FOOTNOTES:
[943] Expressed in the Lettres of Guy Patin, and numerous pamphlets published at the time.
[944] Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 1, 1650.
[945] In the Journal de voyage de deux jeunes Hollandais à Paris, 1656-58 (ed. A. P. Faugère, 2nd ed., Paris, 1899), there is some information concerning the exiled Court. The teacher Lainé mentions a lady in the suite of the exiled queen in his Dialogues.
[946] Mémoires, 4 vols., Paris, 1859, i. pp. 102, 137, 225, etc.
[947] Supra, pp. 262 sqq.
[948] After the Restoration he would also try to get out of a difficult situation on the same plea. He talked French freely to Mlle. de Kerouaille. However, when the French Ambassador, Courtin, wished to discuss with him the negotiations with the Dutch, he excused himself on the ground that he had forgotten nearly all his French since his return to England, and asked for delay to reflect on anything proposed in that language. He offered the same excuse for his Council, but Courtin retorted that many of them spoke French as well as English. Cp. J. J. Jusserand, A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II., London, 1892, p. 143.
[949] "Il me disoit des douceurs, à ce que m'ont dit les gens qui nous écoutoient et parloit si bien françois, en tenant ces propos-là, qu'il n'y a personne qui ne doive convenir que l'Amour étoit plutôt françois que de toute autre nation. Car, quand le roi parloit sa langue (la langue de l'amour) il oublioit la sienne et n'en perdoit l'accent qu'avec moi: car les autres ne l'entendirent pas si bien" (Mémoires, ed. cit. i. p. 322).
[950] Lettre de M. de L'Angle à un de ses amis touchant la religion du sérénissime roy d'Angleterre, Geneva?, 1660, p. 18.
[951] Evelyn was in France in 1643, on his way to study anatomy at Padua, and again in 1646-7 on his return, and yet again in 1649.
[952] Lord High Treasurer Cottington, Sir Ed. Hyde, etc.; cp. Diary, Aug. 1 and 18, Sept. 7, 12, 13, Oct. 2, 7, 1649, etc.
[953] Thus the King invited the Prince of Condé to supper at St. Cloud ... "where I saw a famous (tennis) match betwixt Mons. Saumaurs and Colonel Cooke, and so returned to Paris." Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 13, 1649.
[954] Memoirs of Sir John Reresby of Thribergh, Bart., M.P. for York, etc., 1634-1689, ed. J. J. Cartwright, London, 1875, pp. 26, 42 (cp. pp. 359 sqq., supra).
[955] Sir Henry Craike, Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, 1911, ii. pp. 321 sqq.
[956] W. Harvey-Jellie, Les Sources du Théâtre anglais à l'époque de la Restauration, Paris, 1906, pp. 37 sqq.
[957] Evelyn visited Waller several times.
[958] Evelyn met Hobbes at Paris in September 1650.
[959] Dennis, Original Letters, familiar, moral and critical, London, 1723, i. p. 215. At a later date he was again in France for reasons of health. The king gave him £500 to pay the expenses of a journey to the South of France. He was at Montpellier from the winter of 1678 to the spring of 1679.
[960] ". . . cette langue dont il savait toutes les plus délicates ressources en grâce, en malice plaisante et en ironie." Cf. Sayous, Histoire de la littérature française à l'étranger.
[961] "Hamilton dans le conte (says Sayous, op. cit.) l'emporte sur Voltaire qui eut été le premier, si au lieu de se jeter dans les allégories philosophiques il s'était abandonné, comme notre Écossais, au plaisir plus innocent de laisser courir son imagination et sa plume."
[962] The Scotch Chevalier de Ramsay (1686-1743), the friend of Fénelon, also wrote French with remarkable purity. His best known work is Les Voyages de Cyrus avec un discours sur la mythologie (Paris, 1727; London, 1730). At a later date Thomas Hales (1740?-1780), known as d'Hèle, d'Hell, or Dell, a French dramatist of English birth, also made himself a name in French literature (Sylvain van de Weyer, Les Anglais qui ont écrit en français, Miscellanies, Philobiblon Soc., 1854, vol. i.).
[963] Hamilton, Mémoires du Comte de Grammont. Histoire amoureuse de la Cour de Charles II, ed. B. Pifteau, Paris, 1876, Preface. Voltaire often quoted the beginning of Le Bélier as a model of style.
[964] "Il trouvoit si peu de différence aux manières et à la conversation de ceux qu'il voyoit le plus souvent, qu'il ne lui paroissoit pas qu'il eut changé de pais. Tout ce qui peut occuper un homme de son humeur s'offroit partout aux divers penchans qui l'entrainoient, come si les plaisirs de la cour de France l'eussent quitté pour l'accompagner dans son exil" (Mémoires, ed. cit. p. 83). Grammont had been banished from the French Court on account of a presumptuous love affair.
[965] Institution of a Gentleman, London, 1660, p. 88. The book first appeared as Institutions, or Advice to his Grandson, in 1658.
[966] J. Smith, Grammatica Quadralinguis, 1674.
[967] Sayous, op. cit. ii. ch. iv.
[968] Evelyn once accompanied His Majesty "to M. Favre to see his preparation for the composition of Sir Walter Raleigh's rare cordial," when the chemist made a learned discourse in French on the nature of each ingredient.
[969] Revue Historique, xxix., Sept.-Oct. 1885, p. 25.
[970] J. J. Jusserand, Shakespeare in France, London, 1899, pp. 132, 135, 136. Mme. d'Aulnoy, the fairy-tale writer and authoress of the Mémoires de la cour d'Angleterre, was also among the French ladies in London at this time.
[971] St. Evremond was buried at Westminster at the age of ninety-one. The Duchess died at Chelsea in 1699.
[972] In a letter to Justel he spoke of the Thames as "nostre Thamise."
[973] Evelyn's Diary, likewise, is full of mentions of meetings with Frenchmen.
[974] Sorbière, Relation d'un voyage en Angleterre . . ., Paris, 1664, p. 32.
[975] Cp. Ch. Bastide, Anglais et Français du 17e siècle, Paris, 1912.
[976] Jusserand, Shakespeare in France, p. 136, note 2.
[977] Les Voyages de M. Payen, Paris, 1667.
[978] Mauger calls London "une des merveilles du monde. On y vient de tous côtez, pour admirer sa magnificence."
[979] The Ladies' Catechism, 1703.
[980] J. B. Le Blanc, Lettres d'un Français, à La Haye, 1745, iii. p. 67.
[981] Ibid. i. p. 145. Mrs. Pepys assisted Lady Sandwich to find a French maid (Diary, Nov. 15, 1660), and was herself very desirous of one.
The prejudiced Rutledge writes nearly a century later: "As the lower classes of the French are so completely qualified for Domestics, it is not surprising that such numerous colonies of French valets de chambre, cooks and footmen are planted all over Europe: and that the nobility and fashionable people of so many countries shew an avowed Propensity to Prefer them even to their fellow natives" (Account of the Character and Manners of the French, 1770, pt. ii. p. 172).
[982] Flecknoe, Characters ... (1665), London, 1673, p. 8. "They (the French) have gained so much influence over the English Fops that they furnish them with their French Puppydogs for Valets de Chambre" (French Conjuror, 1678). Addison (Spectator, No. 45) says he remembers the time when some well-bred Englishwomen kept a valet de chambre "because, forsooth, they were more handy than one of their own sex."
[983] Satire on the French, 1691. Reprinted as the Baboon à la Mode, 1701.
[984] Satirical Reflections, 1707, 3rd pt.
[985] Cp. Wycherley, Country Wife, Act I. Sc. 1.
[986] Diary, Oct 19, 1663; May 30, 1665; May 12, 1667; Feb. 18, March 13 and 26, 1668.
[987] Flecknoe, Characters, p. 12. Pepys describes a French dance at Court (Diary, Nov. 15, 1666), which was "not extraordinarily pleasing." He much admired the dancing of the young Princess Mary, taught by a Frenchman (Diary, March 2, 1669). The maîtres d'armes were often Italians and Spaniards. There were protests against the French and Italian singing and dancing "taught by the dregs of Italy and France" (Satirical Reflections, 1707).
[988] Pepys's Diary, ed. H. B. Wheatley, v. p. 332, note, and vi. p. 187.
[989] A Frenchman was appointed in his place; cp. Cal. of State Papers, 1660-61, p. 7; 1663-64, pp. 214, 607. Children were sent to France to learn music. Pepys did not like the "French airs" (Diary, July 27, 1661; June 18, 1666).
[990] Flecknoe, Characters, p. 48. French gardeners (Cal. State Papers, 1661-62, pp. 175, 294) and French barbers were also in favour. Pepys went to the French pewterer's (March 13, 1667-8).
[991] S. Butler, Hudibras.
[992] Evelyn, Diary, March 1671.
[993] Vincent, Young Gallants' Academy, 1674.
[994] Cp. Sedley, Mulberry Garden (Sir J. Everyoung: "Which is the most à la mode right revered spark? points or laces? girdle or shoulder belts? What say your letters out of France?"). There is hardly a comedy of the time without some such references to French fashions; cp. Etherege, Sir Fopling Flutter; Shadwell, Humours of the Army, etc.
[995] Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 18, 1666. Evelyn had himself written a pamphlet called Tyrannus or the Mode, an invective against "our overmuch affecting of French fashion," in which he praised the comeliness and usefulness of the Persian style of clothing. This he had presented to the king: "I do not impute to this discourse the change whiche soone happen'd, but it was an identity that I could not but take notice of" (Diary, Oct. 18 and 30, 1666).
[996] Butler, Satire on our ridiculous imitation of the French; "A l'étranger on prend plaisir à enchérir sur toutes les Nouveautez qui leur viennent de France. . . ." Muralt (Lettres, 1725).
[997] French Conjuror, 1678.
[998] Duc de Guise, Prologue; cp. Prologue to Albion and Albanius:
"Then 'tis the mode of France without whose Rules
None must presume to set up here as fools."
[999] French money was said to be most successful in bribes. Farquhar, Constant Couple, iv. 2.
[1000] Flecknoe, Characters, p. 12.
[1001] Satire against the French, 1691.
[1002] Acted 1671; Act II. Sc. 2.
[1003] Mémoires, ed. cit. pp. 51-52.
[1004] Ibid. p. 143.
[1005] Lord Rutherford, for instance, begs pardon for his English, being more accustomed to the French tongue (Cal. of State Papers, 1661-62, p. 4).
[1006] Hamilton, op. cit. p. 82.
[1007] The story goes that Grammont was leaving England without marrying Miss Hamilton, when her brother overtook him and told him he had forgotten something, whereat he realized his oversight and returned to repair it. It is said that this incident supplied Molière with the subject of his Mariage forcé.
[1008] Hamilton, op. cit. p. 82.
[1009] Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1661-62, p. 28.
[1010] Two grammars for teaching Portuguese greeted the new queen. One was a Portuguese Grammar in French and English by Mr. La Mollière, a French gentleman, 1662 (Register of the Company of Stationers, ii. 307); and the other, J. Howell's Grammar for the Spanish or Castilian tongue with some special remarks on the Portuguese Dialect, with a description of Spain and Portugal by way of guide. It was dedicated to the queen.
[1011] Fragment of the Journal of the Convent of Chaillot, in the secret archives of France, Hôtel de Soubise. Quoted by Strickland in Lives of the Queens, 1888, iv. p. 383.
[1012] Cp. Sedley, Mulberry Garden.
[1013] Such as Lady Lurewell of Farquhar's Constant Couple; Lady Fanciful in Vanbrugh's Provoked Wife; Brome's Damoiselle (1653); or Mrs. Rich in The Beau Defeated (1700?).
[1014] The Frenchified Lady never in Paris was the name given her by Henry Dell in his play, based on Dryden's and printed 1757 and 1761.
[1015] There is a book called The Art of Affectation teaching ladies to speak "in a silly soft tone of voice and use all the foolish French words which will infallibly make your person and conversation charming" (Etherege, Sir Fopling Flutter).
[1016] The Ladies' Catechism, 1703?
[1017] Satire against the French, 1691, p. 14.
[1018] Satire on our ridiculous imitation of the French; Chalmers, English Poets, viii. p. 206.
[1019] Cp. Swift, Poem written in a Lady's Ivory Table Book (1698):
"Here you may read,
Here in beau-spelling—tru tel deth."
[1020] Character of the Beau, 1696.
[1021] Cibber, Careless Husband, Act I. Sc. 1.
[1022] Cibber, Love's last shift or the Fool in fashion. Sedley's Sir Charles Everyoung, Ned Estridge, and Harry Modish are all "most accomplished monsieurs," as are Clodis in Cibber's Love Makes a Man or the Fop's Fortune; Sir Harry Wildair in Farquhar's play of that name; Lord Foppington of Vanbrugh's Relapse or Virtue in Danger; Bull Junior in Dennis's A Plot and no Plot; Clencher, senior, the Prentice turned Beau in Farquhar's Constant Couple; Mrs. Behn's Sir Timothy Tawdry; Crowne's Sir Courtly Nice, etc. In 1697 appeared a work called The Compleat Beau.
[1023] Sir Fopling Flutter or the Man of Mode, 1676. Supposed to be a portrait of the then notorious Beau Hewitt.
[1024] Satire against the French, 1691.
[1025] Character of the Beau, 1691. Most of the accomplished "monsieurs" frequented the French houses (Sedley, Mulberry Garden). Act II. Sc. 2 of Wycherley's Love in a Wood, and Act II. Sc. 2 of his Gentleman Dancing Master, both take place in a French house. Cp. Character of the Town Gallant, 1675.
[1026] Vincent, Young Gallants' Academy, 1674, p. 44.
[1027] Flecknoe, Characters, 1673. The 1665 edition of his Aenigmatical Characters ..., 1665, contains a description in French of the Tour à la Mode: ". . . C'est une bataille bien rangée où l'on ne tire que des coups d'Œillades, et où les premiers ayant fait leur descharge, ilz s'en vont pour donner place aux autres" . . ., etc. (p. 21).
[1028] Charles II. openly avowed his preference for the French drama. Dryden wrote his Essay of Dramatic Poesy, "to vindicate the Honour of our English writers from the censure of those who unjustly prefer the French before them." Pepys saw many of the French plays acted in English. Cp. H. McAfee, Pepys on the Restoration Stage ..., Yale Univ. Press, 1916.
[1029] A. Beljame, Le Public et les hommes de lettres au 18e siècle, Paris, 1897, p. 139.
[1030] As in Etherege's Comical Revenge or Love in a Tub, Sir Fopling Flutter, and the plays of Cibber, Vanbrugh, Mrs. Behn, Shadwell, Farquhar, Wycherley, etc.; The French Conjuror, 1678; The Beau Defeated, 1700?, etc.
[1031] A. Beljame, Quae e Gallicis verbis in Anglicam linguam Johannes Dryden introduxerit, Paris, 1881. On French influence in Restoration Drama, see Charlanne, L'Influence française en Angleterre, pp. 64 sqq.
[1032] Lettre à M. de la Chaussée: Lettres, 1745, ii. p. 240.
[1033] Narrative of her Life, written by Herself, pub. in series of Autobiographies, London, 1826, vol. vii. p. 12. Most of the writers of the time were able to write some French. Flecknoe, for instance, wrote some of his Characters in the language, and wrote a French dedication of his Poems (1652), "à la plus excellente de son sexe."
[1034] Dryden, "Prologue spoken at the opening of the new house, 26 March, 1674," Works, ed. Scott and Saintsbury, x. p. 320.
[1035] "Prologue to Arviragus and Phihera by L. Carlell, revival," Works, x. 405.
[1036] Shaw, Calendar of Treasury Books, 1660-67, p. 311.
[1037] Ibid., 1672-75, pp. 14, 24, 29, etc.; 1677-78 (vol. v.), pp. 692, 803; 1684 (vol. vii.), p. 1444.
[1038] Charles had granted two privileges: one to Henry Killigrew, who directed the King's company acting at Drury Lane, and the other to Sir William Davenant, who directed the Duke's company. The rival companies united in 1682.
[1039] Chardon, La troupe du roman comique dévoilée et les comédiens de la campagne au 17e siècle, Le Mans, 1876, p. 47.
[1040] Chardon, op. cit. p. 98.
[1041] Revue Historique, xxix., Sept.-Oct. 1858, p. 23.
[1042] Historical MSS. Commission Reports, v. p. 186. French dancers and singers also attracted the English from the performances of their own actors; cp. Cibber, Epilogue to The Careless Husband, and Farquhar, Preface to The Inconstant.