Appendix VI. Chronological Tables.
1. An attempt to ascertain the precise date of mythical events would at the present time be considered unreasonable, nor would it be better to arrange them according to generations. It must however be allowed that the mutual dependence of events recorded by mythology can be proved, and by this means, to a certain degree, their succession may be satisfactorily traced. We shall give a specimen from the work before us.
The Dorians in Hestiæotis. Worship of Apollo at Tempe b. I. ch. 1. b. II. ch. 1.
The Dorians at war with the Lapithæ. Taking of Œchalia, b. I. ch. 1. § 7. b. II. ch. 2. § 1.
The Dorians in Crete. Worship of Apollo at Cnosus, b. I. ch. 1. § 9. b. II. ch. 1. § 5.
Teucrian Pelagones (Encheleans) in the north of Thessaly, b. I. ch. 1. § 10.
Dorians at the foot of Œta and Parnassus. Worship of Apollo at Lycorea and Pytho, b. I. ch. 2. b. II. ch. 1. § 8.
The Dorians in alliance with the Trachinians and Ætolians, b. I. ch. 2. § 5.
Taking of Ephyra in Thesprotia. Origin of the Geryonia, b. II. ch. 2. § 3.
War with the Dryopians and transportation of this nation to Pytho, b. I. ch. 2. § 4. b. II. ch. 3. § 3.
Cretan sovereignty of the sea; Cretans in Crisa, Lycia and the Troad, b. II. ch. 1. § 6. ch. 2. § 2, 3.
Worship of Apollo in Bœotia; origin of the Theban traditions respecting Hercules, b. II. ch. 3. § 2. ch. 2. § 7.
Introduction of the mythology of Hercules into Attica by [pg 442] the Ionians. Institution of the Pythian Theoriæ, b. II. ch. 3. § 14.
Cretans in Megara and Attica. Connection of the religious worship of Athens with that of Crete, Delos, and Naxos, ibid.
Cretan fortress of Miletus in Caria; temples at Didymi and Claros, ibid. § 6.
Union of the Dorians and Ætolians, b. I. ch. 3. § 9.
Thessalians and Thesprotians in Pelasgic Argos, Orchomenos, p. 476.
The expelled Magnetes become subjects of the Pythian Apollo, b. II. ch. 3. § 4.
The Bœotians found a new Arne in Bœotia, Orchomenos, ubi sup.
Cadmean Ephyræans and Ægidæ in Athens and Amyclæ, ibid.
Partial emigration of the Dorians from the Tetrapolis, b. I. ch. 3.
Emigration of the Ænianes from the Inachus to the district of Œeta, b. I. ch. 2. § 6.
2. In reckoning from the migration of the Heraclidæ downwards, we follow the Alexandrine chronology, of which it should be observed, that our materials only enable us to restore it to its original state, not to examine its correctness. That it was chiefly founded upon original records and monuments preserved in Peloponnesus, which gave even the years of the kings, has been shown above, b. I. ch. 7. § 3. The dates which Syncellus has preserved from Eusebius, Eusebius from Diodorus, and Diodorus from Apollodorus, could not have been calculated merely by generations; and Larcher's criticism and rejection of the Alexandrine Chronologists may perhaps be found as groundless as they are presumptuous.
[Transcriber's Note: Entries beginning with a number are the year in B.C..]
1104. Migration of the Dorians into Peloponnesus, 80 years after the fall of Troy,[1984] 328 years before the first Olympiad.[1985]
Temenus in Argos, Aristodemus in Sparta, Cresphontes in Messenia, Oxylus the Ætolian in Elis, Cypselus at Basilis. Resistance of the Achæans in Amyclæ. The Nelidæ go from Pylos to Athens.
Birth of Eurysthenes and Procles, and death of Aristodemus king of Sparta. Theras protector of the twin-brothers.[1986]
1074. 30. Eurysthenes and Procles governors of Sparta. Aletes reduces Corinth.[1987] Ceisus the son of Temenus reigns at Argos, Phalces at Sicyon, Agæus at Trœzen (b. I. ch. 5. § 4.), Deiphontes at Epidaurus, Triacon in Ægina, Thersander at Cleonæ (b. I. ch. 5. § 4. b. III. ch. 6. § 10.), [pg 444] Laias the Cypselid, in Arcadia. Pityreus the Ionian goes from Epidaurus to Athens.
1072. 32. Theras colonises Thera with Minyæ and Ægidæ from the district of Amyclæ.
Corinthian Dorians conquer Megara.
Æpytus, son of Cresphontes, re-established in Messenia.
1051. 53. The Thessalian Magnetes found Magnesia in Asia Minor.[1988]
Advance of the Dorians in the direction of Attica.
Medon, son of Ceisus, at Argos, b. III. ch. 6. § 10. Althæmenes, son of Ceisus, goes to Crete. Amyclæan Laconians settle in Melos and Gortyna. Migration of the Argives and Epidaurians to Rhodes and Cos, of the Trœzenians to Halicarnassus.
1040. 60. Migration of the Ionians to Asia. Procles, son of Pityreus of Epidaurus, goes to Samos with carvers in wood from Ægina.[1989] The Phliasians, driven out by Rhegnidas the son of Phalces, withdraw to Samos and Clazomenæ, b. I. ch. 5. § 3.
1038. 68. Ixion king of Corinth.
1033. 71. Soüs, the Proclid, at Sparta.[1990]
1032. 72. Agis the Eurysthenid.[1991]
Achæans from Laconia colonise Patræ.
1031. 73. Echestratus the Agid.
1006. 100*.[1992] Eurypon the Proclid. Echestratus and Eurypon subdue Cynuria, b. I. ch. 7. § 15.
1000. 106. Agelas at Corinth.
996. 108. Labotas the Agid.
978. 126. Prytanis the Eurypontid.
963. 143. Prumnis at Corinth.
959. 145. Doryssus the Agid.
929. 175. Polydectes (Eunomus) the Eurypontid.
* Megara separates itself from Corinth, b. I. ch. 5. § 10.
930. 174. Agesilaus the Agid.
926. 178. Bacchis at Corinth.
924. 180*. Pompus the Cypselid in Arcadia supports the commerce of the Æginetans.
917. 187. Rhodes enjoys the sovereignty of the sea (Eusebius).
891. 213. Agelas at Corinth.
886. 218. Archelaus the Agid.
884. 220. Polydectes dies. Birth of Charilaus. Lycurgus regent.
Lycurgus, in conjunction with Iphitus the Elean and Cleosthenes, the son of Cleonicus of Pisa, arranges the Olympic games.[1993]
Lycurgus gives laws to Sparta.
861. 243. Eudemus at Corinth.
854. 250. Charilaus, the Eurypontid, king of Sparta. In this office he with Archelaus conquers Ægys (b. I. ch. 5. § 18.), lays waste the territory of Argos (ib. ch. 7. § 14.), and is defeated by the Tegeates (ib. § 12.). Polymestor, the Cypselid, in Arcadia.
836. 268. Aristomedes at Corinth.[1994]
826. 278. Teleclus the Agid. He conquers Amyclæ, Pharis, and Geronthræ, b. I. ch. 5. § 13, and destroys Nedon, ib. ch. 7. § 10.
824. 280. [Nicander the Eurypontid, according to Eusebius.]
810. 294. Nicander the Eurypontid (according to Sosibius[1995]). He ravages the territory of Argos, in alliance with Asine, ib. § 14.
801. 303. Agemon the Bacchiad.
786. 318. Alcamenes the Agid. He conquers Helos[1996] and defeats the Argives. Charmides, the son of Euthys, is sent to quiet the troubles of Crete. [Theopompus the Eurysthenid, according to Eusebius.]
785. 319. Alexander at Corinth.
776. 328. Corœbus obtains the prize at the Olympic games at the full moon (according to the original institution), on the 13th or 14th day of the first Olympic month (Apollonius), if the Ennaëteris began with this Olympiad; of the second month (Parthenius), if the Olympiad fell in the middle of the period. The month began with the new moon after the summer solstice, on the 8th of July (according to De Lalande, see l'Art de vérifier les Dates, tom. III. p. 170.) 776. B.C. the distribution of the prizes therefore took place the 21st or 22nd of July.
3. Reckoning according to Olympiads.
[Transcriber's Note: Entries begining with two numbers are, first, the year in B.C., then the Olympiad.]
776. 1. Corœbus of Elis.
774. 3. Metapontum founded by Achæans and Crissæans according to Eusebius, book II. ch. 3. § 7.
* Eratus, king of Argos, expels the Asinæans from their town, b. I. ch. 7, § 14. above, p. [112]. note g. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “Persian war,” starting “Herod. VII. 149.”]
772. 2. Antimachus of Elis.
1. Theopompus the Eurypontid according to Sosibius.
768. 3. Androcles of Messenia.
Cinæthon the epic poet of Laconia flourishes, according to Eusebius.
* Pheidon, prince of Argos, attempts to conquer Corinth.
764. 4. Polychares of Messenia.
4. Telestas at Corinth.
760. 5. Æschines of Elis.
2. The Chalcidians erect an altar to Apollo Archegetas in Sicily (b. II. ch. 3. § 7.) and, together with some Naxians, found Naxos.
3. Archias at Corinth founds Syracuse,[1997] Chersicrates Corcyra (b. I. ch. 6. § 8.). Eumelus, also a Bacchiad, who composed an ode (προσόδιον) for [pg 448] the Messenians, to be sung at the procession to Delos, and had contended at the Ithomæa, lives with Archias at Syracuse. Phintas the Æpytid reigns in Messenia.
4. Ephors in Sparta (Euseb.).
Croton founded by Myscellus (the Heraclid) and some Achæans, and Locri shortly after (according to Strabo, with whom Pausanias nearly agrees with respect to time).
756. 6. Œbotas of Dyme.
4. The Chalcidians found Leontini. Lamis the Megarian lands and founds Trotilus.
752. 7. Daicles the Messenian, the first conqueror in the ἀγὼν στεφανίτης, b. IV. ch. 5. § 5.
3. Death of Alcamenes,[1998] succeeded by Polydorus the Agid. Polydorus and Theopompus limit the power of the popular assembly, b. III. ch. 5. § 8.
4. Automenes at Corinth.
748. 8. Anticles the Messenian. Pheidon the Argive president of the games with the Pisatans. Metal wares and silver coins at Ægina.
1. Yearly Prytanes at Corinth.
744. 9. Xenocles the Messenian.
1. The Androclidæ, banished from Messenia, fly to Sparta. Euphaes, son of Antiochus, the Æpytid, king of Messenia.
2. Beginning of the first Messenian war, according to Pausanias and Eusebius.
740. 10. Dotadas the Messenian.
1. [Death of Theopompus the Eurypontid,[1999] according to Eusebius.]
736. 11. Leochares the Messenian.
732. 12. Oxythemis of Coronea.
728. 13. Diocles of Corinth, the favourite of Philolaus the Bacchiad, legislator of Thebes.
1. Hyblean Megara founded, vol. I. p. 135. note r.
724. 14. Dasmon of Corinth. Hypenus of Pisa the first conqueror in the δίαυλος.
1. The Spartans reduce Ithome, and finish the first Messenian war. The Dryopes build a new Asine, the Androclidæ receive Hyamia from Sparta. Messenians at Rhegium, b. I. ch. 7. § 11.
720. 15. Orsippus of Megara is the first who runs naked in the stadium, and Acanthus the Lacedæmonian in the δίαυλος, see above, p. [272]. note a. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “naked to the goal,” starting “According to Plato.”]
War of Megara against Corinth, b. I. ch. 5. § 10.
The war between the Spartans and Argives respecting the possession of Cynuria breaks out afresh, b. I. ch. 7. § 16.
716. 16. Pythagoras the Laconian.
4. Gela founded by Rhodians and Cretans.[2000]
* Theopompus dies (Euseb.), succeeded by Zeuxidamus the Eurypontid.
712. 17. Polus of Epidaurus.
1. Megara founded by Astacus (according to Memnon; Olymp. 17. 3. according to Hieron. Scal.; Olymp. 18. 2. Cod. Arm.), b. I. ch. 6. § 9.
3. Croton founded according to Dion. Halicar. and Eusebius, Cod. Arm. (Olymp. 18. 1. according to Euseb. Cod. Arm. Olymp. 19. 2. according to Scaliger.)
* Polydorus killed by Polemarchus;[2001] succeeded by Eurycrates the Agid.
708. 18. Tellis of Sicyon. Eurybatus, the Laconian, first conqueror in the wrestling match: Lampis the Laconian in the Pentathlon.
1. The Partheniæ at Tarentum, Eusebius.
4. * Ameinocles, the Corinthian, builds the Samian triremes (Thucyd.).
704. 19. Menon of Megara.
700. 20. Atheradas of Laconia.
696. 21. Pantacles of Athens.
692. 22. Pantacles a second time.
688. 23. Icarius of Hyperesia. Onomastus of Smyrna the first conqueror in the pugilistic contest.
1. Acræ and Enna founded from Syracuse.[2002]
4. [Commencement of the second Messenian war, according to Pausanias; but, according to Corsini, Fast. Att. II. 1. p. 37. this date should be altered to Olymp. 24. 4.]
Anaxander the Agid, Anaxidamus the Eurypontid, kings of Sparta.
684. 24. Cleoptolemus the Laconian.
2. Locri founded, according to Eusebius (Ol. 26. 4. Cod. Arm.) above, b. I. ch. 6. § 12.
680. 25. Thalpis the Laconian. Pagondas of Thebes the first conqueror in the chariot race.
676. 26. Callisthenes the Laconian.
The Pisatans render themselves independent of Elis (Strabo).
2. Megara founds Chalcedon, b. I. ch. 6. § 9.
The musical contests at the Carnea are first introduced (Africanus and Sosibius, above, p. [324]. note e [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “commencing with Terpander,” starting “According to the important.”]), and Terpander is victorious as a harp-player. The same musician is four times victorious in the musical contests at Pytho, at that time still celebrated every nine years; from about Olymp. 27. to Olymp. 33. Doric, Phrygian, and Lydian styles of music.
Orthagoras, tyrant of Sicyon.[2003]
672. 27. Eurybates of Athens.
4. Victory of the Argives over the Spartans at Hysiæ, b. I. ch. 7. § 16.
* Megalostrata, b. IV. ch. 7. § 10.
668. 28. Chionis the Laconian (Corsini Fast. Hell. II. 1. pag. 44.). The Pisatans preside at the games, whilst Elis is at war with Dyme (Euseb.).
1. Syracuse founds Casmenæ.
End of the second Messenian war, according to Pausanias. Aristomenes goes to Damagetus the Eratid, prince of Ialysus; the Lacedæmonians give Mothone to the expelled Nauplians. Damocratidas king of Argos (above, p. [112]. note g [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “Persian war,” starting “Herod. VII. 149.”]).
4. Gymnopædia at Sparta (Euseb.).
* Sea-fight between the Corinthians and Corcyræans.[2004]
664. 29. Chionis for the second time.
660. 30. Chionis for the third time. [The Pisatans, according to Eusebius, celebrate this and the twenty-two following Olympiads.]
1. Zaleucus legislator of Locri (Euseb.).
2. Phigalia captured by Sparta, b. I. ch. 7. § 12.
3. Byzantium founded from Megara, b. I. ch. 6. § 9.
Cypselus expels the Bacchiadæ from Corinth,[2005] and becomes king.
* Second Messenian war (b. I. ch. 7. § 10.). Pantaleon, tyrant of Pisa, Aristocrates of Trapezus, king of Orchomenus (vol. I. p. 185 note t). Tyrtæus of Aphidna at Sparta.
656. 31. Chionis for the fourth time.
652. 32. Cratinus the Megarian, (above, p. [272]. note a [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “naked to the goal,” starting “According to Plato.”]).
4. Himera founded by Chalcidians and Syracusans (Diod. XIII. 62.).
* Eurycratidas (Eurycrates II.) the Agid, Archidamus the Eurypontid.
648. 33. Gyges the Laconian. Lygdamis of Syracuse is the first conqueror in the Pancratium, Crauxidas the Crannonian victorious κέλητι. Myron, son of Andreas, tyrant of Sicyon, in the quadriga, b. I. ch. 8. § 2.
4. Terpander's musical legislation at Sparta.
644. 34. Stomas of Athens. Pantaleon, son of Omphalion, tyrant of Pisa, president of the games, b. I. ch. 7. § 11.
640. 35. Sphærus the Laconian. Cylon of Athens victorious in the δίαυλος.
3. Beginning of the second Messenian war according to Diodorus and Eusebius. Compare Justin, cited vol. I. p. 161. note o.
The Theræans found the first settlement in Libya on the island of Platea. Orchomenos, p. 344. Chionis, the conqueror at Olympia, among the adventurers.
* Procles tyrant of Epidaurus, Aristodemus king of Orchomenus, vol. I. p. 185. note s.
636. 36. Phrynon of Athens.
632. 37. Eurycleidas the Laconian. Hipposthenes the Laconian first conqueror in the boys' wrestling match, Polyneites of Elis in the stadium as a boy.
Founding of Cyrene. Reign of Battus I. Peisander, the epic poet of Rhodes.
628. 38. Olynthus the Laconian. Eutelidas the Laconian victorious in the boys' pentathlon.
1. Pammilus of Megara on the Isthmus, with some Sicilian Megarians, founds Selinus, b. I. ch. 6. § 10. (Olymp. 32. 2. according to Diodorus.)
Periander, tyrant of Corinth, vol. I. p. 185. note s.
2. Corinthians and Corcyræans found Epidamnus, b. I. ch. 6. § 8.
* Gorgus, son of Cypselus, tyrant of Ambracia, ibid. b. III. ch. 9. § 6.
* Thaletas, the Elyrian musician, in Sparta, b. IV. ch. 6. § 3.
624. 79. Rhipsolcus the Laconian.
2. Camarina founded by the Syracusans.[2006]
620. 40. Olyntheus the Laconian, for the second time.
* Theagenes, tyrant of Megara, b. I. ch. 8. § 4. Arion of Methymna, in Peloponnesus.
616. 41. Cleondas of Thebes. Philotas of Sybaris, first conqueror in the boxing match of the boys.
612. 42. Lycotas the Laconian.
1. Cylon, son-in-law of Theagenes, aims at the tyranny of Athens, Corsini Fast. Att. II. 1. p. 64.
Alcman, lyric poet at Sparta, above, p. [328]. note q. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “earlier than Polymnestus,” starting “Polymnestus wrote.”]
608. 43. Cleon of Epidaurus.
2. Phrynon of Athens, the conqueror at Olympia, and Pittacus of Mytilene, contend for the possession of Sigeum. (Euseb.)
* Periander decides the subject of dispute, vol. I. p. 191. note s.
4. The inhabitants of Gela found Agrigentum.[2007]
604. 44. Gelon the Laconian.
* Agasicles, the Eurypontid, at Sparta.
Solon conquers Salamis from the Megarians.
600. 45. Anticrates of Epidaurus.
* Cleisthenes, tyrant of Sicyon, at war with Argos, vol. I. p. 179. note k.
Pheidon II. king of Argos, above, p. [112]. note g. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “Persian war,” starting “Herod. VII. 149.”]
596. 46. Chrysamaxus the Laconian.
The Megarians reconquer Salamis and Nisæa, b. I. ch. 8. § 8.
Epimenides in Athens, according to Diogenes Laertius.
* Leon the Agid at Sparta unsuccessful in a war against Tegea.
592. 47. Eurycles the Laconian.
3. The Amphictyons under Eurylochus the Aleuad, and Cleisthenes of Sicyon, conquer Cirrha, and institute prizes for the gymnastic contest at Pytho. Gylidas Archon (Prytanis) at Delphi, b. I. ch. 8. § 2.
Nebrus and Chrysus the Asclepiadæ of Cos.
Sacadas, the Argive flute-player, victorious in this and the two following Pythian games. Hierax, also an Argive flute-player, probably his contemporary, b. IV. ch. 6. § 8. Second epoch of music at Sparta, b. IV. ch. 6. § 3.
Arcesilaus I. king of Cyrene.
588. 48. Glaucias of Croton.
4. Death of Periander, b. I. ch. 8. § 3.
Damophon, son of Pantaleon, tyrant of Pisa, makes war upon Elis.
584. 49. Lycinus of Croton. Cleisthenes of Sicyon victorious in the chariot race; he invites the suitors of his daughter Agariste.[2008]
2. Megacles, son of Alcmæon, marries Agariste.
3. Second Pythian games, first ἀγὼν στεφανίτης. Diodorus Archon (Prytanis) at Delphi. Cleisthenes victorious with the quadriga.[2009]
The Cypselidæ expelled from Corinth, b. I. ch. 8. § 3.
Restoration of the Isthmian games, according to Solinus.
* Lacedes king of Argos, b. III. ch. 6. § 10.
580. 50. Epitelidas the Laconian.
Lipara peopled from Cnidos, b. I. ch. 6.
* Periander, tyrant of Ambracia, banished, b. III. ch. 9. § 6.
Conquest of Orneæ by Argos, b. I. ch. 7. ad fin.
Pyrrhus, son of Pantaleon, tyrant of Pisa, at war with Elis. The victorious Eleans destroy Pisa, Scillus, Macistus, Dyspontium, and extend their dominion towards Triphylia.[2010]
Dipœnus and Scyllis the Cretan descendants of Dædalus, in Peloponnesus.
Cleobulus, son of Evagoras, a Heraclide, governor of Lindus, a lyric poet and seer.[2011] Riddles of Cleobulina, b. IV. ch. 8. § 4.
576. 51. Eratosthenes of Croton.
3. Pythocritus of Sicyon victorious in flute-playing at this and the five following Pythiads, b. IV. ch. 6. § 5.
The family of the tyrants banished from Sicyon, b. I. ch. 8. § 2.
Battus II. king of Cyrene. Enlargement of the Cyrenæan territory.
* Susarion of Tripodiscus, a comic poet in the Attic Icaria. (Marm. Par.)
572. 52. Agis of Elis.
568. 53. Agnon of Peparethus.
2. Argos conquers Nemea, and celebrates the first winter festival of the Nemean games noticed by chronologists.
3. Eugammon, the epic poet, in Cyrene. (Euseb.)
4. Phalaris of Astypalæa, tyrant of Agrigentum, (Euseb. Hieron; Olymp. 52. 3. Cod. Arm.) b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
4. Stesichorus, the lyric poet of Himera flourishes.
564. 54. Hippostratus of Croton.
Æsop of Cotyæ, pursuant to the sentence of the court of the temple at Delphi, is precipitated from the Phædriadian rocks of Hyampeia. (Suidas.)
* Anaxandridas the Agid.
560. 55. Hippostratus for the second time.
2. Death of Stesichorus, Euseb. according to Suidas, Olymp. 56.
* Meltas, son of Lacedes, king of Argos, deposed. The family of the Heraclides expires,[2012] and Ægon, of another family, obtains the royal dignity, b. III. ch. 6. § 7.
556. 56. Phœdrus of Pharsalus.
1. Cheilon Ephor at Lacedæmon, (above, p. [115]. note g. [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to “and Xenophon,” starting “De Rep. Lac. 8. 3.”])
3. Camarina destroyed by the Syracusans.
552. 57. Ladromus the Laconian.
3. Phalaris overthrown by Telemachus the Emmenide. Orchomenos, p. 338.
Alcmanes becomes king of Agrigentum.
* Ariston the Eurypontid.
548. 58. Diognetus of Croton.
1. The temple at Pytho burnt, (Pausan. Euseb.) The Amphictyons appoint the Alcmæonidæ to rebuild it: Spintharus the Corinthian is the architect.
The Spartans find the bones of Orestes, (Solinus I. 90.) and defeat the Tegeates, b. I. ch. 7. § 12.
* Battle of the 300 at Thyrea.[2013]
544. 59. Archilochus of Corcyra. Praxidamas of Ægina conquers in the boxing match, and dedicates the first statue of a wrestler at Olympia. The Æginetan school of brass-founders begins to flourish (Callon); contemporary we find the Spartan artists Dorycleidas, Dontas, Chartas, Syadras, Gitiadas, &c.
540. 60. Apellæus of Elis.
* Victory of the Megarians and Argives over Corinth.[2014] vol. I. p. 98, note h.
Pythagoras at Croton. Aristocleia, Pythian priestess. Leo tyrant of Phlius.
536. 61. Agatharchus of Corcyra.
532. 62. Eryxias of Chalcis. Milo of Croton victorious in wrestling, perhaps the first of his six victories.
528. 63. Parmenides of Camarina. (This town was however at this time in ruins.)
* Naval expedition of the Peloponnesians against Polycrates of Samos, b. I. ch. 8. § 5.
524. 64. Evander the Thessalian.
Cleomenes the Agid. Dorieus goes to Libya. The great victory of Cleomenes over Argos, (according to Pausanias, see b. I. ch. 8. § 6; but comp. b. III. ch. 4. § 2.)
520. 65. Acochas (read Anochus) of Tarentum. Demaretus of Heræa the first conqueror as a heavy-armed runner (Hoplitodromeus); Eutelidas and Chrysothemis the Argives make statues of him and his son Theopompus.
1. Cleomenes refers the Platæans to Athens, (vol. I. p. 190, note b, B. I. ch. 9. § 5.)
2. The Æginetans colonize Cydonia.
Dorieus goes to Sicily, and founds Heraclea, but falls in a battle against the Carthaginians and Egestæans. Euryleon of Sparta succeeds Peithagoras on the throne of Selinus.[2015]
* The ancient constitution of Sicyon restored, b. I. ch. 8. § 5.
516. 66. Ischyrus of Himera. Cleosthenes of Epidamnus conquers in the chariot race. Ageladas of Argos makes a statue of the latter and Anochus, victorious in Olymp. 65.
Aristophylidas tyrant of Tarentum, b. I. ch. 8. § 15.
512. 67. Phanas of Pellene.
1. Pretended maritime sovereignty of the Lacedæmonians. Eusebius.
3. Cleomenes expels the Peisistratidæ from Athens. (Thuc. VI. 59.)
Lygdamis of Naxos is deposed at the same time, b. I. ch. 8. § 5.[2016]
The Crotoniats under Milo defeat the Sybarites, and destroy Sybaris.
Dissension at Croton respecting the division of the territory.
* Demaratus the Eurypontid.
508. 68. Ischomachus of Croton.
1. Cleomenes expels Cleisthenes and supports the aristocracy of Athens; Isagoras archon. Insurrection at Athens, and recall of Cleisthenes.
3. Third expedition of Cleomenes against Athens; dispute with Demaratus.
4. Cleandrus tyrant at Gela, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
League of Ægina and Thebes against Athens.
504. 69. Ischomachus for the second time.
1. Ionia revolts.
Overthrow of the Pythagorean league, b. III. ch. 9. § 15.
Cleinias tyrant of Croton. Dion. Hal. Exc. p. 2358. ed. Reiske.
500. 70. Nicias of Opus. Thersias the Thessalian the first conqueror with the ἀπήνη.
1. Pratinas of Phlius, a satyric poet at Athens.
2. Death of Pythagoras, according to Eusebius. Cod. Arm.
3. Conquest of Miletus (according to Petavius, Olymp. 71. 2.; according to Corsini), compare Thucyd. IV. 102. with Herod. V. 126.
Hippocrates tyrant of Gela, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
4. The Samians, at the invitation of Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, conquer Zancle. Sythes of Zancle goes to Persia, and receives the sovereignty of Cos from the king, vol. I. p. 187. note a. b. III. ch. 9. § 2.
The Byzantians found Mesambria.[2017]
Lasus of Hermione flourishes as a lyric poet.
496. 71. Tisicrates of Croton. Patæcus of Dyme first conquers [pg 460] in the κάλπη; the elder Empedocles, son of Exænetus of Agrigentum, κέλητι.
4. The Æginetans give earth and water to Darius.
* The Geomori expelled from Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
Anaxilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, subdues Zancle, and changes its name to Messana.[2018]
492. 72. Tisicrates of Croton for the second time.
1. * Hippocrates of Gela defeats the Syracusans on the river Helorus, and restores Camarina.
Cleomenes, king of Sparta, at Ægina.
Leotychidas king in the room of Demaratus; Cleomenes with him in Ægina a second time.
2. Gelon, tyrant of Gela.
Cleomenes banished from Sparta; returns, and dies raving mad; succeeded by Leonidas.
Demaratus goes, after the Gymnopædia, in the beginning of summer, to Persia.
War between Ægina and Athens.
3. Battle of Marathon.
The Spartans arrive at Athens on the 19th of Metageitnion (Carneius), immediately after the battle.
4. Panyasis of Rhodes, the epic poet. (Euseb.)[2019]
488. 73. Astylus of Croton. Gelon victorious in the chariot race: Hieron κέλητι.
1. Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.
4. Gelon takes Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.[2020]
* Cadmus, son of Sythes, tyrant of Cos, returns to Messana, accompanied by Epicharmus.
Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis, takes Cos, and reigns at Halicarnassus, Nisyrus, and Calydna.[2021]
Canachus, brass-founder of Sicyon, flourishes.
484. 74. Astylus as a Syracusan.
1. Herodotus born, according to Pamphila.
Gelon destroys Camarina, Herod. VII. 156. Schol. Pind. Ol. V. 19.
2. Gelon conquers Megara, (vol. I. p. 135 note r.) and strengthens Syracuse with the population of the ruined cities. On this occasion Epicharmus, who had formerly lived at Megara, appears to have come to Syracuse.
Theognis, the elegiac poet, still composes at an advanced age.
4. From the beginning of the year to summer, Xerxes' march from Sardis to Thermopylæ. Formation of a Grecian confederacy. Embassy of the Greeks to Gelon. (See Appendix IV.)
480. 75. Astylus as a Syracusan for the second time.
1. Battle of Thermopylæ at the same time with the Olympic festival.
Pleistarchus the Agid, Cleombrotus his πρόδικος.
After the Carnean festival, the Spartans, with the rest of the Peloponnesians, encamp at the Isthmus.
Battle of Salamis on the 20th of Boëdromion.
Gelon and Theron defeat the Carthaginians on the Himeras.
Cleombrotus leads the army back from the Isthmus after the eclipse of the sun (2d Octob.), and dies not long after, Herod. IX. 10.
Pausanias succeeds as regent, and with Euryanax[2022] [pg 462] the Agid advances to meet Mardonius in the month Thargelion or Scirophorion.
2. Battles of Platæa and Mycale (in Metageitnion[2023]). Pausanias's Greek confederacy. Surrender of Thebes.
Chrysis priestess of Juno at Argos.
3. Hieron at Syracuse.
* Pausanias in the north of Greece.
4. Hieron defends Locri against Anaxilaus, b. IV. ch. 7. § 4.
Pausanias, on his return, brings the bones of Leonidas to Sparta.[2024]
Timocreon of Rhodes a lyric and comic poet.
476. 76. Scamander of Mytilene. Theron victorious in the chariot race.
1. Death of Anaxilaus. Pausanias commander of the Greeks in Cyprus.
3. Great victory of the Iapygians over Tarentum, b. III. ch. 9. § 15.
Victory of Hieron over the Etruscans at Cuma, and at the Pythian games in the chariot race.
* Pausanias takes Byzantium.
4. Death of Theron. Thrasydæus expelled from Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
472. 77. Dates of Argos. Hieron victorious κέλητι.
2. The population of Elis collected into one town. Diodor. XI. 54. Strabo VIII. 336. B. III. ch. 4. § 8.
The allies in Asia refuse to follow Pausanias, according to Dodwell's Ann. Thucyd.
3. Expedition of Leotychidas against the Aleuadæ. Dorcis commander of the Spartans in Asia. Assessment of Aristides.
4. Leotychidas goes into exile at Tegea, vol. I, p. 189. note i. p. 207. note l. Archidamus the Eurypontid.[2025]
The Spartans determine to send no more commanders into Asia. Pausanias goes in his own trireme to Byzantium, and there meditates treason.
War in Peloponnesus between Sparta and the Arcadians.
Epicharmus the comic poet flourishes.
468. 78. Parmenides of Poseidonia. Hieron victorious in the chariot race.
* Pausanias dies in the temple of Minerva Chalciœcus.
Death of Hieron.
* Arcesilaus IV. of Cyrene conquers in the chariot race of Pytho.
Thrasybulus expelled from Syracuse. Democracy established there, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
* The ἄγος Ταινάριον.[2026]
4. Earthquake at Sparta; revolt of the Messenian helots.
* Lygdamis, son of Pisindelis, uncle of Artemisia, tyrant of Halicarnassus, kills Panyasis. Herodotus leaves his native town.
Onatas, the head of the Æginetan school of sculpture, flourishes.
464. 79. Xenophon of Corinth. Diagoras of Rhodes in the boxing match.
1. Battle of Ithome, and siege of the fortress, to which the Spartans summon the allies.
The Argives destroy Mycenæ, and other adjacent places, b. I. ch. 8. § 7.
Re-establishment of the ancient government in the towns of Sicily, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
3. After the termination of the Thasian war (Thuc. I. 101. Plutarch Cimon. 14.) Cimon leads Athenian auxiliaries to Sparta; which however are soon dismissed; on which Athens dissolves the alliance with Sparta, and forms one with Argos.
4. The Geloans restore Camarina. (Diodorus.)
* Megara withdraws from the Peloponnesian alliance, and joins that of Athens.
Pleistarchus dies about this time. Pleistoanax the Agid; Nicomedes his προδικος.[2027]
460. 80. Torymbas the Thessalian. Arcesilaus of Cyrene in the chariot race.
3. Sparta undertakes an expedition against Phocis in behalf of the Doric Tetrapolis.
In the spring, war of Athens with the maritime powers of Peloponnesus. Battles at Haliæ and Cecryphalea.
In Munychion. The Pythian games. Aristomenes of Ægina victorious.
Pindar's eighth Pythian ode may be referred to this time.
The Æginetans are defeated by the Athenians, and Ægina besieged.
The Peloponnesians attempt to relieve the island, and encounter the Athenians in the Megarid.
4. League of the Spartans on their return with Thebes.
Victory of the Spartans and Thebans over the Athenians and Argives at Tanagra.
Four months' truce between Sparta and Athens.
Expedition of Myronides (sixty days after the battle of Tanagra) and victory at Coronea.
Ægina surrenders in the spring, after a siege of nine months.
The race of the princes of Cyrene becomes extinct after the 80th Olympiad, b. III. ch. 9. § 13.
456. 81. Polymnastus of Cyrene.
1. Expedition of Tolmides against the coasts of Peloponnesus.
2. Ithome surrenders; treaty between Sparta and the Arcadians; Messenians at Naupactus.
Proceedings of Pericles in the Crisæan gulph.
* 3. Petalismus established at Syracuse, b. III. ch. 9. § 7.
552. 82. Lycus the Thessalian.
Thirty years' truce between Sparta and Argos (Thuc. V. 14.); five years' truce with Athens.[2028]
4. The Lacedæmonians restore the independence of Delphi; the Athenians again reduce it under the yoke of the Phocians.
448. 83. Crison of Himera.
3. The Megarians throw off their dependence upon Athens, and defeat the Athenians at Nisæa, b. III. ch. 9. § 10.[2029] Pleistonax invades Attica, but retreats without any reason.
The elder Andocides and nine other ambassadors from Athens at Sparta.
Thirty years' truce between Athens and Sparta in the winter of this year. Colony of the allied Greeks at Thurii.
4. Pleistonax leaves Sparta. He is succeeded by his son Pausanias, still an infant, and Cleomenes is appointed regent.
444. 84. Crison for the second time.
* The younger Empedocles, grandson of the elder, [pg 466] and son of Meton, presides over the state of Agrigentum, b. III. ch. 9. § 8.
Lygdamis, tyrant of Halicarnassus, overthrown by Herodotus and the Samians, Suidas.
440. 85. Crison for the third time.
436. 86. Theopompus the Thessalian.
1. Epidamnus applies to Corinth for assistance against its banished citizens.
2. The Corinthians defeated by the Corcyræans.
2/3 and 3/4 Preparations of Corinth. Defensive league of Corcyra with Athens.
4. Cleandridas exiled from Sparta, founds Heraclea with Tarentines, b. III. ch. 10. § 11.
Second sea-fight between Corinth and Corcyra.
Defection of Potidæa from the alliance of Athens.
432. 87. Sophron of Ambracia. Dorieus, son of Diagoras, victorious in the Pancration.
1. Ænesias Ephor Eponymus at Sparta, Sthenelaidas one of the others.
Lacedæmon with its confederates determines upon war with Athens.
In the beginning of the spring the Thebans attempt to surprise Platæa.
The Peloponnesians before Œnoë.
Brasidas Ephor. The Peloponnesians (in the middle of June) invade the territory of Eleusis and the Thriasian plain.