|
[1] – |
Dean Stanley’s phrase. |
|
[2] – |
[a]תוֹרָה], [a]נְבִאִים]
and [a]כְּתוּבִים]:
abbreviated [a]ת״נך]. |
|
[3] – |
Nasi, [a]נָשׂיא],
‘Prince.’ Later on, the titles [a]רַבָּן],
our master, [a]רַבִּי],
my master, and [a]רַב]
master, were in use. |
|
[4] – |
B. Disraeli’s Home Letters,
p. 119. |
|
[5] – |
Renan. |
|
[6] – |
Tanaim may be translated teachers, but it is applied only to the teachers of the Mishnic period. |
|
[7] – |
See ante,
[
p. 31.] |
|
[8] – |
Mahomedans is the general name given to the followers of Mahomed and professors of the faith of Islam; but Mahomedans are also called Moors and Saracens, in somewhat the same geographical sense that modern Jews are divided into Sephardim and Ashkenazim (i.e. Spanish and German). The Saracens are those Mahomedans who dwelt in the East and crossed over into Turkey. The word is Arabic in its derivation (sarog, east; and sirocco, wind). The Moors were those Mahomedans who dwelt in Morocco and crossed over into Spain. See map. |
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[9] – |
The word means excellence. |
|
[10] – |
Koran has the same derivation. |
|
[11] – |
Mrs. Browning. |
|
[12] – |
Massora means tradition. |
|
[13] – |
Franzos. |
|
[14] – |
The literary portion of the history of this period will be found in
Book
III.,
‘Starlight.’ |
|
[15] – |
Alcharisi. |
|
[16] – |
[a]טוּלִיטוּלָה],
Hebrew for Toledo. |
|
[17] – |
One of these Rabbis subsequently founded a college at Cairo, another in Kairuan, and the third, it is said, at Narbonne. |
|
[18] – |
H E P, supposed by some to be the initial letters of the three words Hierosolyma est perdita,
meaning Jerusalem is lost, was the war-cry of the Crusaders. The object of the Crusaders was to regain Jerusalem. Hep, Hep, was their signal for murdering and plundering Jews en route. It grew to be a most familiar sound in the Middle Ages. |
|
[19] – |
See Maimonides,
Book III.,
[
chap. xxviii.] |
|
[20] – |
Capital of Arragon. See
[map]. |
|
[21] – |
From the Hebrew [a]מָחְרָם אַתָּה]. |
|
[22] – |
See [
p. 103.] |
|
[23] – |
The remainder of this paragraph is quoted almost verbatim from the author’s work, About the Jews since Bible Times. |
|
[24] – |
Prov.
xi. 1;
xx. 10. |
|
[25] – |
The Prioress’s Tale. |
|
[26] – |
See [page 72]. |
|
[27] – |
The badge was called a tabula, and was probably made in imitation of the two tables of the Law which Moses is, pictorially, represented as carrying. At first this badge was made of white linen or parchment; it was afterwards altered to yellow felt. |
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[28] – |
A mark was a coin of the value of 13s. 4d. |
|
[29] – |
See ante,
[chap. xiv.] |
|
[30] – |
The Greek word is poëtes. Gradually it received the Hebrew form payyāt, and the Chaldaic form paytan. The root was then treated like a Hebrew root, piyyut was formed—literally, poem, but, as a rule, restricted to liturgical poems. |
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[31] – |
Abraham Ibn Ezra. |
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[32] – |
Anonymous. |
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[33] – |
See [page 125]. |
|
[34] – |
He is mentioned among the Gaonim at
[p. 126]. |
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[35] – |
See [pp. 120–124.] |
|
[36] – |
There were two stars of this name; the other one was Moses Ibn Ezra of Granada, a poet of some note. |
|
[37] – |
See [p. 138]. |
|
[38] – |
The English version of Benjamin of Tudela’s Itinerary is accessible; and, if somewhat less easy reading than some modern books of travel, it should be of sufficient interest to Jews to be familiar to them. |
|
[39] – |
Graetz. |
|
[40] – |
The existence of Bulan and of the Jewish dynasty of the Khozars is historical, the rest may be accounted as ‘idyls of the king.’ |
|
[41] – |
This extract is from a letter, dated 1199, to Rabbi Samuel Ibn Tibbon, a friend who, later on, translated, under Maimonides’ direction, his famous work, The Guide to the Perplexed, from Arabic into Hebrew. The English translation of this letter to Ibn Tibbon, which was originally written in Arabic, thence translated into Hebrew, is by
Dr. H. Adler—Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, 1st series. |
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[42] – |
Which means, from Moses our Lawgiver till Moses Maimonides, none rose like Moses. |
|
[43] – |
See [p. 267]. |
|
[44] – |
The allusion is to the siege of Leyden, 1573, when, as a last chance of relieving the city, William the Silent had the great dykes pierced so as to let in the sea, and thus flooding the country, succeeded in drowning out the besiegers, and sending in barges with food to the besieged. The story is splendidly told in Motley’s Rise of the Dutch Republic. |
|
[45] – |
Traditional interpretation identifies the Biblical Ashkenaz (Gen.
x. 3),
Zarephath, and Sephared
(Obad. 20)
with Germany, France, and Spain. The Jews of Spain were therefore called Sephardim, and those of Germany Ashkenazim. These names are applied to Jews of other countries, in the degree in which they approach to the former or the latter in their pronunciation of Hebrew, and in their ritual. |
|
[46] – |
The Abarbanel who pleaded to Ferdinand and Isabella. See
[chap. xxi.] |
|
[47] – |
Grotius was also for some years Swedish ambassador at Paris. Milton was there received by him in 1638. |
|
[48] – |
Parts of this chapter are taken almost verbatim from an article by the author which appeared in Good Words, Oct. 1884. |
|
[49] – |
From ‘Declaration to the Commonwealth.’ |
|
[50] – |
Cromwell,
vol. ii.
p. 359. |
|
[51] – |
The Hero as King—Heroes,
p. 342. |
|
[52] – |
Novalis. |
|
[53] – |
See [
p. 87]. |
|
[54] – |
Thomson. |
|
[55] – |
See [
p. 220]. |
|
[56] – |
See [
p. 193]. |
|
[57] – |
A thaler is three times as valuable as a mark. |
|
[58] – |
See [
p. 113.] |
|
[59] – |
See [
p. 216]. |
|
[60] – |
See [
p. 210]. |
|
[61] – |
Goethe’s phrase. |
|
[62] – |
Dan.
iii. |
|
[63] – |
Lowell. |
|
[64] – |
Goethe. |
|
[65] – |
See [
p. 193]. |
|
[66] – |
Gottesdienstliche Vorträge der Juden historisch entwickelt. |
|
[67] – |
Zur Geschichte und Literatur. |
|
[68] – |
Samuel of Babylon, who died 253. |
|
[69] – |
‘A partir de 1791, il n’y a plus à proprement parler de Juifs de France, mais des citoyens français professant la religion israélite.’—Histoire
des Israélites, Reinach,
p. 340. To which work, in the later chapters, I am under some obligation for facts.—K. M. |
|
[70] – |
[a]מַעֲמָד]
a Hebrew word meaning representative assembly. |
|
[71] – |
[a]הַסְכָּמוֹת]
is a Hebrew term denoting agreements. |
|
[72] – |
A certain Moses Netto was denied permission to publish an English translation of the Prayer-book, and a penalty of 5l. was imposed on any member who should buy, sell, or read such a book. |
|
[73] – |
When, so late as 1744, Jacob Israel Bernal, a member of the Portuguese congregation, applied to the Mahamad for leave to marry a German Jewess, very humiliating conditions were attached to the reluctant permission. The bridegroom was not ‘called up to the law,’ the members of the Congregation were not allowed to be present at the ceremony, and no ‘offerings’ were accepted. A descendant of this Mr. Bernal married a Duke of St. Albans. |
|
[74] – |
This synagogue was very much injured by fire in 1738, but it was rebuilt on the same site, and the old beam given by Queen Anne was preserved and replaced. The building was finished in 1749, and has stood, practically unaltered, since that date. |
|
[75] – |
Professor Theodores’ letter, in pamphlet form, is to be found at the British Museum. |
|
[76] – |
See a biographical sketch, reprinted by permission from the Times, by Mr. Israel Davis. Jewish Chronicle Office, 2 Finsbury Square, 1885. |