FOOTNOTES:

[1] The grants were as follows: Rockefeller Foundation—$1,150,000; John and Mary Markle Foundation—$25,000; The Research Corporation—$50,000. The University of California added a guarantee of $175,000 to bring the total building fund to $1,400,000.

[2] In the first cyclotrons the electrodes were shaped like the letter "D."

[3] We have the values H = 15,000 gauss, e = 4.8 × 10-10 electrostatic units, and m = 1.6 × 10-24 gram. To find f, we write

f
= 15,000 (4.8) 10-10
2 (3.14)(1.6) 10-24 (3) 1010		 ,
f = 23.7 Mc.

[4] A deuteron is the nucleus of an atom of heavy hydrogen and contains one proton and one neutron; it carries a single positive electric charge. An alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom and is made up of two protons and two neutrons; it carries two positive charges.

[5] The machine is equipped for helium-3 operation, but to date it has not been used for that purpose.

[6] Mesons are elementary particles intermediate in mass between the electron and proton.

[7] It may be interesting to note that the π0 meson was discovered with this cyclotron in 1950. This was the first particle to be discovered with an accelerator. All particles that had been previously discovered were observed first in cosmic rays or some other form of natural radiation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

  1. Gerald A. Behman, Particle Accelerators: I. Bibliography, II. List of Accelerator Installations, UCRL-8050, January 1, 1958.
  2. Samuel Glasstone, The Acceleration of Charged Particles, in Sourcebook on Atomic Energy, Second Edition (Van Nostrand, Princeton, 1958), Ch. IX.
  3. M. S. Livingston, High-Energy Accelerators (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1954).
  4. M. Stanley Livingston and Edwin M. McMillan, History of the Cyclotron, Physics Today 12, 18-34 (October 1959).
  5. E. M. McMillan, Particle Accelerators, in Experimental Nuclear Physics, Emilio Segrè, Editor, Vol. III (Wiley, New York, 1959), Part XIII.
  6. Bob H. Smith et al., The Electrical Aspects of the UCRL 740-Mev Synchrocyclotron, UCRL-3779 Rev., October 2, 1957.
  7. Robert L. Thornton, Frequency-Modulation and Radiofrequency System for the Modified Berkeley Cyclotron, UCRL-3362, April 3, 1956.
  8. Robert R. Wilson, Particle Accelerators, Scientific American 198, 64-76 (March 1958).

APPENDIX