CONDENSED CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR
1914.
June 28—Murder at Serajevo of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
July 23—Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia.
July 28—Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
July 31—General mobilization in Russia. "State of war" declared in Germany.
Aug. 1—Germany declared war on Russia and invaded Luxemburg.
Aug. 2—German ultimatum to Belgium, demanding free passage across Belgium.
Aug. 3—Germany declares war on France.
Aug. 4—War declared by Great Britain on Germany.
Aug. 4—President Wilson proclaimed neutrality of United States.
Aug. 4-26—Belgium overrun: Liege occupied (Aug. 9); Brussels (Aug. 20); Namur (Aug. 24).
Aug. 6—Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
Aug. 10—France declares war on Austria-Hungary.
Aug. 12—Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hungary.
Aug. 16—British expeditionary force landed in France.
Aug. 18—Russia completes mobilization and invades East Prussia.
Aug. 21-23—Battle of Mons-Charleroi. Dogged retreat of French and British in the face of the German invasion.
Aug. 23—Tsingtau bombarded by Japanese.
Aug. 25-Dec. 15—Russians overrun Galicia. Lemberg taken (Sept. 2); Przemysl first attacked (Sept. 16); siege broken (Oct. 12-Nov. 12). Fall of Przemysl (Mar. 17, 1915). Dec. 4, Russians 3-1/2 miles from Cracow.
Aug. 26—Germans destroy Louvain.
Aug. 26—Allies conquer Togoland, in Africa.
Aug. 26—Russians severely defeated at Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia.
Aug. 28—British naval victory in Helgoland Bight.
Aug. 31—Allies' line along the Seine, Marne and Meuse rivers.
Aug. 31—Name St. Petersburg changed to Petrograd by Russian decree.
Sept. 3—French Government removed (temporarily) from Paris to Bordeaux.
Sept. 5—Great Britain, France and Russia sign a treaty not to make peace separately.
Sept. 6-10—First Battle of the Marne. Germans reach the extreme point of their advance; driven back by the French from the Marne to the River Aisne.
Sept. 7—Germans take Maubeuge.
Sept. 11—An Australian expedition captures New Guinea and the Bismark Archipelago Protectorate.
Sept. 16—Russians under Gen. Rennenkampf driven from East Prussia.
Sept. 22—Three British armored cruisers sunk by a submarine.
Sept. 27—Successful invasion of German Southwest Africa by Gen. Botha.
Oct. 9—Germans occupy Antwerp.
Oct. 13—Belgian Government withdraws to Le Havre, in France. Germans occupy Ghent.
Oct. 16-28—Battle of the Yser, in Flanders. Belgians and French halt German advance.
Oct. 17-Nov. 17—French, Belgians and British repulse German drive in first battle of Ypres, saving Channel ports (decisive day of battle, Oct. 31).
Oct. 21-28—German armies driven back in Poland.
Oct. 28—De Wet's Rebellion in South Africa.
Nov. 1—German naval victory in the Pacific off the coast of Chile.
Nov. 3—German naval raid into English waters.
Nov. 5—Great Britain declared war on Turkey; Cyprus annexed.
Nov. 7—Fall of Tsingtau to the Japanese.
Nov. 10-Dec. 14—Austrian invasion of Serbia (Belgrade taken Dec. 2, recaptured by Serbians Dec. 14).
Nov. 10—German cruiser "Emden" caught and destroyed at Cocos Island.
Nov. 21—Basra, on Persian Gulf, occupied by British.
Dec. 8—British naval victory off the Falkland Islands.
Dec. 8—South African rebellion collapses.
Dec. 9—French Government returned to Paris.
Dec. 16—German warships bombarded West Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby.
Dec. 17—Egypt proclaimed a British Protectorate, and a new ruler appointed with title of sultan.
Dec. 24—First German air raid on England.
1915.
Jan. 1-Feb. 15—Russians attempt to cross the Carpathians.
Jan. 24—British naval victory in North Sea off Dogger Bank.
Jan. 25—Second Russian invasion of East Prussia.
Jan. 28—American merchantman "William P. Frye" sunk by German cruiser "Prinz Eitel Friedrich."
Feb. 4—Germany's proclamation of "war zone" around the British Isles after February 18.
Feb. 10—United States note holding German Government to a "strict accountability" if any merchant vessel of the United States is destroyed or any American citizens lose their lives.
Feb. 16—Germany's reply stating "war zone" act is an act of self-defense against illegal methods employed by Great Britain in preventing commerce between Germany and neutral countries.
Feb. 18—German official "blockade" of Great Britain commenced. German submarines begin campaign of "piracy and pillage."
Feb. 19—Anglo-French squadron bombards Dardanelles.
Feb. 20—United States sends identic note to Great Britain and Germany suggesting an agreement between these two powers respecting the conduct of naval warfare.
Feb. 28—Germany's reply to identic note.
Mar. 1—Announcement of British "blockade": "Orders in Council" issued to prevent commodities of any kind from reaching or leaving Germany.
Mar. 10—British capture Neuve Chapelle.
Mar. 17—Russians captured Przemysl and strengthened their hold on the greater part of Galicia.
Mar. 28—British steamship "Falaba" attacked by submarine and sunk (111 lives lost; 1 American).
Apr. 2—Russians fighting in the Carpathians.
Apr. 8—Steamer "Harpalyce," in service of American commission for aid of Belgium, torpedoed; 15 lives lost.
Apr. 17-May 17—Second Battle of Ypres. British captured Hill 60 (April 19); (April 23); Germans advanced toward Yser Canal. Asphyxiating gas employed by the Germans. Failure of Germany to break through the British lines.
Apr. 22—German embassy sends out a warning against embarkation on vessels belonging to Great Britain.
Apr. 26—Allied troops land on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
Apr. 28—American vessel "Cushing" attacked by German aeroplane.
Apr. 30—Germans invade the Baltic Provinces of Russia.
May 1—American steamship "Gulflight" sunk by German submarine; two Americans lost. Warning of German embassy published in daily papers.
May 2—Russians forced by the combined Germans and Austrians to retire from their positions in the Carpathians (Battle of the Dunajec).
May 7—Cunard line steamship "Lusitania" sunk by German submarine (1,154 lives lost, 114 being Americans).
May 8—Germans occupy Libau, Russian port on the Baltic.
May 9-June—Battle of Artois, or Festubert (near La Bassee).
May 10—Message of sympathy from Germany on loss of American lives by sinking of "Lusitania."
May 12—South African troops under Gen. Botha occupy capital of German Southwest Africa.
May 13—American note protests against submarine policy culminating in the sinking of the "Lusitania."
May 23—Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary.
May 25—Coalition cabinet formed in Great Britain; Asquith continues to be Prime Minister.
May 25—American steamship "Nebraskan" attacked by submarine.
May 28—Germany's answer to American note of May 13.
June 1—Supplementary note from Germany in regard to the "Gulflight" and "Cushing."
June 3—Przemysl retaken by Germans and Austrians.
June 8—Resignation of William J. Bryan, Secretary of State.
June 9—Monfalcone occupied by Italians, severing one of two railway lines to Trieste.
June 9—United States sends second note on "Lusitania" case.
June 22—The Austro-Germans recapture Lemberg.
July 2—Naval action between Russian and German warships in the Baltic.
July 8—Germany sends reply to note of June 9 and pledges safety to United States vessels in war zone under specified conditions.
July 15—Germany sends memorandum acknowledging submarine attack on "Nebraskan" and expresses regret.
July 15—Conquest of German Southwest Africa completed.
July 21—Third American note on "Lusitania" case declares Germany's communication of July 8 "very unsatisfactory."
July 12-Sept. 18—German conquest of Russian Poland. Germans capture Lublin (July 31), Warsaw (Aug. 4), Ivangorod (Aug. 5), Kovno (Aug. 17), Novo-georgievsk (Aug. 19), Brest-Litovsk (Aug. 25), Vilna (Sept. 18).
July 25—American steamship "Leelanaw" sunk by submarines; carrying contraband; no lives lost.
Aug. 4—Capture of Warsaw by Germans.
Aug. 19—White Star liner "Arabic" sunk by submarine; 16 victims, 2 Americans.
Aug. 20—Italy declared war on Turkey.
Aug. 24—German ambassador sends note in regard to "Arabic." Loss of American lives contrary to intention of the German Government and is deeply regretted.
Sept. 1—Letter from Ambassador von Bernstorff to Secretary Lansing giving assurance that German submarines will sink no more liners without warning. Endorsed by the German Foreign Office (Sept. 14).
Sept. 4—Allan liner "Hesperian" sunk by German submarine; 26 lives lost, 1 American.
Sept. 7—German Government sends report on the sinking of the "Arabic."
Sept. 8—United States demands recall of Austro-Hungarian ambassador, Dr. Dumba.
Sept. 14—United States sends summary of evidence in regard to "Arabic."
Sept. 18—Fall of Vilna; end of Russian retreat.
Sept. 25-Oct.—French offensive in Champagne fails to break through German lines.
Sept. 27—British progress in the neighborhood of Loos.
Oct. 4—Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria.
Oct. 5—Allied forces land at Saloniki, at the invitation of the Greek Government.
Oct. 5—German Government regrets and disavows sinking of "Arabic" and is prepared to pay indemnities.
Oct. 6-Dec. 2—Austro-German-Bulgarian conquest of Serbia. Fall of Nish (Nov. 5), of Prizrend (Nov. 30), of Monastir (Dec. 2).
Oct. 14—Great Britain declared war against Bulgaria.
Nov. 10—Russian forces advance on Teheran as a result of pro-German activities in Persia.
Dec. 1—British under Gen. Townshend forced to retreat from Ctesiphon to Kut-el-Amara.
Dec. 4—United States Government demands recall of Capt. Karl Boy-Ed, German naval attache, and Capt. Franz von Papen, military attache.
Dec. 6—Germans captured Ipek (Montenegro).
Dec. 13—British defeat Arabs on western frontier of Egypt.
Dec. 15—Sir John French retired from command of the army in France and Flanders, and is succeeded by Sir Douglas Haig.
Dec. 17—Russians occupied Hamadan (Persia).
Dec. 19—The British forces withdrawn from Anzac and Sulva Bay (Gallipoli Peninsula).
Dec. 26—Russian forces in Persia occupied Kashan.
Dec. 30—British passenger steamer "Persia" sunk in Mediterranean, presumably by submarine.
1916.
Jan. 8—Complete evacuation of Gallipoli.
Jan. 13—Fall of Cettinje, capital of Montenegro.
Jan. 18—United States Government sets forth a declaration of principles regarding submarine attacks and asks whether the governments of the Allies would subscribe to such an agreement.
Jan. 28—Austrians occupy San Giovanni de Medici (Albania).
Feb. 10—Germany sends memorandum to neutral powers that armed merchant ships will be treated as warships and will be sunk without warning.
Feb. 15—Secretary Lansing makes statement that by international law commercial vessels have right to carry arms in self-defense.
Feb. 16—Germany sends note acknowledging her liability in the "Lusitania" affair.
Feb. 16—Kamerun (Africa) conquered.
Feb. 21-July—Battle of Verdun. Germans take Ft. Douaumont (Feb. 25). Great losses of Germans with little results. Practically all the ground lost was slowly regained by the French in the autumn.
Feb. 24—President Wilson in letter to Senator Stone refuses to advise American citizens not to travel on armed merchant ships.
Feb. 27—Russians captured Kerman-shah (Persia).
Mar. 8—German ambassador communicates memorandum regarding U-boat question, stating it is a new weapon not yet regulated by international law.
Mar. 8—Germany declares war on Portugal.
Mar. 19—Russians entered Ispahan (Persia).
Mar. 24—French steamer "Sussex" is torpedoed without warning; about 80 passengers, including American citizens, are killed or wounded.
Mar. 25—Department of State issues memorandum in regard to armed merchant vessels in neutral ports and on the high seas.
Mar. 27-29—United States Government instructs American ambassador in Berlin to inquire into sinking of "Sussex" and other vessels.
Apr. 10—German Government replies to United States notes of March 27, 28, 29, on the sinking of "Sussex" and other vessels.
Apr. 17—Russians capture Trebizond.
Apr. 18—United States delivers what is considered an ultimatum that unless Germany abandons present methods of submarine warfare United States will sever diplomatic relations.
Apr. 19—President addressed Congress on relations with Germany.
Apr. 24-May 1—Insurrection in Ireland.
Apr. 29—Gen. Townshend surrendered to the Turks before Kut-el-Amara.
May 4—Reply of Germany acknowledges sinking of the "Sussex" and in the main meets demands of the United States.
May 8—United States Government accepts German position as outlined in note of May 4, but makes it clear that the fulfillment of these conditions can not depend upon the negotiations between the United States and any other belligerent Government.
May 16—June 3—Great Austrian attack on the Italians through the Trentino.
May 19—Russians join British on the Tigris.
May 27—President in address before League to Enforce Peace says United States is ready to join any practical league for preserving peace and guaranteeing political and territorial integrity of nations.
May 31—Naval battle off Jutland.
June 4-30—Russian offensive in Volhynia and Bukovina. Czernovitz taken (June 17); all Bukovina overrun.
June 5—Lord Kitchener drowned.
June 21—United States demands apology and reparation from Austria-Hungary for sinking by Austrian submarine of "Petrolite," an American vessel.
July 1-Nov.—Battle of the Somme. Combles taken (Sept. 26). Failure of the Allies to break the German lines.
Aug. 6-Sept.—New Italian offensive drives out Austrians and wins Gorizia (Aug. 9).
Aug. 27—Italy declares war on Germany.
Aug. 27-Jan. 15, 1917—Roumania enters war on the side of the Allies and is crushed. (Fall of Bucharest, Dec. 6; Dobrudja conquered, Jan. 2; Focsani captured, Jan. 8).
Oct. 8—German submarine appears off American coast and sinks British passenger steamer "Stephano."
Oct. 28—British steamer "Marina" sunk without warning (6 Americans lost).
Nov. 6—British liner "Arabia" torpedoed and sunk without warning in Mediterranean.
Nov. 29—United States protests against Belgian deportations.
Dec. 12—German peace offer. Refused (Dec. 30) by Allies as "empty and insincere."
Dec. 14—British horse-transport ship "Russian" sunk in Mediterranean by submarine (17 Americans lost).
Dec. 20—President Wilson's peace note (dated Dec. 18). Germany replies (Dec. 26). Entente Allies' reply (Jan. 10) demands "restorations, reparation, indemnities."
1917.
Jan. 10—The Allied Governments state their terms of peace; a separate note from Belgium included.
Jan. 11—Supplemental German note on views as to settlement of war.
Jan. 13—Great Britain amplifies reply to President's note of Dec. 18. Favors co-operation to preserve peace.
Jan. 22—President Wilson addresses the Senate, giving his ideas of steps necessary for world peace.
Jan. 31—Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare in specified zones.
Feb. 3—United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany; Bernstorff dismissed.
Feb. 12—United States replies to Swiss Minister that it will not negotiate with Germany until submarine order is withdrawn.
Feb. 18—Italians and French join in Albania, cutting off Greece from the Central Powers.
Feb. 24—Kut-el-Amara taken by British under Gen. Maude (campaign begun Dec. 13).
Feb. 26—President Wilson asks authority to arm merchant ships.
Feb. 28—"Zimmerman note" revealed.
Mar. 4—Announced that the British had taken over from the French the entire Somme front; British held on west front 100 miles, French 175 miles, Belgians 25 miles.
Mar. 11—Bagdad captured by British under Gen. Maude.
Mar. 11-15—Revolution in Russia, leading to abdication of Czar Nicholas II (Mar. 15). Provisional Government formed by Constitutional Democrats under Prince Lvov and M. Milyukov.
Mar. 12—United States announced that an armed guard would be placed on all American merchant vessels sailing through the war zone.
Mar. 17-19—Retirement of Germans to "Hindenburg line." Evacuation of 1,300 square miles of French territory, on front of 100 miles, from Arras to Soissons.
Mar. 22—United States formally recognized the new government of Russia set up as a result of the revolution.
Mar. 26—The United States refused the proposal of Germany to interpret and supplement the Prussian Treaty of 1799.
Mar. 27—Minister Brand Whitlock and American Relief Commission withdrawn from Belgium.
Apr. 2—President Wilson asks Congress to declare the existence of a state of war with Germany.
Apr. 6—United States declares war on Germany.
Apr. 8—Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with the United States.
Apr. 9-May 14—British successes in Battle of Arras; (Vimy Ridge taken Apr. 9).
Apr. 16-May 6—French successes in Battle of the Aisne between Soissons and Rheims.
Apr. 20—Turkey severs relations with United States.
May 4—American destroyers begin co-operation with British navy in war zone.
May 15-Sept. 15—Great Italian offensive on Isonzo front (Carso Plateau). Capture of Gorizia, Aug. 9. Monte Santo taken Aug. 24. Monte San Gabrielle, Sept. 14.
May 15—Gen. Petain succeeds Gen. Nivelle as commander in chief of the French armies.
May 17—Russian Provisional Government reconstructed. Kerensky (formerly minister of justice) becomes minister of war.
May 18—President Wilson signs selective service act.
June 3—American mission to Russia lands at Vladivostok ("Root Mission"). Returns to America Aug. 3.
June 7—British blow up Messines Ridge, south of Ypres, and capture 7,500 German prisoners.
June 10—Italian offensive on Trentino.
June 12—King Constantino of Greece forced to abdicate.
June 15—Subscriptions close for first Liberty Loan ($2,000,000,000 offered; $3,035,226,850 subscribed).
June 26—First American troops reach France.
June 29—Greece enters war with Germany and her allies.
July 1—Russian army led in person by Kerensky begins a short-line offensive in Galicia, ending in disastrous retreat (July 19-Aug. 3).
July 4—Resignation of Bethmann Hollweg as German chancellor. Dr. George Michaelis, chancellor (July 14).
July 20—Drawing at Washington of names for first army under selective service.
July 20—Kerensky becomes premier on resignation of Prince Lvov.
July 30—Mutiny in German fleet at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel. Second mutiny Sept. 2.
July 31-Nov.—Battle of Flanders (Passchendaele Ridge); British successes.
Aug. 10—Food and fuel control bill passed.
Aug. 15—Peace proposals of Pope Benedict revealed (dated Aug. 1). United States replies Aug. 27; Germany and Austria, Sept. 21; supplementary German reply, Sept. 26.
Aug. 15—Canadians capture Hill 70, dominating Lens.
Aug. 19—New Italian drive on the Isonz front (Carso Plateau). Monte Santo captured (Aug. 24).
Aug. 20-24—French attacks at Verdun recapture high ground lost in 1916.
Sept. 3—Riga captured by Germans.
Sept. 8—Luxburg dispatches ("Spurlos versenkt") revealed by United States.
Sept. 10-13—Attempted coup d'etat of Gen. Kornilov.
Sept. 15—Russia proclaimed a republic.
Oct. 12—Germans occupy Oesel and Dago Islands (Gulf of Riga).
Oct. 17—Russians defeated in a naval engagement in the Gulf of Riga.
Oct. 24-Dec.—Great German-Austrian counterdrive into Italy. Italian line shifted to Piave River, Asiago Plateau and Brenta River.
Oct. 23-26—French drive north of the Aisne wins important positions including Malmaison Fort.
Oct. 26—Brazil declares war on Germany.
Oct. 27—Second Liberty loan closed ($3,000,000,000 offered; $4,617,532,300 subscribed).
Oct. 30—Count von Hertling succeeds Michaelis as German chancellor.
Nov. 2—Germans retreat from the Chemin des Dames, north of the Aisne.
Nov. 3—First clash of American with German soldiers.
Nov. 7—Overthrow of Kerensky and Provisional Government of Russia by the Bolsheviki.
Nov. 13—Clemenceau succeeds Ribot as French premier.
Nov. 18—British forces in Palestine take Jaffa.
Nov. 22-Dec. 13—Battle of Cambrai. Successful surprise attack near Cambrai by British under Gen. Byng on Nov. 22 (employs "tanks" to break down wire entanglements in place of the usual artillery preparations). Bourlon Wood, dominating Cambrai, taken Nov. 26. Surprise counter-attack by Germans, Dec. 2, compels British to give up fourth of ground gained. German attacks on Dec. 13 partly successful.
Nov. 29—First plenary session of the Inter-allied Conference in Paris. Sixteen nations represented. Col. E.M. House, chairman of American delegation.
Dec. 5—President Wilson, in message to Congress, advises war on Austria.
Dec. 6—United States destroyer "Jacob Jones" sunk by submarine, with loss of over 40 American men.
Dec. 6—Explosion of munitions vessel wrecks Halifax.
Dec. 6-9—Armed revolt overthrows pro-Ally administration in Portugal.
Dec. 7—United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.
Dec. 9—Jerusalem captured by British force advancing from Egypt.
Dec. 10—Gens. Kaledines and Kornilov declared by the Bolsheviki Government to be leading a Cossack revolt.
Dec. 15—Armistice signed between Germany and the Bolsheviki Government at Brest-Litovsk.
Dec. 23—Peace negotiations opened at Brest-Litovsk between Bolsheviki Government and Central Powers, under Presidency of the German foreign minister.
Dec. 26—President Wilson issues proclamation taking over railroads and appointing W.G. McAdoo, director-general. Proclamation takes effect at noon, December 28.
Dec. 29—British national labor conference approves continuation of war for aims similar to those defined by President Wilson.
1918.
Jan. 19—American troops take over sector northwest of Toul.
Feb. 6—"Tuscania," American transport, torpedoed off coast of Ireland; 101 lost.
Feb. 22—American troops in Chemin des Dames sector.
Mar. 3—Peace treaty between Bolshevik Government of Russia and the Central Powers signed at Brest-Litovsk.
Mar. 4—Treaty signed between Germany and Finland.
Mar. 5—Rumania signs preliminary treaty of peace with Central Powers.
Mar. 20—President Wilson orders all Holland ships in American ports taken over.
Mar. 21—Germans begin great drive on 50-mile front from Arras to La Fere. Bombardment of Paris by German long-range gun from a distance of 76 miles.
Mar. 29—General Foch chosen commander-in-chief of all Allied forces.
Apr. 9—Second German drive begun in Flanders.
Apr. 10—First German drive halted before Amiens after maximum advance of 35 miles.
Apr. 15—Second German drive halted before Ypres, after maximum advance of 10 miles.
Apr. 23—British naval forces raid Zeebrugge in Belgium, German submarine base, and block channel.
May 27—Third German drive begins on Aisne-Marne front of 30 miles between Soissons and Rheims.
May 28—Germans sweep on beyond the Chemin des Dames and cross the Vesle at Fismes.
May 28—Cantigny taken by Americans in local attack.
May 29—Soissons evacuated by French.
May 31—Maine River crossed by Germans, who reach Chateau Thierry, 40 miles from Paris.
May 31—"President Lincoln," American transport, sunk.
June 2—Schooner "Edward H. Cole" torpedoed by submarine off American coast.
June 3-6—American marines and regulars check advance of Germans at Chateau Thierry and Neuilly after maximum advance of Germans of 32 miles. Beginning of American co-operation on major scale.
June 9-14—German drive on Noyon-Montdidier front. Maximum advance, 5 miles.
June 15-24—Austrian drive on Italian front ends in complete failure.
July 12—Berat, Austrian base in Albania, captured by Italians.
July 15—Stonewall defense of Chateau Thierry blocks new German drive on Paris.
July 16—Nicholas Romanoff, ex-Czar of Russia, executed at Yekaterinburg.
July 18—French and Americans begin counter offensive on Marne-Aisne front.
July 19—"San Diego," United States cruiser, sunk off Fire Island.
July 21—German submarine sinks three barges off Cape Cod.
Aug. 3—Allies sweep on between Soissons and Rheims, driving the enemy from his base at Fismes and capturing the entire Aisne-Vesle front.
Aug. 7—Franco-American troops cross the Vesle.
Aug. 8—New Allied drive begun by Field-Marshal Haig in Picardy, penetrating enemy front 14 miles.
Aug. 10—Montdidier recaptured.
Aug. 29—Noyon and Bapaume fall in new Allied advance.
Sept. 1—Australians take Peronne.
Sept. 1—Americans fight for the first time on Belgian soil and capture Voormezeele.
Sept. 11—Germans are driven back to the Hindenburg line which they held in November, 1917.
Sept. 14—St. Mihiel recaptured from Germans. General Pershing announces entire St. Mihiel salient erased, liberating more than 150 square miles of French territory which had been in German hands since 1914.
Sept. 20—Nazareth occupied by British forces in Palestine under Gen. Allenby.
Sept. 23—Bulgarian armies flee before combined attacks of British, Greek, Serbian, Italian and French.
Sept. 26—Strumnitza, Bulgaria, occupied by Allies.
Sept. 27—Franco-Americans in drive from Rheims to Verdun take 30,000 prisoners.
Sept. 28—Belgians attack enemy from Ypres to North Sea, gaining four miles.
Sept. 29—Bulgaria surrenders to Gen. d'Esperey, the Allied commander.
Oct. 1—St. Quentin, cornerstone of Hindenburg line, captured.
Oct. 1—Damascus occupied by British in Palestine campaign.
Oct. 3—Albania cleared of Austrians by Italians.
Oct. 4—Ferdinand, king of Bulgaria, abdicates; Boris succeeds.
Oct. 5—Prince Maximilian, new German Chancellor, pleads with President Wilson to ask Allies for armistice.
Oct. 9—Cambrai in Allied hands.
Oct. 10—"Leinster," passenger steamer, sunk in Irish Channel by submarine; 480 lives lost; final German atrocity at sea.
Oct. 11—- Americans advance through Argonne forest.
Oct. 12—German foreign secretary, Solf, says plea for armistice is made in name of German people; agrees to evacuate all foreign soil.
Oct. 13—Laon and La Fere abandoned by Germans.
Oct. 13—Grandpre captured by Americans after four days' battle.
Oct. 14—President Wilson refers Germans to General Foch for armistice terms.
Oct. 17—Ostend, German submarine base, taken by land and sea forces.
Oct. 19—Bruges and Zeebrugge taken by Belgians and British.
Oct. 25—Beginning of terrific Italian drive which nets 50,000 prisoners in five days.
Oct. 31—Turkey surrenders; armistice takes effect at noon; conditions include free passage of Dardanelles.
Nov. 3—Austria surrenders, signing armistice with Italy at 3 P.M. after 500,000 prisoners had been taken.
Nov. 11—Germany surrenders; armistice takes effect at 11 A.M. American flag hoisted on Sedan front.
Nov. 21—The German high seas fleet, 74 vessels in all, surrendered to the Allied fleet to be interned at Scapa Flow.
Dec. 4—President Wilson sailed from New York for Europe, to attend conference on the larger phases of the treaty of peace.
Dec. 15—The Allied force complete the occupation of the left bank of the Rhine.
1919.
Jan. 10—A republic is proclaimed in Luxemburg.
Jan. 18—The peace congress (without delegates from the defeated powers and Russia) met at Paris. Premier Clemenceau made permanent chairman.
Jan. 21—Germany by the terms of its new constitution divided into eight federated republics.
Jan. 25—Discussion of the covenants of the League of Nations begun in the peace congress.
Feb. 11—Friedrick Ebert elected first president of the German State.
Feb. 14—The draft of a constitution for a League of Nations adopted by the peace congress.
Feb. 19—Attempted assassination of Premier Clemenceau.
April 23—Montenegro becomes a part of Jugo-Slavia.
May 7—The treaty of peace framed by representatives of the twenty-seven allied and associated powers, handed to the German delegates at Versailles.
June 21—The German high sea fleet interned at Scapa Flow sunk at its anchorage by the officers and men left in charge.
June 28—The treaty of peace signed in the Hall of Mirrors, palace of Versailles, by all the representatives of the Allied powers (except China) and the German delegates, officially closing the World War. Just five years after the assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Serajevo.
June 29—President Wilson left Europe for the United States.