History of biology

by L. C. Miall

History of Biology or its Sub-Divisions.

Carus, V. Geschichte der Zoologie. 1864 foll.

The French translation by Hagenmuller and Schneider (1880) will be preferred by some.

Cuvier, G. Histoire des Sciences Naturelles. Publiée par M. de Saint-Agy. Two vols., 1841. Taken down from Cuvier's lectures, but not revised by him.

Though far from trustworthy (the first volume especially), this history mentions many interesting facts, and suggests inquiries which may be pursued with advantage.

Foster, Sir M. Lectures on the History of Physiology. Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, 1901.

Green, J. R. History of Botany, 1860-1900. A continuation of Sachs's History. Clarendon Press, 1909.

Sachs, J. History of Botany, 1530-60. English translation. Clarendon Press, 1889.

An outline of the History of Palæontology is prefixed to Zittel's Handbuch der Palæontologie, Bd. 1. (1876-80). English translation, 1900-2.

The ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica often contains useful references. See for example the articles Biology, Embryology, Medicine, Parasitism, and Zoology.

Biographical dictionaries are of course indispensable. The Dictionary of National Biography, the Biographie Universelle, the Nouvelle Biographie Universelle, the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, and the Biographie Nationale de Belgique will be frequently consulted.

Among the old authors who can be read for pleasure as well as for profit the present writer would include:—

Baker, H. The Microscope Made Easy. Second ed., 1743.—Employment for the Microscope. 1753.

Belon, P. Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables trouvées en Grece, Asie, Judée, Egypte, Arabie, et autres pays estranges. 1553.

---- Histoire de la nature des Oyseaux. 1555.

Buffon, Comte de. Histoire Naturelle. Forty-four vols., of which thirty-six appeared during Buffon's lifetime. 1749-1804. Selected passages only.

Cuvier, G. Ossemens Fossiles. 1812. Fourth ed. in ten vols., besides two of plates, 1834-36. Selected passages only.

Hooke, R. Micrographia. 1665.

Huber, F. Nouvelles observations sur les Abeilles. 1792. Second ed., two vols., 1814.

---- J. P. Recherches sur les mœurs des Fourmis indigènes. 1810.

Le Roy, G. Lettres sur les Animaux. 1781. Reprinted, 1862.

Linnæus, C., and his Pupils. Amœnitates Academicæ. Seven vols., 1749-69.

Contain interesting discussions here and there among much that is now valueless.

---- Lachesis Lapponica; or, A Tour in Lapland. Translated by Sir J. E. Smith from the original diary. Two vols., 1811.

Ray, J. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium. 1660.

Réaumur, R. A. F. de. Histoire des Insectes. Six vols. 1734-42.

Redi, F. Experiments on the Generation of Insects. Translated from the Italian edition of 1688 by Mab Bigelow. Chicago, 1909.

Roesel von Rosenhof, A. J. Insecten-belustigungen. 1746-61.

Turner, W. On Birds. 1544. Translated by A. H. Evans, 1903.

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INDEX

• Affinity, [17,] [51]
• Agassiz, [122]
• Albtrecht, [61]
• Aldrovandi, [13]
• America, discovery of, [24], [112]
• Aristotle, [2], [24], [17 n.], [30], [39], [45], [47], [63], [73], [102 n.]
• Aselli, [21]
• Bacon, Francis, [39]
• ----Roger, [28]
• Bacteria, [137]
• Baer, Von, [66], [102], [104], [121], [127]
• Bagehot, [135]
• Baker, [67], [69]
• Barry, [106]
• Belon, [13]
• Bernard of Breydenbach, [23]
• Bestiaries, [6], [23]
• Bichât, [105]
• Bock, [9], [12], [37], [124]
• Bonnet, [45], [60]
• Bonpland, [118]
• Bossuet, [66]
• Brown, [105 n.]
• Brunfels, [9], [12]
• Buffon, [40], [45], [63], [68], [71], [94 n.], [95], [120], [130]
• Busbecq, [113]
• Butler, [67]
• Caignard-Latour, [137]
• Caius, [19], [67]
• Camerarius, [48]
• Cesalpini, [12], [17 n.], [34], [37], [80], [85]
• Chamisso, [100]
• Charlemagne, [25]
• Clodd, [65 n.]
• Clusius, [111], [113]
• Cole, [86]
• Compton, [116]
• Copernicus, [20]
• Darwin, C., [46], [66], [75], [91], [92], [120], [121], [124]
• ---- E., [120]
• Davaine, [138]
• Descartes, [69]
• Dioscorides, [4]
• Dumas, [106]
• Duverney, [36]
• Encyclopædic Naturalists, [12]
• Erasistratus, [4]
• Evelyn, [111], [115], [116]
• Experiments of ancient Greeks, [3]
• Fabricius, [21]
• Fagon, [115]
• Flemings, [26]
• Fontana, [105 n.]
• Forbes, [131]
• Fries, [17]
• Frisch, [37], [67]
• Fuchs, [9], [12]
• Gaertner, [86]
• Galen, [4], [21]
• Galileo, [28]
• Galton, [63 n.], [135]
• Geer, De, [37], [68]
• Gerarde, [20]
• Gesner, [11], [13], [17 n.], [18], [19], [20], [113]
• Goethe, [80], [81], [84], [85]
• Greenhouses, [114]
• Grew, [32], [47], [86]
• Hales, [68], [77]
• Hamm, [34]
• Harvey, [21], [102]
• Hedwig, [87]
• Heide, [37]
• Helmont, Van, [77], [136]
• Herophilus, [4]
• Hofmeister, [83], [85], [108], [109], [122]
• Hooke, [29], [34], [37], [105]
• Hothouses, [114]
• Huber, [68], [77]
• Humboldt, [118]
• Hume, [72]
• Hutton, [66]
• Ingenhousz, [79]
• Jussieu, B. de, [51]
• ---- A. L. de, [51]
• Kant, [120]
• King, [36]
• Kirby, [68]
• ---- and Spence, [55], [133]
• Lamarck, [46]
• Laplace, [120]
• Leeuwenhoek, [32], [40], [58], [60], [68], [86], [106], [137]
• Leibnitz, [45], [64]
• Leroy, [68], [73]
• Lessing, [120]
• Lindsay, [86]
• Linnæus, [48], [49], [52], [64], [80], [82], [85], [87], [90], [92], [124], [130]
• Lister, Lord, [138]
• ---- M., [35], [43], [67]
• L'Obel, [12], [26], [124], [130]
• Locke, [70]
• Lyell, [66], [67], [94], [121]
• Lyonet, [34], [58], [60], [61], [67]
• Malphighi, [32], [36], [40], [45], [47], [127]
• Marco Polo, [23]
• Master, [36]
• Mattioli, [113]
• Medicine and botany, [7]
• Méry, [37], [38], [67]
• Micheli, [87]
• Microscope, [28], [48]
• Middle Ages, [5], [6], [25]
• Millington, [47]
• Mohl, [106]
• Montagu, [68]
• Montesquieu, [63], [120]
• Morgan, Lloyd, [74]
• Morison, [86]
• Moufet, [20]
• Needham, [40]
• Newton, [63]
• Oliver and Scott, [83], [85]
• Ortus Sanitatis, [16]
• Paley, [133]
• Palissy, [34]
• Pallas, [46]
• Parkinson, [20]
• Pasteur, [136]
• Pecquet, [22]
• Perrault, [36], [37], [67]
• Peter Martyr Angierius, [24]
• Physiologus, [6]
• Pliny, [5]
• Plumier, [115 n.]
• Pope, [45]
• Poupart, [37], [38], [67]
• Prévost, [106]
• Priestley, [77]
• Quackelbeen, [113]
• Rathke, [104], [127]
• Ray, [17 n.], [22], [35], [38], [41], [48], [68], [124]
• Réaumur, [37], [40], [54], [60], [64], [68], [70], [87]
• Redi, [39]
• Rhineland, [11]
• Roesel von Rosenhof, [67], [69], [100]
• Rondelet, [13]
• Rudbeck, [22]
• Sars, [101]
• Saussure, De, [79]
• Schleiden, [105]
• Scott and Oliver, [83], [85]
• Schwann, [105], [106], [137]
• Seneca, [28], [113]
• Serres, Olivier de, [26]
• Smith, [35]
• Socrates, [133]
• Spallanzani, [40]
• Spence, [68]
• Spencer, [122]
• Sprengel, [89]
• Stenson, [34]
• Suminski, [108]
• Swammerdam, [29], [37], [38], [40], [70], [86], [103], [106], [133]
• Theophrastus, [2], [47]
• Titius, [124 n.]
• Tournefort, [38]
• Tradescant, [115]
• Trembley, [57]
• Turner, [18], [67]
• Tyson, [36]
• Vallisnieri, [40]
• Vesalius, [20, 21]
• Vico, [63]
• Voltaire, [35]
• Wallace, [120]
• Wallis, [22]
• White, [68]
• Wolff, [80], [82], [84], [85], [103]
• Woodward, [34]
• Wotton, [18]
• Yeast, [136]

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Transcriber's Notes

1.Simple typographical errors were silently corrected.

2.INDEX of page references is arranged with hyperlinks in running Alphabetical Order; from page-wise bi-column list-wise appears in the source publication.