FOOTNOTES:
[199] “Great Britain’s Capital Investments in Other Lands” (Journal of the Statistical Society, September 1909, vol. lxxii., pp. 475-495), followed by a most interesting discussion; and “Great Britain’s Capital Investments in India, Colonial and Foreign Countries,” same journal, January 1911, vol. lxxiv., pp. 167-200.
[200] T. M. Young, The American Cotton Industry. Introduction by Elijah Helm, secretary to the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, London 1902; and T. W. Uttley, Cotton Spinning and Manufacturing in the United States: A report ... of a tour of the American cotton manufacturing centres made in 1903 and 1904. Publications of Manchester University, Economic Series, No. II., Manchester, 1905.
[201] Ten Years of Sunshine in the British Isles, 1881-1890.
[202] Dr. M. Fesca, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Japanesischen Landwirthschaft, Part ii., p. 33 (Berlin, 1893). The economy in seeds is also considerable. While in Italy 250 kilogrammes to the hectare are sown, and 160 kilogrammes in South Carolina, the Japanese use only sixty kilogrammes for the same area. (Semler, Tropische Agrikultur, Bd. iii., pp. 20-28.)
[203] Eugène Simon, La cité chinoise (translated into English); Toubeau, La répartition métrique des impôts, 2 vols., Paris (Guillaumin), 1880.
[204] The Gardener’s Chronicle, 20th April, 1895, p. 483. The same, I learn from a German grower near Berlin, takes place in Germany.
[205] I am indebted for the following information to M. V. Euvert, President of the Chamber of Commerce of St. Etienne, who sent me, while I was in the Clairvaux prison, in April, 1885, a most valuable sketch of the various industries of the region, in reply to a letter of mine, and I avail myself of the opportunity for expressing to M. Euvert my best thanks for his courtesy. This information has now an historical value only. But it is such an interesting page of the history of the small industries that I retain it as it was in the first edition, the more so as it is most interesting to compare it with the pages given in the text to the present conditions of the same industries.
[206] It had been 5,134,000 kilogrammes in 1872. Journal de la Société de Statistique de Paris, September, 1883.
[207] I take these figures from a detailed letter which the President of the Lyons Chamber of Commerce kindly directed to me in April, 1885, to Clairvaux, in answer to my inquiries about the subject. I avail myself of this opportunity for addressing to him my best thanks for his most interesting communication.
[208] La fabrique lyonnaise de soieries. Son passé, son prêsent. Imprimé par ordre de la Chambre de Commerce de Lyon, 1873. (Published in connection with the Vienna Exhibition.)
[209] Marius Morand, L’organisation ouvrière de la fabrique lyonnaise; paper read before the Association Française pour l’avancement des Sciences, in 1873.
[210] Journal de la Société de Statistique de Paris, June 1901, pp. 189-192, and “Résultats Généraux,” in vol. iv. of the above-mentioned publication.
[211] Here is how they are distributed: Workmen working single-handed, 124,544; with their families, but without paid workmen, 8,000; less than 10 workmen, 34,433 factories; from 10 to 100 workpeople, 4,665 factories; from 101 to 200 workpeople, 746 factories; from 201 to 500 workpeople, 554; from 501 to 1,000, 123; from 1,001 to 2,000, 38; more than 2,000, 2 factories.
[212] In an excellent monograph dealing with this branch (Le développement de la fabrique et le travail à domicile dans les industries de l’habillement, by Professor Albert Aftalion, Paris, 1906), the author gives most valuable data as to the proper domains of domestic work and the factory, and shows how, why, and in which domains domestic work successfully competes with the factory.
[213] The industrial establishments having more than 1,000 employees each are distributed as follows: Mining, 41; textiles, 40 (123 have from 500 to 1,000); industries of the State and the Communes, 14; metallurgy, 17; working of metals—iron, steel, brass—17; quarries, 2; alimentation, 3; chemical industries, 2; india-rubber, paper, cardboard, 0 (9 have from 500 to 1,000); books, polygraphy, 0 (22 have from 500 to 1,000); dressing of stuffs, clothing, 2 (9 from 500 to 1,000); straw, feathers, hair, 0 (1 from 500 to 1,000); leather, skins, 2; wood, cabinet-making, brushes, etc., 1; fine metals, jewelry, 0; cutting of precious stones, 0; stone-cutting for buildings, 0; earthworks and building, 1; bricks, ceramics, 7; preparation and distribution of food, 0; total, 149 out of 575,531 establishments. To these figures we may add six large establishments in the transports, and five in different branches of trade. We may note also that, by means of various calculations, M. March comes to the conclusion that 91 per cent. of the workmen and employees in industry and 44 per cent. in commerce are employees—that is, clerks, managers, and so on.
[214] In reality there are no employees. I give this figure only for the totals.
[215] In reality there are no employees. I give this figure only for the totals.
[216] Die Hausindustrie in der Schweiz: Auszug aus der Ergebnissen der Eidgenossischen Betriebszahlung von Aug. 9, 1905; E. Ryser, L’industrie horlogère, Zurich, 1909; J. Beck, Die Schweizerische Hausindustrie, ihre soziale und wirthschaftliche Lage, Grütliverein, 1909.
Established 1798
T. NELSON
AND SONS
PRINTERS AND
PUBLISHERS
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
[Pg 132] Footnote [63]: ‘unjurious grasses’ replaced by ‘injurious grasses’.
[Pg 142]: ‘Besides, the amout’ replaced by ‘Besides, the amount’.
[Pg 190]: ‘At Ploustagel’ replaced by ‘At Plougastel’.
[Pg 285] Footnote [138]: ‘Résultats statitisques’ replaced by ‘Résultats statistiques’.
[Pg 375]: ‘finally at Tuskagee’ replaced by ‘finally at Tuskegee’.
[Pg 473]: ‘Handwörtezbuch’ replaced by ‘Handwörterbuch’.