Thomas Eliot's Librarie, which was come out a little before."
[478] On Holyband's debts to these works see Miss E. Farrer's La Vie et les œuvres de Claude de Sainliens, pp. 70 sqq.
[479] F. Watson, Grammar Schools, p. 458.
[480] Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[481] Abcedarium Anglico-Latinum, London, 1552.
[482] Folio, printed by Thomas Marshe.
[483] Farrer, op. cit. p. 72.
[484] First appeared at Leyden in 1567. Higgins' edition was printed for Ralph Newberie and Henrie Denham, 8vo.
[485] A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues. London, printed by A. Islip, 1611, folio.
[486] Cp. Revue des Deux Mondes, 1901, v. p. 243.
[487] Stationers' Register, iii. 432.
[488] Farrer, op. cit. p. 86.
[489] Himself a good linguist, who translated some of James I.'s compositions into French, and was for many years in the service of the English Foreign Office; cp. S. Lee, Beginnings of French Translations from the English. Transactions of the Bibliog. Soc. vii., 1908.
[490] In an autograph letter; cp. Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[491] Rolls of expenses of Prince Henry, "Revels at Court," ed. P. Cunningham, New Shakespeare Soc., 1842 (Preface).
[492] Harl. MSS. 7002, quoted Dict. Nat. Biog. At the end of one of the Brit. Mus. copies is the MS. inscription: "Mr. James Winwood, his book and sent him out of England by John More the 18th May [1611]." Evidently Cotgrave's work made its way rapidly into France.
[493] Printed by Adam Islip, 4to.
[494] A French English Dictionary, compil'd by Mr. Randle Cotgrave, with another in English and French. Whereunto are newly added the Animadversions and Supplements etc. of James Howell, Esquire. London, printed by W. H. for Rd. Whitaker ... 4to. Sherwood's dictionary was printed by Susan Islip.
[495] Ninth ed., 1726, pp. 470 sqq.
[496] A French and English Dictionary composed by Mr. Randle Cotgrave, with another in English and French. Whereunto are added sundry animadversions with supplements of many hundreds of words never before printed; with accurate castigations throughout the whole work, and distinctions of the obsolete words from those that are now in use. Together with a dialogue consisting of all gallicisms, with additions of the most useful and significant proverbs, with other refinements according to cardinall Richelieu's late Academy. For the furtherance of the young learners, and the advantage of all others that endeavour to arrive to the most exact knowledge of the French this work is exposed to publick.... Printed by Wm. Hunt in Pye Corner.
[497] Title same as in 1660. "Printed for Anthony Dolle, and are to be sold by Th. Williams at the Golden Ball in Hosier Lane."
[498] Many important literary productions in different languages came into England through the medium of a French version—for instance, Plutarch, Amadis, the Politics of Aristotle. Cp. Upham, French Influence in English Literature, p. 13. The influence of Senecan tragedy reached England through the intermediary of the "French Seneca," Robert Garnier (Schelling, Elizabethan Drama, ii. pp. 5 sqq. and p. 512). In 1612 licence was granted N. Bulter to print an English translation from French of so popular a work as Ovid's Metamorphoses (Stationers' Register, iii. 489).
[499] The Histoire tragi-comique de nostre temps sous les noms de Lysandre et de Caliste (1615) was the work of d'Audigier.
[500] Thus the Préau des Fleurs meslées, contenant plusieurs et differentz discours of François Voilleret, sieur de Florizel, was printed in London in 1600 (?), and dedicated to the Prince of Wales. In 1620 it was licensed to be printed in French and English, provided the English translation be approved. In 1619 a French translation of Bacon's Essays was published at London, and in 1623 Field received a licence to print a French translation of Camden's Annals (originally in Latin) by J. Bellequent, avocat au Parlement de Paris (Stationers' Register, iv. 106).
[501] As did Shakespeare (cp. Schmidt, Shakespeare Lexicon, Berlin, 1902, vol. ii.) and several of the lesser poets. French refrains were also sometimes used, as in Greene's Never too Late (Infida's song):
"Wilt thou let thy Venus di,
N'oseres vous mon bel amy?
Adon were unkinde say I,
Je vous en prie, pitie me:
N'oseres vous mon bel, mon bel,
N'oseres vous, mon bel amy?"
See S. Lee, French Renaissance in England, Oxford, 1910, p. 243. Sylvester even ventured to write poems in French.
[502] Lives of Ed. and John Philips, nephews of Milton (1694), reprinted by William Godwin, 1815, pp. 362-3.
[503] Letters, Camden Soc., 1854, p. 13, and passim.
[504] Upham, op. cit. p. 8.
[505] In 1551 the New Testament and a Book of Prayers in French were printed by Thomas Gaultier. Handlist of Books, Bibliographical Society, 1913.
[506] The German historian's commentary, De Statu religionis et reipublicae Carolo Quinto Caesare, appeared in Latin in 1555, and in French in 1557.
[507] Le théâtre du monde . . . revue et corrigé par C. de Sainliens, 1595. Printed by George Bishop and dedicated to "the Scotch Ambassador, Jacques de Betoun, Archevesque de Glasco."
[508] Which was very popular. It reached twelve editions before the end of the century.
[509] No doubt the poet Claude Collet.
[510] Cp. Stationers' Register, iii. 468. Another work of a religious nature was the Catechisme ou instruction familiere sur les principaus points de la Religion Chrestienne (par M. Dielincourt), Stationers' Register, iii. 410.
[511] Stationers' Register, ii. 451, 452.
[512] 1656, pp. 12-13.
[513] Institution of a young nobleman, p. 152.
[514] Directions for forreine travel (1642), ed. Arber, 1869, p. 21.