Jewish Theology, Systematically and Historically Considered

by Kaufmann Kohler

Footnotes

[1.]Compare Heinrici Theologische Encyclopaedie, p. 4; Enc. Brit. art. Theology.[2.]Heinrici, l. c., p. 14 f., 212; Hagenbach-Kautsch: Encyc. d. theolog. Wiss., p. 28-30; Rauwenhoff: Religionsphilosophie, Einl., xiii; Margolis: “The Theological Aspect of Reformed Judaism,” in Yearbook of C. C. A. R., 1903, p. 188-192. Lauterbach, J. E., art. Theology.[3.]See, however, Geiger: Nachgel. Schriften, II, 3-8; also Margolis, l. c., p. 192-196.[4.]A fine beginning in this direction has been made by Professor Schechter in Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology, New York, 1909.[5.]See Joel: “D. Mosaismus u. d. Heidenthum,” in Jahrb. f. Jued. Gesch. und Lit., 1904, p. 70-73.[6.]See Schaff-Herzog's Encycl., art. Apostles' Creed and Symbol.[7.]See Schechter: Studies in Judaism, Intr., XXI-XXII; p. 147, 198 f.; Foster: The Finality of the Christian Religion, Chicago, 1906; Friedr. Delitzsch: Zur Weiterentwicklung der Religion, 1908; and comp. Orelli: Religionsgeschichte, 276 f., and Dorner: Beitr. z. Weitrentwicklung d. christl. Religion, 173.[8.]For the origin of the name Judaism, see Esther VIII, 17. Compare Yahduth, Esther Rabbah III, 7; II Macc. II, 21; VIII, 1, 14, 38; Graetz: G. d. J., II, 174 f.; Jost: G.d. Jud., I, 1-12; J. E., art. Judaism. Regarding the unfairness of Christian authors in their estimate of Judaism, see Schechter, l. c., 232-251; M. Schreiner: D. juengst. Urtheile u. d. Judenthum, p. 48-58. Dubnow, Asher Ginsberg and the rest of the nationalists underrate the religious power of the Jew's soul, which forms the essence of his character and the motive power of all his aspirations and hopes, as well as of all his achievements in history.[9.]Erub. 13 b.[10.]Neh. VIII, 1-18; Ez. VII, 12-28.[11.]See M. Bloch: Tekanot, and art. Tekanot J. E. Regarding inspiration see J. E.; Sanh, 99 a; Meg. 7 a; Maim.: Moreh, II, 45; comp. Yerush. Ab. Zar., I, 40; Horay. III, 48 c; Levit. R. VI, 1; IX, 9; and Yoma 9 b. The laying on of hands for ordination (Semikah) implied originally the imparting of the holy spirit, see J. E., art. Authority.[12.]See Geiger, J. Z., I, p. 7.[13.]Aboth d. R. Nathan, I; Shab. 30 b with reference to Ezek. XLIII-XLIV.[14.]See Geiger: Z. D. M. G., XII, 536; Schechter, Wisdom of Ben Sira, p. 35.[15.]See J. E., art. Jubilees, Book of. Very instructive in this connection is a comparative study of the Falashas, the Samaritans, especially the Dosithean sect, and the still problematical sect discovered through the document found by Schechter, edited by him under the title Fragments of a Zadokite Sect.[16.]See Yer. Hag., I, 76, and elsewhere.[17.]Ethics of Judaism, I, 8-10; Geiger: J. Z., IX, 263.[18.]See Pesik. R., V, p. 146; Midr. Tanhuma, ed. Buber, Wayera 6 and Ki Thissa, 17. Comp. the legend of Moses and Akiba, Men. 29 b.[19.]Comp. Geiger: Nachgel. Schr., II, 37-41; also his Jud. u. s. Gesch., I, 20-35; Beck: D. Wesen d. Judenthums; Eschelbacher: D. Judenthum u. d. Wesen d. Christenthums; Schreiner, l. c., 26-34.[20.]Deut. VI, 7; XI, 19.[21.]See Geiger: Nachgel. Schr., II, 37 f.[22.]John XIV, 6. Comp. Dorner, l. c., 173; and his Grundprobleme d. Religionsphilosophie; Orelli: Religionsgeschichte, 276 f.[23.]Gen. R. VIII, 5.[24.]See Schechter: Studies, 147-181 and notes 351 f.; Mendelssohn: Ges. Schr., III, 321. Comp. Schlesinger: Buch Ikkarim, 630-632; Bousset: Religion d. Judenthums, 170 f., 175, and thereto Perles: Bousset, 112 f.; Martin Schreiner: l. c., 35 f.; J. E., art. Faith and Articles of Faith (E. G. Hirsch); Felsenthal, Margolis, and Kohler, in Y. B. C. C. A. R., 1897, p. 54; 1903, p. 188-193; 1905, p. 83; Neumark: art. Ikkarim in Ozar ha Yahduth; D. Fr. Strauss: D. christl. Glaubenslehre, I, 25.[25.]See Gen. XV, 6; Mek. to Ex. XIV; J. E., art. Faith.[26.]Deut. VI, 1-6; XI, 13-21; Num. XV, 37-41.[27.]See Bousset, II, 224 f. The term Pistis = faith, assumes a new meaning in Hellenistic Literature.[28.]See J. E., art. Emeth we Yatzib.[29.]See J. E., art. Alenu.[30.]See J. E., art. Abraham in Apocryphical and Rabbinical Lit.[31.]Sifra Behukothai, III, 6; Sanh. 38 b; Targ. Y. to Gen. IV, 8.[32.]Ber. II, 2; see Kohler: Monatsschrift, 1883, p. 445.[33.]Kohler, l. c.[34.]The Mishnaic Apicoros corresponded to the Greek, Epicoureios, and was no longer understood by the Talmudists; see Schechter: Studies in Judaism, I, 157. It is defined by Josephus: Antiquities, X, 11, 7: “The Epicureans ... are in a state of error, who cast Providence out of life, and do not believe that God takes care of the affairs of the world, nor that the universe is governed by a Being which outlives all things in everlasting self-sufficiency and bliss, but declare it to be self-sustaining and void of a ruler and protector ... like a ship without a helmsman and like a chariot without a driver.” Comp. also Oppenheim in Monatsschr., 1864, p. 149.[35.]See Rappaport; “Biography of R. Hananel,” in Bikkure ha Ittim, 1842.[36.]Contra Apionem, II, 22. See J. G. Mueller: Josephus' Schrift gegen Apion, 311-313.[37.]See Alfred v. Kremer: Gesch. d. herrsch. Ideen d. Islam, 39-41; Goldziher, D. M. L. Z., XLIV, p. 168 f.; XLI, p. 72 f., which passages cast much light upon the Jewish Ani Maamin.[38.]See Jost: Gesch. d. Jud., II, 330 f.; Frankl: art. Karaites in Ersch und Gruber's Encyclopaedie; Loew: Juedische Dogmen, Ges. s. I, 154; Schechter, l. c.[39.]J. Guttman: D. Religionsphil, v. Abraham Ibn Daud; David Kaufmann, Gesch. d. Attributenlehre; Neumark: Gesch. d. juedisch. Phil. vols. I and II.[40.]Maimonides: Commentary on Mishnah, Sanh., X, 1; Schechter, l. c., 163; Holzer: Gesch. d. Dogmenlehre, Berlin, 1901.[41.]See Loew, l. c., 156; Schechter, l. c, 165.[42.]See P. Bloch: “Luzzatto als Religionsphilosoph” in Samuel David Luzzatto, p. 49-71. Comp. Hochmuth: Gotteskenntniss und Gottesverehrung, Einleitung.[43.]See Schechter, l. c., 167 and the notes.[44.]See Horowitz: D. Psychologie u. d. jued. Religionsphilosophie, 1883.[45.]See J. E., art. Albo by E. G. Hirsch, and the bibliography there.[46.]See Schechter, l. c., p. 162.[47.]Isa. XLIX, 9, and elsewhere.[48.]See Schechter, l. c., p. 169.[49.]Aboth, III, 1; Gen. R. XXI, 5.[50.]See Schechter, l. c.[51.]See Loew, l. c., 157, and his “Mafteah,” p. 331; Schechter, l. c.[52.]Makk. 23 b.[53.]See J. E., art. Catechism by E. Schreiber.[54.]Gen. XX, 11.[55.]Ps. CXI, 10; Prov. IX, 10; Job XXVIII, 28.[56.]Ex. XX, 20.[57.]Hos. IV, 1, 6; II. 3; XIII, 4-5.[58.]Jer. IX, 23; XXII, 16; XXXI, 32-33.[59.]Deut. IV, 39; VII, 9.[60.]Knowledge as intellect is brought out as early as the Book of Wisdom, XIII, 1; see especially Maimonides: Yesode ha Torah, I, 1-3; Moreh, I, 39; III, 28. In opposition, see Rosin: Ethik des Maimonides, 101; Luzzatto and Hochmuth, l. c.; also Dillmann: H. B. d. alttestamentl. Theol., 204 f.[61.]Ch. [IV].[62.]Gen. XV, 6; see J. E., art. Abraham.[63.]Shab. 97 a.[64.]Mek. Beshallak 6, p. 41 ab.[65.]Deut. VI, 5; X, 12; XI, 1; XIII, 22; XXX, 6, 16, 20.[66.]Sifre to Deut. VI, 5.[67.]Judges V, 31.[68.]Shab. 88 b.[69.]See Testament of Job, and notes by Kohler, in Semitic Studies in Memory of Alexander Kohut, 271, and Sota, V, 5.[70.]Sifre, l. c.[71.]See Yoma, 86 a; T. d. El. R., XXIV; Maimonides, H. Teshubah, X; Crescas: Or Adonai, I, 3. Comp. Testaments Twelve Patriarchs, Simeon 3, 4; Issachar, 5; Philo: Quod omnis probus liber, 12 and elsewhere.[72.]Song of Songs VII, 6, 7.[73.]See Sifre Deut. XXVI, 8; Sanh. X, 1; J. E., art. Revelation; Dillmann, 61 f.; Geiger, D. Jud. u. s. Gesch. I, 34 f.[74.]See Deut. XIII, 2-6, where prophet forms a parallel to dreamer of dreams. God appears in a dream to Abraham (Gen. XV, 1, 12), to Abimelek (Gen. XX, 3, 6), to Jacob (XXVIII, 12; XXXI, 11; XLVI, 2), to Laban (XXXI, 24), to Balaam (Num. XXIV, 3), and to Eliphaz (Job IV, 3-6). Dream-like visions open the prophetic career of Moses (Exod. III, 3-6), Samuel (I Sam. III, 1, 15, 21), Isaiah (Is. VI, 1 f.), Jeremiah (Jer. I, 11 f.), Ezekiel (Ezek. I, 4), and others. Revelation in the Bible is Mahazeh, hazon, and hizayon, “vision”—whence hozeh, “seer”; or mareh, “sight,” whence roeh, “seer.” See also Geiger: Urschrift, 340; 390. Prophecy without dream or vision is claimed for Moses (Num. XII, 6-8; Exod. XXX, 11; Deut. XXXIV, 10; see Maimonides: Moreh, II, 43-47; Albo, Ikkarim, III, 8). The revelation on Sinai is described as “the great vision,” or mareh: Exod. III, 3; XXIV, 17; compare Deut. IV, 11-V, 23, according to which only a “voice” is heard. Instead of God the later prophets see an angel, as Zach. I, 8, 11; II, 2 f. Compare Yebam. 49 b, as to the difference between Isaiah, who saw God in a vision, and Moses, who saw Him “in a shining mirror.” He will appear in the latter way to the righteous in the future world, Suc. 45 b; Lev. R. I, 14; I Cor. XIII, 12.[75.]See Gen. XX, 6; XXXI, 29; Num. XXIV; Job IV, 16 f.; XXXVIII, 1.[76.]The Hebrew word for prophecy is passive,—nibba' or hithnabbe', “to be made to speak,” or “to bubble forth,”—the Deity being the active power, while the prophet is His mouthpiece.[77.]Ex. XXXIII, 11; Deut. XXXIV, 10.[78.]Ex. XIX, 19; XX, 19.[79.]Ex. XIX, 1-8.[80.]Shab. 88 a after Ex. XXIV, 7.[81.]Seder Olam R., I and XXI; Lev. Rab. I, 12-14; B. B. 15 b.[82.]Hag. 13 b; Sanh. 89 a; Lev. R. l. c.[83.]See Schmiedl: Stud. u. jued.-arabische Religionsphilosophie, 191-192; S. Horowitz: D. Prophetologie i. d. jued. Religionsphilosophie; Sandler: D. Problem d. Prophetie i. d. jued. Religionsphilosophie; J. E., art. Prophets and Prophecy; Emunoth III, 4; Cuzari, I, 95; II, 10-12; Emunah Ramah, II, 5, 1; Moreh, II, 32-48; Yesode ha Torah, VII; Or Adonai, II, 4, 1; Ikkarim, III, 8-12, 17; Nachmanides to Gen. XVIII, 2; Abravanel to Gen. XXI, 27; Comp. Husik, Hist. Med. Jew. Phil., Index s. v. Prophecy; Enc. Rel. Ethics, art. Philosophy and Prophecy.[84.]Horowitz, l. c. p. 11-16; Gen. R. XVII, 6; Lev. R, l. c; Sanh. 17 b; Philo: De Decalog., 21; de Migratione Abrahami, 7; comp. I Corinth. XIII, 12.[85.]Moreh, l. c.[86.]Cuzari, l. c.[87.]Kol Nibra: Moreh, I, 65; Emunoth, II, 8; Cuzari, I, 89.[88.]According to the rabbis, the working of the holy spirit ceased with Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, who, with Ezra, were included also among the “Men of the Great Synagogue.” See Tos. Sota XIII, 2; Seder Olam R. XXX; Sanh. 11 a. See J. E., art. Synagogue, Men of the Great; Holy Spirit; Inspiration. Comp. B. B. 14 b, 15 a; Yoma 9 b; Meg. 3 a, 7 a; I Macc. IV, 46; Ps. LXXIV, 9; Josephus, Con. Apion., I, 8; Philo: Vita Mosis, II, 7; Aristeas, 305-307. As to the difference between the spirit of prophecy and the holy spirit, see Cuzari, III, 32-35; Moreh, II, 35-37. The Essenes claimed the holy spirit for their apocryphal writings; see IV Esdras XIV, 38; Book of Wisdom VII, 27.[89.]On the disputes concerning canonical books, see Yadayim III, 5; Ab. d. R. N., I, ed. Schechter, 2-3; Shab. 30 b; Meg. 7 a. Comp. B. K. 92 b, where Ben Sira is quoted as one of the Hagiographa.[90.]See Tos. Pes. I, 27; IV, 2; Sota XIII, 3; Yer. Horay. III, 48 c; Lev. R. XXI, 7.[91.]R. h. Sh. 27 a; Mak. 22 b.[92.]Sifre Deut. VI, 4.[93.]On the term Torah see Smend: Lehrb. d. alttest. Religionsgesch.; Stade: Bibl. Theol. d. Alt. Test., Index s. v. Torah; W. J. Beecher: Jour. Bibl. Lit., 1905, 1-16; “Thora a Word Study in the Old Testament.” For Torah as Law, see Neh. VIII, 1; Joshua I, 7, and throughout the Pentateuch; as moral instruction, see Hos. IV, 6; VIII, 1; Is. I, 10; V, 24; XXX, 9; LI, 4; Mic. IV, 2; Jer. XXXVI, 4 f.; XXXI, 32; Ps. XVI, 8; Prov. VI, 22; VII, 2; Guedeman: Quell. z. G. d. Unterrichts, at the beginning; Claude Montefiore: Hibbert Lectures, 1892, p. 465 f.[94.]Nehematha, which means the Messianic hope; see Kohut: Aruch V, 328 and Appendix 59.[95.]See B. B. 13 b; Meg. III, 1; IV, 4; comp. Ned. 22 b; Taan. 9 a; Shab. 104 a; Sifra Behukothai at end; Eccl. R. I, 10; Ex. R. XXXVIII, 6. Zunz: Gottesd. Vortr., 46 f., and art. Canon and Bible in the various encyclopedias. As to Torah for the whole Bible, see Mek. Shira I; Sanh. 37 a, 91 b; Ab. Zar. 17 a; M. K. 5 a; comp. I Cor. XIV, 21; John X, 34; XII, 34; XV, 25. For Torah as Nomos, or Law, see II Macc. XV, 9.[96.]Bousset, l. c., 128-129.[97.]On the divine origin of the Torah, see Sanh. 99 a; Sifra Kedoshim 8; Behar I; Behukothay 8. Regarding the meaning of metammin eth ha yadayim in the sense of taboo for the holy writings, see Geiger: Urschrift, p. 146.[98.]Sanh. 99 a; Maim. H. Teshubah III, 8.[99.]Comp. Kohler: Hebrew Union College Annual, 1904, “The Four Ells of the Halakah.”[100.]Deut. XXXIII, 4.[101.]Mak. 23 b.[102.]Jerem. XXXI, 32.[103.]Comp. Schechter, Aspects, p. 120-136, and see Ben Sira, XXIV, 8-23; XVII, 11; Baruch III, 38 f.; Apoc. Baruch XXXVIII, 4; XLIV, 16; IV Esdras VIII, 12; IX, 37; Philo: Vita Mosis, II, 3, 9; Gen. R. I; P. d. R. El. III.[104.]This apotheosis of the Torah is put in a wrong light by Weber, Juedische Theologie, 157 f., 197, but is stated better in Bousset, l. c., 136-142.[105.]Dibre Kabbalah, R. h. Sh. 7 a, 19 a; Yer. Halla I, 57 b; see Levy, W. B., s. v. Kabbalah.[106.]The personality of Moses was at first exalted to almost superhuman height; see Ben Sira, XLV, 2; Assumptio Mosis, I, 14; XI, 16; Philo: Vita Mosis, III, 39; Josephus: Antiquities, IV, 32 b; Bousset, l. c., 140 f. In contrast to the Church view of Jesus the rabbis later emphasized the human frailties of Moses: “Never did divine majesty descend to the habitations of mortal man, nor did ever a mortal man such as Moses and Elijah ascend to heaven, the dwelling-place of God,” taught Rabbi Jose (Suk. 5 a).[107.]See Deut. IV, 6-8; Jer. XXXI, 34-35; Philo: Vita Mosis, II, 14; Josephus: Apion, II, 277.[108.]See Herodotus, III, 8; IV, 70; Jer. XXIV, 18; H. Clay Trumbull: The Blood Covenant, New York, 1885; Kraetschmar: D. Bundervorstellung i. A. Test., 1896; J. E. and Encyl. of Rel. and Ethics, art. Covenant.[109.]See Gen. IX, 1-17; Tos. Ab. Zar. VIII, 4; San. 56 a; Gen. R. XVI, XXIV; Jubilees VI, 10 f.; Bernays: Ges. Abh. I, 252 f., 272 f.; II, 71-80.[110.]Gen. XV, 18; XVII, 2 f.; XVIII, 19; Lev. XXVI, 42; Jubilees I, 51.[111.]Ex. XIX, 5; XXIV, 6-8; XXXIV, 28; Deut. IV-V, XXVIII, XXIX; Comp. I Kings XIX, 10, 14; Jer. XI; XXXI; XXXIV, 13; Ezek. XVI-XVII.[112.]Hos. II, 18-20.[113.]Jer. XXXI, 30-32, 34-35; XXXIII, 25; Deut. XXIX, 14.[114.]See Ep. Hebrews VIII, 8 f.; Gal. III, 15; I Cor. XI, 25; Matt. XXIV, 21, and parallels.[115.]Gen. XVII, 11.[116.]Ex. XXXI, 13-17; comp. Deut. X, 16; Josh. V, 9; Isa. LVI, 4-6. See Mek. to Ex. XIX, 5, the controversy between R. Eliezer and R. Akiba, whether the Sabbath or circumcision was the essential sign of the covenant.[117.]Ker. 9 a; Yeb. 45-48 and see Chapter [LVI] below.[118.]Ps. XXII, 28 f.; CXV, 11; CXVIII, 4; Is. LVI, 6.[119.]Isaiah XLIX, 6-8.[120.]Acts XV, 20, 29.[121.]See J. E., art. Saul of Tarsus; Enc. Rel. Eth. art. Paul.[122.]Isaac ben Shesheth: Responsa, 119. Comp, J. E., art. Christianity.[123.]See further, Chapter [XLIX].[124.]Jer. X, 11; 16 and 10.[125.]Shab. 89 b.[126.]Lev. XVIII, 2, 27 f.; Num. XXV, 3-8; Hos. IV, 10; V, 4.[127.]Num. XV, 39; Ex. XXIII, 24; Deut. XX, 18; Sanh. XII, 5; X, 4-6; Ab. Zar. II-IV; Sanh. 106 a: “Israel's God hates lewdness.”[128.]Ex. XX, 5; Deut. IV, 24; VI, 15.[129.]See Philo: De Humanitate; Doellinger: Heidenthum u. Judenthum, 682, 700 f.; I. H. Weiss: Dor Dor we Doreshav, II, 19 f.[130.]See J. E., art. Christianity.[131.]Isa. XLII, 8. Scripture always emphasizes the contrast between Israel's God and the heathen gods. See Ex. XII, 12; XV, 11; XVIII, 11; Deut. X, 17; also in the prophets, Isa. XL; XLIV, 9; Jer. X; and the Psalms, XCVI, CXV, CXXXV. Absolute monotheism was a slow growth from this basis.[132.]See Ex. R. V, 18.[133.]Deut. VII; XVII, 2 f.; XX, 16; Maimonides: H. Akkum, II-VII; Melakim, VI, 4; Yoreh Deah, CXII-XLVIII.[134.]Ps. XCVI-XCIX.[135.]See Singer's Prayerbook, p, 76-77, and J. E., art. Alenu.[136.]See Cheyne's Dict. Bibl. art. Name and Names with Bibliography; Jacob: Im Namen Gottes; Heitmueller, Im Namen Jesu, 1903, p. 24-25. The Name for the Lord occurs Lev, XXIV, 11, 16; Deut. XXVIII, 58; Geiger, Urschrift, 261 f.[137.]See Baudissin, Stud. z. Sem. Religionsgesch., I, 47; 177; Robinson Smith: Religion of the Semites; Max Mueller, Chips from a German Workshop, I, 336-374.[138.]See J. E., art. God. Comp. also Encycl. of Religion and Ethics, art. God. Primitive and Biblical; Name of God, Jewish.[139.]Gen. XVII, 11; Ex. VI, 3, and commentators; Gen. R. XLVI. The Book of Job, where the name Shaddai is constantly used, refers to the patriarchal age.[140.]Ex. III, 14, and commentators, espec. Dillmann. Comp. art. Jahweh in Prot. Realencyc. and Cheyne's Dict. Bible, art. Names, § 109 ff., where different etymologies are given.[141.]Ex. III, 14.[142.]Ex. XIX, 5, 6.[143.]See Prot. Enc., art. Jahveh, p, 530 f.[144.]See J. E., art. Adonai; Bousset, l. c., 352 f.[145.]Ber. 40 b. On the alleged “Judaisirung des Gottesbegriffs,” see Weber, l. c., 148-158.[146.]Sifre to Deut. VI, 4.[147.]Gen. XXIV, 3.[148.]Gen. R. XXIV, 3.[149.]Shab. 87 a, 89 b; Mek. Yithro IV.[150.]See J. E., art. Alenu.[151.]See J. E., art. Abba and Names of God; Weber, l. c, 148 f.; Bousset, II, 356-361; Schechter: Aspects, II, 21-28.[152.]See J. E., art. Heaven; Levy, W. B.: “Shamayim.”[153.]See Pes. X, 5; Ber. 16 b; Ab. Zar. 40 b; Gen. R. LXVIII, 9, referring to Gen. XXVIII, 11 and Ex. XXXIII, 21; P. d. R. El. XXXV; Pes. Rab. 104 a; comp. LXX, Ex. XXIV, 10; see also Siegfried: Philo, p. 202, 204, 217; Schechter, l. c., 26, 34. The passage in Mekilta on Ex. XVII, 7, which refers Makom to the Sanhedrin (after Deut. XVII, 8), seems originally to have been a marginal note belonging to Ex. XXI, 13, where Makom is the equivalent of Makam, a place of refuge, and put here at the wrong place by an error;—Against Schechter, l. c., 27 note 1, Bousset (p. 591) thinks that ha Makom for God is Persian, where both space and time were deified. See Spiegel: Eranisches Alterthum, II, 15 f.[154.]See Gen. R. XII, 15; XXX, 3; Targum to Psalm LVI, 11; comp. Philo, I, 496; Siegfried, l. c., 203, 213.[155.]Metaphysical proofs for God's existence have been outlawed since Kant. God is the postulate of man's moral consciousness. See Rauwenhoff, l. c., 236-357.[156.]See art. Atheism, in J. E. and in Enc. Reli. and Ethics, II, 18 f.[157.]Jer. V, 12; Psalm X, 4; XIV, 1; LIII, 1.[158.]B. B. 16 b; Targ. to Gen. IV, 8.[159.]See above, Chapter [IV, 3].[160.]Isa. XL, 12-26; XLVI, 10.[161.]See Bousset, l. c., 295-298.[162.]See J. E., art. Abraham.[163.]Ch. XIII.[164.]Philo: De Somniis, I, 43, 44; Zeller: D. Philosophie d. Griechen, III, 2, 307 f.; Drummond: Philo Judæus, II, 4-5.[165.]See D. F. Strauss: Christl. Glaubenslehre, I, 364-399; Windelband: Hist. of Phil., transl. by J. H. Tufts, 2d ed., 1914, p. 54, 98, 128, 327.[166.]See Windelband-Tufts, l. c., 145, 292.[167.]See Strauss, l. c.; Kaufmann, l. c., 2-3, 58; D. Theologie d. Bachya, p. 222 f.; Husik: Hist. Jew. Phil., p. 32 ff., 89 ff.[168.]Kaufmann, l. c., p. 341 f., 431 f.; Husik, l. c., 218 f., 254 f.[169.]See D. F. Strauss, l. c.; Windelband-Tufts, p. 292, 393.[170.]D. F. Strauss, l. c., 375, 394; Windelband-Tufts, l. c., 450.[171.]See Windelband-Tufts, l. c., 549-550.[172.]See Kaufmann, l. c., p. 223 f., and, opposed to him, Neumark: Jehuda Halevi's Philosophy, Cincinnati, 1909. See also Husik, l. c., 157 ff.[173.]Compare C. Seligman: Judenth. u. moderne Anschauung. The philosophy of Bergson, which eliminates design and purpose from the cosmos and places Deity itself into the process as the vital urgent of it all, and thus sees God forever in the making, is pantheistic and un-Jewish, and therefore cannot be considered in a theology of Judaism. This does not exclude our accepting minor elements of his system, which contains suggestive hints. H. G. Wells' God the Invisible King (Macmillan, 1917) is likewise a God in the making, man-made, not the Maker and Ruler of man.[174.]Job XI, 7.[175.]Ex. XXXIII, 23; Maim.; Yesode ha Torah, I, 8, 10; Moreh, I, 21 a; Kaufmann, l. c., 431; Philo: Mutatio Nom., 2; Vita Mosis, I, 28; Leg. All., I, 29, and elsewhere. See J. Drummond: Philo Judæus, II, 18-24.[176.]Ex. R. XXIX, at the close.[177.]Jer. X, 10.[178.]Isaiah XLIV, 6.[179.]Comp. Dillmann, l. c., 226-235; D. F. Strauss, l. c., I, 525-553.[180.]See J. E., art. Anthropomorphism and Anthropopathism. Comp. Schmiedl, l. c., 1-30.[181.]Ps. XXXIII, 13-14.[182.]Deut. IV, 36; Ex. XIX, 20. Comp. Gen. XI, 5.[183.]Isa. XLVI, 1.[184.]Ps. CXXXIX, 7-10.[185.]Ps. XCIV, 9.[186.]See Ab. d. R. Nathan II; Bacher: D. Exegetische Terminologie, I, 8; Schechter, l. c., 35.[187.]Gen. R. XXVII; Mek. Ex. XV; Pes. d. R. K. 109 b; Tanh. to Ex. XXII, 16; Schechter, l. c., 43 f.[188.]Gen. R. IV, 3; comp, Pes. d. R. K. 2 b; Schechter, l. c., 29 f.[189.]Hul. 59, 60; Sanh. 39 a; Philo: De Abrahamo, 16.[190.]Mid. Teh. Ps. CIII, 1; Sanh. 39 a.[191.]See Weber, l. c., 149 f., 157; Bousset, l. c., 302, 313; von Hartman: Das religioese Bewusstsein. Against this Schreiner, l. c., 49-58, and Schechter, Aspects 33 f.[192.]Mek. and Tanh. to Ex. XV, 11.[193.]Deut. IV, 7; Yer. Ber. IX, 13 a.[194.]Isa. LVII, 15. See also Deut. X, 17-18; Ps. LXXXVI, 5-6. Comp. R. Johanan, Meg, 31 a.[195.]Ex. R. II, 9; Mid. Teh. Ps. LXVIII, 7.[196.]Ps. XLVI, 2.[197.]Ab. Zar. 3 b.[198.]Ps. CXIII, 5, 6.[199.]Ber. 60 b. Singer's Prayerbook, 291.[200.]On pantheism in Judaism see Seligman, l. c.[201.]See Sachs: D. religioese Poesie d. Juden. in Spanien, 225-228; Kaufmann: Stud u. Solomon Ibn Gabirol.[202.]See Siegfried: Philo, 199-203, 292; Gen. R. LXVIII, 10; comp. Geiger: Zeitschr., XI, 218; Hamburger: R. W. B., II, 986.[203.]See Graetz: G. d. J., X, 319.[204.]See Maimonides: H. Teshubah, III, 7 and R. A. B. D., notes.[205.]Jer. XXIII, 23.[206.]Isa. XL, 25.[207.]Lev. XIX, 4; XXVI, 1; Isaiah II, 8, 11; Psalm XCVI, 5.[208.]Comp. Ex. XX, 3; XXII, 19; XXIII, 13; with Deut. VI, 4; IV, 35, 39; XXXII, 39; Isaiah XL to XLVIII.[209.]See Dillmann, l. c., 235-241; D. F. Strauss, l. c., 402-408; A. B. Davidson: Theology of O. T., p. 105; 149 f.[210.]Zach. XIV, 9.[211.]Deut. IV, 19; Jer. X, 2.[212.]Bousset, l. c., 221 f., 348.[213.]See Chapter [LVI], below.[214.]Isa. XLV, 5-7.[215.]Lam. III, 38.[216.]Shethe Reshuyoth, see Hag. 15 a; Deut. R. I. 10; Eccl. R. II, 12; Weber, l. c., 152; Joel, Blicke in d. Religionsgesch., II, 157.[217.]D. F. Strauss, l. c., 409-501; J. E., art. Christianity.[218.]Meg. 13 a.[219.]Comp. Lange: Gesch. d. Materialismus, I, 149-158.[220.]Alfred v. Kremer, l. c., 9-33; J. E., art. Arabic and Arabic-Jewish Philosophy.[221.]See Draper's Conflict between Religion and Science.[222.]Maim.: Yesode ha Torah, I, 7.[223.]Sachs, l. c., 3.[224.]See Schmiedl, l. c., 239-258.[225.]See Hebrew Dictionary, El; comp. Dillmann, l. c., 210, 244.[226.]See Levy, W. B.: Geburah.[227.]See Septuagint to Job V, 17; VIII, 3, and II Sam. V, 10; VII, 8, and Ber. 31 b.[228.]See Schmiedl, l. c., 67 ff. David Neumark thinks that both the prophet Jeremiah and the Mishnah knew and rejected the belief in angels. See his article Ikkarim in Ozar Ha Yahduth.[229.]Gen. XVIII, 14; Num. XI, 13; Is. XL, 12; Jer. V, 22; X, 12; XXVII, 5; XXXII, 17; Zach. VIII, 6; Job XXXVIII, 7; XLII, 1.[230.]Deut. III. 24; XI, 3; XXVI, 8; XXIX, 2; Jer. X, 6; Ps. LXV, 7; LXVI, 7; LXIV-LXXVIII; I Chron. XXIX, 11, 12.[231.]Ex. XII, 12; Judges V, 10.[232.]Daniel IV, 35.[233.]Ps. XI, 4; XXXIII, 13 f.; CXXXIX; Jer. XI, 20; XVII, 10; Job XII, 13; Dan. II, 20 f.[234.]Aboth II, 1.[235.]Mal. III, 16; Ps. LVI, 9.[236.]See New Year liturgy, Singer's Prayerbook, 249.[237.]Amos III, 7.; Gen. XVIII, 17.[238.]Gen. VI, 5; XI, 5; XVIII, 21.[239.]Isa. LV, 8, 9.[240.]Gen. IV, 16; XI, 5; XVIII, 21; XXVIII, 16; Deut. XXVI, 15; Micah I, 3; see Strauss, l. c., I, 548 f.[241.]I Kings VIII, 27; Isa. LXVI, 1.[242.]See above, Chapter [XII, 5].[243.]Comp. Amos IX, 2; Jer. XXIII, 24.[244.]Sanh. 39 a.[245.]Comp. Kaufmann, l. c., 70 and 71, notes 130, 131; Strauss, l. c., I, 551.[246.]Makom, see above, Chapter [X, 8-9]; Schechter, Aspects, 26 f.[247.]Luk. 45 b; comp. I Corinth. XIII, 12, based on Ex. XXXIII, 28; Ps. XVII, 15.[248.]See Kaufmann, l. c., 100 f.[249.]Isa. XLVIII, 12; Ps. XC, 2 f.; CII, 26, 27. On the process of development of the idea of eternity, see Neumark, l. c., II, 77.[250.]Adon Olam, Singer's Prayerbook, p. 3.[251.]See Strauss, l. c., 562, 651; Kaufmann, l. c., 306 f.; Drummond: Philo, II, 46.[252.]See Chapter [XXV] below.[253.]Tanh. Naso ed. Buber, 8; Gen. R. IX, 9 with reference to Jer. XXIII, 24.[254.]Lev. XIX, 1.[255.]Comp. Dillmann, l. c., 252 f.; Strauss, l. c., 593 f.; Rauwenhoff, l. c., 498-505; Lazarus: Ethics of Judaism, Chapters IV-V.[256.]I Sam. II, 21.[257.]Ps. LXXVII, 14.[258.]Deut. X, 12; XI, 22, and elsewhere.[259.]Gen. XVIII, 19.[260.]Ex. XXXIII, 13-23.[261.]See J. E., art. Holiness. The Assyrian Kuddisu denotes “bright,” “pure,” according to Zimmern in Religion und Sprache, K. A. T., 3d ed., 603.[262.]Deut. XXXIII, 3; Job V, 1; VI, 10; XV, 15; Ps. LXXXIX, 6, 8.[263.]Ex. XIX, 21 f.; XXIV, 17; I Sam. VI, 20; Josh. XXIV, 19; Isa. IV, 3; VI, 3, 13; X, 17; XXXI, 9; XXXIII, 14; Hab. I, 13.[264.]Deut. IV, 24; Ex. XXIV, 17.[265.]Comp. the name Kadesh and Kedesha for the hierodules consecrated to Astarte. See Deut. XXIII, 18; I Kings XIV, 24; XV, 12; Hosea IV, 14. Comp. Zimmern, l. c., p. 423.[266.]Isa. I, 4; V, 12; X, 20; XII, 6; XLI, 14; XLIII, 3 f.; XLV, 11; and elsewhere.[267.]Ezek. XX, 12; XXXVII, 28; Ex. XXXI, 13, and elsewhere.[268.]See Sifra and Rabba to Lev. XIX, 2.[269.]Cusari IV, 3; Kaufmann, l. c., 162 f.[270.]Aboth, I, 3.[271.]Rauwenhoff, l. c., 504.[272.]Hab. I, 13.[273.]Psalm XXIV, 4-5.[274.]L. Lazarus: Z. Characteristik d. juedisch. Ethik, 40-45; M. Lazarus: Ethics of Judaism, p. 184.[275.]Isa. V, 16.[276.]Comp. Dillmann, l. c., 258 f.; J. E., art. “Anger.”[277.]Ex. XX, 5; Isa. XXX, 27 f.; Nahum I, 5 f.[278.]Ex. XXII, 23; Num. XVII, 10 f.; XXV, 3; Deut. XXIX, 19; XXXII, 21; Isa. IX, 16.[279.]Hosea XI, 9.[280.]Psalm XXX.[281.]Targum to Ex. XX, 3; Sanh. 27 b.[282.]Isa. XXXIII, 14-17.[283.]Mal. III, 2, 19 f.[284.]Deut. XXXII, 35; comp. Sifre, 325; Geiger: Urschrift, 247, regarding Samaritan text. Zeph. I, 15; Isa. LXVI, 15-16.[285.]Isa. XVLI, 24.[286.]See J. E., art. “Gehenna”; Mid. Teh. to Ps. LXXVI, 11, and LXXIX; Ned. 32 a; Taan. 9 b; Yer. Taan. II, 65 b; Ab. Zar. 4 a and b; 18 b; Ber. 7 a; Shab. 118 a; Sanh. 110 b; Gen. R. VI, 9; XXVI, 11, et al.; comp. Romans II, 5; Eph. V, 6; I Thess. I, 10.[287.]Sibyll. II, 170, 285; III, 541, 556 f., 672-697, 760, 810; Enoch XCI, 7-9.[288.]Ber. 10 a; Midr. Teh. to Ps. CIV, 35.[289.]Tan. 23 b.[290.]Cusari IV, 5; Moreh I, 36, and Commentary to Sanh. X, I.[291.]Testament of Abraham, A, X.[292.]Hab. III, 2.[293.]Ezek. XVIII, 23, 32; XXXIII, 11.[294.]Ex. XXXII-XXXIV, 7. Comp. Num. XIV, 18.[295.]Gen. XIX, 1-28; Ex. XX, 5-6.[296.]Hosea I-III; XI, 1-9; XIV, 5. Comp. Micah XIII, 18; Jer. III, 8-12; Isa. LIV, 6-8; LVII, 16 f.; Joel II, 13; Jonah IV, 2, 10 f.; Lam. III, 31; Ps. LXXVIII, 38 et al. See Dillmann, l. c., 263 f.; Davidson Theology of O. T., 132 f.[297.]Gen. VI, 6; I Sam. XV, 11; Jer. XVIII, 7-10; Joel II, 14; Jonah III, 10; IV, 2.[298.]Num. XXIII, 19; I Sam. XV, 29; see Targum and commentaries.[299.]See J. E., art. Anthropomorphism and Allegorical Interpretation.[300.]Tanh. Waethhanan, ed. Buber, 3.[301.]Gen. R. VIII, 4-5. See Morris Joseph: Judaism as Creed and Life, p. 59, 90-95.[302.]R. h. Sh. 17 b; compare, J. Davidson, 134; Koeberle: Suende und Gnade, 1905, p. 625, 634 f.; but p. 658, 614, are misleading; Weber, l. c., 154, 260, 303 f., altogether misrepresents the Jewish doctrine of grace.[303.]Gen. XVIII, 19.[304.]Gen. XVIII, 25.[305.]Jer. XII, 1.[306.]Ps. LXXIII, 12.[307.]Job X, 22 f.[308.]Yer. Hag. II, 1; Elisha ben Abuyah.[309.]Ps. LXXXIX, 15.[310.]Ps. XXXVI, 7; see Davidson, l. c., 143 f.; J. E., art. Justice; Hamburger: Realencyclopaedie, art. Gerechtigkeit; Dillmann, l. c., 270 f.; Strauss, l. c., 596-604. Bousset, 437 f., is misleading.[311.]Deut. XXXII, 4.[312.]Tanh., Jithro 5.[313.]Deut. X, 17-18.[314.]Deut. I, 17.[315.]Yeb. 92 a; Yer. Sanh. I, 18 b.[316.]Amos V, 24; Isa. I, 17, 28; XXVIII, 17; LIV, 14.[317.]Ps. V, 5-6.[318.]Isa. LXVI, 16.[319.]Ps. XCIX, 4; Tanh. Mishpatim 1.[320.]Ps. XCVI, 13; XCVIII, 9.[321.]See Bousset, l. c., 357-366; Weber, l. c., 259-279, and comp. Suk. 30 a, where it is stated, referring to Isa. LXI, 8, that “good deeds can never justify evil acts.”[322.]Hosea VI, 6; Ps. XXXVII, 6; I Sam. II, 9.[323.]Sota I, 7-8; Tos. Sota III; Mek. Shirah 4; B. Wisdom XV, 3; XIX, 17 Jubilees IV, 3, elsewhere, comp. Math. VII, 2, and parallels.[324.]Aboth IV, 2.[325.]See Levy, W. B.: Zidduk; comp. Ex. IX, 27; Lam. I, 18; Neh. IX, 33.[326.]Gen. R. XLIX, 19; Yoma 37 a.[327.]Prov. X, 25.[328.]See Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; Sanh. 105 a; Yalkut Isaiah 296; Crescas: Or Adonai, III, 44.[329.]Gen. R. VIII, 4-5; XII, 15; Midr. Teh. to Ps. LXXXIX, 2; comp. Ben Sira, XVIII, 11; Testaments of XII Patr.: Zebulon 9; Ap. Baruch XLVIII, 14; IV Esdras VIII, 31; Psalms of Solomon IX, 7; Prayer of Manasseh, 8, 13.[330.]See J. E., art. “Love.” Both Weber, l. c., 57 f. and Bousset, l. c., 443 f. show Christian bias.[331.]Ps. CXXX, 4.[332.]Aboth III, 19; comp. B. Wisdom XI, 23, 26; XII, 16, 18; Ben Sira, II, 18.[333.]Ps. CXLIV, 8-9; comp. Ben Sira, XVIII, 13.[334.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 3.[335.]Yer. R. h. Sh. I, 57 a.[336.]Ber. 7 a.[337.]Tos. Sota IV, 1, with reference to Ex. XX, 5-6. The plural, laalafim, is taken to mean two thousand.[338.]Ex. XXII, 26; comp. 21, 23.[339.]See Harper: Code of Hammurabi, 1900; Oettli: D. Gesetz Hammurabis und d. Thora Israels, 1903; Cohn: D. Gesetz Hammurabis, Zürich, 1903; Grimm: D. Gesetz Chammurabis und Moses, Cologne, 1903. Also M. Jastrow, Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions, p. 255-319.[340.]Deut. X, 18; Ps. LXXIII.[341.]Isa. XXV, 4.[342.]Ex. XXII, 24.[343.]Ex. R. XXVII, 5; Eccles. R. to III, 15.[344.]Gen. XXIV, 19.[345.]Ex. XXIII, 5.[346.]Deut. XXV, 4.[347.]Lev. XX, 28; Deut. XXII, 6.[348.]Git. 62 a, with reference to Deut. XI, 15.[349.]Ps. CXLV, 9.[350.]B. M. 85 a; Yer. Kil. IX, 4.[351.]Tos. B. K. IX, 30; Sifre, Deut. 96.[352.]Sifre, Deut. § 49; Shab. 133 b; comp. Philo: De Humanitate.[353.]See Concordance to ahabah and hesed. Note especially Hos. VI, 6.[354.]Hos. III, 1; XI, 1, 4; XIV, 5.[355.]Jer. XXXI, 2, 19.[356.]Deut. VII, 8; X, 15.[357.]Deut. VIII, 5; see Sifre, Deut. 32.[358.]Prov. III, 13.[359.]Ber. 5 a; Sifre, l. c.; Mek. Yithro 10.[360.]See Mek. and Sifre, l. c.[361.]Ex. IV, 22.[362.]Deut. XXXII, 6, 10 f.[363.]Jer. II, 2.[364.]Song of Songs, R. to III, 7. Comp. Davidson, l. c., 235-287.[365.]See Schreiner, l. c., 103-112; Perles: Bousset, 58 f.[366.]Pesik, 16-17; Mek. Yithro 6, at end.[367.]Aboth III, 14.[368.]XI, 23-26.[369.]IV Esdra VIII, 47.[370.]III, 10.[371.]Zohar I, 44 b; II, 97 a.[372.]See Or Adonai, I, 3, 5, and Joel: Crescas 36-37.[373.]Dialoghi di Amore; see Zimmels: Leo Hebraeus, 1886.[374.]Ethics V, proposition XXXV.[375.]“The Theosophy of Julius”: “God.”[376.]Middath tobah.[377.]Gen. I, 4, 10, 12, 18, 21, 23, 31.[378.]Gen. R. IX, 5, 9; Ber. 60 a; Yer. Ber. IX, 13 c-14 b; Taan. 21 a.[379.]Isa. LXV, 16.[380.]Deut. XXXII, 40.[381.]Deut. XXXII, 4.[382.]Num. XXIII, 19; Isa. XL, 8; Jer. X, 10; Ps. XXXI, 6; comp. Dillmann, l. c. 269 f.[383.]Ps. XXXVI, 6; LXXXIX, 3, 38; CXLVI, 6; Benediction at seeing the rainbow, Singer's Prayerbook, p. 291.[384.]Gen. IX, 11.[385.]Ps. CIV, 9; Job XXXVIII, 11; Jer. XXXI, 34.[386.]Deut. XXXIII, 27.[387.]Jer. X, 10, 15.[388.]Emuna Rama 54. See Kaufmann, l. c., 333 f., 352 f.; comp. Guttmann: Religionsphilosophie des Ibn Daud, 136 f.; Albo II, 27, at the end; Maimonides: Yesode ha Torah, I, 3-4; Hillel of Verona refers even to Aristotle's “Metaphysics.” See Kaufmann, l. c., 334, note; Neumark, l. c., and Husik., l. c. passim.[389.]See Yer. Sanh. I, 18 a.[390.]Contra Apionem, II, 22; compare J. E., art. “Alpha and Omega.”[391.]See Yer. Sanh. I, 18 a.[392.]Ber. 33 b.[393.]Jedayah ha Penini.[394.]Ps. LXV, 2.[395.]Jer. X, 12; Amos IV, 13; Job XXXVIII-XXXIX.[396.]Prov. VI, 6.[397.]Job XXXVIII-XXXIX.[398.]Ps. CIV, 24.[399.]Gen. L, 20; see Dillmann, l. c., 280; Strauss, l. c., 575 f.; Hamburger, l. c., art. “Weisheit Gottes”; A. B. Davidson, l. c., 180-182.[400.]Gen. XLI, 38; I Kings III, 12; Ex. XXXV, 31; Prov. II, 6.[401.]Isa. XXV, 1; XXVII, 29.[402.]Isa. XL-LV.[403.]Prov. IX, 1. Comp. A. Jeremias: D. A. Test. i. L. d. i. alt. Orients, 5, 80, 336, 367.[404.]Ben Sira XXIV, 3-6, 14, 21; Enoch XLII, 1-2; Slavonic Enoch XXX, 8; Baruch III, 9-IV, 4; comp. Bousset, l. c., 337 f.; J. E., art. Wisdom; Bentwich: Philo, pp. 141-147.[405.]Targ. Ver. to Gen. I, 1. Gen. R. I. 2, 5. See Schechter: Aspects, 127-137.[406.]Kaufmann, l. c., 16, 107, 113, 163, 325, 418.[407.]Job IX, 4; Cuzari, II, 2.[408.]Sachs, cl, 6, 227.[409.]Ps. XVIII, 36.[410.]Meg. 35 a.[411.]Isa. LVII, 15.[412.]Deut. X, 17-18.[413.]Ps. LXVIII, 5-6.[414.]Ps. CXIII, 5-6.[415.]Weber, l. c., 154.[416.]Deut. IV, 7; Yer. Ber. IX, 19 a, where the plural, Kerobim, suggests the idea, “all kinds of nearness.”[417.]Ps. XXIX, 4; Tanh. Yithro, ed. Buber, 17.[418.]Ps. XCI, 15; Isa. LXIII, 9; Sifre Num. 84.[419.]Ber. 6 a; 7 a; R. ha Sh. 17 b; Hag. 5 b; Sanh. 39 a. Comp. Schechter, Aspects, p. 21-50.[420.]Weber, l. c., 157-160.[421.]Plutarch: “De placitis philosophiae,” II, 1; comp. for the entire chapter Dillmann, l. c., 284-295; Smend: 1. c., 454 f.; H. Steinthal: “Die Idee der Schöpfung” in J. B. z. Jued. Gesch. u. Lit., II, 39-44.[422.]Ps. XXXIII, 9.[423.]Job XXXVIII; Ps. CIV.[424.]Comp. Albo I, 12, and Schlesinger's Notes, 625.[425.]Ps. CII, 25-27.[426.]Job XXV, 2.[427.]Ber. 60 b.[428.]Gam su le tobah, an allusion to his own name. Taan. 21 b.[429.]Gen. R. IX, 5.[430.]Gen. R. IX, 9-10.[431.]Sifre Deut. 307.[432.]Jer. X, 11-12 and 10.[433.]See his commentary to Gen. I, 1; comp. Neumark, l. c., I, 70, 71, 80 f., 87, 412, 439, 515; Husik, l. c., p. 190; D. Strauss, l. c., 619-660.[434.]II Macc. VII, 28.[435.]Gen. R. I, 12; X. 3; Hag. II b-13 a; Slavonic Enoch, XXV; see J. E., art. Cosmogony and Creation; Enc. Rel. and Eth., 151 ff., 167 f.[436.]Gen. R. IX, 1.[437.]See Strauss, l. c., 645 f.[438.]See Schmiedl, l. c., 91-128; Kaufmann, l. c., 280 f., 306, 387 f.[439.]See C. Seligman, Judenthum und Moderne Weltanchauung.[440.]The first benediction before the Shema.[441.]Gen. VII, 11; VIII, 2.[442.]Isa. XL, 26.[443.]Job XXXVI, 6.[444.]Job XXXVIII, 25.[445.]Gen. XX, 17-18; XXX, 22.[446.]Ps. CXLVII, 8-9.[447.]Ps. CIV, 27-30.[448.]Gen. I, 11.[449.]Ps. CIV, 8.[450.]Gen. VIII, 22; Job XXXVIII, 33.[451.]Jer. XXXI, 39; XXXIII, 25.[452.]Gen. IX, 12 f.[453.]Job XXV, 2.[454.]See Dillmann, l. c., 295 f.; D. Strauss, l. c., 629-643.[455.]Enoch LXIX, 15-25; Prayer of Manasseh, 3; Suk. 53 a b; Hag. 12 a.[456.]See Singer's Prayerbook, 37, 96, 290, 292.[457.]Ps. CIII, 20.[458.]Shab. 119 b.[459.]Ps. CII, 27; Isa. XXXIV, 4.[460.]Isa. LXV, 17.[461.]See J. E. and Enc. of Rel. and Eth., art. “Eschatology”; Schuerer, G. V. I. II, 545.[462.]Ex. XV, 11.[463.]Oth, sign for miracle, Ex. IV, 8, 17, and elsewhere.[464.]Mopheth, Ex. VII, 3, and elsewhere.[465.]Gen. XVIII, 14.[466.]Num. XI, 23.[467.]Ex. XXXIV, 10; Num. XVI, 30.[468.]Ex. IV, 11.[469.]Josh. X, 12-14. See Joel: “D. Mosaismus u. d. Wunder,” in Jb. d. Jued. Gesch. u. Lit., 1904, p. 66-94.[470.]Mek. Beshallah 3; Gen. R. V, 4.[471.]Aboth V, 6; comp. Ab. d. R. N., ed. Schechter, 95; Mek. Beshallah, 5; Sifre Debarim, 355; Pes. 54 a; P. d. R. Eli., XIX; Targ. Y. to Num. XXII, 28, where a different list of ten wondrous things is given.[472.]Emunoth we Deoth II, 44, 68. Comp. Ibn Ezra to Gen. III, 1, and Num. XXII, 28.[473.]Moreh, II, 25, 35, 37; III, 24; Yesode ha Torah, VII, 7; VIII, 1-3. Comp. Joel: Moses Maimonides, p. 77.[474.]Ikkarim, I, 18.[475.]Or Adonai, III, 5; comp. Joel: Don Chasdai Crescas, p. 70.[476.]Milhamoth Adonai, last chapters; comp. J. E., art. Levi ben Gershom.[477.]Cuzari, II, 54.[478.]The Anshe maaseh, mentioned together with the Hasidim in Suk. V, 4, and Sot. IX, 15, are wonderworkers, of whom Haninah ben Dosa, the last, is singled out. The same epithet was given to Simeon ben Yochai in Aramaic, Iskan, see Lev. Rabba XXII, 2, and to R. Assi, eod. XIX, 1,—where it means, worker in nature's realm. Thus Nahum of Gimzo is called “trained in the skill to perform miracles”—Taan. 21 a; Phinehas ben Jair was also a wonderworker—Hul. 7 a. The whole portion regarding rain-miracles seems to be taken from a work on the miracles of saints.[479.]Taan, 18 b.[480.]Pes. 118 a; Ned. 41 a.[481.]Shab. 53 b.[482.]Ab. Za. IV, 7; comp. Ber. 4 a, 20 a; Sanh. 97 b.[483.]B. M. 59 b.[484.]Deut. XIII, 2-6.[485.]Yesode ha Torah, VIII, 1-5.[486.]Ikkarim, I, 18.[487.]Mendelssohn: G. Sch., III, 65, 120 f., 320 f.[488.]II Kings VI, 6.[489.]Joshua X, 13.[490.]Moreh, II, 33.[491.]The Hebrew term Hashgaha—Providence—is derived from Ps. XXXIII, 14, hishgiah, “He observes.” See J. E., art. Providence; Davidson, l. c., 178-182; Hamburger, R. W. B. II, art. Bestimmung; Rauwenhoff, l. c., 538 f.; Ludwig Philippson: “Israel. Religionsl.,” II, 98 f.; Formstecher: “Religion des Geistes,” 114-119.[492.]Jer. X, 2. See art. Divination, in J. E.; Dict. Bible; Enc. R. and Eth.[493.]See Lev. XVI, 8 f.; Num. XXVI, 56; Josh. XVIII-XIX; Prov. XVIII, 18.[494.]Ex. XVIII, 30; I Sam. see LXX; XIV, 41.[495.]Ex. XXXIII, 32; Ps. LVI, 9; CXXXIX, 16; comp., however, the Babylonian “tables of destinies.”[496.]Isa. XL, 21; XLI, 4, 22 f.; Amos III, 7.[497.]Isa. LIV, 16.[498.]Isa. X, 5, 15.[499.]Isa. VIII. 11; Ps. II, 2 f.; Deut. XXIII, 6.[500.]Jer. X, 33.[501.]Aboth III, 15.[502.]Hul. 7 a.[503.]Gen. XXIV, 50; M. K. 18 b.[504.]Ch. [XXXIV].[505.]Ber. 33 b.[506.]R. h. Sh. 17 b; New Year's liturgy.[507.]H. Teshubah, V, 1-2.[508.]See, on the Zagmuk festival, Zimmern, K. A. T., p. 514 f.[509.]Tos. R. h. Sh, I, 13; R. h. Sh. 16 a.[510.]Saadia: Emunoth, IV, 7; Bahya: Hoboth ha Lebaboth, III, 8; IV, 3.[511.]H. Teshubah V; Moreh, I, 23; III, 16-19; comp. Cuzari, V, 20-21; Albo: Ikkarim, IV, 1-11; Gersonides: Milhamoth, III, 2; VI, 1-18; Isaac ben Shesheth: Responsa, 119; Lipman Heller to Aboth III, 15. See Joel: Levi ben Gerson, p. 56.[512.]See Or Adonai, II, 3; comp. Joel: Hasdai Crescas, 41-49, 54-55; Neumark: “Crescas and Spinoza,” in Y. B. C. C. A. R., 1908, vol. XVIII, p. 277-319.[513.]Or Adonai, III, 24.[514.]Gen. R. LXXIX, 16; comp. Matt. X, 29.[515.]B. B. 16 a; comp. Matt. X, 30; Luke XII, 7.[516.]Deut. XXXII, 11.[517.]Mek. Yithro 2; Sifre ad loc.[518.]Shab. 119 b.[519.]Ps. XLVI, 2; CXXI, 4.[520.]See David Kaufmann: “Theol. d. B. b. Pakudah,” p. 240.[521.]Mid. Teh. to Ps. XXXIV; L. Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, IV, 89-90; Alphabet of Ben Sira.[522.]Comp. Maasehhbuch; Tendlau: Sagen d. jued. Vorzeit.[523.]See Gen. R. IX, 5, 10, 11; Dillmann, l. c., 309-318; D. F. Strauss, l. c., II, 343-384.[524.]Shab. 55 a.[525.]Ber. 5 a, after Deut. VIII, 5; Prov. III, 12.[526.]Isa. XLV, 7.[527.]Deut. XI, 27; see the Midrash ad loc.[528.]Emunah Ramah, ed. Weil, 93 f.; Moreh, III, 10.[529.]See M. Lefkovitz, “The Attitude of Judaism to Christian Science,” in Y. B. C. C. A. R. XXII, 300-318.[530.]See Morris Joseph, l. c., p. 108, 127 ff.; C. Seligman, l. c., 50-68.[531.]Gen. VI, 2; Job I, 6; II, 1; XXXIII, 7; Gen. XXXII, 29; XXXIII, 10; Jud. XIII, 22; Ps. VIII, 6.[532.]Comp. Mek. Yithro 7 through 10; Hul. 40; Tos. Hul. II, 18; Ab. Z. 42 b; Maimonides to Sanh. X; Targ. Y. to Ex. XX, 3.[533.]Deut. IV, 39.[534.]Deut. XXXII, 39.[535.]Isa. XLIV, 24; XL, 5.[536.]Gen. XVIII and XVII, 11, 13.[537.]Gen. VI, 1 f.[538.]Comp. Ezek. XXVIII, 13 f.[539.]Ps. LXXVIII, 25.[540.]See Dillmann, l. c., 318-333; Davidson, l. c., 289-300; J. E., art. Angelology; Enc. Rel. and Eth. IV, 594-601, art. Demons.[541.]Lev. XVII, 7; Deut. XXXII, 17; Isa. XXXIV, 14.[542.]Gen. XVIII.[543.]Ex. XXIII, 20; II Sam. XXIV, 16; II Kings XIX, 35 et al. See J. E., art. Angelology.[544.]Ex. III, 2-4; XXIII, 20-21; Isa. LXIII, 9.[545.]Zech. I, 9 f.; II, 1 f.[546.]See J. E., art. Angelology.[547.]Ezek. I, 4-24; X, 1-22; Isa. VI, 2; Dan. IV, 10 f.; VII, 9 f.; VIII, 16 f.; X, 13 f; Enoch XV, 1 f., and elsewhere.[548.]See J. E., art. Merkabah, though still doubted by Bousset, l. c., p. 406. For Akathriel see Ber. 7 and J. E., art. Sandalfon.[549.]Jubilees II, 2; Slav. Enoch. XXIX, 3; I, 3; Gen. R, III, 11.[550.]Yer. Ber. IX; Sanh. 93 a; Hul. 91 b; Ned. 32 a; Gen. R. VIII, XXI; Midr. Teh. to Ps. CIII, 18; CIV, 1.[551.]Neumark, l. c.[552.]Schmiedl, l. c., 69-87.[553.]Yesode ha Torah, II, 4-9; Moreh, I, 43; II, 3-7, 41; III, 13; Husik, l. c., 303 f.[554.]Emunoth, IV, 1; VI, 2; Hoboth ha Lebaboth, I, 6; Cuzari, IV, 3; Emunah Ramah, IV, 2; VI, 1; Ikkarim, II, 28, 31.[555.]Zohar, III, 68; Joel: Religionsphilosophie des Zohar, 278 f.[556.]Ned. 20 b; Midr. Teh. Ps. CIII, 17-18; Ibn Ezra: Introduction to his commentary on the Pentateuch.[557.]Compare Gen. R. to Gen. I, 31.[558.]Ps. CIII, 19-20.[559.]Job I, 6.[560.]See J. E., art. Demonology; Satan; Belial; Enc. Rel. and Eth., art. Demons and Spirits, Jewish; Davidson, l. c., 300-306; Dillmann, l. c., 334-340; D. F. Strauss, l. c., II, 1-18.[561.]Lev. XVII, 7; Deut. XXXII, 17; Isa. XIII, 21; XXXIV, 14.[562.]Lev. XVI, 8; see Ibn Ezra; J. E. and Enc. Rel. and Eth., art. Azazel.[563.]J. E., art. Beelzebub.[564.]J. E., art. Belial.[565.]Enoch VI, 7; J. E., art. Ashmodai; Levy: W. B., Shemachzai.[566.]Levy: W. B., Lilith; Iggereth.[567.]J. E., art. Demonology.[568.]Aboth V, 6; P. d. R. El., XIX; Gen. R. VII, 7.[569.]Enoch VII; Yalkut Gen. 44, 47.[570.]Erubin, 18 b.[571.]P. d. R. El., XIII; Yalkut Gen. 25.[572.]See Abrahams' Ann. to Singers' Prayerb. XLIV f. and for the Church, Enc. Rel, and Eth., Demons and Spirits, Christian.[573.]Abrahams, l. c., p. 7, 196; XX, CCXV.[574.]Ps. CIX, 6.[575.]Zech. III, 1; Job I, 6.[576.]I Chron. XXI, 1.[577.]See B. Wisdom II, 24; P. d. R. El., XIII.[578.]Shab. 146 a; Yeb. 103 b; Ab. Zar. 22 b.[579.]Suk. 52 a.[580.]Targ. to Isa. XI, 4.[581.]B. B. 16 a.[582.]De Gigantibus, 2-4.[583.]Sifra Lev. XVI, 8; Yoma, 67 b.[584.]See the Ethiopic “Adam and Eve”; C. Bezold, Die Schalzhochle, p. 18; comp. Gen. R. XXVI.[585.]See D. Cassel: Cuzari, p. 402 note.[586.]Moreh III, 29-37, 46; Ibn Ezra to Job I, 6; comp. Finkelscherer: Maimunis' Stellung zum Aberglauben, 1894, p. 40-51.[587.]Christliche Glaubenslehre, II, 18.[588.]Euken, D. Wahrheitsgehalt d. Religion, p. 384, 402; Bousset, Wesen d. Rel., p. 239.[589.]See H. Cohen: Ethik des reinen Willens, 282 f., 341 f., 428 f., 593: “Eine Macht des Boesen gibt es nur im Mythos.” “Dieser Mythos fuehrt folgerichtig sum mythologischen Gottmenschen.” M. Joel, in his article, “Der Mosaismus und das Heidenthum,” in J. B. j. Gesch. u. Lit, 1904, p. 49-66, ascribes the belief in demons to Greek influence. He holds that the prophetic teaching of God's unity was the best bulwark against demonology and mysticism.[590.]See Dillmann, l. c., 341-351; Weber, l. c., 177-190; Bousset, l. c., 336, 346; Davidson, l. c, 36-38, 115-129; Schechter, Aspects, p. 21-45; Schmiedl, l. c., 35-48; J. E., art. Holy Spirit; Logos; Memra; Metatron; Name of God; Shekinah; Enc. Rel. and Eth., I, 308-312.[591.]Ps. LXXXII, 1.[592.]Ex. XXV, 8.[593.]Ber. 17 a.[594.]See Ber., l. c., Rab's reference to Ex. XXIV, 11.[595.]John I, 1-6.[596.]Singer's Prayerbook, p. 96, 292.[597.]Ch. [XXII]. See Prov. VIII, 22.[598.]XXIV, 9 f.[599.]Weber, l. c., 197 f.[600.]L. c., 178 f.[601.]See Kohut: Jued, Angelologie, 36-38; Schorr: He Halutz, VIII, 3; J. E., art. Merkabah.[602.]See Targ. Yer. to Gen. V, 24; J. E., art. Metatron. Comp. Eth. Enoch LXX, 1, and Slav. Enoch III-XXIV.[603.]Gen. I, 2.[604.]Gen. II, 7; VI, 3; Job XXXII, 8.[605.]Num. XI, 17 f.; XXIV, 2; XXVII, 18; Ex. XXVIII, 3; XXXI, 3 f.; Isa. XI, 2; LXI, 1; Ezek. I, 12, 20.[606.]Isa. LXIII, 10; Ps. LI, 13.[607.]See J. E., art. Holy Spirit.[608.]See J. E. art., Bath Kol.[609.]See Tos. Sota XIII, 2; XXLV, 11; compare Levy: W. B., Shem; Geiger: Urschrift, 273 f.[610.]Deut. XII, 5, 11; II Sam. XII, 28; Neh. I, 9; Jer. VII, 12, 14.[611.]Ex. XXIII, 21.[612.]Jer. XLIV, 26; Isa. XLV, 23.[613.]Midr. Teh. to Ps. XXXVIII, 8; XCI, 8.[614.]Taan. III, 8.[615.]Prayer of Manasses, 3.[616.]P. d. R. El. III.[617.]See Levy: W. B., Geburah.[618.]Ex. XXI, 6.[619.]Ex. XXXIV, 5 f.[620.]Gen. R. XXI, 8; Targ. Ps. LVI, 11, and see Siegfried: Philo, 213 f.[621.]Gen. R. VIII, 5, after Ps. LXXXV, 11-12.[622.]P. d. R. El. III; Midr. Teh. Ps. L, 1, ref. to Prov. III, 19-20.[623.]A. d. R. N. XXXVII, ref. to Prov. III, 19 f.; Ps. LXV, 7; LXXXV, 21-22; Job XXVII, 11.[624.]Ref. to Hosea II, 21-22.[625.]Hag. 12 a.[626.]See J. E., art. Sefiroth, the Ten; Yezirah, Sefer.[627.]See J. E., art. Shekinah; Cuzari, II, 4; IV, 3.[628.]Gen. I, 26, and the commentaries.[629.]Gen. R. VIII, 9.[630.]Gen. R. XIV, 1.[631.]Gen. I, 28.[632.]Gen. R. VIII, 12; P. d. R. El., XI.[633.]Sanh. IV, 5, correctly preserved in the Yerushalmi, and the addition in the Babli, Me Yisrael, ought not to have been inserted by Schechter, Ab. d. R.N., p. 90.[634.]Lev. R. XXXIV, 3.[635.]Ab. d. R. N. XXXI.[636.]See Jubilees XV, 27; comp. Gen. R. VIII, 7-9; Ab. d. R. N., ed. Schechter, p. 153.[637.]See Jellinek: Bezelem Elohim; Philippson, l. c., II, 58-72; Dillmann, l. c., 325. The words of Plato (State, X, 613, and Theætetos, 176), “Man should strive for God-likeness through virtue, and be holy, righteous and wise like the Deity,” may have influenced the ethical interpretation of the Biblical term.[638.]Gen. R. VIII, 1.[639.]See Gen. I, 26; Comm. of Rashi, Saadia, Ibn Ezra, Nahmanides, and Ob. Sforno.[640.]Job XXXII, 8.[641.]Zach. III, 7; see comm.[642.]Gen. VI, 12, 19.[643.]Gen. IX, 21; Lev. XVII, 11, 14.[644.]See Dillmann, l. c., 355-361; Davidson, l. c., 182-203; comp. Gen. R. XIV, 11, where these three terms are given, and also yehidah, Ps. XXII, 21; XXXV, 17, and hayah, Ps. XCLIII, 3; Job XXXIII, 1.[645.]De Leg. Alleg. III, 38.[646.]See Horovitz: D. Psychologie Saadias; Scheyer: D. psycholog. System d. Maimonides; Cassel's Cuzari, p. 382-400; Husik, l. c., IX, 41; and see also Index: Soul.[647.]Sanh. 91 a, b; Nid. 30 b-31 b; Sifre Deut. 306, ref. to Deut. XXXII, 1; Lev. IV, 5-8.[648.]Ab. Z. 5 a; Gen. R. VIII, 1.[649.]B. Wisdom, VIII, 20; Slav. Enoch XXIII, 5; Philo I, 15, 32; II, 356; comp. Bousset, l. c., p. 508 f.[650.]Gen. VI, 5; VIII, 21; B. Sira XV, 14; XVII, 31; XXI, 11; Ber. 5 a; Kid. 30 b; Suk. 52 a, b; Shab. 152 b; Eccl. R. XII, 7; comp. F. Ch. Porter: “The Yezer ha Ra” in Biblical and Semitic Studies, 93-156; Bousset, l. c., 462 f.[651.]Suk. 52 a, b.[652.]Gen. R. VIII, 11.[653.]Ab. d. R. N. XXXI.[654.]Aboth III, 18.[655.]Ber. 10 a; Midr. Teh. Ps. CIII, 4-5.[656.]Gen. XVIII, 19; Deut. VIII, 6; X, 12; XXXII, 4.[657.]Micah VI, 8.[658.]Gen. V. 22; VI, 9; XVII, 1-2.[659.]Gen. R. XII, 8; XIV, 6, ref. to Josh. XIV, 15.[660.]Ezek. XXVIII, 14.[661.]Prov. III, 18.[662.]Gen. R. XVI, 10; Shab. 55 b.[663.]B. B. 15 a.[664.]Shab. 146 a; Yeb. 103 b; Ab. Zar. 22 b; Shab. 55 b.[665.]B. Wisdom, II, 24.[666.]Romans V, 12 f.[667.]Shab. 146 a.[668.]Deut. XXIV, 16; Ezek. XVIII, 4.[669.]Shab. 55 a, b.[670.]Shab. 32 b.[671.]B. Sira XXV, 24.[672.]Yer. Shab. II, 5 b.[673.]Gen. R. XIX, 10, ref. to Gen. III, 6-7.[674.]Apoc. Baruch XXIII, 4; XLVIII, 42 f.; LVI, 6; and especially LIV, 14-19; IV Esdras III, 7; VII, 11, 118.[675.]Pesik. 160 b; Num. R. XIII, 5.[676.]P. d. R. El., XX; comp. Adam and Eve, I; Erub. 18 b.[677.]Gen. R. XII, 5; XIX, 11; XXI, 4 f.; comp. Shab. 55 b.[678.]See Windishman: Zoroastrische Studien, p. 27 f.[679.]Eccl. VII, 29.[680.]Tanh. Yelamdenu to Gen. III, 22.[681.]Eccl. XII, 7.[682.]Shab. 152 b.[683.]Ber. 80 a. The rabbis did not have the belief that the body is morally impure and therefore the seat of the yezer ha ra, as is stated by Weber, l. c., 228 f. See Potter, l. c., 98-107; Schechter: Aspects, 242-292. It is wrong also to explain Ps. LI, 7, “Behold I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me,” as inherited sinfulness, as Delitzsch and other Christian commentators have done, following Ibn Ezra, who refers this to Eve, the mother of all men. The correct interpretation is given by R. Ahha in Lev. R. XIV, 5; “Every sexual act is the work of sensuality, the Yezer ha ra.” Comp. Yoma 69 b. Needless to say that Hosea VI, 7; Isa. XLIII, 37; Job XXXI, 33 do not refer to the sin of Adam.[684.]See Ibn Ezra to Gen. III, 1.[685.]See Taan. 10 a; Ber. 34 b; D. comp. Enoch XXIX-XXXII; Seder Gan Eden, in Jellinek, Beth ha Midrash, II, III.[686.]Moreh, II, 30; Nahmanides to Gen. III, 1.[687.]Gen. R. XVI, 8, ref. to Gen. II, 15.[688.]Pes. 111 a; Gen. R. XX, 24.[689.]Seder Olam at the close; Gen. R. XXIV, 2.[690.]Prov. XX, 27.[691.]Job XXXII, 8.[692.]Isa. XI, 2.[693.]Dan. II, 20-21.[694.]Tanh. Miketz 9; comp. Tanh. Yelamdenu Wayakhel, where the story is told differently.[695.]Singer's Prayerbook, p. 46.[696.]Cuzari III, 19.[697.]Ber. 58 a; Singer's Prayerb., p. 291.[698.]Yesode ha Torah, II, 2.[699.]Nethibot Olam, XIV.[700.]Pes. 94 b.[701.]Shaare Shamayim, IV, 3.[702.]R. h. Sh. 21 b.[703.]II Sam. XXIII, 2.[704.]Job IV, 12-16.[705.]Gen. R. XXIV, 7; comp. Jubilees III, 12.[706.]See Dillmann, l. c., 301 f., 375; J. E., art. Freedom of Will.[707.]Gen. IV, 7.[708.]Deut. XXX, 15-19.[709.]Jer. XXI, 8.[710.]See Sifre Deut. 53-54; J. E., art. Didache.[711.]Gen. III, 22; Mek. Beshallah 6; Gen. R. XXI. 5; Mid. Teh. Ps. XXXVI, 3; LVIII, 2.[712.]Aboth III, 15, but see Schechter: Aspects, 285, note 4.[713.]Ben Sira XV, 11-20.[714.]Enoch XCVIII, 4.[715.]IX, 7.[716.]IV Ezra VII, 127-129; IX, 10-11.[717.]Quod deus immutabilis, 10, I, 279; Di confusione linguarum, 35, I, 432; Quod deterius potiori insid.[718.]Josephus, J. W., II, 8, 14; Ant. XVIII, I, 3.[719.]Ber. 33 b.[720.]Gen. R. LXVII, 7. Comp. P. R. El. XV.[721.]Tanh. Toledoth, ed. Buber, 21.[722.]Shab. 104 a; Yoma 38 b-39 a; Yer. Kid. I, 67 d.[723.]Mak. 10 b; ref. to Ex. XXI, 12; Num. XXII, 12; Isa. XLVIII, 17; Prov. III, 34.[724.]Ex. IV, 21; VII, 3, and elsewhere; see the Jewish commentaries to these passages. Comp. Pes. 165 a; Num. R. XV, 16. See Schechter, Aspects, 289-292.[725.]Saadia: Emunoth, III, 154; IV, 7 f.; Bahya: Hoboth haleboboth, III, 8; Cuzari, V, 20; Moreh I, 23; III, 16; H. Teshuba, V; Gersonides: Milhamoth, III, 106; Albo: Ikkarim, IV, 5-10; see Cassel notes, Cuzari, p. 414.[726.]Or Adonai II, 4; comp. Bloch: Willensfreiheit des Hisdai Crescas; Neumark: Crescas and Spinoza, Y. B. C. C. A. R. 1908.[727.]Ex. XX, 5.[728.]Sanh. 27 b.[729.]Job XIV, 4.[730.]Pesik. 29 b.[731.]H. Teshubah, V.[732.]See Morgenstern, “The Doctrine of Sin in the Babylonian Religion,” in Mitth. Vorderas. Gesellsch. 1905.[733.]Gen. VI, 3; Ps. LXXVIII, 39.[734.]Sota 3 a.[735.]Suk. 52 a, b. Comp. Schechter, “The Evil Yezer, Source of Rebellion and Victory over the Evil Yezer,” l. c., 242-292.[736.]Prov. XX, 9.[737.]Eccl. VII, 20.[738.]Job IV, 17; XV, 14 f; XXV, 5.[739.]Num. XX, 12; XXVII, 14.[740.]Yeb. 121 b.[741.]Mid. Teh. Ps. XVI, 2.[742.]Job XV, 15.[743.]Midr. Teh. eodem.[744.]Morgenstern, l. c.[745.]Ex. XXX, 33, 38; Lev. X, 2; XVI, 1-2; Num. XVII, 28; XVIII, 7.[746.]Ezek. XVIII, 6 f.; XX, 13 f.; Isa. LVI, 2 f.[747.]Hos. VI, 6; Mic. VI, 8; Isa. I, 11 f.[748.]I Sam. XV, 22-23.[749.]Job XXXV, 6-8.[750.]Ps. LI, 6.[751.]Sanh. 107 a.[752.]Isa. LIX, 2.[753.]Gen. IV, 13; XV, 16; XIX, 15; Ps. XL, 13.[754.]Gen. XXVI, 10; XLII, 21; Ps. XXXIV, 22.[755.]Lev. IV, 13 f.; Num. V, 6.[756.]Ps. XIX, 13.[757.]Num. R. XXI, 19.[758.]Num. XVI, 22.[759.]Tanh. Korah, ed. Buber, 19.[760.]Habak. I, 13.[761.]Isa. XXXIII, 14.[762.]Isa. VI, 5-7.[763.]Pes. 45 b; Gen. R. XXIII, 9.[764.]See J. E., art. Cabala; Abelson, Jewish Mysticism, p. 127 f., 171 f.[765.]See J. E., art. Repentance; Claude Montefiore: “Rabbinical Conceptions of Repentance,” in J. Q. R., Jan. 1904; Schechter, Aspects, 313-343. The works of Weber (p. 261 f.), Bousset (p. 446 f.), and Davidson (l. c., 327-338) do not do justice to the Jewish teachings.[766.]Ezek. XVIII, 4; Ps. XXXIV, 21; Prov. XIV, 12.[767.]Ezek. XVIII, 32; XXXIII, 11.[768.]Prov. XIII, 21.[769.]Ezek. XVIII, 4.[770.]Lev. I, 4; IV, 26-31.[771.]Ps. XXV, 8.[772.]Yer. Mak. II, 37 d; Pesik. 158 b. See Schechter, l. c., p. 294, note 1.[773.]Amos V, 4.[774.]Isa. LV, 7.[775.]Deut. IV, 30; XXX, 2-3.[776.]Amos IV, 6 f.[777.]Hos. VI, 1; XIV, 2 f.[778.]Jer. III, 12-13; IV, 3; 14; XVIII, 11.[779.]Ezek. XVIII, 1-32.[780.]Zech. I, 3.[781.]Mal. III, 7.[782.]Joel II, 12-13.[783.]See Ps. XXXII, 1 f.[784.]Jonah III-IV.[785.]The Hebrew teshubah is translated in Greek metanoia, meaning a change of mind.[786.]Pes. 119 a; P. d. R. El. XLIII.[787.]Pes. 54 a; Gen, R. I, 5; P. d. R. El. III; Singer's Prayerb. 267 f.[788.]Shab. 56 a; Ab. Z. 4 b-5 a; Midr. Teh. Ps. XL, 3; LI, 13.[789.]Ter. Sanh. X, 78 c; Sanh. 103 a; Pes. 162; Prayer of Manasseh.[790.]Pesik. 160 a-162; Shab. 56 a, b; Gen. R. XI, 6; XXII, 12-13; XXXVIII, 9; XLIX, 6; P. R. El. XX; XLIII; Num. R. XVIII, 6; Ab. d. R. N. I, 32; Sanh. 102 b.[791.]Yoma 86 a, b; Pes. R. XLIX.[792.]Mek. Shira 5; Gen. R. XXI, 6; XXX, 4; XXXII, 10; XXXVIII, 14; LXXXIV, 18; Ex. R. XII, 1; Num. R. XII, 13; B. Wisdom XI, 23; XII, 10, 19.[793.]Sanh. 108; Sibyllines, I, 125-198.[794.]Cant. R. VII, 5, ref. to the name Hadrach, Zech. IX, 1.[795.]Weber, l. c., 261 f.; Bousset, l. c., 446 f.; comp. Perles: Bousset.[796.]Gen. R. XXII, 27; comp. Sanh 107 b.[797.]Mek. Yithro I.[798.]Erub. 19 a.[799.]Mid. Teh. Ps. I, 21 f.; IX, 13, 15; XI, 5.[800.]See Maimonides, Bahya, and others on Teshubah; comp. J. E., art. Repentance; Tobit XIII, 6; XIV, 6; Philo II, 435.[801.]See Schechter, l. c., 323 f.[802.]Sanh. 99 a, Luke XV, 7. The third Gospel more than the others preserved the original Jewish doctrines of the Church.[803.]Job XIX, 25. The Hebrew Goel signifies kinsman as well as redeemer and avenger, implying blood-relationship. In Job it means vindicator.[804.]Deut. XIV, 1.[805.]Mal. II, 10.[806.]Ps. CIII, 13.[807.]Jer. II, 27.[808.]Hosea II, 1.[809.]See Jer. III, 4.[810.]Jer. XXXI, 9; Deut. XXXII, 7; Isa. LXIII, 16; LXIV, 7; Mal. I, 4; I Chron. XXIX, 10.[811.]Yoma VIII, 9.[812.]Sota IX, 15.[813.]See next paragraph, and the art. Abba in J. E.[814.]II Sam. VII, 14.[815.]Ps. LXXXIX, 27-28.[816.]Jubilees I, 24.[817.]Wisdom II, 16; V, 5.[818.]Psalms of Solomon XVII, 27.[819.]Taan. III, 8.[820.]Ber. V, 1.[821.]Midr. Teh. Ps. CXXI, 1.[822.]Mek. Yithro 11.[823.]Sifre Deut. 96; Hosea I, 10.[824.]Ex. IV, 22.[825.]Sifre Deut. 49.[826.]Sifre Deut. 96.[827.]Beza 32 b.[828.]Yeb. 61 a.[829.]Aboth III, 13, quoted above, Chap. [XXXIV, par. 6].[830.]Sifra Ahare 13, p. 86.[831.]Ps. XLII, 3.[832.]Mal. I, 11.[833.]With its azkarah, the flame of incense rising in “pyramidal” form, generally translated “memorial,” or “memorial-part.” Lev. II, 9, 16. For sacrifice as means of atonement see Schechter: Aspects, 295-301.[834.]Amos V, 21-24.[835.]Hosea VI, 6.[836.]Isa. I, 11-18.[837.]Jer. VII, 21-23.[838.]Ps. L, 7-13.[839.]Ps. XL, 7.[840.]I Sam. I, 13-14.[841.]Often mentioned in the Psalms, under such terms as “the congregation of the righteous,” “the holy ones,” “the devout ones,” etc.[842.]See I Kings VIII, 48; Dan. VI, 11.[843.]Isa. LVI, 7.[844.]Tamid V, 1; comp. Kohler: Monatsschr., 1893, p. 441.[845.]Sifre Deut. 41: “What is meant by, ‘To serve Him with all your heart?’ this is prayer.”[846.]Ber. 26 a.[847.]Ber. 32 b; Midr. to Sam. I, 7.[848.]P. d. R. El. XVI.[849.]R. ha Sh. 17 b.[850.]Meg. 31 b; Yer. Taan. IV, 68 c. But compare Isaac Aboab: Menorath ha Maor, III, 3 a; Bahya ben Asher: Kad ha Kemah, art. Tefillah.[851.]Jer. VI, 22.[852.]Lev. R. XXII, 5.[853.]Cuzari, II, 25, see note by Cassel; Moreh, III, 32; comp. Midrash Tadshe 12; I, 177 f.; comp. Hebrews IX-X; Barnabas, I, 25. S. R. Hirsch in Horeb p. 639 f.[854.]See Philipson: The Reform Movement in Judaism for the various views and debates on sacrifice and prayer. I. Elbogen: D. jued. Gottesdienst i. s. geschichtl. Entwicklung, p. 374 f., 435 f., is written in a more conservative spirit and unfavorable to American Reform Judaism. Comp. for the traditional liturgy: Dembitz: Jewish Services in the Synagogue and Home, especially on the Prayerbook, p. 233-246, and for America, 497-499.[855.]Ex. XV, 2.[856.]Ps. LXV, 3. See Wm. James: Varieties of Rel. Experience, 463-477; Foster: Function of Religion, 183-185; Abelson: Jewish Mysticism, p. 15 and elsewhere.[857.]Yoma 53 b.[858.]Yeb. 64 a; Ex. R. XXI, 6.[859.]Ber. 55 a.[860.]Ber. 10 a.[861.]Ber. 7 a.[862.]Taan. III, 8; Ber. V, 6; Babl. 34 b; Yer. 9 d.[863.]Pes. R. XXII, p. 114 b; Midr. Teh. Ps. XCI, 8; see Schechter: Aspects, 156; 42.[864.]I Sam. II, 31.[865.]Prov. XVI, 32.[866.]Gen. R. LIX, 1; Yeb. 105 a, where R. Johanan ben Zakkai is mentioned instead of R. Meir; Albo: Ikkarim, IV, 18.[867.]See Steinschneider: Abraham Ibn Ezra, 126 ff.[868.]Ps. CXLV, 18.[869.]Ps. CXXXIX, 4.[870.]Ps. LV, 23.[871.]Ber. 29 b; Tos. Ber. III, 7; comp. Albo: Ikkarim, IV, 24.[872.]Job XVI, 17; Ex. R. XXII, 4; comp. Schechter: Aspects, 228.[873.]Ab. Z. 76.[874.]Ber. 8 a.[875.]Ber. 30 a.[876.]Hab. II, 20.[877.]Sifre Deut. 41.[878.]Isa. LV, 6.[879.]Ps. LXXIII, 25, 28.[880.]Gen. III, 22.[881.]Gen. V, 24; II Kings II, 1.[882.]Isa., XXV, 8.[883.]Isa. XXXVIII, 11; Ps. CXVI, 9.[884.]Ps. XVIII, 5, and J. E., art. Belial.[885.]Ps. CXV, 17; LXXXVIII, 13.[886.]Isa. XXVI, 14, 19; Ps. LXXXVIII, 11; Prov. IX, 18; Job XXVI, 5.[887.]Ps. XLIX, 15.[888.]See Isa. VIII, 19; XXVIII, 15, 18; I Sam. XXIX, 7-14.[889.]Job XVIII, 14; Ps. XLIX, 15.[890.]Ps. XLIX, 16; Job XIV, 13.[891.]Ps. CXXXIX, 8.[892.]Ps. XVI, 10-11; Hosea XIII is a late emendation of the text.[893.]Deut. XXX, 19; Jer. XXI, 8; Ezek. XX, 11; Lev. XVIII, 5; Ps. XXXIV, 3; Prov. III, 22; V, 5 f.[894.]Isa. XXXVIII, 10-20.[895.]Ps. LXXIII, 25-28.[896.]Job XIX, 25 f., challenges God to be his vindicator on earth or on his tomb, testifying to his righteousness. Resurrection is denied directly: VII, 8-21; XIV, 12-22. The whole argument of the book excludes the thought.[897.]Ber. 64 a, with ref. to Ps. LXXXIV, 4.[898.]Isa. XXVI, 19. Read, “thy dead instead of My dead.” The translation given here differs from the new translation.[899.]I Sam. II, 6.[900.]II Kings IV, 20-37.[901.]Ezek. XXXVII, 1-14.[902.]Dan. XII, 2, and comp. II Macc. VII, 9-36; XII, 43, and the Apocalyptic books such as Enoch, Test. Twelve Patriarchs, Jubilees, Psalms of Solomon, IV Ezra and Baruch Apocalypse, whereas I Macc., Judith and Tobit, belonging to the Sadducean circles, never allude to the future life.[903.]Passages like Ps. IX, 18; XI, 6; XLIX, 15, comp. with Isa. XXXIII, 14; LXV, 24; Mal. III, 19, lent themselves especially to this conception of Sheol as a fiery place of punishment identified afterwards with Gehinnom. Jer. VII, 31 f.; XIX, 6. See J. E., art. Gehenna, and R. H. Charles, Hebrew, Jewish and Christian Eschatology, 2d, 1913, p. 75 f., 132, 160 f., 292 f.[904.]Midr. Teh. Ps. XI, 5-6; Erub. 19 a.[905.]Sanh. 90 b; comp. Matt. XXII, 32.[906.]Sanh. X, 1; see J. E., art. Resurrection, and Neumark, art. Ikkarim in l. c.[907.]See Singer's Prayerb., 44 f., and Abrahams' Notes, LIX.[908.]Prov. XII, 28, comp. LXX, and see Kittel: Bibl. Hebr., note.[909.]Ps. XLVIII, 15; see Kittel, note; Midr. Teh. to Psalms and note by Buber; Yer. Meg. II, 73 b; M. K. 83 b; Lev. R. XI, 9.[910.]See Tylor: Primitive Culture, Index, s. v. Soul.[911.]Gen. II, 7.[912.]Eccl. XII, 7.[913.]See J. E., art. Birds as Souls.[914.]Prov. XX, 27.[915.]Ber. 60 b; Singer's Prayerb., 5.[916.]Isa. XXVI, 19; Dan. XII, 2.[917.]Ezek. XXXVII, 1 f.[918.]Eccl. R. XII, 5: J. E., art. Luz.[919.]Judg. I, 26.[920.]Sota 46 b.[921.]Brugsch: Religion u. Mythologie d. alt. Aegypten, p. 618, 634.[922.]P. d. R. El. XXXIV.[923.]Ber. 18 b.[924.]Shab. 152 b.[925.]Midr. Teh. Ps. CIII, 1.[926.]Sanh. 39 b.[927.]Nid. 30 b.[928.]B. Wisd. VIII, 19; Slav. Enoch XXII, 4, comp, Bousset, l. c., 313 f.[929.]Philo: Leg. All. III, 38; Migrat. Abrah. 12; De Concupiscentia, 2; De Fortitudine, 3; Drummond: Philo, I, 318 f.; Bentwich: Philo, 178, 181; Windleband-Tufts on Plato, 123 f., on Philo, 231, comp. Bousset, l. c., 508; Rhode: Psyche, 557 f.[930.]Emunoth, Ch. VI; Schmiedl, l. c., 135 f.; Neumark, l. c., I, 536 f.; Husik, l. c., 376.[931.]Neumark, l. c., 495; Husik, l. c., 108 f.; J. E., art. Bahya.[932.]Cuzari, V, 12. See Cassel, notes; Schmiedl, l. c., 141; Neumark, l. c., 561; Husik, l. c., 179 f.[933.]Schmiedl, l. c., 149; Neumark, l. c., 536 f., 551, 558, 573, 586; Husik, l. c., 281 f. Comp. Scheyer: d. Psychol. Syst. d. Maim.; Simon, Aspects of the Hebrew Genius, 75-78, 86.[934.]Or Adonai, II, 6; Joel: “Crescas”; Husik, l. c., 400.[935.]Emunah Ramah, 39; Husik, l. c., 259 b.[936.]Emunoth, VII.[937.]H. Teshubah, VIII, 2.[938.]Maamar Tehiyyath ha Metim, see Schmiedl, l. c., 172.[939.]In Schaar ha Gemul.[940.]Ikkarim, IV, 35.[941.]Zohar, I, 96 b; Yalk. Reubeni to Deut. XIX, 2; J. E., art. Cabala.[942.]See Kayserling: Moses Mendelssohn, 148 ff.[943.]Ps. XVII, 15.[944.]See J. Jastrow: Fact and Fable in Psychology.[945.]Singer's Prayerb., 45. The Rabb. Conf. of Philadelphia in 1869 passed the resolution: “The belief in the Resurrection of the Body has no religious foundation (in Judaism), and the doctrine of Immortality refers to the after-existence of the Soul only,” Comp. D. Philipson: l. c., p. 489 and 492.[946.]Jer. XXXII, 18.[947.]Targ. to Ex. XX, 5; Sanh. 27 b.[948.]Deut. XXIV, 16.[949.]Ezek. XVIII, 2.[950.]Ezek. XVIII, 20.[951.]XVIII, 23, 32.[952.]Ex. XVIII, 11; XXI, 23-25; Sota I, 7-9; Tos. Sota III-IV; Sanh. 90 a; B. Wisdom XVI-XIX; Jubilees IV, 31; II Macc. V, 10; XV, 32.[953.]Prov. XI, 31; XIII, 21.[954.]See especially Sanh. 90 b-92 b, ref. to Ex. VI, 4; Deut. XI, 9; IV, 5; XXXI, 16; Isa. XXVI, 19; Dan. XII, 13; Ps. LXXII, 16; also Ex. XV, 1; Josh. VIII, 30; and Song of Songs, VII, 10. On the Second Death see Targ. to Deut. XXXIII, 6; Isa. XIV, 19; LXV, 6; Jer. LI, 39; and Revelation XX, 6, 14; XXI, 8.[955.]IV Ezra VII, 31 f.; comp. Baruch Apoc. 42 ff.; Adam et Eva, 42; II Sibyll., 220-236; IV Sibyll., 180 f.[956.]Aboth IV, 22.[957.]See Stave, Ueb. d. Einfluss d. Parsismus a. d. Judenth., 145 ff.; Boecklen: D. Verwandtschaft d. jued, christl. u. d. pars. Eschatologie; Schorr: He Haluz, VII-VIII.[958.]Sanb. 91 a, b; Matt. XXII, 31 f.[959.]The parable is found in an Apocryphon ascribed to the prophet Ezekiel, see Epiphanius Haeres, LXIV, ed. Dindorf, II, 683 f. and ascribed to R. Ishmael, Lev. R. IV, 5; in Sanh. 91 a, b it is given in a dialogue with Antonius; in Tanh. Wayithro, ed. Buber, § 12, it is anonymous.[960.]Ps. L, 4.[961.]Isa. LXVI, 24; see Yalkut; Bousset, 308-321; J. E., art. Eschatology.[962.]Aboth III, 1, 19, 20; Ber. 28 b.[963.]Aboth IV, 21.[964.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 3; R. H. 16 b; see J. E., art. Purgatory.[965.]See Testament of Abraham XIV; comp. Kohler in J. Q. R. VII, 587.[966.]T. d. b. El. Zuta XVII, ed. Friedman, p. 23. See note, Kalla R. II., J. E., art. Kaddish, but comp. IV Ezra VII, 102-115.[967.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; Sanh. 105 a; Midr. Teh. Ps. IX, 18: “The wicked shall return to Sheol, all the nations that forget God,” R. Joshua taking the last sense as restrictive and R. Eliezer as a generalization.[968.]For the banquet of the pious see Aboth. III, 16; Shab. 153 a; Pes. R. XLI; comp. Luke XIII, 28; XXII, 30, and parallels. The idea rests on Isa. LXV, 13, which is taken literally, and Ps. XXIII, 5; see Midr. Teh., ad loc. For the Leviathan and Behemoth see Job XL, 15-30; B. B. 74 b-75 a; Enoch LX, 7 f.; IV Ezra VI, 52; Baruch Apoc. XXIX, 4; Targ. Ps. CIV, 26; Lev. R. XIII, 3. For the giant bird Ziz see Ps. L, 40-41; Targ. and Midr. Teh., ad loc.; Tanh. Beshallah, ed. Buber, 24; Jellinek, B. H. III, 76, 80. For the heavenly manna Ps. LXXVIII, 24; Joma 75 b; Hag. 12 b; Tanh. Beshallah, ed. Buber, 21; Sibyll. Prœmium 87; II, 318; III, 746; IV Ezra IX, 19. For the wine see Ex. R. XXV, 10; Ber. 34 b; Sanh. 99 a; Matt. XXVI, 29; comp. also Num. R. XIII, 3 for other fruits of Paradise. For the Persian origin of these ideas see Bundahish, XIX, 13; XXX, 25. The Behemoth corresponds with the primeval ox Hadhayos, whose flesh produces the sap of immortality; the giant fish and bird with Bundahish, XVIII, 5-8; XIX, 16-19; the wine corresponds with the Parsee Hom: Bundahish, XXX, 25. See Windishman: Zoroastr. Stud., 92 f., 252 f., and Boeklen, l. c., p. 68.[969.]Shab. 153 a, with ref. to Isa. LXV, 13-14; LXVI, 24; IV Ezra VII, 83, 93.[970.]Ber. 17 a.[971.]Ber. 34 b; with ref. to Isa., LXIV, 3.[972.]Ab. Zar. 36 with ref. to Mal. III, 19-22.[973.]See Jellinek, B. H. I, II and III, the Treatise on Gehinnom and Gan Eden.[974.]Emunoth VII, IX, and comp. J. Guttman; Religionsphil. des Saadia, 208 f., 249 f.[975.]See Joel, Religionsphil. d. Mose b. Maimon., p. 40.[976.]Cuzari, I, 15; V, 14; Or Adonai III, 4, 2. See Joel: Crescas, p. 74 f.; Albo: Ikkarim, IV, 29-41.[977.]Nahmanides, l. c., last chapter; Manasse b. Israel in Nishmat Chayim.[978.]Aboth. IV, 2.[979.]Com. to Sanh. XI and H. Teshubah, VIII.[980.]Ps. LXXIII, 28.[981.]Or Adonai, II, 55; VI, 1; comp. Joel, l. c., 56-62; comp. Bahya: Hoboth, Halebaboth, Shaar Bitahon.[982.]See Joel: Z. Gen. d. Lehre Spinoza, p. 64.[983.]Ikkarim, IV, 35-38.[984.]Ber. 64 a, with ref. to Ps. LXXXIV, 8; see also Midr. Teh. ad loc.[985.]See J. E., art. Adam, and Jellinek: Bezelem Elohim, Sermon IV. The term humanity arose among the Stoics. See Reizenstein: Wesen u. Werden d. Humanität; comp. Schmidt, Ethik d. Griechen, II, 324, 477; and Zeller, Griech. Philo. III, 1, 287, 299. For the rabbinical Berioth for humanity see B. Sira, XVI, 16.[986.]Ps. CXXXIX, 16.[987.]Midr. Teh., ad loc.; Pesik. R. XXIII; Gen. R. XXIV, 2; Sanh. 38 b after Seder Olam at the close.[988.]Gen. R. VIII, 1.[989.]Eodem; Midr. Teh. to Ps. CXXXIX, 5; Ber. 61 a.[990.]Gen. R. XXIV, 8.[991.]Tos. Ber. VII, 2; Ber. 58 a.[992.]Ber. 6 b; Shab. 30 b; see Rashi (against Bacher: Ag. Tann., I, 432).[993.]I Sam. II, 2.[994.]Gen. R. LVI, 9.[995.]Isa. LXV, 18; see Yeb. 62 a.[996.]Gen. R. XVII, 2.[997.]For the term Aguddah Ahath in the New Year and Atonement Day Prayer, Singer's Prayerbook, p. 239, comp. Gen. R. LXXXVIII, 6, and XXXIX, 3.[998.]Isa. XLV, 18.[999.]Yeb. 62 a, b[1000.]Yoma I, 1.[1001.]Prov. XXII, 29.[1002.]Ps. CXXVIII, 2.[1003.]Ber. 8 a.[1004.]Ned. 49 b.[1005.]Keth. V, 5, 59 b.[1006.]Kid. 29 a; comp. R. Simeon b. Yohai, Mek. Beshallah, 56.[1007.]Kid. 82 a.[1008.]Abot. I, 10; II, 2; B. B. 11 a.[1009.]Taan. 11 a.[1010.]Yer. Kid. IV at the close.[1011.]Taan. 23 a.[1012.]Abot. V, 19.[1013.]Prov. XXVII, 17.[1014.]Taan. 7 a.[1015.]See J. E., art. Abraham.[1016.]Abot. IV, 1; B. K. 79 b; Ber. 19 b.[1017.]Sota 14 a.[1018.]Jer. XXIX, 7; comp. Abot. III, 2.[1019.]B. K. 113 a and elsewhere.[1020.]Ber. 58 a.[1021.]Ex. XIX, 4-5.[1022.]Deut. VII, 6-8; X, 15; XIV, 2. Comp. Schechter: Aspects, 57 ff.[1023.]See Singer's Prayerbook, 226 f.[1024.]Hos. XI, 1; XII, 10; XIII, 4.[1025.]Jer. II, 3.[1026.]Amos III, 2.[1027.]Isa. XLI, 8 f.; XLII, 6; XLIII, 10; XLIX, 8.[1028.]CV, 7 f., comp. Neh. IX, 7.[1029.]Singer's Prayerb., p. 40.[1030.]Isa. LII, 3-LIII, 12.[1031.]Meg. 16 a.[1032.]Beza 25 b.[1033.]Yeb. 79 a.[1034.]Shab. 88 a.[1035.]Cant. R. IV, 2; Tanh. Tezaveh 1.[1036.]Menah. 53 b with ref. to Jer. XI, 16.[1037.]Sifre to Deut. XIV, 2.[1038.]Deut. VII, 6; XIV, 2.[1039.]Isa. II, 3; Micah IV, 2—passages considered by modern critics to be of exilic origin.[1040.]See Bousset, l. c., 60-99.[1041.]Gen. R. to Gen. XII, 4, and see J. E., art. Abraham.[1042.]Pes. 87 b. with ref. to Hosea II, 25.[1043.]Cuzari IV, 23; Maim. H. Melakim XI, 4.[1044.]See Geiger: Zeitschr. 1868, p. 18 ff.; 1869, 55 ff.[1045.]J. E., art. Alenu; Singer's Prayerb., 76 f.[1046.]J. E., art. Kaddish.[1047.]Zech. XIV, 9.[1048.]See Schechter: Aspects, 89 f., 93 f.[1049.]Isa. XLIX, 6.[1050.]Isa. LII, 10[1051.]Micah V, 6.[1052.]Judg. VIII, 23.[1053.]I Sam. VIII, 7; XII, 12, 17 f.[1054.]Hos. XIII, 11.[1055.]Isa. IX, 5; XI, 1-10.[1056.]Isa. IV, 2; Jer. XXIII, 5; XXXII, 15; and Zech. III, 8; VI, 12. Here Zerubbabel is referred to.[1057.]Isa. XLI, 21; XLIII, 15; XLIV, 6. Comp. XLIII, 22.[1058.]Isa. XLV, 1.[1059.]Isa. XI, 9; Hab. II, 14.[1060.]Isa. VI, 5; XXIV, 23. Comp. Jer. XLVI, 18; XLVIII, 15.[1061.]Zech. XIV, 9; Mal. I, 14.[1062.]Ps. XXII, 29; XCIII, 1; XCV, 99.[1063.]Jer. X, 7. This chapter is post-exilic; comp. Jer. XLVI, 18; XLVIII, 15 and I Chron. XXIX, 11.[1064.]Singer's Prayerb., 239.[1065.]Ps. XLVIII, 3.[1066.]Cont. Apion, II, 16, 7.[1067.]Dan. VII, 27.[1068.]See J. E., art. Zealots.[1069.]Shab. 31 a.[1070.]Ps. XXII, 28; LXVII, 3; LXXXVI, 10; CXVII, 1.[1071.]Ps. CV, 15.[1072.]Ps. LXXXVII, 5. See Commentaries and LXX.[1073.]Ruth II, 12. Comp. Lev. R. II, 8.[1074.]See both Enoch books and B. Sira XLIV, 16.[1075.]Sibyll. I, 128-170; Sanh. 108 a.[1076.]Gen. R. XXXIX, 21.[1077.]Sifre Deut. 313, with ref. to Gen. XXIV, 3.[1078.]See Dillmann's Comm. to Gen. XII, 2; XXII, 18; and Kuenen: The Prophets and Prophecy, 373, 457.[1079.]Gen. XVII, 5.[1080.]Ezek. XX, 33.[1081.]Sifre, l. c.[1082.]P. D. R. El. XI; Mek. Yithro 6; Lev. R. II, 4.[1083.]Sifra Behukkothai VIII with ref. to Ezek. XX, 33; Sanh. 105 a.[1084.]Mek. Beshallah X, p. 52.[1085.]Tanh. Lek leka 6.[1086.]Tobit XIII, 1-11; Sibyll. III, 47, 76 b.[1087.]Ps. CXVII; CXVIII, 4. See chapter [LVI].[1088.]Singer's Prayerb., 48.[1089.]Mek. Amalek at close; Cant. R. II, 28; IV Ezra VI, 9-10.[1090.]B. Wisdom V, 16; Sibyll. III, 76 b.[1091.]Sifra Kedoshim at close; Sifre Deut. 323.[1092.]Cuzari IV, 23; Maim. H. Melakim XI, 4.[1093.]Maim.: Commentary to Eduyoth at close.[1094.]Pes. R. XXXIV, p. 158 ref. to Zeph. III, 8. See Friedman's note.[1095.]Zech. IV, 6.[1096.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2.[1097.]P. 374-378.[1098.]Isa. LXVI, 22.[1099.]Part II, p. 332.[1100.]Isa. LXI, 6.[1101.]Ex. XIX, 22 f.[1102.]Lev. XXI, 6; XXII, 2.[1103.]Lev. VIII, 2, 8.[1104.]Num. XVIII, 7.[1105.]M. K. 28 b.[1106.]Ezek. XL-XLVIII.[1107.]Deut. X, 16. Comp. Jer. IX, 24.[1108.]Gen. XVII, 9.[1109.]Lev. XXV, 1-24.[1110.]Deut. XIV, 2-11; Lev. XI. Comp. Ezek. XLIV, 31, and Judg. XIII, 4.[1111.]Num. XV, 40.[1112.]See J. E., art. Pharisees.[1113.]II Macc. II, 17.[1114.]Aboth. I, 1.[1115.]See Perles: Bousset, 68, 89.[1116.]Aristeas 139-152.[1117.]Ned. 20 a.[1118.]See Schechter, Studies, I, 233 ff. I. Abrahams in J. Q. R. XI, 62; b ff., and Claude Montefiore, J. Q. R. XIII, 161-217.[1119.]Lev. XXII, 32.[1120.]Sifra Emor. IX.[1121.]Yesode ha Torah V. Comp. Lazarus: Ethics, 29, 184.[1122.]Isa. XLIII, 12.[1123.]Pesik. 102 b.[1124.]Perles, l. c., 68 f.[1125.]Yer. B. M. II, 8 c.[1126.]Sifra Kedoshim 1.[1127.]Mak. 23 b.[1128.]Ps. XXIV, 3-4; XV, 1-5.[1129.]Deut. XXXIII, 4.[1130.]Num. XI, 29.[1131.]Jer. XXXI, 34.[1132.]Isa. LIV, 13.[1133.]Deut. IV, 6.[1134.]Isa. XLII, 4.[1135.]Isa. II, 3; Micah IV, 2.[1136.]See Guedemann: Das Judenthum, 67 f.; Jued. Apologetik, 12b; Schechter: Studies, I, 233 f., and Aspects, I, 116 f.[1137.]II Kings XXII, 8 f.[1138.]Neh. VIII-X.[1139.]See Gunkel: Israel u. Babylonien; Jeremias: Moses u. Hammurabi; H. Grimme: D. Gesetz Chammurabi's u. Moses'; George Cohen: D. Gesetze Hammurabi's; D. M. Mueller: D. Gesetz Hammurabi's u. d. mosaische Gesetzgebung.[1140.]See Chapter LIX.[1141.]Sota 14 a.[1142.]Yer. Kid. IV, 1; 65 c.[1143.]Sifra Ahare Moth 13.[1144.]Deut. VI, 7; XI, 19; XXX, 14; Ex. XIII, 9.[1145.]Deut. XXXI, 12.[1146.]See Elbogen: D. Jued. Gottesdienst, 174 f.[1147.]Isa. LI, 4, 7-8.[1148.]Ps. XIX, 7-10.[1149.]Aboth I, 2.[1150.]Mek. Beshallah 45 b, note by Friedman; Yalkut Yithro 286.[1151.]B. Sira XXIV, 8-10; comp. Bousset, l. c., 136 f.[1152.]See Josephus: Cont. Apion. II, 36 f., 39; Aristobulus in Eusebius: Prep. Ev. XIII, 121, 413; Cuzari, I, 63 f.; II, 66; comp. Cassel, l. c. ad loc.[1153.]Josephus, l. c., I, 22; Gutschmidt: Kleine Schriften, IV, 578; Th. Reinach: Textes Relatifs au Judaism, 11-13.[1154.]J. E., art. Adonai.[1155.]Ps. CXV, 11; CXVIII, 4; comp. Bernays: Ges. Abh., II, 71; Schuerer, l. c., III, 124 f.[1156.]Shab. 88 b.; Ex. R. V, 9; Tanh. Shemoth, ed. Buber, 22; Midr. Teh. Ps. LXVIII, 6; Acts II, 6; Spitta: Apostelgeschichte, 27, referring to Philo II, 295.[1157.]Sifre Deut. XXXIII, 2; XXVII, 8; Sota 35 b.[1158.]Shab., 88 a, b.[1159.]Aboth I, 12.[1160.]J. E., art. Zealots.[1161.]Ber. 61 b.[1162.]Weber, l. c., 46-56; he fails completely to grasp this spirit.[1163.]Song of Songs, V, 2.[1164.]Aboth. III, 21.[1165.]Deut. XXXIII, 18. See Gen. R. XCIX, 11.[1166.]Gen. L, 20.[1167.]See J. E., art. “Commerce”; American Encyclopedia, art. Jewish Commerce; Publ. Am. Hist. Soc. X, 47; Schulman in Judaean Addresses, II, 77 ff., and Lecky: Rationalism in Europe, II, 272.[1168.]See Saadia: Emunoth, III, 17, quoted by Schechter: Aspects, 105.[1169.]Isa. II, 2; Micah IV, 1; see Pesik 144 b; Midr. Teh. Ps. XXXVI, 6; LXXXVII, 3.[1170.]Ps. XLIV, 12-25.[1171.]Ezek. XXXIX, 23-26.[1172.]Lev. XXVI, 40-42.[1173.]I Kings VIII, 47-50.[1174.]Ps. CXIX, 92.[1175.]Pesik. 139 b.[1176.]Ezek. XVIII, 2.[1177.]Isa. XL, 2.[1178.]Job I, 8; II, 3; XLII, 7, 8.[1179.]Isa. XLII, 1 f.; XLIX, 1; L, 4; LII, 13-LIII, 12.[1180.]See Ibn Ezra, quoting Saadia; Ewald and Giesebrecht, commentaries; Sellin: Serubabel, 96 f., 144 f.; also Davidson, l. c., p. 356-398.[1181.]Isa. LII, 13-LIII, 12. In LIII, 9, we should read “the evil-doers” instead of “the rich” by a slight amendment of the text.[1182.]Isa. L, 6.[1183.]Isa. XLII, 4.[1184.]Isa. XLIX, 1-6.[1185.]Job XLII, 10-17.[1186.]The disappointment is especially voiced in Ps. LXXX, 16 f.; LXXIX, 40-46.[1187.]See Targum and Abravanel to Isa. LII, 13; comp. Pes. R. XXXVI-XXXVII; Sanh. 98 b.[1188.]He is called Taeb “Moses redivivus,” after Deut. XVIII, 18. Merk, E. Samarit. Fragment ueb. d. Taeb. See Bousset, l. c., 258; J. E., art. Samaritans.[1189.]Suk. 52 a; Jellinek: B. H. III, 141 f; Schuerer, l. c., II, 535.[1190.]J. E., art. Messiah.[1191.]Contra Celsum I, 155.[1192.]See commentaries of Cheyne, Duhm, Giesebrecht, and others.[1193.]Isa. L, 8-9.[1194.]Comp. Pesik. 131 b; Ex. R. II, 7.[1195.]Zech. II, 12. See Geiger: Urschrift, 324, as to the Soferic Emendation.[1196.]Pesik. 76 a; Eccl. R. III, 19; Lev. R. XXVII, 5.[1197.]Yoma 23 a, referring to Jud. V, 31.[1198.]See Gressmann: Urspr. d. israel. u. jued. Eschatologie,—an instructive work, but full of unsubstantiated assertions, thus failing to do justice to the creative genius of the Jewish prophets.[1199.]Isa. XI, 1-8.[1200.]Isa. IX, 5; the note in the new Jewish translation takes the words in a different sense.[1201.]Jer. XXIII, 5; XXXIII, 15; Zech. III, 8; VI, 12; see Sellin. l. c. Compare Ps. LXXX, 16 f.; LXXXIV, 10; LXXXIX, 39, 52; CXXX, 10; see Ewald's commentary.[1202.]Ezek. XXXVIII-XXXIX; Sibyll. III, 663; J. E., art. Gog u. Magog; Bousset, l. c., 231 f.[1203.]For the prince of peace, see, for example, Zech. IX, 9.[1204.]See Bousset, l. c., 255-261.[1205.]See Targum to Isa. XI, 4, where the older Mss. read Arimalyus, later on corrupted into Armillus. See Bousset, l. c., 589.[1206.]Dan. II; VII; IX; see J. E., art. Eschatology.[1207.]Sota IX, 15; Enoch XCIX, 4; C, 1; Matt. XXIV, 8; Bousset, l. c., 286.[1208.]Mal. III, 23; B. Sira XLVIII, 10 f.; Sibyll. II, 187.[1209.]Isa. XXVII, 13; B. Sira XXXVI, 13; Tobit XIII, 13; Enoch XC, 32; II Macc. II, 18; Bousset, l. c., 271.[1210.]See Chap. [LII].[1211.]IV Ezra VIII, 28.[1212.]Sanh. 96 f.; J. E., art. Eschatology; Bousset, l. c.[1213.]Sanh. 97 a, b, 99.[1214.]Midr. Teh. Ps. CXLVI, 4; see Buber's note.[1215.]Ket. 111-112; comp. Irenæus: Adver. Haeres. V, 32.[1216.]See Ekah. R. II, 2; J. E., art. Bar Kokba.[1217.]Pesik. 144 a, b.[1218.]Ber. 34 b.[1219.]Sanh. 97 b.[1220.]Sanh. 97 a.[1221.]Sanh. 98 b.[1222.]Commentary to San. X; Yad, H. Melakim, XI-XII; H. Teshubah VIII-IX.[1223.]Notes of R. A. B. D. to Maimuni.[1224.]Ikkarim, IV, 42.[1225.]See Philipson: The Reform Movement in Judaism, 246 f.[1226.]See Einhorn: Sinai I, 133; Leopold Stein: Schrift des Lebens, 320, 336. For the term Messiah comp. Ps. LV, 15; Hab. III, 13; also Ps. XXVIII, 8; LXXXIV, 10; LXXXIX, 39, 52.[1227.]See J. E., art. Resurrection.[1228.]Deut. XXXII, 39; see Sifre ad loc.[1229.]I Sam. II, 6; see Midr. Sh'muel, ad loc.[1230.]Isa. XXVI, 19; Dan. XII, 2.[1231.]Hosea VI, 1-2; comp. XIII, 14.[1232.]Ezek. XXXVII, 1-14.[1233.]Isa. XXV, 8.[1234.]Isa. XXVI, 19. Instead of “my dead bodies” in the new Bible translation, read “thy dead,” and instead of “light” translate oroth, after II Kings IV, 39, “herb,” which means “dew of revival”; the last is also a rabbinic term.[1235.]Dan. XII, 2.[1236.]See II Macc. VII, 9-36; XII, 43; XIV, 46; Sibyll. II, 47; Midr. Teh. Ps. XVII, 13.[1237.]See Joel IV, 2; Erub. 19 a, ref. to Isa. XXXI., 9; Enoch XXVIII, 1.[1238.]Isa. LX, 21.[1239.]Sanh. X, 1.[1240.]Kid. I, 10; Matt. V, 5, ref. to Ps. XXXVII, 11; Enoch V, 7.[1241.]Ezek. XXVI, 20.[1242.]Isa. XLII, 5.[1243.]Keth. 111 a.[1244.]Ps. CXVI, 9; Yer. Keth. XII, 35 b; Pesik. R, I, 2 b.[1245.]Ber. 15 b; Alphabet d. R. Akiba in Jellinek, B. H. III, 31; Targum Yer. to Ex. XX, 15; I Cor. XV, 52.[1246.]Keth. l. c.[1247.]Ex. IV, 22.[1248.]Isa. XIX, 25.[1249.]Isa. XLII, 4; XLV, 23; LI, 5; Zeph. III, 9; Zech. VIII, 22; XIV, 9.[1250.]Lev. XX, 26; Deut. XX, 16-18; comp. Gen. R. II, 4; III, 10.[1251.]Weber. l. c., 57-79.[1252.]Gen. XIV, 13; XXI, 32.[1253.]I Kings XX, 31.[1254.]Amos I-II; Isa. XXIX-XXXIII; Jer. XXV f.; Hab. I.[1255.]Gen. XVIII, 25.[1256.]Gen. XX, 3.[1257.]Job XXXI.[1258.]Kid. 31 a.[1259.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; B. B. 10 b.[1260.]See Lazarus: Ethics, 49 and appendix.[1261.]Ex. XXIII, 32.[1262.]Deut. VII, 2; XX, 16 f.[1263.]Shab. 27 b; Jubil. XXII, 16.[1264.]Isa. LX, 12; LXIII, 6; LXVI, 14 f.; Zech. XIV, 2 f.; Joel IV, 9-19; Jer. X, 25; Ps. IX, 16, 18, 20; X, 17.[1265.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2.[1266.]Jonah III-IV.[1267.]Isa. LXVI, 19-21.[1268.]Zech. IX, 1; Cant. R. VII, 10.[1269.]Sanh. 108 a; Sibyll. I, 129 f.[1270.]B. B. 15 b; Seder Olam R. XXI.[1271.]Mek. Yithro V; Ab. Z. 2 b-3 a.[1272.]Deut. IV, 19; XXIX, 25; Jer. X, 16; B. Sira XVIII, 17; comp. Bousset, l. c., 350.[1273.]Jubil. XI, 3-5; XIX, 20; Enoch XV; XIX; XCIX, 7; see Bousset, l. c., 350-351.[1274.]Yeb. 98 a, ref. to Ezek. XXIII, 20; Ab. Z., l. c. In this sense we must take the Talmudic passage: “Israel are really men, not the heathen,” Yeb. 61 a; B. M. 114 b; B. B. 16 b; whereas the passage, Lev. XVIII, 5, “which man doth to live thereby,” is declared to include all who observe the laws of humanity, Sifra eodem; Midr. Teh. Ps. I, 1-2.[1275.]Lazarus, l. c., 49.[1276.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2.[1277.]Yer. R. Sh. I, 57 a.[1278.]Ezek. XXVIII, 10; XXXI, 18; XXXII, 19-32. Possibly the prophet in speaking of arelim had in mind the Babylonian Arallu, “the nether-world”; see Ex. R. XIX, 5; Gen. R. XL; VIII, 7; Tanh. Lek Leka, ed. Buber, 27.[1279.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 4-5; Rosh ha Shana, 17 a.[1280.]B. B. 10 b; A. d. R. N. IV.[1281.]Suk. 55 b; Pesik. 193 b; Philo; Vita Mosis, 2 f; De Special; I, 3; II, 104, 227. 238.[1282.]Sifra, Ahare Moth 13.[1283.]Gen. R. L; LXV, 16; Ruth R. I, 8; J. E., art. Œnomaos.[1284.]J. E. art. Antoninus in the Talmud; Kraus: Antoninus.[1285.]Ab. Z. 30 a.[1286.]Deut. VII, 3; Sanh. 57 a-59 b.[1287.]H. Melakim VIII, 9-10.[1288.]H. Shemitta we Yobel XIII, 13.[1289.]Mal. I. 11.[1290.]Ex. XXII, 26; Philo II, 166; Josephus: Ant., IV, 8, 10; Con. Apio., II, 34; comp. Kohler: “The Halakic Portions in Josephus' Antiquities,” in H. U. C. Monthly III, 117.[1291.]See Meg. 16 a; J. E., art. Aristotle; Neumark, l. c., Index: Aristoteles, Plato, Plotin; comp. Bahya: Hoboth ha Lebaboth, and other medieval philosophic works.[1292.]Deut. IV, 37.[1293.]Ex. XXXIII, 12; Lev. XXVI, 42; Ex. R. XLIV, 7-8; Lev. R. XXXVI, 2-5.[1294.]Cant. R. I, 5.[1295.]Isa. LIV, 10; Shab. 55 a; comp. S. Hirsch: “The Doctrine of Original Virtue” in Jew. Lit. Annual, 1905; Schechter, l. c., 170 f.[1296.]Ex. XXII, 20; XXIII, 9.[1297.]Deut. X, 18-19.[1298.]Lev. XIV, 22.[1299.]Gen. XXIII, 4; Lev. XX, 35. On the term Ger see W. R. Smith: The Religion of the Semites, 75 ff.; Bertholet: Die Stellung d. Israeliten und Juden zu den Fremden, 28, 178; Schuerer, l. c., III, 150-188; Encyc. Biblica, art. Stranger and Sojourner; Cheyne, Bampton Lectures, 1889, p. 429. Commerce between the Phoenicians and Greeks was protected by the Greek god of the stranger (Zeus Xenios); see Ihering: D. Gastfreundschaft im Alterthum, Deutsche Rundschau, 1887, showing how the Phoenicians developed the Ger idea in the direction of international commerce, just as the Jews developed it toward international religion; M. J. Kohler: “Right of Asylum” in Am. Law Review, LI, p. 381.[1300.]Ex. XX, 10.[1301.]Lev. XVI, 29; XVII, 8-15; XVIII, 26; XXIV, 16-29.[1302.]Ex. XII, 48; see Yeb., 46 a-47 b; Mas. Gerim I-III. The opinion of Bertholet and Schuerer concerning the semi-proselyte or Ger Toshab is contradicted by both the Book of Jubilees and the Talmudic sources, as will be shown below.[1303.]Jer. XVI, 19.[1304.]Zech. VIII, 21-23.[1305.]Isa. XIV, 1.[1306.]Ps. XXII, 30; LXVII, 3; LXVIII, 30 f; LXXXVII, 4 f.[1307.]II. Chron. II, 16; XXX, 25.[1308.]Ps. CXV, 11; CXVIII, 4; CXXXV, 20; comp. LXVII, 8; CII, 16; Job I, 1; Tobit LXIV, 6; Sibyll. III, 572, 756; Acts X, 2; XXI, 13; V, 26 f.; XVI, 44; XVII, 4; XVIII, 7; Midr. Teh. Ps. XXII, 29; Lev. III, 2; Mek. to Ex. XXII, 20; see Bernays: Ges. Abh., II, 74.[1309.]Tos. Ab. Z. IX, 4; Sanh. 56 b-57; Gen. R. XXXIV, 7; Jubil. VII, 20 f.; Sibyll. III, 38, 762. For the thirty commandments, see Yer. Ab. Z. II, 40 c; Midr. Teh. Ps. II. 5; Gen. R. XCVIII, 9; J. Q. R., 1894, p. 259. Comp. also Pseudo-Phocylides in Bernays' Ges. Abh., I, 291 ff.; Seeberg: D. beiden Wege u. d. Aposteldecret, p. 25. Klein: Der aelteste christl. Katechismus; J. E., art. Commandments.[1310.]See Schuerer, l. c., 165, 175; Harnack, D. Mission u. Ausbreitung d. Christentums, chapter I.[1311.]Ant. XVI, 7.[1312.]Gen. R. XXVIII, 5; Cant. R. I, 4; see Matt. XXIII, 15; Jellinek, B. H. VI, Introd., p. XLVI.[1313.]II Kings C, 1-15; see LXX to verse 14; Sanh 96 b.[1314.]See Sota, 12 b; Sibyll. IV, 164; comp. Gen. R. II, 5; J. E., art. Baptism and Birth, New; Enc. Religion and Ethics, art. Baptism, Jewish.[1315.]See J. E., art. Asenath, and the passages quoted there.[1316.]Sifre and Targum to Deut. XXIII, 16-19.[1317.]Tos. Negaim VI, 2; Mas. Gerim III.[1318.]Philo, De Monarchia, I, 7.[1319.]Ps, XV, 1-2; see Cheyne's Commentary.[1320.]The article ha Zedek seems to point to Jerusalem, called “the city” or “dwelling place of righteousness” (Zedek). See Isa. I, 21; Jer. XXXI, 23; L, 7. Comp. “Gates of righteousness” (Zedek) for the Temple gates, in Ps. CXVIII, 19, and the ancient legendary hero of Jerusalem, Malki-Zedek, Gen. XIV, 18; Josephus, J. W. VI, 10; Epis. Heb. VII, 10; and Adoni Zedek, first king of Jerusalem, Josh. X, 3.[1321.]Sifre and Targum to Deut. XXXIII, 19.[1322.]Singer's Prayerb. p. 48.[1323.]See Mek. Mishpatim XVIII; comp. A. d. R. N. XXXVI ref. to Isa. XLIV, 5.[1324.]Arak. 29 a.[1325.]Vita 25.[1326.]J. W. II, 20, 2.[1327.]Josephus: Ant. XIII, 9, 1; 11, 3; XVIII, 3, 5; XX, 8, 11; Mek. Bo XV: Beluria (Fulvia or Valeria); Schuerer, III, 176; Gemeindeverf. v. Juden in Rome; Graetz: D. juedisch, Proselyten im Roemerreich; Radin: Jews among Greeks and Romans, p. 389. See also Crooks: The Jewish Rate in Ancient and Roman History.[1328.]Josephus: Ant. XX, 2-4; Yoma III, 10; Yoma 37 a.; Suk. 2 b; B. B. 11 a; Gen. R. XLVI, 8.[1329.]Midrash Tadshe in Jellinek: B. H. III, 111; Epstein: Jued. Alierthumskunde, XLIII.[1330.]See J. E., art. Asenath.[1331.]Comp. Sifre Num. 178.[1332.]I Chron. IV, 18; Meg. 13 a.[1333.]Meg. 15 b.[1334.]Philo: De Nobilitate, 6; II, 443.[1335.]Ruth II, 12.[1336.]Ab. d. R. N., ed. Schechter, 53 f.; Shab. 31 a; Lev. R. II, 8.[1337.]See Bertholet, l. c., 285-287.[1338.]Ab. d. R. N., l. c.[1339.]Mek. to Ex. XVIII, 27.[1340.]Gen. R. XXXIX, 14; Yeb. 22 a; comp. Pes. VIII, 8.[1341.]Yeb. 46 a; comp. Josephus: Ant. XX, 2-4.[1342.]Shab. 31 a.[1343.]Lev, R. II, 8.[1344.]Gen. R. LXX, 5; B. M. 59 b.[1345.]Mekilta, l. c.; comp. Ab. d. R. N. XXXVI, ed. Schechter, 107.[1346.]Midr. Teh. Ps. CXLVI, 9; Num. R. VIII, 2.[1347.]Prov. VIII, 17; Num. R., l. c.[1348.]Schuerer, l. c., III, 4; Radin, l. c.[1349.]Yeb. 24 b; Yer. Kid., IV, 65 b.[1350.]Apion, II, 10, 3.[1351.]Yeb. 47 a; comp. Mas. Gerim I.[1352.]See J. E., art. Didache and Klein, l. c.[1353.]Git. 56 b; Ab. Z. 10 b; on Clemens see Graetz: H. J. II, 387-389; but see literature in Schuerer, l. c., III, 169.[1354.]Git. 56 b-57.[1355.]Ex. R. XIX, 4; comp. Midr. Teh. Ps. LXXXVII, 4, ref. to I Sam. II, 36 and Isa. LXVI, 2; comp. Bacher: Agada d. Palest. Amorder., III, 45, 363.[1356.]Yeb. 47 b; 109 b; Kid. 70 b, ref. Isa. XIV to Lev. XIV, 56.[1357.]Ex. R. XIX, 5.[1358.]See Bacher, l. c., II, 115-118.[1359.]Num. R. VIII, 1.[1360.]Gen. R. LXX, 5.[1361.]Ab. Z. 3 b.[1362.]B. M. 59 b.[1363.]Midr. Teh. Ps. XXII, 34; here also a later Haggadist removes the reference to the half-proselytes. See Buber, l. c.; Yer. Meg. I, 72 b.[1364.]Num. R. VIII, 10.[1365.]Shab. 31 a.[1366.]See com. to Ps. LXXXVII, and LXX version.[1367.]Yearb. C. C. A. R., 1891, 1892, 1895.[1368.]Isa. XXVI, 2.[1369.]Philo, De Penitentia, 2.[1370.]See J. E., art. Apostasy and Apostates.[1371.]See J. E., art. Apologetic and Polemical Literature.[1372.]Ber. 28 a; Singer's Prayerb. 48.[1373.]Cant. R. I. 6.[1374.]Deut. XXV, 3 and Sifre ad loc.; Sanh. 44 a.[1375.]Sifra Wayikra 2.[1376.]Sifre Num. 112; R. H., 17 a; Tos. Sanh. XIII, 5.[1377.]Zech. XIV, 8-9.[1378.]Cusari, IV, 23; Maim.: H. Melakim XI, 41; Responsa, 58; Nahmanides: Derashah, ed. Jellinek, 5; see Rashi and Tosafot to Ab. Z. 2 a, 57 b; Sanh. 63 b.[1379.]Solomon ben Adret; Responsa, 302; Yore Deah CXLVIII, 12; Jacob Emden, Comm. to Abot. V, 17; comp. Chwolson: D. Blutanklage, 64-79.[1380.]Isaac ben Sheshet's Responsa, 119.[1381.]Yer. Shab. XIV, 14 d; Ab. Z. II, 40 d; Sota, 47 a; Sanh. 103 a; Eccl. R. I, 24-25.[1382.]See J. E., art. Christianity; Ebionites; Minim; and comp. the various Church Histories.[1383.]See J. E., art. Saul of Tarsus.[1384.]Sanh. 97 a.[1385.]Lev. XIII, 13: Kullo happak laben, instead of laban.[1386.]Ab. d. R. N. XXXIV; Lev. R. XIII, 4 ref. to Ps. LXXX, 14; Midr. Teh. Ps., l. c.[1387.]H. Akkum IX, 4.[1388.]Tosaf. Sanh. 63 b; Isserles Sh. Ar. Orah Hayim, 156; comp. J. E. art. Sanhedrin, Napoleonic.[1389.]Edom, the name for Rome since the time of the Idumean Herod, became the name for the Church of Rome, while Yavan = Greek was the name given to the Greek Church.[1390.]On Ishmael and Edom see Steinschneider: Polemisch. u. Apologet. Literatur, 256-273; on Mohammed, eodem, 302-388.[1391.]See Wuensche: “Urspr. d. Parabel v. d. drei Ringen” in Lessing-Mendelssohn Gedenkbuch, Leipzig, 1879; comp. Steinschneider, l. c., 37, 317, 319; Hebr. Bibliogr. IV, 79; XII, 21; Dunlop-Liebrecht: Gesch. d. Prosadichtung, p. 221, note to 294 f.[1392.]See Schreiner: D. juengst. Urteile u. d. Judenth., 3-5.[1393.]Shebet Yehudah, ed. Wiener, p. 107. See Steinschneider: Heb. Bibl., l. c.[1394.]Deut. XXXIII, 2; see Steinschneider: “Pol. u. Apol. Lit.,” 317 f.[1395.]Tos. Sanh. XIII, 2; Sanh. 105 a; Maimonides: H. Teshubah III, 5.[1396.]Matt. III, 2; Luke III, 3; Josephus: Ant. XVIII, 5, 2; see J. E., art. John the Baptist. Perhaps John was identical with Hanan, “the hidden one,” a popular saint called “father” by the people, and believed to be a descendant of Moses, a grandson of Onias the rainmaker, and a rain-invoking saint himself. See Taan. 23 b; Tanh. Waera, ed. Buber, II, 37.[1397.]Matt. III, 33; Mark I, 7; Luke III, 21; John I, 29-40.[1398.]Matt. IV, 12; XIV, 10.[1399.]J. E., art. Christianity; Jesus; New Testament; Simon Kaifa. Among the Gospels, that of Luke has the oldest records, rather than Mark. See also Spitta: D. Synoptische Grundschrift.[1400.]See J. E., art. John the Baptist.[1401.]Matt. XXI, 12, and parallels; comp. Yer. Taan. IV, 8; Tos. Menah. XIII, 21.[1402.]Matt. XXVII, 37-42, and parallels.[1403.]John XX; the latter part of the Gospel of John belonged originally to Matthew.[1404.]Matt. XIV, 24 f.; XVII, 1; see Wellhausen: Comm.[1405.]See J. E., art. Ebionites.[1406.]See J. E., art. Apostles.[1407.]J. E., art. Didache and Didascalia; Klein, l. c.[1408.]Acts XV, 5-29; comp. R. Seeberg: Das Aposteldecret; Didache u. d. Urchristenheit.[1409.]J. E., art. Saul of Tarsus.[1410.]Paul's opposition to the law includes the moral law, and even the Decalogue. See Romans VII-VIII; X, 4; XIV; I Cor. VI, 1-3, 15; VII, 31; VIII; II Cor. III, 3.[1411.]See J. E., art. Cross.[1412.]Luke VI, 20-49; comp. with Matt. V-VII; XXIII, 15-36. See Claude Montefiore, The Synoptic Gospels, I and II; G. Friedlander, Jewish Sources of the Sermon on the Mount; Kohler: “D. Naechstenliebe im Judenth.,” Judaica, Berlin, 1912.[1413.]Matt. V, 17-18.[1414.]See J. E., and Enc. Rel. and Ethics, art. Pharisees; Lauterbach, “The Sad. and Phar.,” in Stud. in Jew. Lit., Berlin, 1913; Herford: Pharisaism; Wuensche: Neue Beitr. z. Erläuterung d. Evangelien.[1415.]See J. E., art. Mohammed; Islam; and the works of Muir, W. Robertson Smith, Hirschfeld; of Geiger, Weil, Sprenger, von Kremer, Noeldeke, Grimme, Dozy, and above all Goldziher, on the Koran, Mohammed and Islam; also Enc. Religion and Ethics, VIII, 871-907.[1416.]See Draper, Conflict of Religion with Science; Intellectual Development of Europe; Lecky, History of Rationalism; Andrew D. White: Warfare between Religion and Science; Krauskopf: Jews and Moors in Spain.[1417.]Zech. XIV, 6-9.[1418.]Isa. LXVI, 20.[1419.]Isa. XXVIII, 16.[1420.]Ex. XIX, 6; Num. XXIII, 9; Deut. VII, 2-6; Isa. LXI, 6; 9; Maim. H. Issure Biah XII, 1; Sh. A. Eben ha Ezer XVI, 1; Einhorn in Jewish Times 1876, against Sam. Hirsch; Samuel Schulman in Y. B. C. C. A. R. 1909, comp. D. Philipson, l. c. Index s. v. Intermarriage; J. E., art. Intermarriage; also Mielziner: The Jewish Law of Marriage and Divorce, p. 45-54, where the opinions of L. Philippson, Geiger, Aub, Einhorn and I. M. Wise are quoted.[1421.]Lazarus, l. c., § 159.[1422.]See Kohler: “Origin a. Function of Ceremonies in Judaism,” in Y. B. C. C. of Am. R., 1907. Rosenau: Jewish Ceremonies, Institutions a. Customs, 1912.[1423.]See art. Synagogue, in various encyclopedias; Enelow: The Synagogue in Modern Life; Schuerer, l. c., II, 429; Bousset, l. c., 197 ff.[1424.]See Chapter [LVI] above; J. E., art. Proselyte.[1425.]See J. E., art. Bar Mizwah and Confirmation.[1426.]Gen. XVII, 10-14.[1427.]Singer's Prayerb., p. 305.[1428.]Ex. IV, 25; see commentaries; Ebers: Ægypten, B. M. I, 183.[1429.]Josephus: Ant. XX, 2,4; Shab. 130 b, 133 b, 156 a; Men. 42 a; Ab. Z. 26 b; comp. Gen. R. XLVI, 9.[1430.]Ab. Z. 27 a.[1431.]Ex. IV, 25; Josh. V, 2; comp. Tylor: Early History of Mankind, 217-222; J. E. and Encyc. of Rel. and Ethics, art. Circumcision; Ploss: Knabenbeschneidung, p. 11.[1432.]Gen. XVII, 10-14; comp. Deut. X, 16; Jer. IX, 25; Claude Montefiore: Hibbert Lectures, 229, 337.[1433.]I Macc. I, 15, 48, 60; Josephus: Ant. XII, 5, 1; Aboth III, 11; Tos. Shab. XV, 9; Yer. Peah I, 16 b; Gen. R. XLVI, 9; Jubil. XV, 26 f.[1434.]Yer. Shab. XIX, 6; Yeb. 71 b.[1435.]Gen. R. XLVIII, 7; Tanh. Lek Leka, ed. Buber, 27; Singer's Prayerb., 304, after Tos. Ber. VI, 12, 13; Shab. 137 b.[1436.]P. d. R. El. XIX.[1437.]Ploss: Geschicht. u. Ethnol. ue. Knabenbeschneidung, 1844; Encyc. Rel. and Ethics, art. Circumcision.[1438.]Zunz: Ges. Schr. II, 197; comp. Rabbin Gutachlen ue. d. Beschneidung, 1844; Frankel: Zeitsch., 1844, p. 66-67.[1439.]See J. E., art. Circumcision; Sam. Cohn: Gesch. d. Beschneidung b. d. Juden (Hebrew), Cracaw, 1903, for the extensive literature.[1440.]Philo II, 210; Josephus: Con. Apion. II, 13; Saadia: Emunoth, III, 10; Maimonides: Moreh, III, 49; Michaelis: Mosaisches Recht, IV, 184-186.[1441.]Maimonides, l. c., III, 48; Samuel ben Meir to Lev. XI, 3; Michaelis, l. c., IV, 202.[1442.]Lev. XI; Deut. XIV, 3-21; Ex. XXII, 30; Lev. VII, 23; XVII, 9 f.; see Kalisch's: commentary to Lev. vol. II, 2-189; J. E., art. Dietary Laws.[1443.]Lev. XX, 24-26, which belongs to Lev. XI, 1-47; comp. Deut. XIV, 3-21.[1444.]See Ezek. XLIV, 31; IV, 14; Jud. XIII, 7, 14. The law in Ex. XXII, 30, “Ye shall be holy men unto Me, therefore ye shall not eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field,” seems to have been originally only for priests and other holy men.[1445.]See Laws of Manu, V, 7; 11-20 in Sacred Books of the East, XXV, 171 f.; comp. II, 64; XIV, 38-48; 74; 184; Bundahish, XIV; S. B. E. V, 47; Chwolson: Die Szabier, II, 7; 102; Porphyrius: De Abstinentia, IV, 7; Sommer, Bibl. Abh. 271-322; J. E., l. c., 599.[1446.]Ex. XIX, 6.[1447.]Gen. VII, 2, 8.[1448.]II Macc. VI, 18; VII, 41.[1449.]Aristeas, 144-170.[1450.]Sifra to Lev. XX, 26; Tanh. to Lev. XI, 2.[1451.]Shab. 17 b; Ab. Z. 36 b, 38 a, 8 a; Sanh. 104 a; P. d. R. El. XXIX.[1452.]Moreh, III, 25; see also Morris Joseph, l. c., 180-189.[1453.]For the orthodox view, see S. R. Hirsch: Horeb, Chap. LXVIII; M. Friedlander: The Jewish Religion, 237; for the reform, Einhorn: Sinai, 1859; Kohler: Jewish Times, 1872; Geiger: Ges. Schr. I, 253 f.[1454.]Deut. VI, 8-9; XI, 18-20; Num. XV, 38-39.[1455.]Comp. Prov. III, 3; Samuel ben Meir to Ex. XIII, 9.[1456.]Ex. XIII, 9 and commentaries.[1457.]Stanley: Hist. of the Jewish Church, I, 561; Peterman: Reisen im Orient, I, 237.[1458.]Curtiss: Ursemitische Religion, Chap. XX-XXI; Kohler: Monatsschrift, 1893, p. 445, note.[1459.]Ber. 6 a, 14 b, 23 a, b; Tos. Ber. VII, 25; Midr. Teh. to Ps. VI, 1; Yer. Peah I, 15 d; Targum Song of Songs, VIII, 3; Pes. III b; Schorr: HeHalutz, VII, 56-57; Baentsch: Comm. to Num. XV, 37; also Schuerer, G. V. II, 483-486.[1460.]Cant. R. III, 11; Sifre Deut. 43; M. K. 16 b.[1461.]Kohler, l. c.: comp. Schechter: Studies, I, 249; Morris Joseph, l. c., p. 178, where he quotes Maimonides H. Tefillin IV, 25.[1462.]See art. Sabbath in various encyclopedias and the Babel-Bibel controversies; Zimmern and Schrader: K. A. T., II, 592 f.; Jastrow: American Journal of Theology, 1898, p. 315-352.[1463.]Ex. XX, 8-11; XVI, 23-29; XXXV, 2-3; XXXI, 13; comp. Jer. XVIII, 21-27; Neh. XIII, 15-18.[1464.]Deut. V, 12-15; Ex. XXIII, 12; XXXIV, 21; comp. Isa. LVIII, 13.[1465.]See Jubilees II, 23-30; L, 6; Geiger, Zeitsch., 1868, 116; Nachgel. Schr., III, 286 f.; V, 142 f.; Schechter: Document of a Jewish Sect, I; XXV; XLVIII-L; Halevi: The Commandments of the Sabbath for the Falashas, 1902; Harkavy L. K., II, 69 f., for the Karaites.[1466.]Shab. VII, 2, 70 a; Mek. Wayakhel.[1467.]Mek. Ki Thisla I, comp. Mark II. 2 f.[1468.]Isa. LVIII; Shab. 118 a, b; Mek. Yithro VII; Pes, R. XXIII, p. 121.[1469.]II Kings IV, 23.[1470.]Philo II, 137, 166, 281, 631.[1471.]See Schechter: Studies, I, 249 f.; Morris Joseph, l. c., 202-214.[1472.]See David Philipson: Reform Movement in Judaism, 275-302, 503-508; E. G. Hirsch in J. E., art. Sabbath; Sabbath and Sunday.[1473.]See Schaff-Herzog Encyc., art. Sunday.[1474.]See I Sam. XX, 5-27, where the two new-moon days are spoken of as approaching, proving the use of the Babylonian month of four weeks of seven days each, and two new-moon days.[1475.]II Kings IV, 23; Prov. VII, 20; comp. Ps. LXXXI, 4, Kese.[1476.]Ex. XX, 11; Gen. II, 2-3.[1477.]II Kings IV, 23; Isa. I, 13; LXVI, 23.[1478.]Num. XXVIII, 11 f.[1479.]Mek. Bo I; Pes. R. XV; P. d. R. El. LI; Sanh. 42 a; Singer's Prayerb., 292.[1480.]Isa. XXX, 26; LX, 20.[1481.]Ex. XII, 11-27; Deut, XVI, 1; see the commentaries, also Clay Trumbull: The Threshold Covenant; Curtiss, l. c.[1482.]In Deut. the Passover sacrifice was the first-born of the flock, see Deut. XVI, 2, comp. with Ex. XIII, 2-16, and the celebration took place on the night of the new moon. The Priestly Code observed it on the full moon, with a lamb instead of the first-born sheep or cattle. Ex. XII, 3 f.; Lev, XXIII, 5 (the Holiness Code); Josh. V, 10.[1483.]About the watch-night, see Jubilees XLVIII, 5; Pesah. 109 b.[1484.]See Einhorn's Prayerbook, 485; Holdheim: Prediglen, 1853, II, 189, referring to Jer. XXIII, 7-8; Tos. Ber. I, 12; Ber. 12 b.[1485.]Ex. XXIII, 16; XXXIV, 22; Deut. XVI, 9; Lev. XXIII, 10-17.[1486.]Ex. R. XXXI, 17, with reference to Ex. XIX, 1; Jubilees VI, 17-21.[1487.]See J. E., art. Confirmation.[1488.]Deut. XVI, 13; Lev. XXIII, 34-43; comp. I Kings VIII, 65; Ezek. XLV, 23; R. h. Sh. I, 2.[1489.]See Ex. XII, 37; XIII, 20; Num. XXXIII, 5, and comp. Mek. Bo 14; Sifra Emor XVII.[1490.]Zech. XIV, 16-19; comp. Is. XII, 3; Suk. V, 1-4; Tos. Suk. IV, 1-9; Piyut to the Sukkoth festival.[1491.]Suk. I-IV; Talmud and Codes.[1492.]Ibn Yarchi: Manhig, H. Suk. 53-60; T. O. Ch. DCLXIX; J. E., art. Simhath Torah.[1493.]Pesik. 193 b; Suk. 55 b; Philo: De Victimis, I, 2, II, 238-239.[1494.]Lev. XXIII, 24-32; comp. Neh. VIII, 1-18.[1495.]J. E., art. New Year's Day; Life, Book of.[1496.]R. h. Sh. IV, 6-7; Tos. R. h. Sh. IV, 4-9; R. h. Sh. 27 a; Singer's Prayerb., 247-254, and Abrahams Ann. CXCV, 111 f.; and Union Prayer Book, II, 70-75.[1497.]Lev. XVI, 2-34; comp. Ezek. XLV, 18-20.[1498.]Yoma VI; Kalish's commentary to Lev. XVI; Taan. IV, 8; comp. Jud. XXI, 21; see Morgenstern in Journal Oriental Soc., 1917, and J.Q.R. 1917, p. 94.[1499.]Yoma IV-VI; comp. Lev. R. XXI, 11; V, 1.[1500.]Num. XIV, 20; XV, 26.[1501.]Lev. XVI, 30; Sifra Ahare VI; Yoma 30 b; Yer. Yoma V, 42 c.[1502.]Yoma VIII, 9.[1503.]P. d. R. El. XLVI; Taan. 30 b; B. B. 121 a; S. Olam R. VI; T. d. El. Zutta IV; Ex. R. LI, 4. Jubilees XXXIV, 18-19 connects the Day of Atonement with the repentance of Joseph's brethren.[1504.]Yoma, l. c.[1505.]Comp. above, Chapter [XXXIX].[1506.]Josephus J. W. VI, 4, 5; Meg. Taan. V; Taan. IV, 4; Taan. 12 a, 29 ab. J. E., art. Ab, Ninth of; see also Pes. R. XXVI-XXXIII; Pesik. 110 b-148 a.[1507.]Zech. IV, 6; J. E., art. Hanukka; Maccabees.[1508.]Meg. IV, 5; 18 a, 21 b; J. E., art. Purim; Esther; Sifre to Deut. 296.[1509.]Ber. 13 a.[1510.]Deut. IV, 6.[1511.]See Zunz: Gottesdienstliche Vortraege.[1512.]Yoma 66 b; comp. R. Eliezer's other dictum, Sota III, 4.[1513.]Num. XII, 2.[1514.]See Geiger's Zeitschr., 1836, 1 f., 354; 1839, 333 f.[1515.]Graetz, H. J. III, 244 f.; L. Loew: Ges. Sch. III, 57.[1516.]See Landsberg in J. E., art. Confirmation; L. Loew: Lebensalter, 17.[1517.]See his Introduction.[1518.]Comp. Schechter: Studies, II, 148 f., 202 f.[1519.]Deut. XXIX, 28.[1520.]Deut. XXX, 11-14.[1521.]Isa. LVI, 7.[1522.]Zech. XIV, 9.[1523.]Cuzari, I, 103; II, 12.[1524.]Sifre to Deut. VI, 5.[1525.]Hab. II, 14.[1526.]Singer's Prayerb., 8.[1527.]Lev. XIX, 2; comp. on the whole E. G. Hirsch in J. E., art. Ethics.[1528.]See Alenu in Singer's Prayerb., 67 f.; Union Prayerbook, I, 48, 104 f.[1529.]Shab. 119 b.[1530.]Deut. XI, 22; Sifre Deut. 49.[1531.]Deut. XIII, 5; Sota 14 a; see Schechter: Aspects, 200-203.[1532.]Aboth. I, 3; IV, 2; E. G. Hirsch in J. E., art Ethics. See Toy: Judaism and Christianity, p. 260.[1533.]Deut. X, 19.[1534.]Micah VI, 8.[1535.]Ps. XXIV, 3-4.[1536.]See J. E., art. Essenes, Hasidim and Test. Twelve Patriarchs: Iss. V, 2; VII, 6; Dan. V, 3.[1537.]Lev. XIX, 14, 32; Sifra ad loc. B. M. 58 b.[1538.]Shab. 31 a; comp. J. E., art. Didache and Klein, l. c.[1539.]Tanh. Shemini, ed. Buber, § 12; comp. Lauterbach, Ethics of Halakah, p. 12.[1540.]Aboth. I, 14.[1541.]Sanh. IV, 5.[1542.]Yer. Kid. IV, 66 d.[1543.]Taan. 22 b; Ned. 10 a.[1544.]Lev. R. XXXIV, 3, ref. to Prov. XI, 17.[1545.]Sanh. 18 a, 19 a.[1546.]Keth. V, 5.[1547.]Prov. XVI, 32; Shab. 105 b; Ned. 22 b; Sota 4 b; Ber. 43 b.[1548.]Ps. LXXXI, 10.[1549.]See above, chapter [L, par. 6].[1550.]Semakot II; R. Eleazar in B. K. 91 b with reference to Gen. IX, 5. Prof. Lauterbach referred me to Shebet Mussar, XX, obviously a quotation from some lost Midrash.[1551.]Job XLII, 7.[1552.]Lev. XXV, 42, 55; Tos. B. K. VII, 5; Kid. 22 d.[1553.]Targ. to Lev. XIX, 18; Tobit IV, 15; Philo II, 236.[1554.]Ex. XXIII, 4-5; Prov. XXIV, 17; XXV, 21.[1555.]Ab. d R. N., ed. Schechter, 53, 60.[1556.]Eodem, 64.[1557.]Aboth. I, 12.[1558.]Philo II, 284 f.[1559.]Deut. X, 18-19.[1560.]Isa. XXVI, 9.[1561.]Isa. XXXIII, 15.[1562.]Sifra Behar IV; B. M. 58 b.[1563.]Tos. B. K. VII, 8; B. M. III, 27; B. B. 88 a-90 b; Makk. 24 a.[1564.]Sanh. 24 b.[1565.]B. B. 90 b.[1566.]Lev. XIX, 36; B. M. 49 a.[1567.]Deut. XVI, 20.[1568.]Kad ha Kemah, s. v. Gezelah.[1569.]Ps. XV, 3.[1570.]Pes. 118 a.[1571.]Shab. 97 a; Yoma 19 b.[1572.]Mek. Mishpatim 82; B. K. 79 b; B. M. 58 b-59 a; Lauterbach l. c. 20-21.[1573.]Peah V, 6; Prov. XXIII, 10.[1574.]Ex. XXIII, 24.[1575.]Tanh. Mishpatim. ed. Buber, 8.[1576.]Lev. XXV, 35; Sifra ad loc.[1577.]Isa. V, 8.[1578.]Amos VIII, 4.[1579.]Prov. XI, 26.[1580.]Deut. XXI, 1-8.[1581.]Sifre ad loc.; Sota IX, 7.[1582.]Matt. VI, 25-28, V, 39; comp. Cor. VI, 6-7.[1583.]Yeb. 62 a, 63 a.[1584.]Prov. XXII, 29; Ned. 49 b.[1585.]Ber. 8 a, ref. to Ps. CXXVIII, 2.[1586.]Keth. 50 a.[1587.]Morris Joseph in Religious Systems of the World, 1892, p. 701.[1588.]Deut. I, 17; see Schmiedl: D. Lehre v. Kampf um's Recht, 1875.[1589.]Ps. XXXVII, 11; Shab. 88 b.[1590.]Ex. XXIII, 5; Deut. XXV, 4; Prov. XII, 10; Git. 62 a.[1591.]Aboth. I, 12; IV, 4, 12; Taan. 20 b.[1592.]Matt. V. 17-30.[1593.]Job XXXI, 1; Pes. R. XXIV; Lev. R. XXIII, 12; Ber. 12 b; Nid. 13 a.[1594.]Shab. 33 a, referring to Isa. IX, 17; Ben Sira XXIII, 13; Test. Twelve Patriarchs, passim.[1595.]Deut. XXIII, 14.[1596.]Deut. XVI, 11; 14 f.; Shab. 118 a; Pes. R. XXIII; Meg. 16 b; Shab. 30 b; Ber. 31 a; comp. M. Lazarus, l. c., 254-261.[1597.]Taan. 22 a.[1598.]See Lazarus, l. c., 99.[1599.]Ber. 64 a, refer. to Ps. LXXXIV, 8; comp. Lazarus, l. c., p. 280.

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