FOOTNOTES:
[564] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. vol. xvi. No. 238.
[565] Sir Rt. Naunton, Fragmenta Regalia, 1824, p. 69.
[566] Cal. State Papers, Dom.: Add., 1580-1625, p. 99.
[567] Ibid. p. 119. A certain Charles Doyley wrote in similar terms from Rouen.
[568] Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1595-97, p. 293.
[569] Purchas Pilgrimes, 1625.
[570] Howell, Epistolae Ho-Elianae.
[571] As did Sir James Melville (Memoirs, Bannatyne Club, 1827, p. 12), "to learn to play upon the lut, and to writ Frenche," at the age of fourteen. Similarly, Barnaby Fitzpatrick, Edward VI.'s youthful favourite and proxy for correction, was sent to Paris to study fashions and manners (Nichols, Literary Remains, p. lxx).
[572] The practice was also very common in Scotland, especially when the reformers assumed the power of approving private tutors as well as schoolmasters. Gentlemen were driven to evade this restriction by sending their sons to France in the care of what they considered suitable tutors. The Assembly then tried to assert its power by granting passports only to those whose tutors they approved. See Young, Histoire de l'Enseignement en Écosse, p. 52.
[573] Copy Book of Sir Amias Poulet's Letters, Roxburghe Club, 1866, pp. 16, 231.
[574] The Compleat Gentleman (1622), 1906, p. 33.
[575] Ellis, Original Letters, 3rd series, iii. 377.
[576] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. vol. viii. 517; vol. ix. 1086; vol. xii. pt. i. 972, etc.
[577] Dated 1610. Ellis, Original Letters, 2nd series, iii. 230.
[578] Green, Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies of Great Britain, London, 1846, ii. pp. 294 et seq.
[579] Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII. vol. xiii. pt. i. 512.
[580] Itinerary, 1617, pt. iii. bk. i. p. 5.
[581] Of Education. To Master Samuel Hartlib.
[582] Copy Book, p. 90.
[583] State Papers, Dom., 1598-1601, p. 162; and 1601-1603, p. 29. In 1580 a list of some English subjects residing abroad was sent to the queen (ibid., Addenda, 1580-1625, p. 4.)
[584] Greene left an account of his impressions of France and Italy in his Never too Late (Works, ed. Grosart, viii. pp. 20 sqq.).
[585] Frequently the wording in passports (Cal. State Papers).
[586] There were many complaints throughout the two centuries of the travellers' neglect of everything concerning their own country. "What is it to be conversant abroad and a stranger at home?" asks Higford. See also Penton, New Instructions to the Guardian, 1694; and F. B. B. D., Education with Respect to Grammar Schools and Universities, 1701.
[587] Ellis, Original Letters (3rd series, iv. p. 46), publishes one of the licences which had to be obtained.
[588] Reprinted by Lady T. Lewis, Lives from the Pictures in the Clarendon Galleries, 1852, i. p. 250.
[589] Description of Britaine, 1577, Lib. 3. ch. iv.
[590] Euphues, ed. Arber, 1868, p. 152.
[591] Scholemaster, ed. Arber, 1870, p. 82. Mulcaster was also eloquent on the evil result of travel (Positions, 1581).
[592] Instructions for Youth ..., by Sir W. Raleigh, etc., London, 1722, p. 50.
[593] Who founded the English seminary at Douay.
[594] See entries in Cal. of State Papers.
[595] March 25, 1601 (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1601-1603, p. 18).
[596] Correspondence with Hubert Languet, 1912, p. 216.
[597] Letter dated September 1, 1631 (J. Forster, Sir John Eliot, a Biography, London, 1864, i. pp. 16, 17).
[598] J. Howell, Instructions for Forreine Travel, 1642 (ed. Arber, 1869), p. 19.
[599] 1656, p. 102.
[600] Spence's Anecdotes, 1820, p. 184; Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[601] A Dialogue concerning Education, in Miscellaneous Works, London, 1751, pp. 313 et seq.
[602] Cp. Entries of Passports, in the Cal. State Papers. The necessity of such a course was considered specially urgent if the traveller was himself ignorant of languages (The Gentleman's Companion, by a Person of Quality, 1672, p. 55).
[603] Gailhard, The Compleat Gentleman, 1678, p. 16.
[604] Gailhard, op. cit. pp. 19, 20. A gentleman, he thinks, should be sent abroad betimes to prevent his being hardened in any evil course.
[605] Some Thoughts on Education, 1693.
[606] Walker, Of Education, especially of Young Gentlemen, 1699, 6th ed.
[607] Notes on Ben Jonson's Conversations with William Drummond of Hawthornden (1619), Shakespeare Soc., 1842, pp. 21, 47.
[608] Autobiography, ed. Sir Sidney Lee (2nd ed., 1906), p. 56.
[609] Memoirs of Sir John Reresby, ed. J. J. Cartwright, 1875, p. 26.
[610] Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[611] Addison was well acquainted with French literature and criticism. He frequently quotes Boileau, Racine, Corneille, and also Bouhours and Lebossu. His Tragedy of Cato is closely modelled on the French pattern. See A. Beljame, Le Public et les hommes de lettres en Angleterre au 18e siècle, 1897, p. 316.
[612] Memoirs of the Verney Family, 1892, iii. p. 36.
[613] The Correspondence of Philip Sidney and Hubert Languet, ed. W. A. Bradly (Boston, 1912), p. 26.
[614] Savile Correspondence, Camden Soc., 1858, pp. 133, 138. O. Walker, in his Of Education, differs from other writers in proposing that young gentlemen should travel without a governor.
[615] In the same category may be placed the Traveiles of Jerome Turler, a native of Saxony, whose work was translated into English in the year of its appearance (1575). It was specially intended for the use of students.
[616] T. Palmer, Essay on the Means of making our Travels into Forran Countries more Profitable and Honourable, 1606; T. Overbury, Observations in his Travels, 1609 (France and the Low Countries). William Bourne's Treasure for Travellers (London, 1578) has no bearing on travel from the language point of view. Of special interest are Dallington's Method for Travell, shewed by taking the View of France as it stoode in the Yeare of our Lorde 1598, London (1606?), and his View of France, London, 1604. Other works are A Direction for English Travellers, licensed for printing in 1635 (Arber, Stationers' Register, iv. 343); Neal's Direction to Travel, 1643; Bacon's Essay on Travel, 1625; Howell's Instructions for Forreine Travel, 1624.
[617] The versatile master of the ceremonies to Charles I., Sir Balthazar Gerbier, wrote his Subsidium Peregrinantibus or an Assistance to a Traveller in his convers with—1. Hollanders. 2. Germans. 3. Venetians. 4. Italians. 5. Spaniards. 6. French (1665), in the first place as a vade mecum for a princely traveller, the unfortunate Duke of Monmouth. It claimed to give directions for travel, "after the latest mode." Cp. also A direction for travailers taken by Sir J. S. (Sir John Stradling) out of (the Epistola de Peregrinatione Italica of) J. Lipsius, etc., London. 1592.
[618] List in Watt's Bibliographia Britannia, 1824 (heading Education); and in Cambridge History of English Literature, ix. ch. xv. (Bibliography).
[619] Method for Travell, 1598, and View of France, 1604.
[620] The constant warnings against mixing with Englishmen abroad show how numerous the latter must have been. "He that beyond seas frequents his own countrymen forgets the principal part of his errand—language," wrote Francis Osborne in his Advice to a Son (1656).
[621] As did Lord Lincoln, who "sees no English, rails at England, and admires France."
[622] Itinerary, 1617.
[623] Bacon, Essay on Travel, 1625.
[624] Gailhard, op. cit. p. 48.
[625] S. Penton. New Instructions to the Guardian, 1694, p. 104.
[626] Cp. Entries of passports to France in the Calendar of State Papers.
[627] Positions, 1581.
[628] It appears from a deleted note in the MS. of Defoe's Compleat English Gentleman that travel was not always considered necessary for younger sons (ed. K. Bülbring, London, 1890).
[629] French Alphabet, 1592: "Car la plus part de ceux qui vont en France apprennent par routine, sans reigles, et sans art, de sorte qu'il leur est impossible d'apprendre, sinon avec une grande longueur de temps. Au contraire ceux qui apprennent en Angleterre, s'ils apprennent d'un qui ait bonne methode, il ne se peut faire qu'ils n'apprennent en bref. D'avantage ce qu'ils apprennent est beaucoup meilleur que le françois qu'on apprend en France par routine. Car nous ne pouvons parler ce que nous n'avons apris et que nous ignorons. Ceux qui apprennent du vulgaire ne peuvent parler que vulgairement . . . d'un françois corrompu. Au contraire ceux qui apprennent par livres, parlent selon ce qu'ils apprennent: or est il que les termes et phrases des livres sont le plus pur et naif françois (bien qu'il y ayt distinction de livres); il ne se peut donc qu'ils ne parlent plus purement et naivement (comme j'ay dict) que les autres."
[630] Wodroeph, Spared houres of a souldier, 1623.
[631] Livet, La Grammaire française et les grammairiens au 16e siècle, 1859, p. 2.
[632] In linguam gallicam Isagoge, 1531.
[633] Le Traité touchant le commun usage de l'escriture françoise, 1542, 1545; cp. Livet, op. cit. pp. 49 sqq.
[634] Gallicae linguae institutio Latino sermone conscripta (1550, 1551, 1555, 1558, etc.).
[635] Institutio gallicae linguae in usum iuventutis germanicae (1558, 1580, 1591, 1593).
[636] Dialogue de l'ortografe et prononciacion françoese, departi en deus livres, 1555.
[637] "J'ay tousiours eu plus ordinaire hantise, plus de biens et d'honneur et de civile conversation de la nation Angloise que de nul aultre."
[638] Villiers had no doubt some previous knowledge of French. From the age of thirteen he had been taught at home by private tutors.
[639] Reliquiae Wottonianae, London, 1657, p. 76.
[640] 12º, pp. 386.
"Etranger desireux de nostre langue apprendre,
Employe en ce livret et ton temps et ton soin,
Que si d'enseignement plus ample il t'est besoin,
Viens t'en la vive voix de l'autheur mesme entendre."
[642] It differs from Les Desguisez, a comedy written by Godard in 1594.
[643] E. Winkler, "La Doctrine grammaticale d'après Maupas et Oudin," in Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, Heft 38, 1912.
[644] Towards the end of his career, Oudin was appointed to teach Louis XIV. Spanish and Italian; he was the author of several manuals for teaching these languages, and it is worthy of note that sometimes the German language is included.
[645] Printed with Nicot's edition of Aimar de Ranconnet's Thresor de la langue françoyse, Paris, 1606.
[646] Garnier was also the author of familiar dialogues, published in French, Spanish, Italian, and German in 1656.
[647] Lettres sur les Anglais et sur les Français (end of seventeenth century), 1725, p. 305.
[648] Another grammar specially intended for the use of strangers was Le vray orthographe françois contenant les reigles et preceptes infallibles pour se rendre certain, correct et parfait a bien parler françois, tres utile et necessaire tant aux françois qu'estrangers. Par le sieur de Palliot secretaire ordinaire de la chambre du roy. 1608.
[649] Gailhard, op. cit. p. 33.
[650] Method for Travell, 1598.
[651] Records of the English Catholics, i. pp. 275 et sqq.; F. C. Petre, English Colleges and Convents established on the Continent ..., Norwich, 1849; G. Cardon, La Fondation de l'Université de Douai, Paris, 1802.
[652] Cp. p. 343 infra.
[653] Cp. account by M. Nicolas, in Bulletin de la société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme Français, iv. pp. 503 sqq. and pp. 582 sqq. Twenty-five such colleges are named.
[654] Bulletin, i. p. 301; ii. pp. 43, 303, 354 sqq.; also articles in vols. iii., iv., v., vi., ix., and Bourchenin's Études sur les Académies Protestantes.
[655] Suppressed as early as 1620.
[656] Driven from Scotland, in many cases, by James I.'s attempt to introduce the English Liturgy into the Scottish churches. Robert Monteith, author of the Histoire des Troubles de la Grande Bretagne, was professor of philosophy at Saumur for four years (Dict. Nat. Biog.).
[657] He composed in French A faithful and familiar exposition of Ecclesiastes, Geneva, 1557; cp. Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[658] Cp. Nicolas, Histoire de l'ancienne Académie de Montauban, Montauban, 1885.
[659] There was an early Academy at Lausanne which emigrated to Geneva and assured the latter's success (1559); cp. H. Vuilleumier, L'Académie de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1891.
[660] Essai de remarques particulières sur la langue françoise pour la ville de Genève, 1691. Quoted by Borgeaud, Histoire de l'Université de Genève, 1900, p. 445.
[661] C. Borgeaud, op. cit.
[662] They were united at Nîmes in 1617, and finally suppressed in 1644.
[663] Pattison, Isaac Casaubon, Oxford, 1892, pp. 40-42, 155. On the English at Geneva, cp. ibid. p. 20.
[664] Autobiography, ed. Sir S. Lee (2nd ed., 1906), p. 56.
[665] T. Scot, Philomythie, London, 1622.
[666] Satyra (addressed to Ben Jonson), 1608. Poems of Lord Herbert of Cherbury, ed. J. Churton Collins, London, 1881.
[667] Henry VIII., Act I. Sc. 3.
[668] A. T. Thomson, Memoirs of the Court of Henry VIII., London, 1826, i. p. 259.
[669] Epigram by Sir Th. More: translated from Latin by J. H. Marsden, Philomorus, 2nd ed., 1878, p. 222.
[670] English Monsieur: Works, London, 1875, viii. p. 190. Cp. other satires and epigrams of the time: Hall, Satires, lib. iii. satire 7; Skialetheia, 1598, No. 27; H. Parrot, Laquei, 1613, No. 207; Scourge of Villanie, ed. Grosart, 1879, p. 158.
[671] H. Glapthorne, "The Ladies' Privilege," Plays and Poems, 1874, ii. pp. 81 sqq. It was sometimes the good fortune of the gallant to "live like a king," "teaching tongues" (T. Scot, Philomythie, 1622).
[672] 1510? Colophon: "Here endeth this treatise made of a galaunt. Emprinted at London in the Flete St. at the sygne of the sonne by Wynkyn de Worde." Alex. Barclay, Andrew Borde, Skelton and others, all satirize the mania for French fashions. Every opportunity of getting the latest French fashion was eagerly seized. Thus Lady Lisle, wife of Henry VIII.'s deputy at Calais, constantly sent her friends in England articles of dress "such as the French ladies wear" (Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., i. 3892). Moryson says the English are "more light than the lightest French."
[673] Purchas, Pilgrimes, 1625.
[674] Sylvester, Lacrymae Lacrymarum: Works (ed. Grosart), ii. p. 278.
[675] Sir T. Overbury, Characters, 1614: "The Affected Traveller."
[676] George Pettie, Civile Conversation, 1586 (preface to translation of Guazzo's work).
[677] As You Like It, Act IV. Sc. 1.
[678] Nash, Pierce Pennilesse, quoted by J. J. Jusserand, The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare, 1899, p. 322.
[679] Wilson, Arte of Rhetorique (1553), ed. G. H. Mair, 1909, p. 162.
[680] Hall, Quo Vadis, 1617.
[681] Humphrey, The Nobles or of Nobilitye, London, 1563.
[682] Overbury, Characters, 1614.
[683] The Unfortunate Traveller (1587), Works, ed. McKerrow, ii. p. 300.
[684] Letters (1618), ed. Warner, Epistolary Curiosities, 1818, p. 3.