Tagalog Texts with Grammatical Analysis

by Leonard Bloomfield

C. MORPHOLOGY.

1. Composition.

331. Compound words (i. e. words resembling in form a succession of two or more words, but diverging in meaning from 5such a succession) are treated phonetically like groups of words in the phrase (§§ [33]. 34).

If the first member ends in syllabic, n, or glottal stop, the particle ŋ appears before the second member.

In meaning, compound words resemble a phrase in which the 10word corresponding to the first member is modified, in disjunctive attribution, by the word corresponding to the second: báhay-aklátan library-building: báhay naŋ aklátan. The meaning of the compound is, however, more specialized than that of the phrase.

Exceptions as to meaning are: (1) the copulative compound 15áraw-gabì, formed on the model of doubled words, such as áraw-áraw, gabi-gabì (§§ [258]. 343.); (2) kapatìd-koŋkristiyános, a foreign product; (3) máy-roòn, equivalent to máy, which has been viewed as a compound because its construction (§ [138]) differs from that of the phrase máy roòn (which would not require the 20particle ŋ, §§ [252]. 263).

Similar in form to compound words are words derived from a phrase (§ [332]).

Examples of regular compounds: aŋ báhay-bátaʾ the womb, báhay-gúyaʾ the womb of an animal (gúyaʾ the young of an animal), 25báhay-pàhayagàn newspaper office, publishing house, Báhay-Paníki Bat-House (name of a town, paníki a bat), báhay-pintáhan paint-shop; Itò y bigay-loòb lámaŋ nya sa ákin. This is merely a concession he makes to me as a favor; aŋ lalawíga-ŋ-Pampàŋga, aŋ provìnsiya-ŋ-Pampàŋga Pampanga Province, cf. aŋ 30provìnsiya naŋ Pampàŋga; pilìk-matà eyelash (pilìk fin, lash); aŋ Sàmáha-ŋ-Sumúloŋ the Sumulong Company; aŋ tánud-báhay the watchman of a house, tánud-pálay watchman of a rice-field.

A member of a compound may consist of an entire phrase (cf. § [332]): Bìgása-ŋ-Sumúloŋ-at-Kasamahàn Rice-mill of Sumulong 35and Company (equivalent to Bìgásan nila Sumúloŋ at Kasamahàn); aŋ dúlo-ŋ-bandà-ŋ-kánan the right-hand end (aŋ bandà ŋ kánan the right).

Specialization and transference of meaning are especially marked in hampas-lúpaʾ (literally: beating of the ground) tramp, 5vagabond; kápit-báhay not only neighboring house, but also neighbor: Aŋ báhay ni Hwàn ay áki ŋ kápit-báhay, but also: Si Hwàn ay áki ŋ kápit-báhay; kápit-báyan neighboring town, but also person from a neighboring town; Sawi-ŋ-pálad siyà. He is unlucky (literally unhandy of the palm).

10For the other occurrences of compounds see Index under báhay, bakàs, bànda, bantày, básag, báyad, báyan, búŋa, bútas, daàn, hánap, ílog, kalabàw, kapuluàn, kasamaàn, kasawiàn, kasiraàn, kinamatayàn, lúpaʾ, médiko, paà, pamatày, pantày, piráso, púnoʾ, sàmáhan, táo, trabáho, úbos.

152. General features of word-formation.

332. Many words are analyzed into (1) recurring affixes, (2) doubling, (3) reduplication, and (4) a recurring unanalyzable element bearing the material meaning, the root. The place of the root may be taken by a word in turn showing derivation by 20these processes, or by a compound word, or even by a phrase. Other words, root-words, contain only the unanalyzable element.

Other modifications affecting the meaning are shifting of the accent toward the end of the word, and the use of secondary accents.

25Modifications not affecting the meaning, but merely accompanying those already named, are sound-variation and retraction of the accent toward the beginning of the word.

The same morphologic elements may be variously distributed; it is most convenient and corresponds most nearly to the speech-feeling 30to describe these differences as though they were due to different successions in which the modifications are applied: sumùsúlat is súlat reduplicated and with infix -um-; but (nag-)tùtumirà is tirà with infix -um-, then reduplicated (plus prefix nag-).

The part of a word to which a modification is (in this sense) 35said to be added will be called the underlying word (or phrase): in sumùsúlat the infix -um- is added to the underlying word sùsúlat, in (nag-)tùtumirà reduplication is added to the underlying word tumirà; in ikasa-m-pùʾ the tenth the prefixes ka- and i- are successively added to the underlying phrase sa m pùʾ ten.

40Roots not actually occurring in this book as independent words will be written with a hyphen prefixed (-káin), except in unmistakable lists of roots.

333. The root. Except for some pronoun forms and particles, the roots have two or more syllables and are almost always 5accented either on the last (oxytone roots) or on the next-to-last (barytone roots): báhay house, kamày hand.

Some disyllabic roots are formed as though a single syllable were repeated: bitbìt, budbòd, buŋbòŋ piece of unsplit bamboo, damdàm, dibdìb chest (part of body), dikdìk, diŋdìŋ (dindìŋ, § [20]), 10gága, hinhìn, ladlàd, laglàg, liŋkìŋ, lublòb, maŋmàŋ, niŋnìŋ, padpàd, paŋpàŋ, pukpòk, satsàt, siksìk, siŋsìŋ, sísi, súso breast, nipple, sutsòt, tadtàd, tiktìk, tiŋtìŋ (tintìŋ), tugtòg, tuktòk, tuŋtòŋ (tuntòŋ), ulòl.

Of the roots of more than two syllables some similarly repeat 15one or two syllables: alaála, babáye (see § [345]), bulaklàk, lipumpòn (beside lípon).

Others appear as though a syllable -al- or -ag- were infixed (or prefixed) before the first syllabic: alagàd (cf. agàdʾ), balahíbo fur, hair on the body, balíkat, balítaʾ, Balíwag, balúbad, 20baluktòt, dalága, dalamháteʾ, dalandàn, dalaŋhítaʾ, daláŋin, halakhàk, haláman, halíge, halimbáwaʾ, halimhìm, kalabòg, kalákal, kalasìŋ, kalaykày, kaluskòs, palakàʾ, salakàb, salákay, salakòt a rain-hat of palm-leaves, salapèʾ, salawàl, salaysày, salitàʾ, salúboŋ, salúkoy, talastàs, taluŋkòʾ,—bagábag, bagáso bare stalk, of sugar-cane 25or corn (Spanish brazo, whence Tagalog baráso arm, assimilated to this type?), Hagúnoy, lagablàb, lagánap, pagakpàk, sagásaʾ, sagitsìt.

In some instances roots of the same or similar meaning resemble each other in form. This is commonest in loan-words, where 30different degrees of assimilation exist side by side: biróke, bitóke blow-gun bullet (Spanish bodoque); palànsa, pirìnsa flatiron (Spanish plancha). It occurs also, however, in native (or anciently assimilated) roots: aniyáyaʾ, yáyaʾ; ánib, sánib (for sa ánib?); balítaʾ, salitàʾ; bitàw, bitìw; bugòk, bulòk; buŋáŋaʾ 35mouth, maw (naŋ hurnò of the oven, naŋ kalàn of the stove), suŋáŋaʾ a blow on the mouth; dinìg, kinìg; ípon, lípon (lipumpòn, above), típon; laàn, taàn; luhòd, túhod; maŋhàʾ, taŋhàʾ; matày, patày; hantày, hintày.

When syllables of a root resemble affixes, there is always 40possibility that the root may be interpreted as a derived word by the speech-feeling, no matter whether historically it be such or not. Thus the Index will show many roots whose initial syllables are identical with prefixes; the other cases will be mentioned under the various affixes.

334. Affixation. Prefixes are added to the initial of the underlying word: nag-tirà; infixes before the first syllabic: t-um-irà, 5um-alìs; suffixes to the end: tìrá-han.

Affixes are occasionally accompanied by retraction of accent: itò, d-íto. See §§ [343,c]. [358,c.e]. [481,c]. [485,a]. [523]. [528,d].

In the following cases affixes are accompanied by sound-variation:

10(a) prefixes:

(1) The prefixes ending in g are treated phonetically as though they were separate words; this happens occasionally with other prefixes (§ [34]).

(2) Initial d of the underlying word becomes r after the 15syllabic of a prefix in the roots listed in § [17]. The change is constant only in the commonest formations: always pa-raàn, but naká-daàn beside naká-raàn. Striking irregularities at §§ [407,a]. 468.

(3) The prefix i- and in some formations the prefix ka- contract 20with a following syllabic (§ [31]): iy-ánib (for i-ánib), íwan (for i-íwan), ka-yibíg-an (for ka-ibíg-an), kàwáwaʾ (for ka-áwa-áwaʾ). See §§ [368]. 401. 421. 426,b. 475,a. 481,c. 485,a.

(4) The prefixes ending in ŋ (maŋ-, naŋ-, paŋ-) alter a following initial, always in much-used words, frequently in others.

25Before an initial syllabic the ŋ is treated as though it belonged to the underlying word and not to the prefix. This appears in reduplication (§ [336]).

Initial p, b, t, d, s, are often, initial k is always changed to the corresponding nasal: pamáloʾ (páloʾ with paŋ-), but also paŋ-pa-rikìt; 30pamilmìt (bilmìt), but also paŋ-bambò; panáliʾ (táliʾ), but also paŋ-takìp; panaláŋin (daláŋin), but also paŋ-dilìg; na-naríwaʾ (saríwaʾ), but also paŋ-sakày; naŋapàʾ (kapàʾ). Where the change is not made, the ŋ may be assimilated to dentals (§ [20]): mandurúkit beside maŋdudúkit.

35Before nasals the ŋ is usually lost: namahálaʾ (mahálaʾ with naŋ-).

See paŋ- and maŋ- in List of Formations.

(5) The prefix hin- and its compounds give rise to a few similar changes, see §§ [357,b]. 376,a. 518.

40(6) For occasional irregularities of prefixes see §§ [347,b]. 481,d. 528.

(b) infixes:

(1) Where -in- is infixed in a word beginning with l, w, or y, this initial is usually interchanged with the n, so that, practically, we have a prefixed ni- instead of an infixed -in-: ni-lútoʾ (beside 5less common l-in-útoʾ), ni-walìs (beside w-in-íkaʾ), ni-yáyaʾ. See §§ [359] ff. 374 ff.

(2) Where words beginning with syllabic, h, l, w (and y) have the prefix i- and the infix -in-, the latter is almost always used as a prefix, preceding the i-: in-iy-útos, in-íwan (for in-i-íwan), 10in-i-hatìd, i-ni-lútoʾ (beside less common i-l-in-útoʾ), in-i-wisìk. See § [368].

(3) On -um- see § [348,b].

(c) suffixes:

(1) The suffixes (-an and -in) after a syllabic take an initial 15h: luksú-han.

(2) Final d always becomes r before a suffix: lakar-àn (lákad).

(3) When used in the formation of transient derivatives, as well as in some other of their uses, the suffixes are accompanied 20by irregular modifications of certain roots.

Some roots ending in syllabic are treated as if they ended in glottal stop; they are amà, kíta, matà: ama-ìn, kitá-an, matá-an.

Others are treated as though they ended in n; they are paà, tálo, táwa: paa-nàn (beside regular paa-hàn), talú-nan, tawá-nan.

25Other roots lose the syllabic of the last syllable, as well as a final glottal stop which may follow this; if the syllabic is final, the suffix adds h: asìn asn-àn, bigày bigy-àn, bilì bil-hàn, mulàʾ mul-àn. The roots so treated are: asìn, bigày, bilì, bukàs, dalà, hatìd, higàʾ, ibà (but also regular iba-hàn), eskuwéla, gawàʾ, káin, 30kamìt, lagày, lakì, likòd, masìd, mulàʾ, punòʾ, pútol (but also regular putúl-an), sakày, sákit, subò, sunòd, táŋan, tibàʾ, tiŋìn, tirà (but also regular tirá-han), ulìʾ, upòʾ, walàʾ.

Still other roots add assimilation, dissimilation, or metathesis of consonants to the loss of vowel: ának aŋk-àn, atìp apt-àn, 35danìw (? see § [421]) ka-raniyúw-an, datìŋ datn-àn, gílid ta-ligd-àn (beside regular ta-gilír-an), halìk hagk-àn, haŋgà haŋg-àn (i. e. the h of -han is lost), kinìg kiŋg-àn, silìd sigl-àn, tanìm tamn-àn, tuwìd ka-tu-tur-àn.

Entirely irregular are the following: alaála alala-hánin (-hánin 40for -hin), aniyáya anyá-han, háriʾ ka-hariy-àn ka-hary-àn (beside regular pag-harí-an), íhip híp-an, ílag inlag-àn (for ilag-nàn? but also regular ilág-an), kawáyan kwayan-àn (beside regular kawayan-àn), kilála kilan-làn (for kilal-nàn?), kúha kú-nin, laròʾ laruw-àn larw-àn (beside regular laru-àn), pulòʾ ka-puluw-àn ka-pulw-àn (beside regular ka-pulu-àn), sála saŋ-làn (for sal-nan? 5also ka-salá-nan and regular salá-han), sundòʾ pagkà-sunduw-àn (beside regular -sundu-àn), táo ka-taw-àn (? see § [422], also regular ka-taú-han), totoò tòto-hánan (-hánan for -hàn).

335. Doubling. In certain formations the underlying word, if disyllabic, is repeated; the phonetic treatment is the same as 10that of successive words in a phrase (§ [34]): agad-agàd, gabi-gabì, ápat-ápat, pa-lígid-lígid.

If the underlying word has more than two syllables, only the beginning of it, inclusive of the second syllabic, is repeated, and the final syllabic of this repeated part has a primary accent: kaní-kaníno, 15kaní-kanilà, nag-kagá-kagalìt (underlying word ka-galìt).

336. Reduplication. In some formations the beginning of the underlying word, including the first syllabic, is repeated, sù-súlat, á-akiyàt. Words with reduced i or u (§ [27]) reduplicate with i, u: maka-sí-siyà, maka-sí-syà.

20Note the foreign words: krùs nag-kú-kurùs, trabáho nag-tá-trabáho.

Initial d of the roots listed in § [17] often becomes r after the reduplication: k-in-à-dò-roon-àn (doòn), nag-dá-daàn (daàn).

When a prefix which involves change of initial comes before 25a reduplicated form, the latter has the changed initial both in the reduplicative syllable and in the underlying part: nà-rò-roòn (doòn), pa-ŋu-ŋumìt (umìt with paŋ-, § [334, a, 4]; also: paŋ-u-umìt) pútol pa-mu-mútol (pútol with paŋ-).

337. Accent-shift. In certain formations the accent is displaced 30one syllable toward the end of the word: súlat sulàt. This is especially the case before suffixes forming transient words: súlat sulát-an. In some formations with suffixes the accent moves two syllables toward the end of the word: súlat sulat-àn.

Certain roots are especially given to this change and show it 35in formations where it is not regular. In these roots the accent-shift is more or less clearly and regularly connected with a modification of meaning. The roots are: ábot overtake, with shift: reach for, take hold of, pass, hand; e. g. pa-ábot let oneself be overtaken, pa-abòt something caused to be handed, ákay, álam, 40áwaʾ, áyaw, bábaʾ, báhay, báyaʾ, búlag, gálit, gísiŋ, háyag, húli, lápit, láyoʾ, múra, sákit, sáma, síraʾ, tálo, támaʾ, táwa, túloy, úna. See Index. A few pairs of roots differing only in accent may possibly belong here, e. g. -ának family and anàk child.

338. Secondary accents. (1) In some formations a secondary accent is spoken on the initial syllable of the underlying word: 5alìs àlís-an, ka-galìt kàgalít-an, iyàk ìyák-an. If the first syllable is closed, the secondary accent is omitted: luksò luksú-han; so also if it is followed by consonant plus reduced vowel (§ [27]): taniyàg tanyàg tanyág-an; and also if its own vowel is reduced: niyòg nyòg niyúg-an nyúg-an. There are some irregularities. See 10§§ [377,b]. 383. 421. 421,b. 426,b.

(2) Prefixes and reduplications often take a secondary accent: nà-pútol (different in meaning from na-pútol), sù-súlat.

These secondary accents have phonetically the quality of primary accents when they come before short oxytone underlying 15words: ná-rinìg, á-akiyàt. If, however, the word is accented on a suffix, the accent on this is more audible and the secondary accent remains: nà-buks-àn. So also if there are two secondary accents: nà-rì-rinìg. Longer oxytone words not accented on a suffix vary; they have been transcribed as heard in each case: nag-sì-si-pag-laròʾ 20nag-sí-si-pag-laròʾ.

339. Indications. In the following description formations will be indicated as follows:

prefixes thus: nag-; infixes: -um-; suffixes: -an; secondary accent on prefixes: nà-;

25doubling by “D”, e. g. nag- D -an represents the formation seen in nag-aswàŋ-aswáŋ-an;

reduplication by “r”, with secondary accent by “R”, e. g. pag- r (pag-pu-pútol), nag- R (nag-pù-pútol), -um- R (s-um-ù-súlat), nag- R -um- (nag-tù-t-um-irà);

30secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word by “S”, e. g. S -an (àlís-an);

accent-shift by “(1)” or “(2)”, e. g. (1) describes the formation of sulàt from súlat; (1) -an (sulát-an); (2) -an (sulat-àn).

35340. Summary of formations. The various formations group themselves into eight classes: 1. simple formations without characteristic prefix, expressing simple actions, objects, etc.; 2. formations with characteristic prefix pag-, expressing chiefly transitive actions; 3. characteristic prefix paŋ-, deliberate actions; 4. si-, 40action by more than one actor; 5. paki-, action along with others; 6. ka-, reciprocal, involuntary, and accidental; 7. pa-, causative; 8. pati-, reflexive.

These indications are a mere rough guide: neither the characteristic prefix nor the meaning indicated runs through the entire group. The first three groups are the most important, and, to a large extent, each formation of the other five groups belongs also 5to one of the three primary groups.

In each group there are four types of words: simple static, transient, abstracts of action, and special static. The simple static words involve no idea of active or passive; the transients are accompanied by abstracts, in which the transient occurrence is viewed 10as a static concept, and by special static words, which, though static, involve the idea of voice: simple static súlat a document, writing, letter; transient sumúlat wrote, sulátan is to be written to; abstract pagsúlat an act of writing; special static sulatàn a writing-desk (with idea of local passive).

15Each (active or passive, § [92]) transient formation exists in two modes, actual and contingent, and each of these has two aspects, punctual and durative; the durative always has accented reduplication. The actual mode envisages the occurrence as actually having taken place or taking place: in the punctual aspect the 20occurrence is viewed in its entirety, without regard to duration, and hence always as past: nagáral studied, learned; in the durative aspect of the actual the occurrence is viewed as a process going on in time, past or present: nagàáral was studying, is studying, used to study, studied (repeatedly), studies. The contingent 25mode views the occurrence as not having actually taken place: the punctual aspect views it as possible, hypothetical, or commanded: magáral should study, study (as command); the durative as future from the point of view of the past or present: magàáral will study, was going to study. The punctual contingent 30form is used not only in commands and hypothetical clauses, but in subordinate predications and complements generally, even, for instance, after naŋ (§ [192] f.), and often, in such constructions, in competition with actual forms. It is often used, further, after hindìʾ (§ [238]). When objectivized with aŋ, it expresses the possibility 35or circumstance of the occurrence: aŋ magáral a hypothetical studier, the circumstance that one might study.

The abstracts of action are much used in the construction described at § [274].

In addition to these more or less regular and systematized 40forms, there are various isolated formations, which will be discussed after the others.

A systematically arranged list of formations precedes the Index.

3. Description of formations.

I. Primary groups (zero, pag-, paŋ-).

A. Simple static forms.

(1) Root-words.

5341. The uses of root-words cover a wide range of meanings, the diversity of which is due to the various material meanings of the roots. The rough grouping here made is a matter of convenience; the speech-feeling seems not to distinguish classes of roots or diverse employments of root-words.

10While a complete list of the examples occurring in the Texts and illustrative sentences will be given for nearly all other formations, the root-words are so numerous that it will be expedient merely to refer to the Index.

(1) Root-words in many cases express object-ideas which are 15viewed as simple: aŋ báhay house, aŋ táo human being.

(2) If the words containing a root have in common the idea of a quality rather than of an object, the root-word may express either the quality itself, or an object possessing the quality.

(a) In the former case, it is generally a single occurrence of 20the quality that is expressed, not the quality in general, which is expressed rather by a collective with ka- and -an (§ [421] ff.), but this distinction is not fully carried out. The root-word generally stands in object construction. Examples: Aŋ búte ni Hwàn ay walá sa kanya ŋ úlo, dátapuwat násàsa kanya ŋ púsoʾ. Juan’s 25good quality lies not in his head, but in his heart. Si Pédro ay táo ŋ wala ŋ daŋàl. Pedro is a person without honor. aŋ ínit naŋ tagáraw the heat of summer. Aŋ lálim naŋ balòn ay isà ŋ pantay-kawáyan. The depth of the well is the length of a bamboo-tree. Aŋ lamìg sa Amérika ay masyádo. The cold in America is 30excessive. Aŋ ligsè naŋ usà ay hindí gáya naŋ sa áso. The speed of the deer is not equal to that of the dog. Aŋ samá naŋ ságiŋ na itò ay nása ugàt. The trouble with this banana-tree is at the root. aŋ taàs naŋ káhoy the height of the tree.

(b) When expressing an object endowed with a quality, the 35root-word is in competition with words formed with the prefix ma- (§ [454]). It usually stands as a predicate or as conjunctive attribute of another word. aŋ túbig na álat salt-water, aŋ dágat na álat the salt-sea, the ocean. Aŋ pákoʾ ay baluktòt. The nail is crooked. Aŋ patalìm ay báwal sa maŋa bátaʾ. Children are not 40allowed to have sharp tools. Aŋ itlùg na yitò y bugòk (or: bulòk). This egg is rotten. Sya y bugòk. He is crazy. aŋ buwísit na alílaʾ a repulsive servant. Ikàw ay bwísit. You are a bore. Maŋa gíliw ko ŋ ginoò! Honored sirs! isa ŋ táu ŋ hámak a no-account person. aŋ táu ŋ lasìŋ the drunken man. Sya y lasìŋ. 5He is drunk. aŋ pulúbe ŋ lumpò the lame beggar. Sya y lumpò. He is lame. Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ mahàl na bátaʾ sa kanya ŋ maŋa magúlaŋ. Juan is a child dear to his parents. Múra aŋ maŋa síle sa panahò ŋ itò. Peppers are cheap at this time. Hindí pansìn aŋ piklàt sa mukhà naŋ dalága ŋ si Maryà. The scar on young 10Maria’s face is not noticeable. aŋ táo ŋ panòt a bald-headed man. isa ŋ báya ŋ payápaʾ a tranquil town. Sya y pípe. He is dumb. Aŋ pintà naŋ bintánaʾ ay putèʾ. The window is painted white. Sagàd aŋ kanya ŋ gupìt. His hair-cut is close. Sina Hwàn ay salàt sa pananamìt. Juan and his family are short of clothing. 15Akò y sawí sa pagsusúboʾ sa bátaʾ. I am in an awkward position for feeding the child. Sáyaŋ aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn. Little Juan is to be regretted. Isa ŋ táo ŋ sinuŋáliŋ si Pédro. Pedro is a liar. Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ táo ŋ tanyàg. Juan is a renowned man. Tanyàg sya sa kanya ŋ kláse. He is at the head of his class. aŋ 20tigàs naŋ káhoy the hard part of the log. aŋ daà ŋ tumpàk the right road. si Untèʾ Shorty (as nickname).

(3) If the words containing the root refer rather to an action or occurrence, the uses of the root-word are more varied.

(a) The root-word may refer to the action itself; it is used 25of a single instance rather than of the action in general, which is expressed rather by abstracts of action, though the distinction is not always clear. The root-word so used is mostly in object construction. Examples: Aŋ anyáya sa ákin ni Hwána ay áki ŋ tinaŋgàp. I accepted Juana’s invitation. May bálìʾ aŋ kawáyan. 30The bamboo has a break in it. May búhay pa aŋ púsa ŋ itò. This cat is still alive. Aŋ dalamhátì naŋ kanya ŋ inà ay malakì. His mother’s grief is great. Sa damdam kò y nagumpisa nà aŋ malalamìg na áraw. I think (literally: In my feeling) the cold days have begun. Si Hwàn ay sya ŋ pumáyag sa hilìŋ nilà sa kanya 35ŋ sasakyàn. Juan was the one who acceded to their request for his vehicle. Aŋ húgas naŋ piŋgàn ay marumè. The washing of the dishes is dirty, i. e. The dishes have been poorly washed. Aŋ kantà naŋ íbon ay maínam. The bird’s song is pleasant. Aŋ kasàl ni Pédro at ni Maryà ay sa liŋgò. The wedding of Pedro and 40Maria will be on Sunday. aŋ áki ŋ lúlan sa trén my embarking (with all my goods) on the train. Aŋ pagakpàk naŋ maŋa táo ay nakabíbiŋi. The applause of the people was deafening. Aŋ pásoʾ sa paà ni Pédro ay malakì. The burn on Pedro’s foot is large. Aŋ pútol naŋ buhòk ni Hwàn ay bakìl-bakìl. Juan’s hair-cut is uneven. Sa lúnes aŋ tagpú nila sa daà-ŋ-Balíwag. They are to meet on the Baliwag road next Monday. aŋ tahòl ni Batò 5ŋ Bákal the barking of Iron Stone (name of a dog). Aŋ támà naŋ bátaʾ ay sa úlo. The child was struck on the head. Binigyàn ni Hwàn naŋ isà ŋ tapìk aŋ kaybígan nya ŋ si Pédro. Juan gave his friend Pedro a nudge. Aŋ kanya ŋ túlog ay mabábaw. His sleep is light. Aŋ upú naŋ Intsìk ay pataluŋkòʾ. The Chinese sit 10squatting. Butíhan mo aŋ yárì naŋ sambalílo. Put a good finish on (the making of) the hat.

(b) The root-word may express an object by virtue of which the action becomes possible or has concrete manifestation; this use closely approaches transient passives of various kinds. Root-words 15in this use are most commonly conjunctive attributes, but the object construction, especially in the predicate, is frequent. Aŋ ágaw nya ŋ laruwàn ay inilagay nyà sa kahòn. The toys he snatched were put by him into a box. Síno sa maŋa táo aŋ ináko ni Mariyáno? Aŋ áko ni Mariyáno ay si Pédro. 20Which one of the men did Mariano relieve?—The one whom Mariano relieved is Pedro. Hwag kayò ŋ mamútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí ninyo áriʾ. Don’t make a cutting of bamboo not owned by you; aŋ áriʾ property, aŋ may áriʾ the owner or master. Aŋ bigay nyà sa ákin naŋ Paskò naŋ Paŋaŋanàk 25na nagdaàn ay isa ŋ tabakéra. For last Christmas he gave me a tabatiere. aŋ bíhis nya ŋ damìt the (good) clothes she has put on (in place of her others). isa ŋ bíroʾ a joke. aŋ byày na isdàʾ sa palàisdáan the fish allowed to swim free in the fish-reservoir. aŋ dalà that carried; Dalà ni Hwàn aŋ lumbò. Juan is carrying 30the cup. aŋ dikìt naŋ apòy the blazing of the fire. Aŋ orasàn ni Hwàn ay gáliŋ sa Parìs. Juan’s watch comes from Paris. Aŋ tornìlyo ŋ itò y gámit sa mákina. This screw is used in the machine. aŋ gantì nya ŋ pálaʾ the gift he gave in return. Aŋ kwáko ŋ itò ay ganti ŋ pálaʾ sa ákin ni Hwàn. This cigar-holder 35is a return-gift to me from Juan. May hálo ŋ iba ŋ bágay aŋ gátas na itò. This milk has something else mixed in with it. háti ŋ gabì midnight. Aŋ hampàs na tinaŋgàp ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ paŋinoòn ay isà ŋ kabàn. The whipping Juan got from his master was twenty-five strokes. May háraŋ na púno-ŋ-káhoy aŋ daà ŋ 40patúŋo sa báriyo naŋ San-Visènte. The road toward the district of San Vicente has a tree obstructing it. Húle si Hwàn naŋ pulìs. Juan was arrested by the policeman. Aŋ igìb nya ŋ túbig ay marumè. The water he dipped from the spring is dirty. Aŋ binàbása nya ŋ librò ay kathà ni Risàl. The book he is reading was written by Rizal. Laàn (or: taàn) kay Pédro aŋ alaála ŋ itò. This present is reserved for Pedro. Aŋ lákad ni Hwàn ay aŋ 5paŋhihiràm. Juan’s errand is to borrow something. Aŋ lúlan ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ karitòn ay maŋa kahòn naŋ álak. Juan’s load on his wagon is cases of liquor; aŋ lúla ŋ kasaŋkápan the loaded utensils. Aŋ manòk na yitò y lúto sa durúan. This chicken is roasted on the spit. Nàhúle si Hwàn sa tabì naŋ kanya ŋ nákaw 10na kabáyo. Juan was caught with the horse he stole. Aŋ pásak naŋ baŋkàʾ ay bunòt naŋ nyòg at pagkìt. The boat is calked with cocoanut fibre and wax. Aŋ pígil ni Hwàn ay aŋ kabáyo. Juan is trying to restrain the horse. Aŋ pintàs ko kay Hwàn ay aŋ kanya ŋ bísyo ŋ paginòm. What I don’t like about Juan is his 15vice of drunkenness. aŋ púlot anything picked up; an adopted child. aŋ isa ŋ pútol na púno-ŋ-káhoy a tree that has been cut up; Aŋ pútol naŋ káhoy ay nàpakaiklèʾ. The wood has been cut too short. Aŋ librò ay aŋ sadyá ko sa báhay ni Hwàn. The book is what I went to Juan’s house for. Aŋ sakày sa trèn ay limà ŋ 20kompanyà ŋ sundálo. The people in the train are five companies of soldiers. Aŋ saŋkàp naŋ manòk ay kalabása. The chicken is cooked with pumpkin. “Magsipagsísi kayò, maŋa táo ŋ makasalánan,” aŋ sigàw naŋ kúra mulá sa pùlpito. “Repent, ye sinners,” was the cry of the priest from the pulpit. isa ŋ súboʾ a 25mouthful. Marámi sya ŋ tágo ŋ kwaltà. He has much money saved away. Aŋ tanìm naŋ búkid ay pálay na malagkìt. The field is planted with a sticky rice. Aŋ taŋgàp nya ŋ bílin ay lubhà ŋ marámi. The commissions he received were numerous. Malakàs aŋ táwa ni Hwàn. Juan’s laughter was loud. Aŋ táwag sa lugàr 30na itò ay Kinamatayà-ŋ-Kabáyo. They call this place Dead Horse. aŋ tuŋtòŋ that on which something stands; a mat on which dishes are set (specific name: dikìn). Aŋ túrù naŋ bátaʾ ay aŋ mansánas sa mésa. The child is pointing at the apple on the table. Aŋ usísaʾ sa ákin ni Hwàn ay kuŋ saan nàndon aŋ kanya ŋ sombréro. 35What Juan asked me was where his hat was. Walá sya ŋ uwì ŋ maŋa librò. He did not bring home any books. Aŋ talìm naŋ gúlok ay yári sa Yurúpa. The cutting-edge of the bolo is made in Europe.

(c) Especially with the particle nà (§ [223]) the root-word 40often expresses a brusque command; in this use it is in competition with transient forms. Dalí ka naŋ iyo ŋ pagtakbò. Hurry your running, i. e. Run faster. Hampàs na kayò, maŋa bátaʾ, sa maŋa laŋgàm. Whip at the ants, boys. Hátì na naŋ mansánas. Divide up the apples. Hintú na kayò, maŋa bátaʾ. Stop, children. Ísip na kayò kuŋ anò aŋ kahulugàn naŋ áki ŋ bugtòŋ. Guess the meaning of my riddle. Láyas na! Get out! Lígù na! Take a bath! 5Luksu nà sa tinìk na iyàn. Jump across those spines. Sáma nà sa kanyà. Go to him. Táwag na naŋ maŋa polìs. Call the police. Tayòʾ. Stand up. Upú na. Sit down.

(d) Repeated with naŋ (§ [191]) root-words, as predicates, denote an actor in repeated and continuous action: Nàkíta ko ŋ 10pútol naŋ pútol si Hwàn naŋ tubò. I saw Juan cutting away at the sugar-cane. Similarly (see Index) bilì and táwa.

342. Root-words with accent-shift. Barytone roots are used as root-words with shift of accent to the last syllable to denote something which has been affected by the action, quality, or (in 15fewer cases) thing, which is denoted by the root. The particle nà is usually added. Agaw nà sa súnog aŋ maŋa laruwàn. The toys have been snatched from the fire. Awá na si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pinarùrusáha ŋ anàk. Juan is already overcome with pity for his child, whom he is punishing. Aŋ áso ni Hwàn ay bahày. Juan’s 20dog is grown up in the house, is completely domesticated. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay bahày. Little Juan is shy, is unused to strangers. Bayad nà aŋ útaŋ sa ákin ni Hwàn. Juan’s debt to me is paid now. Bihis nà aŋ bátaʾ. The child’s clothes have been changed, The child is dressed up now. Bilaŋ nà aŋ maŋa itlòg 25na itò. These eggs are already counted. Aŋ úlo ni Hwàn ay bilòg. Juan’s head is round; or: Juan has been fooled; aŋ bilòg na táboʾ the round dipper. Buhày aŋ áki ŋ inà. My mother is living. Sya y bulàg. He is blinded; or: He is blind; aŋ babáye ŋ bulàg the blind woman. Daiŋ nà aŋ isdàʾ. The fish has been 30laid open. isa ŋ táo ŋ gutòm a hungry (or: gluttonous) person. Hatí na aŋ tubò. The sugar-cane is cut in two. Huli nà si Hwána sa trén. Juana is late for the train. Aŋ karnè ay ihaw nà. The meat is done. Init nà aŋ gátas. The milk is heated. Kayas nà aŋ kawáya ŋ itò. This bamboo is already smoothed. Aŋ 35pagkùkúnan nya naŋ itlòg ay aŋ kahò ŋ kulaŋ nà. He will take eggs from the box that is already started (literally: incomplete, cf. Ápat na sèntimos aŋ kúlaŋ nitò. This lacks four cents, is four cents too little). Lakàd kamì ŋ umwèʾ. We went home on foot. Lipas nà aŋ gamòt (aŋ pabaŋòʾ). The medicine (the perfume) is stale, has lost its strength. Lipas nà aŋ 40áki ŋ gútom. My hunger has disappeared. Pasòʾ aŋ lugàr na itò naŋ kanya ŋ kamày. This spot on his hand is burned; aŋ pasòʾ a pottery dish. Aŋ pagkakàgalítan ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay pawí nà. The quarrel between Juan and Pedro is now allayed. Pigil nà aŋ kabáyo. The horse is under control now. Aŋ káhoy ay putul nà. The wood is now cut. Itò y sirá na. This is already ruined. Sunòg aŋ damìt na kanya ŋ pinirìnsa. The clothes which 5she ironed are scorched; sunòg na asúkal burnt sugar. Tamá na aŋ iyo ŋ pagkwènta. Now you have figured it correctly. Tipun nà an maŋa kalabàw. Now the carabao are rounded up. Tulis nà aŋ lápis. The pencil is sharpened. Turòʾ aŋ kanya ŋ dalíreʾ. His finger is stiff.

10This form occurs, in this book, also from the following roots (see Index): básag, búnot, gálit, gámit, hásaʾ, kilála, lápad, límaŋ, págod, sákop, sánay, súlat, tápos, tiwálaʾ, túloy.

(a) In the case of some roots this form is used like a simple root-word without accent-shift; these are roots in which the accent-shift 15expresses a modification of the material meaning; see § [337]. So: alàm that known (see Index); Babá na riyàn sa iyò ŋ kinàùupàn! Come down from your perch! Aŋ sakìt na kanya ŋ tinítiis ay aŋ lagnàt na típus. The sickness from which he is suffering is typhoid fever. 20(aŋ sákit na kanya ŋ tinítiìs the grief he is enduring). Sama táyo sa pagbilì naŋ pálay. Let us be partners in buying rice. Cf. also hulì, above.

(b) In oxytone roots, where the accent-shift cannot occur, our form is homonymous with the simple root-word: Bigti nà si 25Pédro. Pedro is now strangled. Bukas nà aŋ láta. The can is opened. Busug nà aŋ maŋa háyop. The animals have been fed their fill. Hintú na aŋ trén naŋ akò y sumakày. The train had stopped when I got on. Hubad nà aŋ bátaʾ. The child is undressed now. 30Aŋ maŋa Igoróte ay hubàd. The Igorote go naked. Huŋkuy nà aŋ bigàs. The rice is fanned now. Sya y kasàl. He (she) is married. Pantay nà aŋ lúpaʾ. The ground has been levelled. Nàkíta ko ŋ patìd aŋ sampáyan naŋ damìt. I saw that the clothes-line was broken. Punú na aŋ bóte ŋ itò. This bottle is already full. 35Tayú na aŋ báhay. The house is already erected. Tikwas nà aŋ káhoy. One end of the log is down.

Similarly are used: aŋkìn, bilì, tadtàd, tuwàʾ.

(2) Doubling.

343. Simple doubling. Simple doubling expresses explicit 40plurality or repetition, often with the idea of variation, intensity, or diminution: ápat-ápat four by four, four at a time, aŋ mata-matà trellis-work. Aŋ dúrù nya naŋ karáyom ay hindi parè-parého. Her stitches with the needle are not even. Sabày-sabày sila ŋ umalìs. They all went away at the same time. Similarly from: agàd, alìn, anò, áraw, bágay, bakìl, baluktòt, barà, gabì, 5gibàʾ, halòʾ, isà, lahàt, líbo, liŋgò, loòb, pantày, sáriʾ, síno, sunòd, tulàʾ, untìʾ.

(a) The simple root does not occur and the meaning is discrepant in paru-parò butterfly.

(b) From derived words, in the same meaning: kaní-kanilà 10(ka-n-ilà § [528]), kaní-kaníno (ka-n-í-no § [528]), dalá-dalawà two by two, two at a time (da-lawà § [345]), tatlu-tatlò three by three, three at a time (ta-tlò § [345]).

(c) With retraction of accent: Dálì-dáli sya ŋ tumakbò. He ran off like a flash.

15344. (1) D. In some cases the accent is shifted; the meaning is the same: Putòl-putòl aŋ katawàn ni Hwàn naŋ áki ŋ màkíta. Juan’s body was all cut up when I saw it. This form from: báhay, báyan, púnit, sábi, súlok.

(3) Reduplication.

20345. Simple reduplication. In a very few cases the place of the root-word is taken by the root with reduplication. The only clear case is tutulè ear-wax, root -tulè. The numerals dalawà two and tatlò three seem to be irregularly reduplicated forms of roots -lawà and -tlò (for -talò?), as a few of the derivatives 25seem to indicate. A number of words, treated in the following as simple roots, have, however, the aspect of this formation: babáye, bibiŋkà, bubuwìt a kind of mouse, gagambà, laláki, papáya (Spanish), tutubè, totoò.

346. Accented reduplication. Accented reduplication is used 30chiefly in transient forms (§ [348]); distinct from this use seems to be that of numerals, in the meaning of only so many: àápat, íilàn, íisà; similarly dá-dalawà only two (from da-lawà) (§ [345]).

mámayàʾ, mámyàʾ seems to be felt as a simple root-word and has been treated as such.

35(4) paŋ-.

347. Of the two prefixes round which primary forms are grouped (§ [340]), pag- is used only for abstracts of action (§§ [348]. 350. 351); with paŋ- are formed words denoting the thing used for doing so and so, or as such and such: Nawalàʾ aŋ kanyà ŋ 40paŋakálaʾ. His power of thought left him. aŋ paŋatìp that used for roofing, a shingle. Magpapútol ka, Pédro, naŋ maŋa kawáya ŋ paŋbákod. Have some bamboo cut for a fence, Pedro. aŋ paŋbambò a stick or club used for beating. paŋbayò instrument for pounding rice, pestle. paŋdilìg implements used for sprinkling. 5paŋgápas a slicer, a curved knife with saw-toothed edge. Aŋ ginámit nya ŋ paŋgupìt na guntìŋ sa damìt ay mapuròl. The scissors he used for cutting cloth were dull; also simply: aŋ paŋgupìt scissors, shears, aŋ paŋhampàs a whip. Aŋ ginawà ŋ paŋháraŋ sa daàn naŋ maŋa tulisàn ay isa ŋ gibà ŋ karitòn. The robbers used 10a broken-down wagon to make the obstruction on the road. Aŋ laséta ŋ itò ay paŋháteʾ naŋ dáyap. This knife is used for cutting limes. aŋ paŋlípaʾ the sticky mud used for smoothing the threshing-floor. aŋ paŋagínip a dream. pamitìk a single rein (one guides the animal by flicking it in various ways, cf. pitìk a fillip, a flick, 15a snap). pamatày in pamatay-kúto thumb, literally: that with which one kills head-lice (kúto). Pamútol naŋ buhòk aŋ guntìŋ na itò. These shears are used for cutting hair. Aŋ salawàl na yitò y sya kò ŋ paŋsakày sa kabáyo. These are my trousers for horseback-riding. Aŋ maŋa pintò ŋ may paŋsarà na gámit ay 20sumásara ŋ kúsaʾ. Doors that have closing attachments close themselves automatically. aŋ panáliʾ a halter or rope for tying up an animal. Aŋ kulilìŋ na ytò y sya kù ŋ panáwag naŋ alílaʾ. This bell is what I use for calling the servants; also: paŋtáwag. Aŋ paŋtayò naŋ halíge ay hindí dumatiŋ. The instruments for 25setting up posts (i. e. the cranes) did not arrive. Aŋ kalaykày ay sya kò ŋ ginámit na paŋtípon naŋ maŋa bunòt na damò. I used the rake for piling up the uprooted grass. aŋ panúroʾ a pointer, anything used for pointing. Sya y may salawàl na paŋupò sa damúhan at gayon dìn máy-roon syà ŋ paŋupò sa sùgálan. 30He has trousers for sitting on the lawn and others for when he sits at the gaming-table.

Similarly from, the following roots: áhit, ákoʾ, alaála, anàk, bilì, bilmìt, daláŋin, gamòt, hilámos, húli, ísip, ŋalán, páloʾ, pukpòk, sáboŋ, takìp, tanìm, tiwálaʾ.

35(a) This derivative from numerals denotes a thing used to fill such and such a place: aŋ paŋápat that used as fourth, as: the fourth horse in a team; of similar meaning: paŋlimà fifth, paŋánim sixth, pamitò seventh, paŋwalò eighth, paŋsiyàm ninth. From the ordinal (§ [416,a]) is formed paŋúna first. From phrases 40the higher numbers: paŋsa-m-pùʾ the tenth (sa m pùʾ ten), paŋlabi-ŋ-isà the eleventh (labi ŋ isà), paŋdalawa-ŋ-pùʾ twentieth, pamito-ŋ-pùʾ seventieth.

(b) A few formations show irregularities: panukálaʾ equivalent to paŋakálaʾ above, is felt to belong with akálaʾ; cf. the similar insertion of u in paubáyaʾ (§ [481,d]); paŋinoòn master, does not seem to be felt as a derivative of ginoò and has therefore been 5treated as a separate root.

Second and third are derived from the reduplicated form (§ [345]) and show phonetic irregularity: aŋ paŋalawà the second; one’s second in a duel; paŋatlò third, third horse in a gun-carriage; similarly paŋatlo-ŋ-pùʾ the thirtieth.

10(c) From root with accent shift (§ [337]) only paŋhulè the last (of an established series).

B. Transients, abstracts, and special static words.

(1) Active with -um- and abstract with pag-.

348. Of the active forms of the primary groups, that of the 15type with prefix zero expresses the actor in a simple action or process. Both of the punctual forms, actual and contingent, are made with infix -um-; the actual durative consists of the root reduplicated, with infix -um-; the contingent durative is reduplicated, but lacks the infix; the reduplication is in both cases accented. 20The abstract of action consists of the root with prefix pag-. Thus the forms are: p-um-útol, p-um-ù-pútol, p-um-útol, pù-pútol, pag-pútol. Examples:

Umabaŋ kà naŋ maglalakò naŋ gátas. Watch for a milkman. Sya y umágaw naŋ maŋa laruwàn. He snatched some toys. Sya 25y umáhon sa ílog (sa bundòk, sa gulòd). He went up the river (up into the mountains, up the hill). Pumútol ka, Hwàn, naŋ búhoʾ, pagáhon mo sa bundòk. When you go up into the mountains, Juan, cut some slender bamboo. Umámin sila Pédro sa harapàn naŋ hukòm. Pedro and his band confessed before the judge. 30umámot sold, of other than a regular merchant. Umánib ka kay Pédro. Let your mat overlap Pedro’s, i. e. Sleep next to Pedro. Umaŋkìn ka naŋ laruwàn. Take some toys for yourself. Aŋ pagáyaw nya ŋ kumáin naŋ karnè ay sya ŋ nakabùbúte sa kanyà. His not being willing to eat meat is what does him good. Aŋ 35halíge naŋ báhay ay bumábaʾ sapagkàt hindí káya naŋ lúpaʾ aŋ bigàt na kanya ŋ dinádala. The post of the house sank because the weight it was bearing was too great for the ground. Bàbábag si Hwàn naŋ kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan will fight with one of his playmates. Bumaluktot kà naŋ yantòk. Bend a piece of rattan. 40Aŋ áhas ay bumaluktòt. The snake doubled itself up. Bumálot ka naŋ súman (naŋ sigarìlyo, naŋ kúmot). Roll up some suman (sticky rice cooked in banana-leaves; some cigarettes, a blanket). Aŋ pagbása ay mahírap. Reading is hard. Sya y bumigtì naŋ táo. He choked a man to death. Aŋ pagbigtì ay isa ŋ pagpatày 5sa kápwa táo sa pamamagítan naŋ pagsakàl. Strangling is killing a person by means of choking. Bumílog si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ turumpò. Juan turned out (on a lathe) a spinning-top. Bumíŋit sya sa malaki ŋ paŋánib. He went (voluntarily) to the brink of a great danger. Bumitìw sa lúbid aŋ isà sa inyò. One of you let 10go of the rope. Bumúbukàs aŋ maŋa bulaklàk sa hàlamanàn. The flowers in the garden are opening. Sya y bumúnot naŋ damò. He plucked up some grass. Lahàt naŋ táo sa báya ŋ iyòn ay bumóto sa kandidáto ŋ si Manikìs. All the people in that town voted for the candidate Maniquís. Aŋ halíge ay dumádala naŋ 15tahílan. The post bears up girders. Dumamdàm si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ mabigàt na sakìt. Juan felt a severe pain. Sya y dumapàʾ. He lay down on his face. Aŋ kanità ŋ kwaltà sa baŋkò ay kasalukúya ŋ gumàgána naŋ buwìs. Your money and mine in the bank is even now earning interest. gumantì act in retaliation. 20gumápas cut with the paŋgápas. Aŋ máy sakìt ay guminháwa. The patient became more comfortable ... ay gumìginháwa nà ... is getting more comfortable now. Sya y humalìk sa kanya ŋ nánay. She kissed her mother. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn aŋ humampàs sa anàk ni Áli ŋ Maryà. It was little Juan 25who hit Aunt Maria’s little boy with a whip. aŋ paghánap a seeking (especially of one’s daily bread). Sya y humáraŋ naŋ maŋa táo ŋ nagháhatid naŋ kabáyo sa báya-ŋ-San-Migèl. He held up some people who were taking horses to the town of San Miguel. Akò ay humátì naŋ mansánas. I cut an apple in two. Humátì 30ako naŋ maŋa itlòg na binilè ni Hwána. I took half of the eggs Juana bought. Iŋátan mo aŋ pagháwak sa mákina ŋ iyàn, sapagkàt baká ka maputúlan naŋ dalíriʾ na gáya naŋ naŋyári sa ibà. Be careful how you take hold of that machine, for you might get your finger cut off like others before you. Humínà naŋ pagtakbò 35aŋ kabáyo. The horse lost its speed as a runner. aŋ paghiŋìʾ a requesting, a request. Híhiram kamì naŋ librò sa libreríya. We shall borrow books from the library. humúlaʾ predicted, prophesied. umigìb get water by dipping from a well, spring, or stream. Akò y umìíhip naŋ píto. I was blowing the small flute. Umìíhip 40aŋ háŋi ŋ habágat. The spring wind is blowing. Umílag ka. Get out of the way. Aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa pagilàŋ ay lubhà ŋ makínis. His little dodges are very clever. Umínit aŋ plànsa. The flatiron became hot. Umínit aŋ túbig. The water got hot. Aŋ paginùm naŋ álak ay masamàʾ. Drinking liquor is harmful. Sya y uminùm naŋ gátas. He drank some milk. Umísip ka, Nánay, naŋ isa ŋ kwènto. Try to think of a story, Mother. Aŋ pagísip naŋ 5bugtòŋ na itò ay mahírap. This riddle is hard to solve. aŋ kanyà ŋ pagiyàk her weeping. kumabiyàw press sugar-cane. Kumaluskòs sa súlok aŋ dagàʾ. The rat pattered in the corner, i. e. I heard the pattering of a rat in the corner. Aŋ íbon ay kumákantà. The bird is singing. Kumapá si Hwàn naŋ itlòg sa púgad naŋ manòk. 10Juan felt out some eggs in the hen’s nest. Kumákapá sya naŋ isa ŋ palakàʾ. He felt around for a frog. Sya y kumáyas naŋ isa ŋ kawáyan. He smoothed a stick of bamboo. Hwag kà ŋ kumuròt ŋayòn! Don’t pinch now! Si Pédro ay lumabàs. Pedro went out. Aŋ áso y lumàlámon. The dog is feeding. Si Pédro 15ay lumàlámon at hindí kumàkáin. Pedro is eating like an animal, not like a human being. Lumáyag si Manuwèl sa Amérika. Manuel sailed (i. e. voyaged) to America (aŋ láyag a sail). Aŋ bantay-pálay ay lumáyas. The watchman of the rice-field left his post. Isa ŋ sundálo ay lumáyas sa ínit naŋ paglalabanàn. A soldier 20deserted in the heat of the battle. Sya y lumíbot. He went for a walk. Magpútol ka, Pédro, naŋ maŋa kúgon, úpaŋ lumínis aŋ búkid. Cut the cugon-grass, Pedro, so that the field may become clear. Si Pédro ay lumípat sa iba ŋ báyan. Pedro moved to another town. Lumuhod kà, Hwán. Kneel down, Juan. Si 25Hwàn ay lumuhòd sa haràp naŋ háreʾ. Juan knelt down before the king. Sya y ŋumíŋitìʾ. She is smiling. Pumagítan sya sa dalawà ŋ dalága. He placed himself between two young ladies. Akò y pumána naŋ usà. I shot an arrow at a stag (pánaʾ an arrow). Pumánaw aŋ kanya ŋ hiniŋà. His breath departed, i. e. 30He gave up the ghost. Si Hwàn aŋ pumáso sa áki ŋ kulugò. It was Juan who burned out my wart for me. Huwàg kà ŋ pumatìd naŋ sampáyan! Don’t you break the clothes-line! Si Hwàn ay sya ŋ pumáyag sa paraà ŋ itò. It was Juan who agreed to this plan. Sya y pumàpáyag. He is willing. Pumíli akò naŋ malakì 35ŋ mansánas. I chose a big apple. Pumìpílit sya ŋ magbukàs naŋ kabà ŋ bákal. He was trying hard to open an iron safe. (But punctual: Pumílit sya ... He forced open...). pumitìk give a fillip, snap at with one’s finger. Sya y pumúpukpòk naŋ bunòt naŋ nyòg. He is pounding cocoanut husks. Pumùpútol naŋ kawáyan 40si Mariyáno. Mariano is cutting bamboo. Pùpútol ... will cut.... Aŋ sumàsábuy na túbig ay naŋgàgáliŋ sa bubuŋàn naŋ báhay. The water that was splashing on us came from the roof of the house. sumagásaʾ jostle. sumaguwàn paddle. sumáhod put something under to catch what flows or falls. Sya y sumásakay sa baŋkaʾ naŋ akò y dumatìŋ. He was getting into the canoe when I arrived. Sumála siyà sa siŋsìŋ. He missed the ring (in 5the juego de anillo, in which one tries to catch a ring on a stick). sumálok dip out water (aŋ sálok a dipper, a basket for catching fruit when it is cut from the tree; a net for catching insects). Sya y sumandòk naŋ sináiŋ. She dipped out some boiled rice. Sumánib ka kay Pédro, (same meaning as umánib above). Sumíkad aŋ 10kabáyo. The horse struck out, gave a kick. Sumikìp aŋ daàn sa karamíhan naŋ táo. The road became crowded with the multitude of people. Sumikìp aŋ damìt. The garment shrank and became tight. Sumiksìk si Hwàn sa púloŋ naŋ maŋa táo. Juan crowded his way into the gathering of people. Sumilakbò aŋ apòy (aŋ 15kanya ŋ gálit, aŋ kanya ŋ tuwàʾ). The fire (his anger, his joy) welled up. Aŋ pagsintà ni Pédro ay hindí tinaŋgàp naŋ dalága. The young lady did not accept Pedro’s proffer of love. Siyà aŋ sumuklày sa kanya ŋ anàk. It was she herself who combed her child’s hair (aŋ suklày a comb). sumúlid spin thread. sumúloŋ 20push ahead, progress; also as family name: Sumúloŋ. Si Pédro ay sumundòʾ naŋ páreʾ. Pedro fetched a priest. Hindí sya nagkapálad sa pagsundò naŋ médiko. He did not succeed in fetching a doctor. Pagsuntok nyà ay tumakbo kà. When he strikes you, run (suntòk a blow on the head). Sya y sumúsutsòt. He is whistling. 25Aŋ báta y tumahímik. The boy quieted down. Tumátahòl aŋ áso. The dog was barking. Sya y tumámà sa hwétiŋ. He won in the lottery. Tumátandá siyà. He is getting old. Sya y tumánod sa báhay sa boò ŋ magdamàg. He guarded the house all night. Tumanùŋ akò kay Hwàn. I asked Juan. Tumanùŋ akò naŋ 30kwàlta kay Hwàn. I asked Juan for money. tumaŋhàʾ wonder. Sya y tumátaŋòʾ. He is willing, He assents. Tumàtáwa siyà. He is laughing. Ikàw aŋ tumáwag kay Hwàn. Do you call Juan. Nárinig ko aŋ iyò ŋ pagtáwag sa ákin. I heard you calling me. Sya y tumayòʾ. He stood up. tumibàʾ cut bananas off the tree. 35tumilàd cut wood small along the grain, shave off, cut into small parts. Sya y tumimbá naŋ túbig. He drew water with a bucket. aŋ pagtiŋìn the act of looking at something, observation. Aŋ pagtipìd sa kwaltà ay ginágawa naŋ marámi. Many people practise economy in the matter of money. Aŋ pagtípon sa maŋa káhoy 40kuŋ tagulàn ay mahírap, sapagkàt mapútik. It is hard to collect logs in the rainy season, on account of the mud. Tumirà si Hwàn na isa ŋ taòn sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan lived one year in the town of Baliuag. tumukàʾ pick with the beak (tukàʾ the beak of a fowl). Sya y tumúlak sa isinùsúloŋ na kahò ŋ bákal. He pushed (i. e. took part in pushing) at the iron safe they were moving. Also: 5Sya y tumúlak. He “shoved off”, i. e. He went away. Si Hwàn ay tumúlog sa báhay ni Pédro. Juan went and slept in Pedro’s house. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagtúlog ay mabábaw. His sleep is light. Tumúŋo sya sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. He went toward Baliuag. Aŋ pagubrà naŋ maŋa barìl na ytò sa pamamarìl naŋ kalabàw-ramò 10ay hindí pinakamabúte. These guns are not the best for shooting wild carabao. Umubrà aŋ ininùm nya ŋ purgà. The purge he drank took effect. Umubrà sa kakanàn aŋ kanya ŋ ginawà ŋ lamésa. The table he made was suitable for the dining-room. Umubrà ŋ nagámit aŋ tornìlyo ŋ bákal sa lugàr naŋ tansò. It was possible 15to use the iron screw instead of the copper. Sya y umupòʾ. He sat down. Aŋ pagupòʾ sa háŋin ay isa ŋ mahírap na parúsa. “Sitting on the air” (standing in sitting position with the forefingers pointing up) is a hard punishment. Umùúruŋ aŋ trèn. The train is backing. Umútaŋ ka naŋ salapì kay Pédro. Borrow 20some money from Pedro. Umuwé si Hwàn. Juan went home, Yumáyà si Hwàn naŋ kanya ŋ maŋà kaybígan. Juan invited some of his friends. aŋ pagyáyaʾ the invitation.

Other roots occurring in these forms (and roots occurring above out of their alphabetical order): abála, ágos, ákay, akiyàt, 25alìs, ása, áyon, bábaw, bahàʾ, balìk, bílaŋ, bilì, búhat, bútas, daìŋ, dála, dalàs, dálaw, dalò, dámi, dápit, dápoʾ, daràs, datìŋ, dilìm, dúkit, dumì, doòn, galàw, gámit, gamòt, gápaŋ, gastà, gawàʾ, gúlaŋ, gupìt, gustò, hábaʾ, hábol, hágod, hakbàŋ, háŋoʾ, haràp, hátak, higàʾ, híla, hilìŋ, hiŋà, húkay, húli, húni, íbig, kagàt, káin, 30kalabòg, kápit, katàm, kibòʾ, kilála, kílos, kinìg, kíta, kúha, kulòŋ, kuwènta, lában, lagánap, lagpàk, lákad, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lampàs, laŋòy, lápit, lígaw, lindòl, lipàd, litàw, liwánag, lubòg, lúhaʾ, luksò, luwàs, nákaw, ŋiyàw, panhìk, pasàn, pások, patày, páwis, píhit, pitàs, pukòl, púri, putòk, sagòt, sakàl, sákop, salákay, sáma, 35saŋgà, sápit, sarà, sayàw, sigàw, síkat, silìd, sípaʾ, sísid, subò, súgat, súlat, sumpòŋ, sunòd, suwày, súyoʾ, tabàʾ, tagàʾ, takbò, tálik, talòn, tanàw, taŋlàw, taráto, tawìd, tíbay, tiktìk, tikuwàs, túboʾ, tugtòg, tuktòk, túloŋ, tuŋtòŋ, tupàd, ulàn, ulìʾ, untìʾ, úpa, yáman.

(a) Kumusta kà? How d’you do? may be felt to belong here.[7]

40(b) An irregular inflection in which variation of the initial consonant takes the place of the infix is known to Mr. Santiago from a few traditional phrases: Hwag kà ŋ matày (for: pumatày) naŋ kápwa táo. Thou shalt not kill.

(c) Forms with accent shift owe this feature to the root 5(§ [337]): Umabòt ka naŋ isa ŋ mansánas. Help yourself to an apple. Aŋ sumunòd na silakbò naŋ lagablàb ay siya ŋ umabòt sa bubuŋàn. The next leap of the flame reached the roof. Aŋ pagabùt naŋ búŋa ŋ itò ay mahírap. This fruit is hard to reach. Nárinig ko syà sa kanya ŋ pagayàw sa sinábe ni Hwàn. I heard him 10disagree with what Juan had said. Nagálit akò sa kanya ŋ pagayàw sa lamésa. I was angered at his leaving the table. Si Pédro ay umayàw na. Pedro has left the table. Similarly from bábaʾ and sákit.

(d) From a phrase: Hindí marúnoŋ gumanti-ŋ-pálaʾ si 15Hwàn. Juan does not know how to make return for kindness (gantì ŋ pálaʾ).

(e) From derived words: tumagílid, pagtagílid (ta-gílid § [523]); tumalíkod, pagtalíkod (ta-líkod § [523]). See also §§ [404]. 488.

20349. The doubled root with the same formation is used of actions aimlessly repeated at intervals. Nátinik syà sa kanya ŋ pagtakbò-takbò sa bakúran. In his constant running about the yard, he got a splinter into his foot. Tumàtáwa-táwa si Hwàn hábaŋ nagbíbigkàs naŋ talumpáte si Pédro. Juan kept laughing at 25intervals while Pedro was making his speech. Si Hwàn ay tumàtáwa-táwa naŋ sya y hampasìn ni Pédro. When Juan kept laughing every little while, Pedro finally struck him with the whip.

(a) From a root with accent shift (§ [337]): Tumátawa-tawà si Hwàn twì ŋ ákin sya ŋ màmasdàn hábaŋ nagbíbigkas naŋ talumpáte 30si Pédro. Juan kept snickering every time I happened to look at him while Pedro was delivering his oration.

(2) Active with mag- and abstract with pag-r.

350. Many roots form their active with the prefix mag- for the contingent, nag- for the actual mode; the durative is reduplicated 35before the prefix is added. The corresponding abstract of action has unaccented reduplication and prefix pag-. Thus: nagpútol, nag-pù-pútol, mag-pútol, mag-pù-pútol, pag-pu-pútol. These actives express, generally, a more deliberate action than those with -um-; often also one involving more effect on external objects than 40do those with -um-. We take up first those roots from which forms with -um- do not occur in our material:

Akò y nagáantòk. I am sleepy. Aŋ lúsoŋ kay Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pagaaráro ay nagsidatiŋ nà. The helpers for Juan in his plowing have arrived (aŋ aráro a plow). Si Pédro ay magàasáwa. Pedro is going to take a wife. Si Pédro ay magàasáwa kay Hwána. Pedro is going to marry Juana. Silà y nagàáway. They are fighting. 5magbáhay build a house. Akò y nagbastà naŋ áki ŋ damìt. I packed up my clothes. Sya y nagbáyad naŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa útaŋ. He paid off his debts. magbayò pound rice in a mortar. magbigàs hull rice (i. e. make bigàs, hulled rice, out of pálay, rice in the grain). Sya y nagbigày naŋ librò sa ákin. He gave me 10some books. Sya y nagbíhis kanína ŋ umága. She put on her good clothes this morning. Aŋ pagbibiyábo ay isa ŋ ugáli naŋ maŋa Intsèk. Swinging the feet when sitting is a habit of the Chinese. Nagbiyày si Hwàn naŋ isdàʾ sa kanya ŋ palàisdáan. Juan put some fish into his fishpond. magbuhòl tie a knot. Nagbwàl 15sila naŋ isa ŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy. They felled a tree. Aŋ ságiŋ ay nagdàdáhon. The banana-tree is putting out leaves. Aŋ paghahásaʾ naŋ paŋáhit ay mahírap. Sharpening razors is difficult. Sya y nagháhatìd naŋ maŋa laráwan sa simbáhan. He is delivering images to the church. Maghubad kà naŋ damìt. Take off your 20clothes. Sya y naghùhúgas naŋ piŋgàn. She is washing dishes. Naghuŋkòy sya. He fanned rice. magíhaw roast (something). Nagkamìt sya naŋ marámi ŋ túboʾ. He obtained much profit. Sya y nagkúkuble. He is in hiding. maglakòʾ peddle (something). Maglálarú na siyà. He is going to play after all. Naglarú na 25akò. I have played enough now. Naglálaro silà. They are playing. Naglawìt akò naŋ lúbid sa bintánaʾ. I hung a rope out of the window. maglúgaw prepare rice-broth. Naglùlúto siyà naŋ gúlay. She is cooking vegetables. Sya y magpápasyàl. He is going to take a walk. Nagpùpúnas sya naŋ sahìg. He is scrubbing 30floors. Nagpúyat akò kagabì. I staid up last night. magsáiŋ cook rice dry (with little water). Nagsampày sya naŋ damìt. She hung out some clothes. Sya y nagtábon naŋ isa ŋ húkay. He dammed up a ditch. Magtahàn ka naŋ paglalaròʾ. Stop playing. Naŋ nárinig nya iyòn ay malakì aŋ kanya ŋ nagìŋ pagtatakà. 35When he heard this, his surprise was great. Sya y nagtálì naŋ bábuy sa halíge. He tied a pig to the post. Magtúrù ka naŋ wíka ŋ Kapampáŋan sa iyo ŋ pàaralàn. Teach the Pampanga language in your school. Sya y nagtùtúroʾ. He is teaching. Támà aŋ kanya ŋ pagtutwìd. His reckoning is correct. Sya y nagusísaʾ. 40He made inquiry. Sya y nagusísa naŋ marámi ŋ bágay. He inquired into many things. Hindí ba akò nagútos sa iyò ŋ gumawá itò? Didn’t I order you to do this? Aŋ pagwawalá naŋ maŋà bíhag ay pinarùrusáhan naŋ kamàtáyan. The escaping of captives is punished with death. Sya y nagwáwalìs. She is sweeping.

Other roots so used: akálaʾ, alaskuwátro, alsà, aluwáge, aniyòʾ, 5áriʾ, balítaʾ, bantày, báŋon, bátis, baòn, bigkàs, bendisiyòn, biniyàg, bintàŋ, bunòʾ, búŋa, daàn, dalamhátiʾ, dasàl, dáos, dáyaʾ, díwaŋ, dugòʾ, dúsa, rosáriyo, hágis, handàʾ, háriʾ, hátol, hinálaʾ, hintày, hintòʾ, hírap, hiwalày, íŋat, kasàl, kúlaŋ, kumpisàl, kurùs, kuwènto, lasìŋ, libàŋ, libìŋ, ligtàs, limòs, litsòn, liwalìw, lubày, lublòb, 10mahàl, máno, masìd, milágro, mísa, mulàʾ, niŋnìŋ, pasiyènsiya, paséyo, sábi, sábog, sáboŋ, sadiyàʾ, salitàʾ, sánay, silbè, simbà, sísi, siyásat, súboʾ, sugàl, sumbòŋ, sundálo, tabáko, tadtàd, tágoʾ, tálo, talumpátiʾ, tamò, taniyàg, taŋày, taŋgòl, tígil, tindìg, trabáho, túlin, túlos, umpisà, úsap, wíkaʾ.

15351. When a root is used both with -um- and mag-, the latter form usually differs by adding another object affected (dumalà bear, bear up: magdalà carry to someone, to a place; bumalìk go back; magbalìk return to a place, to someone); in some instances the added object is the actor himself (reflexive); in others the 20mag- form expresses a general activity, that with -um- a specific act (so, in part, pútol). Examples:

Sya y nagàáral. He is studying (umáral is known as an archaic word for teach morals, instruct; aŋ áral that taught, precept, moral doctrine). Magbaluktot kà naŋ yantòk. Curve some 25pieces of rattan (bumaluktòt, § [348], intransitive or of a single specific transitive action). Magbálot ka naŋ súman, naŋ sigarìlyo. Roll up some suman, some cigarettes (more general than -um-); Magbálot ka naŋ kúmot. Wrap yourself up in a blanket (cf. -um-, § [348]). Si Hwàn ay nagbigtì. Juan hanged himself; aŋ pagbibigtì 30suicide by hanging. Nagbilè si Hwána naŋ marámi ŋ sombréro. Juana sold many hats. Nagbíbile si Hwána naŋ sombréro. Juana is selling hats (bumilì buy). Siya y nagdádala naŋ túbig sa kabáyo. He is bringing water to the horse. Aŋ bátaʾ ay nagdádala naŋ káhoy. The boy is bringing wood. Hwag kà ŋ magdamdàm 35sa hindí ko pagkatupàd naŋ áki ŋ paŋákoʾ, sapagkàt iyò y hindí ko sinadyàʾ. Don’t feel bad about my not having fulfilled my promise, for I did not do it intentionally (dumamdàm feel something). Si Hwàn ay naghampàs noò ŋ Byerne-sànto ŋ nagdaàn. Juan performed flagellation last Good Friday. Maghánap 40kayò naŋ inyo ŋ ikabùbúhay. Go and find a living for yourselves. Sya y nagháraŋ naŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy sa daàn. He blocked the road with a tree. Aŋ paghaháraŋ sa daàn ay báwal. It is forbidden to make obstructions on the roads. Naghátì ako naŋ maŋa buŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátaʾ. I distributed fruits among the children; ... naŋ damò sa maŋa kabáyo ... grass to the horses. aŋ paghaháti naŋ maŋa búŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátaʾ the distribution of 5fruits to the children. Naghínà sya naŋ pagtuktòk sa pintòʾ. He made his knocking at the door gentle. Sya y nagìínit naŋ gátas. She is heating some milk. Magísip ka. Bethink yourself, Be reasonable. Si Hwàn ay nagísip na nakáwan si Pédro. Juan planned to rob Pedro. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagiísip ay matálas (mahínaʾ). His 10thinking-power is acute (weak). Silà y nagkàmáyan naŋ magkíta. They shook hands when they met. Maglabas kà naŋ maŋa sìlya. Bring out some chairs. aŋ paglalákad the drawing of something on foot; Naglákad aŋ maŋa estudyànte naŋ isà ŋ karósa. The students drew a float. Sya y naglíbot naŋ isa ŋ bandílaʾ. He 15walked about bearing a flag. Sya y naglìlínis naŋ mésa. He cleans tables. Aŋ pagnanákaw ay isa ŋ kasalána ŋ mabigàt. Thievery is a serious offense (numákaw of a single theft). Nagpìpílit sya ŋ magbukàs naŋ kaba ŋ bákal. He tries (often) to force open safes. Pagpupútol ni Hwàn naŋ búhoʾ ay pumaroòn ka t tulúŋan 20mo syà. When Juan cuts bamboo (as an occupation throughout a longer period of time), go along and help him. Magpùpútol kamì naŋ maŋa kawáya ŋ gàgamítin sa pagtatayò naŋ báhay. We shall cut bamboo for use in building houses. Magpùpútol akò naŋ kukò. I am going to cut my fingernails (reflexive). Nagpútol naŋ buhòk 25aŋ Intsèk na si Yàp. The Chinaman Yap cut his queue. Nagsakày sya sa kanya ŋ baŋkà naŋ dalawa ŋ estudyànte. He took two students into his canoe. Nagsikìp aŋ daàn. The road grew crowded (apparently equal to -um-, but cannot be used of a garment). Nagsísiksik si Hwàn naŋ bigàs sa sáko. Juan was stuffing 30rice into the sack. Sya y nagsuklày. She combed her hair. Aŋ pagtatahòl naŋ áso ŋ itò sa maŋa nagdàdàánan ay masamà ŋ ugáleʾ. This dog’s way of barking at passers-by is a bad habit. Aŋ Kastílaʾ ay nagtátanòŋ. The Spaniard was asking questions. Nagtanùŋ akò kay Hwàn kuŋ saàn aŋ daàn. I asked Juan where 35the road was (mag- with indirect questions or questions implied). Si Hwàn ay syà ŋ nagtáwag naŋ bágo ŋ léyi. It was Juan who announced (as town crier) the new law. Aŋ pagtatáwag ni Hwàn ay hindí márinig naŋ karamíhan dahilàn sa mahínà nya ŋ tinìg. Juan’s announcement was not audible to the majority, owing to 40his weak voice. Sya y nagtayó naŋ bágu ŋ báhay. He built a new house. Aŋ pagtatayó naŋ maŋa báhay díto ay lubhà ŋ mahalagà. The building of houses here is very expensive. Nagtikwàs si Pédro naŋ maŋa suléras naŋ báhay. Pedro put some of the joists of the house out of level. Aŋ pagtitipìd naŋ kwàlta ay ginágawá naŋ maráme. Many people save money. Nagtipìd si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pananamìt. Juan was saving of his clothing. Aŋ pagtitípon naŋ maŋa àrmas ay báwal. Storing up arms is forbidden. 5Magtípun ka naŋ káhoy. Store up some wood. Sila y nagtípon naŋ káhoy sa likòd naŋ kanila ŋ báhay. They stored up wood in the rear of their house. Nagtípon siya naŋ manèʾ sa isa ŋ súlok naŋ bakúran. He kept a pile of peanuts in a corner of his yard. Sya y nagtúlak naŋ isinùsúloŋ na kahò ŋ bákal. He did the shoving 10of the iron chest that was being moved (-um- shoved at, took part in the shoving). Magúubra aŋ karitò ŋ itò sa mahírap na daàn. This wagon will be suitable for difficult roads. Nagupó sya naŋ maŋa báta sa baŋkòʾ. He seated some children on the bench.

15Similarly: balìk, bukàs, kantà, sáboy, sáma, sarà, sayàw, takbò, talòn, tánod, tirà, yáyaʾ.

352. Transients with mag- are much used with derived words; in so far as these belong to secondary groups, they will be treated below; see §§ [384]. [405]. [410]. [427,a]. [430,a.b.c]. [453,a]. [489]. 20[489,a]. [513].

(a) From phrases: Nagmàmadali-ŋ-áraw. The day is dawning (madalì ŋ áraw proximate day, i. e. dawn, daybreak), nagmèmè-áriʾ is possessing, has mastery of (may áriʾ owner, master). naghàháti-ŋ-gabì. It is midnight (háti ŋ gabì midnight). pagtatatlo-ŋ-gabì 25the three nights’ celebration (tatlò ŋ gabì).

(b) From compound words: pagbibigày-loòb (bigày-loòb); Aŋ maghampas-lúpaʾ ay nakasìsíraʾ naŋ púri. Being a vagabond is dishonorable (hampàs-lúpaʾ); maghàhánap-búhay (hánap-búhay).

30(c) From derived words: Transients with mag- from the contingent of transients with -um- express insistent and prolonged action: Káhit na walá sya ŋ talíno ay nagpùpumílit sya ŋ màtúto. Although he has no gifts, he is trying very hard to get educated. Sya y nagpùpumílit na pumaroòn sa pìknik. He is 35trying hard to be able to go to the picnic (pumílit). Similarly, nagtùtumirà (tumirà).

From words with prefix ma- (§ [454]) in the sense of making something or making (claiming) oneself to have a quality: Magmámadalì táyo naŋ paglákad, úpaŋ hwàg táyo ŋ máhuli sa trèn. 40We will hurry our pace, so as not to be late for the train (madalìʾ). Nagmámaligsì si Kulàs sa pagsunòd sa maŋa útos sa kanyà. Nicolás is quick about obeying the orders that are given him (maligsì). Nagmalwàt sya naŋ pagparíto. He took a long time coming here. Hwag kà ŋ magmaluwàt naŋ pagparíto. Don’t take too long about coming here (maluwàt). Similarly, pagmamarúnoŋ (marúnoŋ).

5From various words: Sila y naghimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict (-himagsìk § [518]). Si Hwána ay naghíhimatày. Juana is fainting (himatày). Si Hwána ay nagkàkakanìn. Juana makes sweetmeats (for sale) (kakanìn, § [367,e]). Sya y nagkalatimbà naŋ marámi. He did the well-bucket exercise many times 10(kala-timbàʾ, § [519]).

(d) Especially common are transients with mag- from special static words with suffix -an; they express mutual or concerted action by two or more actors.

From the forms in S -an (§ [377]): Nagàlísan aŋ maŋà aluwáge 15no ŋ lúnes nan hápon. The carpenters all left last Monday afternoon (àlís-an). Naglàlàbásan silà. They were all going out. Silà y nagpìtásan naŋ maŋa biyábas. They all picked guavas together. Magsìsìgáwan múna táyo bágo tapúsin aŋ mítiŋ. We will all give a yell together before we close the meeting. Aŋ maŋa áso 20sa báya ŋ itò ay nagtàhúlan kagabì. The dogs in this town all barked last night. Similarly, from: baŋkàʾ, bastà, daàn, hukòm, iyàk, kamày, kantà, salitàʾ, takbò, tampò, taniyàg, tipàn, tugtòg, uwìʾ. The form in S -an is itself from a derived word in: Naghìmagsíkan aŋ maŋà sundálo ŋ Tagálog at Kastílaʾ. The Tagalog 25and Spanish soldiers fought each other (hìmagsíkan from -himagsìk, § [518]).

From the forms in S (1) -an (§ [378]): Nagààwítan silà naŋ akò y dumatìŋ. They were singing in chorus when I arrived. Magìbígan kayò. Love one another. Nagììbígan si Pédro at si 30Hwána. Pedro and Juana love each other. Aŋ ginawá nya ŋ pagmumùráhan naŋ kanyà ŋ maŋà kalákal ay dahilàn sa kanya ŋ paŋaŋailáŋan naŋ kwàlta. His putting down the prices of his goods was due to his need of money. Similarly: hákot, káin.

From forms in (2) -an (§ [379]): Hwag kayò ŋ magmurahàn 35sa daàn. Don’t abuse each other on the street. Nagmùmurahàn silà. They were engaged in an abusive quarrel. Aŋ kàgalítan ni Pétra at ni Kulása ay natápus sa hàyága ŋ pagmumurahàn. The hostility between Petra and Nicolasa ended in an abusive quarrel in public. Nagpurihàn aŋ dalawa ŋ magkaybígan sa kanila ŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. 40The two friends praised each other in their speeches. Nagpùpurihàn aŋ maŋa kaybíga ŋ itò sa pàhayágan. This group of friends praise each other in the newspapers. Si Hwána at si Maryà ay nagputulàn naŋ kukò. Juana and Maria cut their fingernails. Silà y nagsàgasaàn. They all jostled one another. Aŋ pagsasàgasaàn naŋ maŋa táo ay lubhà ŋ magulò. The jostling of all the people was most confused. Nagsugatàn silà. They inflicted wounds on one another. magtaanàn flee. Aŋ kanila ŋ pagtutuluŋàn 5ay hindí nátulòy. Their plan to help each other was not carried out. Similarly: ágaw, balítaʾ, dáhil, hánap, haráŋ, lában.

From diminutives in D -an (§ [381]): Magàaswaŋ-aswáŋan daw si Pédro sa karnabàl. Pedro says he will dress up as a bogey-man for the carnival. Hwag kà ŋ magaswàŋ-aswáŋan. Don’t 10play bogey-man. Nagmanòk-manúkan si Hwàn sa karnabàl. Juan masqueraded as a rooster at the carnival. Silà y nagùuŋgú-uŋgúan. They are playing at being monkeys. Nagusà-usáhan siyà. He pretended he was a deer. So also: dapàʾ. From (1) D -an: Sya y nagbabá-babayíhan. He went dressed as a woman. 15So also from tákot.

353. Transients with accent shift and mag- may owe the shift to the root; so from ábot (§ [337]): Nagáabòt si Hwàn naŋ sigarìlyo sa kanya ŋ maŋa kaybígan. Juan is passing cigarettes to his friends. Aŋ pagaabòt naŋ sigarìlyo ay isa ŋ ugáli ŋ magálaŋ. 20Passing cigarettes is a polite custom (umabòt, § [348,c], does not involve a person to whom). So also múra.

In the great majority of instances, however, the accent shift is not peculiar to the root, but constitutes a special formation, which expresses a more plentiful and diverse action than the transient 25with -um- or simple mag-. Silà y nagbábabàg. They are fighting each other. Magbarú ka. Get dressed, Put on your clothes. Sya y nagbunòt naŋ damò. He plucked up a lot of grass. Maghanàp kayò naŋ maŋa bulaklàk sa páraŋ. Go and look for flowers in the woods. Pabayaàn nawá ninyò na sya y maghanàp. 30Please allow him to make an inspection. Naghatí ako naŋ maŋa itlòg na pinatigasàn ni Hwána. I halved a quantity of eggs which Juana had hard-boiled. aŋ paghahatè naŋ maŋa mansánas the halving of the apples. Magisip kà naŋ maŋa lugàr na maàári ŋ kinaiwánan mo naŋ iyò ŋ librò. Think of the various places where 35you may have left your book. Si Hwàn ay nagíisip naŋ maŋa iháhandá nya sa fiyèsta. Juan is thinking of what things he will serve at the fiesta. Hwag kà ŋ magputòl naŋ abakà, Hwàn. Don’t cut up any hemp, Juan. Magpúputol kamì naŋ búhoʾ, yantòk, at bayúgin, pagdatìŋ námin doòn. We shall cut slender bamboo, rattan, 40and thick bamboo when we get there. Nagputòl si Hwàn naŋ tubò sa pinások nya ŋ tubúhan. Juan cut down a lot of sugar-cane in the cane-field he got into. Nagpúputol naŋ kawáyan na hindí nya árì si Hwàn. Juan cuts down bamboo that does not belong to him. Nagpuyàt akò sa maŋa gabì ŋ nagdaàn. I have repeatedly staid up late the last few nights. Hindí ko màputúlan naŋ tahìd aŋ kátyaw, sapagkàt itò y nagsísikàd. I couldn’t cut the rooster’s spur, because it kept struggling with its feet. Sya y 5nagsísinuŋalìŋ. He is telling lies. Pagsusulàt nya naŋ maŋa súlat ay pumaroòn ka t linísin mo aŋ kanyà ŋ aralàn. While he is writing all his letters, go and clean his study. Aŋ paŋinoò y nagtawàg naŋ maŋa alílaʾ. The master called various servants. Nagtátawag syà naŋ maŋa kitèʾ, naŋ ákin sya ŋ datnàn sa bakúran. 10She was calling to a lot of little chicks when I came upon her in the yard. Aŋ pagtatawag nyà sa maŋa kitèʾ at aŋ maŋa pùtákan naŋ maŋa manòk ay nakabíbiŋì. Her constant calling to the chicks and the clucking of all the hens made a deafening noise. Aŋ báta y nagtúturó naŋ kanyà ŋ gustò. The child points at the various 15things it wants. Hwag kà ŋ magutàŋ. Don’t go about asking for credit. Aŋ magutàŋ sa marámi ŋ tindáhan ay hindí maínam na ugáleʾ. Buying on credit in many shops is a bad habit. Similarly from: bálot, íŋay, lákad, láyag, líbot, tágoʾ.

(a) When transients with mag- are made from derived words, 20the accent of the underlying word is occasionally shifted, apparently without change of meaning: Sya y nagmayabàŋ. He boasted (mayábaŋ, § [454]). Similarly: magkákalahatèʾ (kalahátiʾ § [519]).

(b) In one such case there is not only accent shift, but also secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying word: Sya 25y nagmápuri. He praised himself. Sya y nagmàmàpurì. He is praising himself. Aŋ pagmamápuri ay hindí magandà ŋ ugáliʾ. Praising oneself is not a becoming habit (ma-púri, § [454]).

354. The corresponding form from oxytone roots is made with unaccented reduplication of the underlying word: mag-si-sigàw, 30mag-si-si-sigàw, nag-si-sigàw, nag-sí-si-sigàw; the abstract, however, lacks the extra reduplication, coinciding with that of §§ [350]. [351]: pag-si-sigàw.

Sya y naggugupìt naŋ maŋa papèl. He cut some pieces of paper into bits. Sya y naggúgugupìt naŋ maŋa papèl. He is cutting 35up some pieces of paper. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn, kuŋ walà ŋ mágawaʾ, ay sya ŋ nagháhahampàs sa maŋa púnu-ŋ-ságiŋ. It is little Juan who goes whipping at the banana-trees when he can’t find anything to do. Hwag kà ŋ magpupukòl naŋ batò, sapagkàt baká mo tamáan aŋ bintána ŋ salamìn. Don’t be always throwing 40stones; you might break a window. Nagpúpuputàk aŋ inahì ŋ manòk na nása kuluŋàn. The hen in the crate keeps up a constant cackling. Ilágan mo aŋ dumáratiŋ na kabáyo na nagtátatakbò. Look out for the horse that’s coming there; it’s a run-away. Nagúuupú sya sa damò. He always sits on the grass. So also: dugòʾ, inòm, lundàg, sigàw, tagpòʾ.

(a) In one instance a barytone root has this reduplication 5with explicit plural meaning: magkikíta see one another, meet (of more than two people, cf. magkíta).

355. Accent shift and reduplication of the root appear in barytone roots in the same sense as accent-shift alone, with perhaps a somewhat greater intensity of the action: Nagpúpuputòl 10naŋ retáso aŋ bátaʾ. The child was cutting some rags into small bits. Aŋ kátyaw ay nagsísisikàd. The rooster kept struggling with its legs. Sya y nagtátatawàg naŋ maŋa kitèʾ. She kept calling to the chickens.

356. With doubling of the root, transients in mag- express 15either action repeated at intervals or reciprocal action of explicitly more than two actors: Nagisà-isà aŋ maŋa bátaʾ naŋ paglápit sa ákin. The children came to me one by one. So from: duklày, hiwalày, úlit.

(a) In one instance the root has accent shift: Naguna-unà 20aŋ maŋa bátaʾ naŋ paglápit sa ákin. The children vied with each other for the first place in coming to me.

(3) Active with maŋ- and abstract with paŋ- r.

357. The active with maŋ- has the forms: ma-mútol, ma-mù-mútol, na-mútol, na-mù-mútol, pa-mu-mútol (from pútol); it expresses 25action more deliberate, selective, or in larger quantity (professional, habitual) than mag-; like the latter, but more clearly, it is used for the making or using of such and such an object. Examples:

Sya y naŋabála sa ámin. He made trouble for us. Naŋano 30kà naŋ iyo ŋ maŋa kalaròʾ? What did you do to your playmates? Naŋáyap lámaŋ aŋ bátaʾ. The child ate only relishes. Sya y naŋbábambo naŋ áso. He is a caning a dog. aŋ pamamaŋkàʾ canoeing. Namilì akò sa báya-ŋ-Malólos. I shopped in Malolos. Sya y naŋdídilig naŋ karsáda. He sprinkles streets. aŋ 35paŋdidilìg street-sprinkling (as vocation). Aŋ kasalatàn nina Hwàn sa pananamìt ay naŋgálin sa pagsusugàl ni Hwàn. Juan’s family’s want of clothing is due to his gambling. Hwag kà ŋ maŋhampàs. Don’t go whipping people. Sya y naŋháraŋ naŋ maŋa táo. He made a practice of holding people up. Sya y hinúli naŋ 40pulìs dahilàn sa paŋhaháraŋ naŋ maŋa táo. He was arrested by the police for highway robbery. Naŋháte si Hwána naŋ kalákal. Juana shared orders for goods. Aŋ paŋhaháte ni Hwána naŋ kalákal na ipinagbíbili nyà ay sya nyà ŋ ikinalúge. Juana’s getting her stock of goods for sale by sharing in orders of fellow-retailers is what made her lose money. Naŋhínà naŋ pagtakbò aŋ kabáyo sa kalaúnan naŋ pagkàgámit sa kanyà. The horse slackened its pace because it had been driven too long. Silà y naŋhínaʾ. They 5grew faint. Maŋhiràm ka naŋ palakòl. Go borrow a hatchet. maŋhúlaʾ practise fortune-telling. Naŋhùhúli kamì naŋ isdàʾ sa kagamitàn naŋ dála. We catch fish by means of nets. Aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa paŋiŋílag sa sakìt ay lubhà ŋ malakè. His precautions against sickness are elaborate. Sya y naŋàŋabáyo. He rides 10horseback. Naŋapá si Pédro naŋ isdàʾ. Pedro caught fish in his hands (by feeling for them in mud-holes). Sya y naŋàŋaséra. He eats in a boarding-house. maŋáwit cut twigs with the káwit (a small, hook-shaped pruning-knife); also: get tired of a position or occupation. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay naŋàŋáya naŋ maŋa kápwa 15nya bátaʾ. Little Juan lords it over the other children. Sya y naŋúŋublè. He is keeping himself in hiding. Hwag kà ŋ maŋuròt, Pédro. Don’t be pinching people, Pedro. Aŋ kanya ŋ pananagínip ay hindí nátuloy, sapagkàt nágisiŋ syà sa kalabòg naŋ púsaʾ. His dream was interrupted by his being awakened by the 20falling of the cat. Sya y nanànagínip. He is dreaming. Akù y nanagínip kagabè. I had a dream last night. Namáso sya naŋ dalíri naŋ kápwa nya bátaʾ. He scorched his playmate’s finger. Pamumútol nya naŋ kawáya y sundàn mo syà t baká magliwalìw lámaŋ sa kalakhàn naŋ panahòn. When he goes bamboo-cutting, 25follow him to see that he doesn’t loaf most of the time. Aŋ pamumútol naŋ kawáyan ay mahírap. Bamboo-cutting is hard work. Namútol si Hwàn naŋ kawáyan. Juan cut bamboo. Namùmútol kamì naŋ damò úpaŋ ipagbilè. We are cutting grass for sale. Mamùmútol kamì naŋ tubò sa bakúran ni Áli ŋ Pétra. We are 30going to cut sugar-cane in Aunt Petra’s yard. Aŋ báta ŋ may sakìt ay namùmúyat sa kanya ŋ inà. The sick child keeps its mother awake. Aŋ maláwig na pananalitàʾ ay hindí maínam. Roundabout speeches are not pleasant. Pédro, hwag kà ŋ manyásat naŋ gawá naŋ máy gawàʾ. Pedro, don’t be inquiring into 35other people’s business. aŋ panunúlat writing in quantity, clerkship. aŋ pananahèʾ the occupation of sewing, the being a seamstress. Silà y nanahímik. They quieted down. Aŋ bàta y nanahímik. The boy quieted down to take a rest. manáwag call, summon (people). aŋ panunúroʾ the act of pointing things out. Sya 40y naŋúna. He went first, He led. Sya y maŋùŋúna. He will be in the lead. Aŋ báta y naŋupò sa buntòt naŋ sáya naŋ babáye. The boy went and sat right down on the lady’s train. Aŋ paŋuupò naŋ báta sa buntòt naŋ sáya ay ipinahintú sa kanyà naŋ kanya ŋ nánay. The boy’s trick of sitting down on people’s trains was put a stop to by his mother. Sya y naŋusísa naŋ maŋa babáye. She interrogated a number of women. Naŋútaŋ sya sa ákin naŋ 5limà ŋ píso. He made a loan of five dollars from me.

Similarly from: áhit, ákoʾ, anàk, báhay, balítaʾ, barìl, bároʾ, báyan, bílog, bíroʾ, búhay, bundòk, damìt, dúkit, gamòt, gupìt, hábol, hámon, hiŋìʾ, igìb, ílin, káin, kumpisàl, latàʾ, lóko, mahálaʾ, noòd, pagítan, píliʾ, púlot, salákay, saríwaʾ, siŋìl, súbok, sulsè, súnog, 10súyoʾ, tálo, taŋháliʾ, tiwálaʾ, umìt, yári.

(a) From derived words: aŋ paŋhihìmagsíkan in the same meaning as paghihìmagsíkan (from hìmagsíkan, § [377,a]); so from kalahátiʾ (§ [519]), kináin (§ [365]). See also §§ [421,a]. 422,a.

(b) From words with prefix hin- (§ [518]) we may derive, 15theoretically, the transients with prefix maŋhin-, though the underlying word in most cases does not exist. For the phonetic irregularities see § [334,a,5].

Sila y naŋhimagsìk. They came to an armed conflict (bagsìk). Hwag kà ŋ maŋhigantì sa kanilà, Hwàn; aŋ kababáan naŋ 20loòb ay lálo ŋ magandà. Don’t take revenge against them, Juan; meekness of spirit is more becoming. Maŋhíhigantì kamì dahilàn sa maŋa kalupità ŋ ginawá nila sa ámin. We will take vengeance on them for the many cruelties they have committed against us. maŋhinukò cut the fingernails (kukò). Naŋhìhináyaŋ silà sa pagkamatày 25ni Del-Pilàr. They were mourning the death of Del Pilar. Malakì aŋ kanila ŋ paŋhihináyaŋ sa namatày na báta ŋ si Hwàn, dahilàn sa hindí karanyúwa ŋ talíno nya. Their grief at little Juan’s death was great, on account of his unusual talents. (sáyaŋ). maŋhiniŋà pick the teeth (aŋ tiŋà foreign substance between 30the teeth). maŋhinulè clean out the ears (tu-tulè earwax, § [343]).

(c) In one instance the root is doubled; its accent shift is due to the meaning of the root: Nanawà-nawà si Pédro naŋ márinig nyà na sya y nàpíli ŋ magìŋ bóbo sa laròʾ. Pedro could not 35keep from snickering when he heard that the choice had fallen on him to be clown in the play.

(4) Special static words.

358. A few individual forms of the preceding group have static value; of transients, umága morning (§ [348]) and aŋ mamásoʾ 40a blister (pásoʾ); of abstracts, aŋ pagkáin food (beside the act of eating), cf. also pagdáka, § [265,9]. The following are the regular formations of special static words of this type:

(a) Dual collectives with mag-: aŋ magáli aunt and niece or nephew. Aŋ magamà ŋ si Maryà at si Pédro ay naparoòn sa búkid. Pedro and his daughter Maria have gone to the country. Aŋ magasáwa ŋ Pédro at Hwána ay naparoòn sa teyátro. Pedro and 5his wife Juana have gone to the theatre. Aŋ magatè ŋ si Maryà at si Maryáno ay nagsipagpasyàl. Mariano and his oldest sister Maria went for a walk. Sila y magatè. She is his oldest sister. aŋ magbaláe ŋ si Hwàn at si Andrès Juan and Andrés, whose children have married each other. magbayàw two men, one of 10whom has married the other’s sister. magbilàs two men who have married two sisters (aŋ bilàs the husband of one’s wife’s sister). maghípag two women, one of whom has married the other’s brother (each of the two is the other’s hípag). magimpò grandmother and grandchild. maginà mother and child. magkúya the oldest brother 15and a younger brother or sister. magnánay mother and child. magtátay father and child.

Slightly divergent is magának: it includes the whole family, a given person plus his aŋkàn (§ [379]): Nagsimbà aŋ boò ŋ magának. The whole family went to church. aŋ magának na sina 20Hwàn Krùs the Juan Cruz family. Irregular in meaning are also magdamàg and maghápon, of periods of time.

From a compound word: aŋ magkápit-báhay two neighbors.

From a phrase: Sila y magkápwa-táo. They act toward each other as fellow men should (kápuwà táo).

25From a derived word: magamaìn uncle and nephew or niece (ama-ìn, § [367,a]); see also §§ [408]. 412,a. 490.

(b) mag- r similarly forms explicit plurals: aŋ magaamà the group of a father with two or more of his children. aŋ magbabaláe a group of three or more people whose children have intermarried. 30aŋ magiinà mother and children. aŋ magkukúya a group of brothers and sisters including the oldest brother. magnanánay mother and children. magpipínsan a group of cousins. magtatátay father and children.

From a compound: magkakápit-báhay.

35From a derived word: magkakasiŋlakì (kasiŋlakì, § [520]). See also §§ [412,a]. 427,d.

(c) mag- r also forms static words denoting a professional agent: aŋ magaaráro a plowman, magbibistày woman who sieves the rice in a mill, magnanákaw thief.

40From oxytone roots also with retraction of accent: aŋ magbabáyo a rice-pounder, magbibígas a dealer in hulled rice.

(d) Barytone roots usually shift the accent: aŋ maghuhugàs a dish-washer, maglalakàd traveller, maglilinìs a cleaner, maglilipàʾ plasterer, maglulutòʾ cook; Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ magpuputòl naŋ káhoy. Juan is a wood-cutter; aŋ magsusulàt a clerk scribe, magsusuyòd a harrower (súyod a harrow), maguutàŋ a habitual borrower. So also from: lákoʾ, táwag.

5(e) màŋ- r has the same value. The accent of the prefix can appear only in an open syllable (§ [338]); aŋ màŋiŋisdàʾ a fisherman; mànanalakàb fish-trapper (salakàb an inverted basket used as a fish-trap). So: dúkit, hámon, húlaʾ, kúlam, lígaw, sákop, sípaʾ, taŋgòl, tugtòg.

10Oxytone roots often have retraction of accent: maŋgagámot maŋgagamòt; maŋgugúpit maŋgugupìt; Sya y màŋiŋínum naŋ álak. He is a drunkard; also: maŋiínom (with the prefix kept apart by glottal stop, § [34], and no effect on initial vowel); máŋaŋatàm màŋaŋátam; màŋlilímos; aŋ mànanáheʾ a seamstress 15(aŋ tahèʾ a seam); aŋ mànanánim a planter.

(f) Barytone roots usually have accent shift: aŋ maŋhuhugàs a dish-washer, maŋlalagarìʾ a wood-sawer, mámumulòt a gleaner (púlot); Aŋ maŋa mámumutòl naŋ káhoy ay nagsiáhon nà sa bundòk. The wood-cutters have already gone up into the 20mountains. aŋ mánunulàt a scribe, clerk, aŋ màŋuŋutàŋ a habitual borrower, a “sponger”. So also from: káyo, tálo.

(5) Direct passive.

359. The simple direct passive has suffix -in with accent shift of one syllable in the contingent, infix -in- (§ [334,b,1]) in the 25actual: putúl-in, pù-putúl-in, p-in-útol, p-in-ù-pútol. It corresponds to actives with -um- and abstracts with pag- and, to a large extent, also to actives with mag- and abstracts with pag- r. It expresses, transiently, an object viewed as fully affected, taken in by the actor, or created by a simple action.

30Irregularities of form are as listed in § [334,c].

Ináko ni Hwàn aŋ útaŋ ni Pédro. Pedro’s debt was taken over (pledged for) by Juan. Inàalaála ni Pédro aŋ kanya ŋ inà. Pedro was thinking of his mother. Hindí nya inàalaála iyòn. He does not mind that. Hindí nya àalalahánin iyòn. He won’t 35mind that (§ [334,c,3]). Inàámin nya na ginawá nya iyòn. He admits that he did it. Àamínin nya aŋ kanya ŋ kasalánan. He will own up to his misdeeds. Ináaŋkin naŋ báta ŋ si Hwána aŋ maŋa laruwàn ni Maryà. Little Juana appropriates Maria’s toys. Aŋkinin mò aŋ laruwàn. Take the toy for yourself. 40Pag úulàn ay ararúhin mo aŋ punláan. When the rains come, plow the germinating-plot. Inàáso naŋ inà aŋ kanya ŋ bátaʾ. The mother is running and shouting after her child (áso a dog). Ináyap námin aŋ atsára. We used the mixed pickles as a condiment. (aŋ áyap condiment). Aŋ aklàt niya ŋ kaybígan mo ŋ binaŋgìt ay áki ŋ nabása. I have read the book of that friend of yours whom you mentioned. Binátis nya aŋ ílog. He forded the river. Aŋ gúlok na yàn ay bàbawíin ko sa iyò, kapag ipinamútol mo naŋ kawáyan. I shall take back this bolo from you, if you use it for cutting bamboo. Aŋ táboʾ 5ay binílog ni Hwàn. Juan turned the dipper (on a lathe). Aŋ úlo ni Hwàn ay binìbílog naŋ kanya ŋ maŋa kalaròʾ. Juan’s playmates are fooling him (literally: turning his head). Binyàk ni Hwàn aŋ kawáyan. Juan has split the bamboo. Dináiŋ nya aŋ isdàʾ. He laid open the fish. Aŋ maŋa isdà ŋ itò ay dinála niyà sa ílog-Pásig. He caught these fish with the net in the Pasig 10river. Yòn ay áki ŋ dináramdàm. I am very sorry, That’s too bad. Diligìn mo aŋ maŋa haláman. Sprinkle the plants. Durúin mo aŋ áki ŋ mamásoʾ. Prick my blister for me. Ginágabi kamì. We were overtaken by night. Hanápin mo aŋ magnanákaw. Look for the thief. Hinápis nya akò. He made me sad. Hinátì 15ko aŋ maŋa búŋa-ŋ-káhoy sa maŋa bátàʾ. I distributed the fruits among the children. Iníhaw nya aŋ karnè. He roasted the meat. Inísip nya ŋ magnákaw sa isa ŋ tindáhan. He thought of stealing from a store. Isípin mo kuŋ saàn mo naíwan aŋ iyo ŋ sombréro. Think where you left your hat. Aŋ kabutì ŋ itò ay hindí kinàkáin. 20One does not eat this mushroom. Ipatipìd mo sa bátàʾ aŋ kinàkáin nya. Make the child be moderate in its eating. Kinapá ko sa kadilimàn aŋ áki ŋ hìgáan. I fell out my bed in the dark. Kúnin mo aŋ aklàt sa bátaʾ. Take the book from the child. Hwag mò akò ŋ kurutìn. Don’t pinch me. Nilákad námin aŋ lahàt 25naŋ daàn. We walked all the way. Laruin mò aŋ bátaʾ. Play with the child. Nilìlínis nya aŋ mésa. She is cleaning the table. Nilúsoŋ mo bà aŋ balòn? Did you go down into the well? Lusúŋin mo aŋ balòn. Go down into the well. Nilùlúto niya aŋ gúlay. She is cooking the vegetables (also: linùlútoʾ). Minámahàl 30naŋ maŋa magúlaŋ aŋ bátaʾ. The parents love the child. pinalànsa was ironed (palànsa). Pinána ko aŋ usà. I shot the stag with an arrow. Hindí nya pinápansìn iyòn. He doesn’t pay any attention to that. Pinatày ko aŋ manòk. I killed the chicken. Aŋ pinílì nya ŋ manòk ay matabàʾ. The chicken she picked out 35is a fat one. Pinílit nya ŋ gumawá naŋ páyoŋ aŋ alílaʾ. He forced the servant to make an umbrella. Pitasin mò aŋ maŋa búŋa naŋ maŋgà. You pick the mangoes. Pinútol ni Hwàn aŋ tanikalàʾ. The chain was cut by Juan. Pagka pinútol mo aŋ lúbid na iyàn ay lálagpak aŋ tulày. When you have cut that rope 40the bridge will fall. Pag pinútol mo aŋ buntòt naŋ tútaʾ ay malápit iya ŋ mamatày. If you cut off the puppy’s tail, it is likely to die. Pinùpútol ko aŋ káhoy. I was cutting the wood. Putúlin mo aŋ lúbid. Cut the rope. Pùputúlin nya aŋ búhoʾ. He will cut the bamboo. Pinúyat nya akò. He kept me up late. Hwag mò ŋ sagasáin, Lúkas, aŋ kainítan naŋ áraw sa iyo ŋ paglabàs sa búkid. Don’t hit upon the hottest part of the day for going 5out to the field, Lucas. Sinísintà ni Pédro aŋ dalága. Pedro is in love with the young woman. Akò y sinípà naŋ kabáyo. I was kicked by a horse. Sinuklày nya aŋ buhòk naŋ kanya ŋ anàk. She combed her child’s hair; also: Sinuklày nya aŋ kanya ŋ anàk. Aŋ gámit nya ŋ librò ay sinúlat ni Daruwìn. The book he uses 10was written by Darwin. Kuŋ sinuntòk nya aŋ bátaʾ ay suntukìn mo siyà. If he hits the boy, do you hit him. Sinúsuntok nyà aŋ bátaʾ. He hits the boy on the head. Tagpuìn mo akò sa estasyòn naŋ trèn. Meet me at the railroad station. Tanawin mò aŋ súnog! Look at the fire! Aŋ tábon sa ílog ay tinaŋày naŋ ágos. 15The dam in the river was carried away by the current. Hwag mò ŋ taŋgapìn aŋ úpa. Don’t accept the pay. Tawágin mo si Hwàn. Call Juan. Tinipìd ni Hwàn aŋ ibinigày ko ŋ ságiŋ. Juan was saving with the bananas I gave him. Aŋ dúsa ŋ kanya ŋ tinítiìs ay hindí lubhà ŋ mabigàt. The suffering he is undergoing 20is not very severe. Tinísod ko aŋ bakyàʾ. I kicked away the sandal. Inúna si Hwàn naŋ hukòm. Juan was dealt with first by the judge. Inusísa akò ni Hwàn. Juan questioned me. Aŋ inusísa sa ákin ni Hwàn ay kuŋ saan nàndon aŋ kanya ŋ sombréro. What Juan asked me was where his hat was. Inútaŋ ko iyò ŋ 25salapì ŋ ibinigày ko sa kanyà kahápon. I borrowed that money I gave him yesterday. Niwáwalis nyà aŋ alikabòk sa mésa. She is sweeping the dust from the table (also: wináwalìs). Aŋ niyáyà ko ŋ magpasyàl ay si Hwàn. The one I invited to come for a walk was Juan.

30Similarly from: ágaw, akálaʾ, ákay, akiyàt, alílaʾ, alintána, alipustàʾ, alìs, ámoʾ, anínaw, ásal, bálak, bambò, bása, batò, báwiʾ, bigkàs, bigtì, bílaŋ, bilì, bitbìt, búhat, bútas, buwísit, dalà, daràs, dikdìk, dúkit, dúkot, gámit, gamòt, gantì, gawàʾ, gúgol, gupìt, gustò, gútom, hábol, hágod, hampàs, hámon, hantày, háŋoʾ, háraŋ, 35haràp, hátak, híla, hilìŋ, hinálaʾ, hintày, hiràm, hitìt, híwaʾ, húkay, húli, íbig, inò, inòm, kagàt, kalaykày, kámot, kantà, kúlam, kumbidà, kumpisàl, lála, lóko, lúnod, loòb, matà, múra, nákaw, páloʾ, pasàn, pások, pígil, pího, piráso, pirìnsa, pukòl, sábi, sadiyàʾ, sagòt, salúboŋ, sampàl, saŋgà, sapantáhaʾ, sílip, siŋìl, siyásat, sumpòŋ, 40sundòʾ, sunòd, súnog, suŋáŋa, tagàʾ, tákot, talagà, tálo, tampálas, tápos, túkop, tuntòn, úbos, ugáliʾ, úlit, wíkaʾ.

(a) From derived words: Inùumága silà sa kanila ŋ pagsasàlitáan. They were being overtaken by their morning in their conversation (um-ága, § [358]). Si Hwána ay hinimatày. Juana was attacked by a fainting-fit (himatày, § [518]).

(b) From root with shifted accent: Ináabùt naŋ bátaʾ aŋ góra. The boy was reaching for his cap.

5(c) Accent shift lacking: Mínsanin mo, Hwàn, aŋ paginòm naŋ gamòt. Take the medicine all at one swallow, Juan.

(d) From doubled root, with meaning of repeated action: see isà; barytone root with accent shift: ámoʾ.

360. A few roots which have actives with mag- form the 10direct passive from the root with pag- prefixed. On the analogy of other forms (cf. § [369]) one should expect this to be the case with roots whose active with mag- stood in contrast with -um- (§ [351]); this is clearly the case, however, only in pag-isíp-in, pag-ì-isíp-in p-in-ag-ísip, p-in-ag-ì-ísip: Pinagísip nya ŋ magnákaw sa 15isa ŋ tindáhan. He laid plans for robbing a store (cf. in-ísip, § [359]). The other roots which have pag- in the direct passive are: barìl, doòp, kúroʾ, tapìk.

361. To the active with mag- (1) (§ [353]) corresponds a direct passive with pag- and accent shift: pag-putul-ìn, p-in-ag-putòl, 20etc. (pútol): Pinaghatí ko aŋ maŋa itlòg na pinatigasàn ni Hwána. I halved each of the eggs Juana had hard-boiled. Pinagisìp nya aŋ kahulugàn naŋ maŋa sènyas na nàkíta nya ŋ ibiníbigay naŋ isa ŋ sundálo sa isa nyà ŋ kasamahà ŋ nàhúle naŋ kaáway. He figured out the meaning of the signals he saw a soldier 25make to a comrade who was captured by the enemy. Pinagpúputul naŋ bátaʾ aŋ sinúlid. The child is cutting the thread to bits. Pagputulin mò, Hwàn, aŋ maŋa siìt. Cut out the bamboo-spines, Juan. Pinagusisá naŋ hukòm aŋ maŋa magnanákaw. The judge cross-examined the robbers. Similarly from kúha, nákaw, 30sábi, sípaʾ, súnog.

362. Likewise, corresponding to the active with mag- r (§ [354]), is a direct passive with pag- r; see gawàʾ, kagàt.

Passive with pag- (1) r (cf. § [355]) from sípaʾ.

363. Passive with pag- (1) D (cf. § [356]): Pinagsabì-sabi 35nyà sa ibà t ibà ŋ táo na si Pédro ay nàhúli sa pagnanákaw. He told various people on various occasions, that Pedro was arrested for thievery.

364. The direct passive is made from the root with prefix paŋ- to correspond to actives with maŋ- (§ [357]): pa-mitas-ìn, pa-mì-mitas-ìn, 40p-ina-mitàs, p-in-a-mí-mitàs (pitàs). Examples: Inamútan ko si Hwàn naŋ pinamilì ko ŋ maŋa librò. I let Juan purchase from me some of the books I had bought up. Pinamímitas nilà aŋ maŋa kamatsilè. They picked the fruits of the tannic acid tree. Pamìmitasìn námin aŋ maŋa búlak. We shall pick the capoc cotton. Pinamùlot námin aŋ maŋa laglàg na búŋa. We picked up the fallen betel-fruits. Pinaŋútaŋ ko iyà ŋ salapìʾ sa 5kanyà. I had to borrow that money you have there from him. Also from noòd.

(6) Special static words.

365. The infix -in- produces static words denoting things which are produced by such and such a process or treated so and 10so: aŋ pinítak each of the small sections into which a rice-field is divided by the irrigation trenches (pítak divide; as root-word, division). So from bátaʾ, hiŋà, káin, lúgaw, púnoʾ, sáiŋ, súlid.

(a) With accent shift: inakày.

(b) A number of roots (here treated as simple) have the form 15of words with infix -in- (cf. § [333]): hinálaʾ, kinábaŋ, linamnàm, sinuŋáliŋ, tinápay, tinóla.

366. -in- R: aŋ ináamà godfather, iníinà godmother; cf. § [412,a].

367. Suffix -in with secondary accent on the first syllable of 20the underlying word forms static words denoting something which undergoes such and such an action: Aŋ kalasìŋ naŋ kwàlta sa ibà y pára ŋ isa ŋ tugtúgin. The clinking of money is for others (than the spender) like music. So from bandà, damdàm, tiìs (only here does the S show itself), tuŋkòl.

25(a) Static words with (1) -in, with irregularities (§ [334,b]), person or animal like something: amaìn uncle; so from inà. Also of things consumed: inumìn drinking water, kánin (káin) boiled rice ready to eat.

(b) The same with paŋ- in pa-naú-hin guest, if from táo.

30(c) (2) -in, collective, of places: bukirìn estate, fields, terrain; lupaìn country, part of the world. Of animate creatures, tendency: gulatìn scary, shy.

From derived word, in the latter sense, with S on the first of three syllables: pàniwalaìn credulous (paniwálaʾ, § [347]).

35(d) -in with reduplication, from numerals, in the sense of with so many: lilimáhin; from da-lawà (§ [345]), da-dalawá-hin.

(e) r (2) -in, with irregularity: ka-kan-ìn sweetmeat (káin).

(f) The following roots end in -in (§ [333]): bayúgin, buháŋin, daláŋin prayer, kaiŋìn, muláwin, salamìn.

40(7) Instrumental passive.

368. The instrumental passive corresponding to the active with -um- and, to a large extent, to that with mag-, is formed with the prefix i- (§ [334,a,3]); the actual taking also the infix -in- (§ [334,b,2]): i-pútol, i-pù-pútol, i-p-in-útol, i-p-in-ù-pútol. It denotes, transiently, an object given forth, parted from, or used as instrument or the person for whom in such and such an action 5or process.

Iniyalìs nilà aŋ háraŋ naŋ daàn. They removed the obstruction on the road. Iyánib (or: isánib) mo aŋ iyu ŋ banìg sa kay Pédro. Make your sleeping-mat overlap Pedro’s, i. e. Sleep next to Pedro. Ibinàbágay naŋ maŋkakayò aŋ damìt sa namímilè sa 10kanyà. The cloth-merchant is suiting the cloth to her customer. Ibinàbágay ni Hwàn sa kanyà ŋ kalàgáyan aŋ kanya ŋ paggastà. Juan adapts his expenses to his situation. Ibinilaŋgò naŋ hukòm si Hwàn. The judge has put Juan into prison. Ibiníŋit nya sa lamésa aŋ orasàn. He put the clock on the edge of the table. 15Idaan mò sa báhay ni Pédro aŋ bábuy na itò. Leave this pig at Pedro’s house as you pass. Aŋ bantáyan sa púno naŋ tulày ay inihágis naŋ maŋa lasìŋ na táo sa ílog. The sentry-box at the head of the bridge was thrown into the river by the drunken men. Ihásà mo aŋ paŋáhit na ytò. Sharpen this razor. Ihinúkay nila 20naŋ malálim aŋ patày. They dug a deep grave for the dead. Íwan mo díto aŋ bátaʾ. Leave the child here (so: ì-íwan will be left, in-íwan was left, in-ì-íwan is being left). Inilálaàn ko kay Pédro aŋ ságiŋ na itò. I am putting aside this banana for Pedro (also: itinátaàn). Inilùlúto nya aŋ gúlay. She is cooking the vegetables 25(also: ilinùlútoʾ). Ipinagítan sya sa dalawà ŋ dalága. He was placed between two young women. Ipináyag ko sa hinilìŋ nilà aŋ áki ŋ sasakyàn. At their request I let them have my vehicle. Ipinútol nya akò naŋ sinúlid. She cut off some thread for me. Ipútol mo akò naŋ maìs. Cut some corn for me. Ipùpútol nya 30ikàw naŋ tubò. He will cut some sugar-cane for you. Aŋ kampìt na iyàn ay mapúpurol kapag ipinútol mo naŋ káhoy. That kitchen-knife will grow dull, if you cut wood with it. Kawáyan aŋ isinásahìg ni Pédro sa kanya ŋ báhay. Pedro is using bamboo for flooring his house. Pag pinùpútol ko nà aŋ liìg naŋ manòk, ay isáhod 35mo aŋ maŋkòk na lalagyàn naŋ dugòʾ. When I am cutting the chicken’s neck, hold under the basin to catch the blood. Isinále nya si Hwàn. He included Juan. Isáli mo si Hwàn. Take Juan along. Isinampày nya sa kanya ŋ balíkat aŋ kúmot. He slung the blanket across his shoulder. Isigaŋ mò aŋ sináiŋ. Put the rice 40on the fire. Isilid mò sa bóte aŋ álak. Put the wine into the bottle. Pagulàn ay isoot mò aŋ kapóte. When it rains put on the rain-coat. Itináwag naŋ magpapatawàg aŋ bágo ŋ kautusàn. The crier cried out the new law. Itinayú nya aŋ báhay. He erected the house. Itinira nyà sa ákin aŋ tinápay. He left the bread for me. Itúru mu sa kanyà aŋ simbáhan. Show him the church. Itúru mo sa ákin aŋ laròʾ. Teach me the game. Iwalá mo iyà ŋ iyo ŋ sambalílo ŋ lúmaʾ. Get rid of that old hat of yours.

5Similarly, from: álay, átas, bagsàk, balítaʾ, bigày, budbòd, búhos, bulìd, búrol, buwàl, dáos, dikìt, distíno, dugtòŋ, gápos, hánap, handàʾ, hatìd, hintòʾ, hitsà, húlog, kasàl, kawàg, labàs, ladlàd, lagày, laglàg, lákad, lakàs, lalàʾ, lapàg, lawìt, libìŋ, ligtàs, líhim, lúlan, luwàʾ, páyo, sabàd, sáboy, sagòt, sakdàl, sánib, sarà, sigàw, sèrmon, 10súloŋ, sunòd, taàn, taàs, tágoʾ, táliʾ, tanìm, táŋiʾ, tápon, tuktòk, túloy, túŋo, úbos, útos, wisìk.

(a) From root with shifted accent: Iniyáabùt nya sa ákin aŋ librò. He was handing me the book. Iyabùt mo sa ákin aŋ librò. Hand me the book.

15369. The instrumental passive is made from the root with prefix pag- when it corresponds to an active with mag- which stands in contrast with an active with -um- from the same root (§ [351]); it is used also to express the instrumental relation more explicitly than the simple form, especially the person for whom. 20Forms: i-pag-pú-tol, i-pag-pù-pútol, i-p-in-ag-pútol, i-p-in-ag-pù-pútol.

Ito ŋ báhay aŋ ipinagbili kò. This house is the one I have sold (cf. bumilì buy, magbilì sell). Aŋ áraw naŋ kapaŋànákan ni Risàl ay ipinagdìdíwaŋ sa boò ŋ Filipínas. Rizal’s birthday is 25celebrated all over the Philippines. Síno aŋ ipinaglùlúto mo? Whom are you cooking for? (inilùlútoʾ in preceding section). Ipagpútol mo ŋàʾ akò naŋ yantòk. Please cut some bamboo for me. Ipagpùpútol kità naŋ tubò. I will cut you some sugar-cane. Ipinagpútol mo ba akò naŋ pamilmìt? Did you cut me a pole 30for fishing? Ipinagpùpútol niya akò naŋ siìt na gàgawì ŋ pípa. He is cutting me some bamboo reeds for cigarette-holders. Aŋ guntìŋ na iyàn ay mapúpurul agàd, kapag ipinagpútol mo naŋ damìt. Those scissors will get dull very soon, if you keep using them to cut cloth with. Iyo ŋ kúnin aŋ guntìŋ, kapag ipinagpùpútol 35nya naŋ káyo. Take the scissors, if he uses them for cutting cloth. Aŋ paupó ni Hwà ŋ sùgálan ay ipinagsábi sa pulìs naŋ kanya ŋ kápit-báhay. The gambling party Juan invited was exposed to the police by his neighbor (sinábi was said). Ipinagsakay kò si Hwàn sa áki ŋ karumáta. I took Juan into my carriage. 40Aŋ bágo ŋ léyi ay ipinagtáwag ni Hwàn. The new law was called out by Juan. Hindí ko bà ipinagútos sa iyò ŋ gawìn mo itò? Didn’t I order you to do this?

Also from: kayilàʾ, labà, látag, sakdàl, sumbòŋ, takà, tanòŋ, tapàt.

(a) From derived words: ipinaghimatày (himatày, § [518]); Ipinagúbus-làkásan niya aŋ pagtakbò. He exhausted all his 5strength in his running (úbus-làkásan, § [377,b]).

370. i-pag (1), corresponding to mag- (1), § [353]: from tápon; also from derived word ma-yábaŋ (§ [454], cf. § [353,a]).

371. i-pag r, corresponding to mag- r (§ [354]), from tanòŋ.

372. The instrumental passive from the root with prefix 10paŋ- corresponds to the active with maŋ-: Ipinaŋháraŋ nila Pédro aŋ maŋa barìl na inágaw nilà sa maŋa pulìs naŋ báyan. In holding people up Pedro’s gang used the guns they had snatched from the police of the district. Ipinamútol ko naŋ yantòk aŋ gúlok. I used the bolo for rattan-cutting. Ipinamùmútol nya akò 15naŋ kawáyan. He is cutting bamboo for me. Ipinamùmútol nya naŋ kawáyan aŋ bágo ŋ gúlok. He is using the new bolo for bamboo-cutting. Ipamútol mo naŋ tubò aŋ kampìt na itò. Use this kitchen-knife for cane-cutting. So also: ákoʾ, balítaʾ.

(8) Special static words.

20373. Special static words with prefix i- express the part of something in such and such a direction, or the direction: ibábaw, ibáyo, ilálim, itaàs, ituktòk; with shifted root: ibabàʾ.

(9) Local passive.

374. The simple local passive, corresponding to the active 25with -um- and largely to that with mag-, has the suffix (1) -an with the irregularities described in § [334]. The forms of the actual mode have also the infix -in-: putúl-an, pù-putúl-an, p-in-utúl-an, p-in-ù-putúl-an. The local passive denotes the thing affected as place in which or the person to whom.

30Inabútan akò naŋ ulàn. I was caught by the rain. Agáhan mo aŋ iyo ŋ pagparíto. Make early your coming here, i. e. Come here early. Pagkagupìt naŋ áki ŋ buhòk ay inahítan nya akò. When he had cut my hair he shaved me. Alisan mò naŋ maŋa tinìk aŋ áki ŋ salawàl. Take the thorns out of my trousers. Inanyáhan 35silà ni Hwàn na magpasyàl. They were invited by Juan to go for a walk. Arálan mo aŋ maŋa Kapampáŋan. Teach morals to the Pampangas. Asnan mò aŋ dáiŋ na isdàʾ. Salt the fish you lay open. Aptan mò naŋ páwid aŋ báhay. Roof the house with nipa-palm. Awítan mo aŋ maŋa panaúhin. Sing for the 40guests. Bakúran mo aŋ sagíŋan sa tabì naŋ ílog. Fence in the banana-grove by the river. Bakúran mo aŋ báhay. Put a fence round the house. Binalitáan ko si Hwàn naŋ maŋa naŋyári sa ákin sa labanàn. I related to Juan my adventures in the war. Bantayan mò aŋ pálay. Guard the standing rice. Basáhan mo akò naŋ maŋa kwènto. Read me some stories. Bigasan mò aŋ tinóla ŋ manòk. Make the chicken-stew with rice. Si Pédro aŋ 5binilhàn ko naŋ kabáyo ŋ itò. It was Pedro I bought this horse from. Sa katapusàn ay kanya ŋ nàpagkilála aŋ malaki ŋ paŋánib na kanya ŋ biniŋítan. In the end he recognized the great danger into which he had betaken himself. Binuksàn ni Hwàn aŋ pintòʾ. Juan opened the door. Dinaanàn naŋ trèn aŋ báboy. The pig 10was run over by the train. Dinaanàn ko si Hwàn. I called for Juan on the way (and took him with me). Dalhàn mo naŋ túbig aŋ kabáyo. Bring water to the horse. Dalian mò aŋ pagdadala ríto naŋ librò. Bring the book here soon. Aŋ pabása sa bisíta naŋ San-Antònyo ay dinaluhàn naŋ marámi ŋ táo. The reading 15at the chapel of San Antonio was attended by many people. Dinamíhan nya aŋ kinúha nya ŋ ságiŋ. He took many bananas. Dinamuhàn nyà aŋ damúha ŋ malápit sa simbáhan. He cut grass on the pasture near the church. Dinapúan naŋ maŋa íbon aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. Birds alighted on the branch of the tree. Dinatnàn 20kamì naŋ ulàn. We were overtaken by the rain. Diniláan nya akò. She stuck out her tongue at me (aŋ dílaʾ the tongue); also: Diláan mo aŋ mansánas. Lick the apple. Hwag mò ŋ durúan naŋ karáyom aŋ áki ŋ panyò. Don’t leave needles sticking in my handkerchief. Hagkan mò si Nánay. Kiss Mother. Hinalúan 25naŋ álak aŋ gátas. Some wine was mixed into the milk. Hinampasàn ni Pédro aŋ mukhá ni Hwàn. Pedro hit Juan in the face with a whip. Aŋ daàn ay hinaráŋan. The road was obstructed. Hasáan mo aŋ gúlok na itò. Sharpen this bolo. Hintuan mò aŋ iyo ŋ pagsusugàl, Pédro, kuŋ íbig mu ŋ yumáman ka. Put a stop 30to your gambling, Pedro, if you want to get rich. Hinùhugásan niyà aŋ maŋa piŋgàn parà sa maŋa babáye. He is washing dishes for the women. Hulíhan mo naŋ isdàʾ aŋ palàisdáan. Catch fish in the fish-pond. Aŋ maŋa sampày na damìt ay hinípan naŋ haŋin, kanyàʾ nahúlog sa lúpaʾ. The clothes on the line were 35blown by the wind and fell to the ground. Hinípan ko aŋ píto. I blew the whistle. Hinípan ko aŋ apòy úpaŋ palakihìn. I blew on the fire to make it larger. Inilágan nya aŋ simbáhan. He kept away from the church. ... aŋ kabáyo. He got out of the way of the horse. Inlagan mò aŋ dumáratiŋ na tumátakbo ŋ kabáyo. 40Get out of the way of the horse that is coming on the run. Itiman mò aŋ lubòg naŋ damìt. Make the dye of the garment black. Inìiyakàn ni Hwána aŋ kanya ŋ namatày na kaybígan. Juana is weeping over her dead friend. Hwag mò ŋ kurutàn, Pédro, aŋ isdà ŋ nása dúlaŋ. Don’t you take a pinch from the fish on the table, Pedro. Hwag mù ŋ labánan, Pédro, aŋ kapatid mù ŋ matandàʾ. Don’t oppose your older brother, Pedro. Aŋ landàs na gawì ŋ kaliwàʾ ay aŋ iyo ŋ lakáran. You must take the path which 5goes to the left. Lakasan mò aŋ túlak sa baŋkàʾ. Push hard on the boat. Lakhan mò, Hwàn, aŋ pirasúhin mo ŋ matamìs. Break off a big piece of the sugar, Juan. Nilalíman nilà aŋ húkay naŋ patày. The grave for the corpse was made deep by them. Aŋ bantày naŋ maŋa kanyòn ay nilayásan aŋ kanya ŋ lugàr. The 10guard of the cannon deserted his post. Ligsihan mò aŋ pagílag sa lugàr na iyàn. Get out of that place quickly. Hwag mò ŋ luksuhàn aŋ tinìk na iyàn. Don’t jump on that spine. Lulánan mo naŋ maŋgà aŋ karitòn. Load up the wagon with mangos. Luluran mò si Pédro pagbababàg ninyò. Kick Pedro in the shin when you 15fight him. Nilusúŋan mo bà si Pédro? Did you help Pedro? Lutúan mo naŋ bigàs aŋ manòk. Cook some rice in with the (already cooked) chicken. Masdan mò aŋ bwàn. Look at the moon. Minàmasdan kò aŋ maŋa nagdádaa ŋ táo. I am looking at the people who pass by. Minuráhan nya akò sa pagbibilì naŋ talòŋ. He made 20me a low price on the egg-plant. Muráhan mo aŋ pagbibilì naŋ labanòs. Sell your large radishes cheap. Aŋ taŋgápan naŋ maŋa saŋlàʾ sa báhay-saŋláan ni Pédro ay ninakáwan kagabè. The receiving-place of pledges in Pedro’s pawn-shop was robbed last night. Nakáwan mo syà naŋ kanyà ŋ salapèʾ. Rob him of his 25money. Sa pagbubunòʾ ni Hwàn at ni Pédro si Pédro ay pinaahàn ni Hwàn. Juan caught Pedro by the leg (or: hurt Pedro in the leg) as they wrestled together; but: Pinaanan nyà aŋ kanya ŋ kapatìd na natùtúlog. He lay down with his feet toward his sleeping brother. Hwag mò ŋ paanàn sa iyò ŋ paghigàʾ aŋ kapatìd mo 30ŋ natùtúlog. When you go to bed don’t lie with your feet toward your sleeping brother. Pinanáwan sya naŋ pagiísip. He lost his mind. Patayàn mo naŋ pitsòn aŋ nilúgaw. Kill a pigeon for the stew. Patisan mò aŋ isdàʾ ŋ itò. Put shrimp-sauce on this fish. Pinayágan nya aŋ paraà ŋ itò. He agreed to this plan. Pilikàn mu aŋ 35isdàʾ. Cut the fins off the fish. Pintahan mò aŋ padèr na ytò. Paint this wall. Hwag mò ŋ pintasàn aŋ damìt na yàn. Don’t find fault with that garment. Pitasan mò naŋ búŋa aŋ maŋgà. Pick some fruits from the mango tree. Aŋ pinulútan nilà naŋ manèʾ ay aŋ bakúran ni Hwána. The place where they gathered 40peanuts was Juana’s yard. Pinùpunásan nya aŋ sahìg. She is scrubbing the floor. Punan mò, Pédro, naŋ isà ŋ salapèʾ aŋ kwàlta ŋ ibinigày mo sa ákin. Add half a dollar to the money you gave me, Pedro. Putíkan mo aŋ kanya ŋ salawàl. Put mud on his trousers. Pinutúlan ko naŋ usbòŋ aŋ maŋa kamóte. I cut shoots from the sweet-potatoes. Pinùputlan nyà naŋ maŋa saŋà aŋ káhoy na nabwàl. He is cutting the branches off the tree that was 5blown down. Putúlan mo naŋ téŋa aŋ áso. Cut the dog’s ears. Putlan mò naŋ súŋay aŋ kalabàw. Cut the horns of the carabao. Pùputúlan ko naŋ súŋay aŋ usà. I shall cut off the stag’s horns. Pùputlàn dàw nya naŋ buntòt aŋ áso. He says he will cut off the dog’s tail. Sinakyàn námin aŋ baŋká ni Hwàn. We rode in 10Juan’s canoe. Sakyan mò aŋ baŋka ŋ itò. Get into this canoe. Hwag mù ŋ saláhan aŋ iyo ŋ maŋà pagpások sa eskwèlhan. Don’t skip going to school, Don’t play hookey; but: Sinaŋlan nyà aŋ siŋsìŋ. He missed the ring (in the juego de anillo). Hwag mù ŋ saŋlàn aŋ usà. Don’t fail to hit the stag. Samáhan mo si Pédro. 15Go with Pedro. Sayawan mò kamì, Hwána. Dance for us, Juana. Sinigawàn naŋ páreʾ aŋ kanyà ŋ munisilyò. The priest yelled at his sacristan. Sinikáran naŋ kabáyo aŋ karumáta. The horse kicked at the carriage. Siglan mò naŋ álak aŋ bóte. Fill the bottle with wine. Untì-untí mo ŋ subúan aŋ pitsòn. Feed the squabs 20little by little. Sinugátan sya ni Pédro. He was wounded by Pedro. Sinukláyan nya aŋ kanya ŋ anàk. She combed her child’s hair. Sulátan mo si Pédro. Write to Pedro. Tinabúnan na ni Pédro aŋ húkay. Pedro has already filled up the hole. Tagalan mò aŋ pagkábitbit naŋ tablà. Keep holding the board that way. 25Tagalan mò aŋ pagtitira díto sa ámin. Stay here with us a long time. Tagpian mò aŋ báro ŋ itò. Mend this shirt. Tagpuan mò naŋ iba ŋ káyo aŋ kaluwáŋan naŋ sáya. Fill out (literally: cause to meet) the width of the skirt with other cloth. Tamnan mò naŋ maŋa púno-ŋ-nyòg aŋ bakúran. Plant the yard with cocoanut 30trees. Tinanúran nya aŋ báhay sa boò ŋ magdamàg. He guarded the house all night. Hwag mù ŋ taŋgapàn naŋ úpa aŋ kaybígan ko ŋ iháhatid mò sa estasyòn naŋ trèn, sapagkàt akò aŋ ùúpa sa iyò. Don’t take any fare from my friend whom you will bring to the railroad station, for I shall pay you. Tapunan mò aŋ bóte. 35Cork up the bottle. Hwag mò ŋ tawánan si Hwàn. Don’t laugh at Juan. Tawágan mo si Bathálaʾ. Call on the Lord. Tinayuan nyà naŋ kamálig aŋ bakúran. He erected a granary in his yard. Tigasan mò aŋ lúto naŋ halayà. Cook the jelly hard. Tinirhàn nya akò naŋ tinápay. He left some bread for me. Tirhàn mo akò 40naŋ inúyat. Leave me some molasses; but: Hwag mò ŋ tirahàn aŋ báhay na iyàn. Don’t live in that house. Aŋ báhay na iyòn ay aŋ kanya ŋ tinìtirahàn. That house over there is where he lives. Tinulínan nya aŋ paglákad. He hurried his pace. Tulísan mo aŋ tasà naŋ lápis. Sharpen the point of the pencil. Untian mò, Pédro, aŋ ibíbigay mò ŋ damò sa kabáyo. Give the horse less grass, Pedro. Ùupàn naŋ maŋa panaúhin aŋ maŋa baŋkù ŋ itò. The 5guests will sit on these benches. Orásan mo aŋ iyo ŋ pagkáin. Have your meals at stated times. Utáŋan mo naŋ salapí si Pédro. Borrow money from Pedro. Oóhan mo aŋ tanòŋ. Answer the question in the affirmative. Niwàwalisàn niyà aŋ sahìg. She is sweeping the floor.

10Other roots: akmàʾ, ámot, apòy, balàt, báyaʾ, báyad, bigày, bendisiyòn, búti, dagán, retráto, gámit, gawàʾ, gupìt, halimhìm, hatìd, háwak, higàʾ, hitsà, húkay, húlog, íŋat, kamìt, kantà, labàs, lagày, láloʾ, lápit, lígaw, ligtàs, limòs, mulàʾ, pagakpàk, palìt, panhìk, pások, prubà, puntà, putòk, sabày, sáboy, sagásaʾ, sákit, salákay, 15silakbò, subò, súbok, sunòd, suŋgàb, soòt, táliʾ, támaʾ, táŋaʾ, táŋan, tíbay, tibàʾ, tiŋìn, túboʾ, tugtòg, túlad, túlog, túloŋ, tuŋtóŋ, umpisà, úpa, útos, wisìk.

(a) From derived words: Sya y tinagilíran ni Pédro. Pedro hit him in the side (ta-gílid, § [523]), but: Tinaligdàn ni Hwàn si 20Pédro pagdadaàn nitò sa kanya ŋ harapàn. Juan turned away from Pedro when the latter came before him. Tinalikdàn ni Hwàn si Pédro. Juan turned his back on Pedro (talíkod, § [523]).

(b) Irregularly without accent shift before the suffix: Áki ŋ binitáwan (or: binitíwan) aŋ bóte. I let go my hold on the bottle. 25Bitíwan mo aŋ lúbid. Let go of the rope. Dinaánan siyà naŋ isa ŋ silakbò naŋ gálit. A fit of anger came upon him. ... naŋ isa ŋ masamà ŋ pagiísip. An evil thought came to him. Dinàdaánan sya naŋ isa ŋ malakì ŋ kaluŋkútan. A great grief is upon him. ... naŋ pagkaulòl. He is under an attack of madness. Cf. daanàn, 30above. Minatáan naŋ bágo ŋ táo aŋ aswàŋ. The young man looked round for the vampire. Matáan mo aŋ magnanákaw. Keep an eye open for the thief. So from: sèrmon.

(c) From root with accent shift (so that the total shift is two syllables): Aŋ utusàn naŋ kapitàn ay tinamaàn naŋ bála. The 35captain’s orderly was hit by a bullet. Aŋ lulòd ni Pédro ay tinamaàn naŋ bála. Pedro got shot in the shin. Tinamaàn naŋ kulòg (naŋ lintìk) aŋ isa ŋ púnu-ŋ-maŋgà. A mango tree was struck by the thunder (by lightning). Tamaàn ka naŋ lintìk! May the lightning strike you! (curse.)

40375. The local passive is formed from the root with pag- when it corresponds to an active in which mag- is contrasted with -um- (§ [351]) or when the local relation, especially of person for whom, is highly explicit: pag-putúl-an, pag-pù-putúl-an, p-in-ag-putúl-an, p-in-ag-pù-putúl-an. Examples: Aŋ pagsakày sa kabáyo ay hindí magaà ŋ pagarálan kuŋ salbáhe aŋ kabáyo. Riding horseback is not easy to learn if the horse is unruly. Hindí káya ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ pinagàarálan. Juan’s studies are too hard 5for him. Pagbàbalikàn kità. I will come back to you. Pagbalikàn mo akò. Come back to me. Aŋ útaŋ ni Maryà ay pinagbayáran naŋ kanya ŋ kapatìd na babáye. Maria’s debt was paid off by her sister. Aŋ áki ŋ kapatìd na laláki aŋ pinagbilhàn ko nito ŋ báhay. I sold this house to my brother. Napatìd aŋ lúbid na kanya 10ŋ pinagbìbiyabúhan. The rope on which he was swinging broke. Aŋ pinagharáŋan kina Hwàn ay isa ŋ lugàr na malápit sa maŋgáhan sa daà-ŋ-Balíwag. The place where Juan and his company were held up was a spot near the mango-grove on the Baliuag road. Pagharían mo ŋ mabúte aŋ pulò ŋ itò. Rule righteously over this 15island. Paghasáan mo naŋ maŋa paŋáhit aŋ hasaà ŋ itò. Use this whetstone to sharpen razors on. Aŋ pinaghatdan kò naŋ gátas ay maláyoʾ. The place to which I delivered the milk was a long way off. Sa pasíga ŋ itò y walà ŋ lugàr na pinaghùhubaràn naŋ damìt. At this beach there is no place for undressing. aŋ pinagibhàn the 20point of difference, the difference. Pagiŋátan mo ŋ dalhìn aŋ túbo ŋ kristàl na iyàn, sapagkàt baká magkàputòl-putòl iyàn kuŋ hindí ka maíŋat naŋ pagdadalà. Carry that glass tube carefully, because it might get smashed if you are not careful about the carrying it. Pinagkabyawàn nilà aŋ lugàr na itò. This place is where they 25pressed sugar-cane. Aŋ pinagkàkabyawàn námin ay isa ŋ lugàr na mataàs káy sa tubúhan. The place where we press sugar-cane is a place higher than the cane-field. Pagkabyawàn ninyò naŋ tubò aŋ bágo ŋ kabyáwan. Press the cane in the new press. Pagkàbyawàn nilà aŋ bágo ŋ tayò ŋ kabyáwan. They will press sugar-cane 30in the newly-erected press. Aŋ hwátaw aŋ sya mò ŋ pagkánan. The Chinese bowl is what you are to eat from. Si Pédro aŋ pinagkúnan naŋ maŋa kasaŋkápa ŋ itò. Pedro is the one from whom we got these tools. Si Migèl aŋ pinagkùkúnan nya naŋ kwàlta ŋ paŋbilè naŋ kalabàw. Miguel is the one from whom he gets money 35to buy carabao. Aŋ pagkúnan mo naŋ pálay ay aŋ sáko ŋ may kúlaŋ. The place for you to take rice is the sack that is already broken. Hwag mò ŋ paglaruwàn, Hwàn, aŋ kutìŋ, sapagkàt baká mo iyàn màbúlag. Don’t play with the kitten, Juan, for you might inadvertently blind it. Paglarwan mò aŋ bóla. Play (with the) 40ball. Aŋ kutìŋ ay nàbálot sa pinaglàlaruwàn nya ŋ damìt. The kitten got wrapped up in the piece of cloth with which it was playing. Pagmasdan mò aŋ bwàn. Look carefully at the moon. Hwag mò ŋ pagputúlan naŋ ano màn aŋ saŋkála ŋ iyàn. Don’t cut anything on that cutting-block. Pinagsalitaàn ni Hwàn aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa báta ŋ kapatìd. Juan gave his little brothers a talking-to.

5Similarly: bintàŋ, daàn, daràs, dasàl, hátiʾ, hinálaʾ, katàm, kublì, patày, pílit, sábi, silbì, sísi, tagpòʾ, tipàn, úsap.

(a) From a phrase: pinagsa-ulàn (sa ulèʾ).

(b) From a derived word: Maŋà pinagpìpìtagánan ko ŋ ginoò! Respected sirs, Dear sirs (in oral or written address).

10(c) Irregularly without accent shift: pinagdaánan (daàn), cf. § [374,b].

(d) With extra accent shift, corresponding to active with mag- (1): Pagputulàn mo, Hwàn, naŋ maŋa usbòŋ aŋ kalabása. Cut a bundle of shoots from the pumpkin, Juan.

15As bitìw lacks the accent shift before -an (§ [374,b]), the form with pag- and shift of one syllable belongs here: Pinagbitiwan nyà aŋ maŋa manùk na kanya ŋ táŋan. She let go of all the chickens she was holding.

(e) With reduplication of the root, corresponding to the 20active with mag- r (§ [354]): pinagsisiglàn (silìd).

(f) With both extra accent shift and reduplication, corresponding to § [355]: Pinagdàdadagukàn nya aŋ maŋa kaáway niyà. He was dealing blows to his enemies right and left (dágok a blow with the fist).

25(g) From doubled root (cf. the active, § [356]): pinagtùtulùŋ-tulúŋan (túloŋ).

376. The local passive with paŋ- corresponds to actives with maŋ-: pa-mutúl-an, pa-mù-mutúl-an, p-in-a-mutúl-an, p-in-a-mù-mutúl-an.

30Saàn aŋ pinaŋgalíŋan mo?—Aŋ pinaŋgalíŋan ko ay an báya-ŋ-Maynílaʾ. Where have you come from?—I come from Manila. Aŋ maŋa pinítak na kadátig naŋ sápaʾ ay sya nyà ŋ pinaŋgágapásan (or: sya nyà ŋ pinamùmutúlan naŋ pálay). The sections of the rice-field bordering on the ditch are the ones he is cutting rice 35from. Pinaŋitlugàn naŋ manòk aŋ kahò ŋ itò. The hen laid its eggs in this box. Hwag mò ŋ pamitasàn naŋ búŋa aŋ átis na nása tabì naŋ balòn. Don’t pick the fruits from the atis tree by the side of the well. Siya kò ŋ pamìmitasàn naŋ búŋa aŋ byábas na nása gitná naŋ bakúran. I shall pick fruits from the guava tree 40in the middle of the yard. Ali ŋ lugàr aŋ iyo ŋ pinamutúlan naŋ damò? Which place did you cut grass from? Sinundó ni Pédro aŋ kapatìd na babáye sa báhay na pinanànahían. Pedro fetched his sister from the house where she was working as seamstress. So also from: tálo, tiwálaʾ.

(a) With paŋ-hin- the local passive corresponds to the active with maŋ-hin- (§ [357,b]); the reduplication affects the hin- which, 5theoretically, we may regard as part of the underlying word. “Magáral ka ŋ mabúti at paŋhinayáŋan mo aŋ mahalagà ŋ panahòn,” sinábi ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ anàk. “Study hard and take account of the precious time,” said Juan to his son. Káylan pa kayá paŋhìhinayáŋan naŋ maŋa táo aŋ maŋa áni ŋ taòn-taò y nàsìsírà 10naŋ luktòn o naŋ túyot? When will the people at last regret the harvests that are every year destroyed by locusts or by drought? Pinaŋhinayáŋan nilà aŋ nálubog na baŋkàʾ. They were sorry about the canoe that had sunk. Pinaŋhìhinayáŋan námin aŋ marámi ŋ búhay na ginúgol naŋ báyan sa pagtataŋgòl sa katwíran. 15We regret the many lives lost by the country in the defense of its rights. (sáyaŋ); similarly from gantì: paŋhigantihàn.

(10) Special static words.

377. With S -an special static words are formed from oxytone roots, without the irregularities described in § [334]. In meaning 20they fall into two types, which, however, are not always clearly distinct.

(a) They express an action by two or more actors, a kind of plural of root words of the type described at § [341,3,a]. Aŋ àlísan naŋ maŋa aluwáge ay sa lúnes naŋ hápon. The leaving of the carpenters 25is fixed for Monday afternoon. aŋ ìnúman a drinking party. Aŋ ìyákan naŋ maŋa bátaʾ ay nárinig ko sa kalsáda. I heard on the street the crying of the children. Aŋ kàlabúgan naŋ maŋa nalaglàg na nyòg dahilàn sa malakàs na háŋin ay nárinig haŋgàŋ sa maláyo ŋ lugàr. The thud of the cocoanuts that were 30thrown down by the strong wind was audible for some distance away. Aŋ kàlasíŋan naŋ maŋa kwaltà ŋ laglàg sa bulsà ni Hwàn ay sya ŋ nakàgísiŋ kay Pédro. The rattling of the coins falling from Juan’s purse was what woke Pedro up. Aŋ kantáhan naŋ maŋa íbon ay ginágawà nila kuŋ umága. The birds sing together 35in the morning. Aŋ kùrútan nilà sa nilúto ko ŋ isdàʾ ay lubhà ŋ madalàs. They often pinched pieces out of the fish I had cooked. Aŋ litsúnan nila Hwàn ay hindí nátulòy. The barbecue of Juan and his friends did not come off. Aŋ luksúhan naŋ maŋa luktòn ay totoò ŋ maiiklèʾ. The leaps of the small grasshoppers are very 40short. Aŋ pàgakpákan naŋ maŋa táo pagkaraàn naŋ talumpáteʾ ay lubhà ŋ mahábaʾ. The applause of the people after the speech was very long. Aŋ pintásan ni Hwána at ni Maryà ay parého ŋ hindí totoò. The criticisms of Juana and Maria make of each other are equally untrue. Aŋ kanyà ŋ maŋa lalagyàn naŋ tubaʾ ay pùnúa ŋ lahàt. His containers for the sap are all full. Aŋ kanila ŋ sàkáyan sa trèn ay sa liŋgò naŋ umága. They are all to take the train Sunday morning. Naparoòn akò kagabè sa isa ŋ sàyáwan. 5I went to a dance last night. Aŋ sìgáwan naŋ maŋa bátaʾ sa kalsáda ay nakabíbiŋì. The shouting of the children on the street is deafening. aŋ tàhúlan naŋ maŋa áso the baying together of the dogs. aŋ tàyáan a staking, a putting up of stakes (aŋ tayàʾ a stake in a bet or game). Nárinig sa isa ŋ ùpúan naŋ maŋa Intsèk aŋ 10kwènto ŋ itò. This story was heard in a gathering of Chinamen.

Similarly, from: kaluskòs, patày, pustà, putàk, salitàʾ, sugàl, takbò, tipàn, tugtòg, umpòk.

From derived word: Aŋ hìmagsíkan sa Filipínas ay natápus nà. The fighting in the Philippines is over. (as though from a form 15-himagsìk, see § [518]).

This formation underlies further derivatives, see §§ [352,d]. 357,a.

(b) The other meaning of the formation S -an is that of an object viewed, rather explicitly (cf. § [380]), as the scene of plural 20action or the place of things. So: aŋ bìgásan the place where hulled rice is made, threshing floor for rice, rice-mill. Si Hwàn aŋ bìgáyan nilà naŋ kanilà ŋ maŋa ninákaw na aláhas. Juan is the one to whom they give the jewelry they have stolen. aŋ bìlangúan a prison (aŋ bilaŋgòʾ a prisoner). Aŋ kanila ŋ bìlíhan naŋ pálay 25ay sa kamálig ni Hwàn. The place where they buy rice is in Juan’s storehouse. Aŋ dàánan naŋ maŋa sundálo ay aŋ landàs na itò. The usual route of the soldiers is this path. aŋ hampásan the whipping-bench. Aŋ maŋa magkakápit-báhay na si Andrès, Kulàs, at Pédro ay nagtàtálo tuŋkùl sa kaní-kanilà ŋ haŋgáhan naŋ bakúran. 30The neighbors Andrés, Nicolás, and Pedro are disputing about the boundaries of their grounds. Sa pagítan naŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag at báya-ŋ-San-Migèl ay máy-roo ŋ isa lámaŋ na hintúan aŋ maŋa naglálakad. Pedestrians have only one stopping-place between the towns of Baliuag and San Miguel. Si Pédro ay sya ŋ hìráman naŋ 35salapìʾ naŋ maŋa táo sa báyan. Pedro is the one from whom the people in the town borrow money. aŋ huŋkúyan a machine for fanning the pounded rice. Aŋ isa ŋ taburéte lámaŋ aŋ ginawá nila ŋ làgáyan naŋ kanila ŋ maŋa sombréro, sapagkàt aŋ sabitàn ay punú nà. A chair was all they had to lay their hats on, for the 40hat-rack was already full. Aŋ làŋúyan sa ílog ay bumábaw. The swimming-place in the river grew shallow. aŋ làrúan the playground. Aŋ lìbáŋan sa maŋa bátaʾ sa maŋa bapòr na naglálayag sa dágat naŋ Pasífiko ay lubhà ŋ malilínis na lugàr. The play-rooms for children on the steamers that ply on the Pacific Ocean are very neat places. aŋ nyúgan a cocoanut grove. Aŋ pàtáyan naŋ bábuy ay nasúnog. The pork slaughter-house burned down. 5aŋ pàtísan a factory for shrimp-sauce (patìs, made of the small shrimp called hípon). Aŋ báro ŋ punìt-punìt ay sya nyà ŋ ginawà ŋ tagpían naŋ maŋa retáso. She sewed the patches all on to the ragged blouse. Aŋ kanila ŋ tagpúan ay aŋ daà-ŋ-Balíwag. Their meeting-place is the Baliuag road. aŋ tanyágan an exhibition, exposition. 10aŋ timbáŋan a pair of scales. aŋ tindáhan a shop, store (aŋ tindà the goods for sale in a store).

Similarly, from: aklàt, bantày, bigtì, biniyàg, bukàs, buntòt, dasàl, gawàʾ, hagdàn, higàʾ, hukòm, kabiyàw, kublì, kulòŋ, libìŋ, luksò, maŋgà, pintà, pintò, pitàg, punlàʾ, sampày, saŋlàʾ, simbà, 15sahàn, taŋgàp, taraŋkà, tirà, upòʾ.

A very few show irregularities: eskwèl-han, paá-nan, tòto-hánan the truth (totoò); the secondary accent is lacking in damú-han, tubú-han; irregular in kumpìsál-an.

From a compound word: úbus-làkásan (úbos-lakàs).

20From a phrase: sà-lawáhan changeable, fickle, as though from sa lawà; for the latter see § [345].

From derived words: aŋ ìnumínan place for drinking-water, water-shelf (inum-ìn, § [367,a]); aŋ sìlaŋán-an the east (silaŋ-àn, § [379].

25378. The formation (1) S -an is made from barytone roots and corresponds in meaning to (a) in the preceding type; the suffix is added as a rule without irregularity.

Aŋ ìbígan ni Maryà at ni Hwàn ay natápus sa pagtatampúhan. The love-affair of Maria and Juan ended through their contrariness. 30Aŋ làyásan naŋ maŋa sundálo ay hindí maampàt naŋ kanila ŋ maŋa pinúnoʾ. The deserting of the soldiers could not be stopped by their officers. Sa miyèrkules aŋ lùlánan nilà sa trèn. On Wednesday they are to embark on the train. Aŋ pùlútan nilà naŋ kwaltà ay náhintòʾ naŋ márinig nilà aŋ putòk. Their scrambling 35for money ceased when they heard the crash. aŋ tìpúnan a meeting.

So: háyag, húni, káin, kílos, sáma, túloy.

Irregular in form is: Aŋ tàwánan nila Hwàn ay náhinto dahilàn sa kanila ŋ pagkàgúlat. The laughter of Juan’s crowd stopped on account of their surprise (táwa).

40Irregular in meaning, as though local instead of plural, is: Aŋ gulòd na itò ay sya ŋ sìláŋan naŋ áraw. This hill is the place where the sun rises (sílaŋ).

379. The form from barytone roots corresponding to the type in § [377,b] and often also to type a, is: (2) -an, without irregularities: Aŋ agawàn naŋ maŋa uŋgòʾ ay magulò. The grabbing by the monkeys was confused. aŋ basahàn a reading-room, library. 5Bulakàn Bulacán (name of a province, if from búlak a cluster of capoc cotton). Aŋ maliìt na úna ŋ itò ay sya kò ŋ duruàn naŋ maŋa aspilè. This little cushion is where I stick my needles. aŋ haluàn a mixing-vessel. aŋ hugasàn a place for washing dishes. aŋ hulihàn naŋ isdàʾ a fishing-expedition. Si Hwána ay isa ŋ babáye 10ŋ kutuhàn. Juana is a lousy woman. Aŋ labanàn naŋ maŋa Tùrkos at Iŋgléses ay kasulukúyan pa lámaŋ. The warfare between the Turks and the English is only now taking place. Aŋ kanila ŋ lakaràn ay lubhà ŋ masayà. Their walking party is very merry. Aŋ kanila ŋ lusuŋàn ay hindí natápus na mabúte, sapagkàt marámi 15sa maŋa táo ay matamàd. Their cooperative scheme did not turn out well, because most of the people were lazy. Aŋ murahàn ni Hwána at ni Maryà ay nárinig naŋ boò ŋ báyan. The revilings of Juana and Maria were heard by the whole town. Sa báya-ŋ-San-Migèl ay naŋyáre aŋ isa ŋ nakawàn. In the town of San Miguel a 20robbery took place. Aŋ tablà ŋ itò ay ginawà ŋ pakuàn naŋ maŋa bátaʾ sa maŋa páku ŋ aspilè na kinúha nilà. The children used this board for hammering in the tacks they had taken. Aŋ bútas naŋ baŋkaʾ ay sya ŋ ginawà ŋ pasakàn ni Pédro naŋ pagkìt. The leak in the canoe was where Pedro calked in the wax. aŋ putikàn a clay-pit; 25a person or thing covered with mud. Aŋ isà ŋ labaŋàn ay syà ŋ nagìŋ silaŋàn kay Hesùs. Jesus was born in a manger; aŋ kátri ŋ silaŋàn ni Hwána the bed in which Juana’s children were born. Sya y sugatàn He is wounded; aŋ sugatàn the wounded (as, after a battle). aŋ sulatàn a writing-desk. Aŋ síloŋ naŋ báhay ay sya nyà ŋ 30taguàn naŋ maŋa kasaŋkápan sa pagaalwáge. The ground-floor of his house is where he keeps his carpentry tools. Aŋ kuwàrto ŋ itò ay sya kò ŋ tulugàn. This room is my sleeping-place. Aŋ tulugàn naŋ báhay ni Hwàn ay nása bubuŋàn. The sleeping-quarters in Juan’s house are on the roof. aŋ utusàn a servant, a waiter, an 35orderly.

Similarly: áral, búkol, dáhil, háraŋ, hásaʾ, íhaw, ílaw, káin, lútoʾ, sábit, sáboŋ, tápon, túlis, úlo, úpa, óras.

With irregularities: hàlamanàn garden, flower-pot (haláman) has secondary accent on the first of three syllables; aŋkàn the members 40of a given person’s immediate family, not including himself: aŋ aŋkàn ni Hwàn Krùs Juan Cruz’ wife and children (from -ának, cf. mag-ának, § [358,a]); kwayanàn, beside kawayanàn (kawáyan).

With irregularity and reduplication: ka-kan-àn (-káin).

380. (1) -an with irregularities forms static words denoting objects by the action for which they are locally used or by the things they are the place of; the local meaning is less explicit, and 5the object has more fixed identity apart from its local relation than is the case in the preceding forms. This distinction is very clear where both forms occur from the same root (cf. kulòŋ, lagày); it may disappear where only one form is made (sagíŋan, atísan have the same value as nyúgan).

10aŋ atísan a grove of atis trees. Aŋ asuhàn naŋ báhay ni Pédro ay nasúnog. The chimney in Pedro’s house burned out. Bigasàn aŋ kanya ŋ sináiŋ. Her boiled rice has raw rice in it, is not done. Aŋ kanya ŋ damìt ay pulahàn. Her clothes are all red. Sya y isà ŋ pulahàn. He is a Red, a member of the Red party. aŋ siláŋan the east, also Siláŋan Silangan (name of a town). aŋ taanàn a fugitive. aŋ manòk na talúnan 15the defeated game-cock; lúto ŋ talúnan a dish in which the defeated game-cock is cooked with ginger. Similarly: bákod, bubòŋ, dúlo, gawàʾ, haŋgà, haràp, kulòŋ, labàŋ, laròʾ, likòd, lulòd, paà, ságiŋ, tintéro.

(a) Some roots which begin with l and most of those whose 20irregularity involves contraction, have reduplication in this form: Aŋ lalagyàn ko naŋ librò ay aŋ mésa ŋ itò. This table is my bookstand. Aŋ uupà ŋ itò ay gàgamítin naŋ maŋa panaúhin. The guests will sit on these seats. Aŋ uupà ŋ itò ay sa háreʾ. This seat is for the king. luluràn shin. Similarly: hihigàn (higàʾ), lalamúnan (lámon), 25lalawígan (láwig), sasakyàn (sakày), titirhàn (tirà).

(b) From derived words: Napútol nilà aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy sa kalahatían. They cut the tree at the middle. Nalagòt aŋ lúbid sa kalahatían. The rope broke at the middle. (kalahátiʾ, § [519]). Aŋ bútas naŋ baŋkàʾ ay nása tagilíran. The leak in the canoe is in the 30side. Nilagyàn ni Hwàn naŋ tagilíran aŋ kanya ŋ báhay. Juan put side-walls on his house. (tagílid, § [523]).

381. D -an, with accent shift if the root is barytone, forms words denoting an object which is an imitation or miniature of such and such: aŋ dagat-dagátan a lake; aŋ kabá-kabayúhan a play-horse; 35aŋ tao-taúhan a manikin, doll; the pupil of the eye; aŋ baril-barílan a toy-gun. Further derivatives from this formation, see § [352,d].

382. Many roots here treated, because felt, as simple, end in -an: baŋàn, batalàn, dalandàn, hagdàn, haláman, kánan, kápitan, 40kapitàn, kawáyan, laráwan, pagítan, pakuwàn, paŋnàn a hand-basket, pasígan (Pásig is the name of a river), piŋgàn, saguwàn a paddle, saŋkálan, tampalásan, tahílan.

383. Similar formations with paŋ- prefixed add the element of meaning present in the transient formations with maŋ- and paŋ-; they have secondary accent on the prefix, as though it formed part of the underlying word:

(a) pàŋ- -an (cf. § [377]): Aŋ kahò ŋ itò ay sya ŋ pàŋitlúgan 5naŋ manòk. This box is the place where the hen lays its eggs.

(b) pàŋ- (1) -an (cf. § [378]): Si Hwàn ay sya ŋ paráti ŋ pàmunúan naŋ básag-úlo. Juan is the one who always starts the fighting.

(c) pàŋ- (2) -an (cf. § [379]): pàŋaserahàn boarding-place.

10II. Secondary groups.

1. Prefix si-.

384. The prefix si- is used only in active transient forms, and is always preceded by mag- or nag-: mag-si-pútol, mag-sì-si-pútol, nag-si-pútol, nag-sì-si-pútol. In meaning these forms are explicit 15plurals of the primary active forms. Occasionally the plural value is emphasized by infixation of -aŋ- into the mag- or nag-.

385. From the simple root the explicit plural with si- corresponds to the primary actives with -um- or, in many cases, with mag-. Nagsiílag sila sa báyan naŋ itò y pasúkin naŋ maŋa kaáway. 20They all fled from the town when the enemy entered it. Aŋ maŋa áso ay nagsìsilámon. The dogs are eating. Magsiligáya kayò. Rejoice, Be glad. Aŋ maŋa laŋgàm ay nagsìsilipumpòn (or: nagsìsilípon) sa nápatay nila ŋ gagambà. The ants are crowding all over the spider they have killed. Nagsìsipútol sila ŋ lahàt naŋ tubò 25naŋ kamì ay dumatìŋ. They were cutting sugar-cane when we arrived. Magsipútol kayò naŋ tubò. Do you all cut sugar-cane.

So from: akiyàt, alìs, dálaw, dalò, datìŋ, húli, húsay, iyàk, kantà, kápit, lakì, lípat, lúlan, pígil, puntà, pustà, sáyad, tindìg, tugtòg, túloŋ, túŋo, uwìʾ.

30(a) Plurality emphasized: Naŋagsiúroŋ aŋ maŋa sundálo. The soldiers retreated. So also from alìs.

386. This formation is made from the root with pag- prefixed when it corresponds to primary actives with mag- in contrast with -um- (§ [351]). Nagsìsipagáral silà. They are studying. Magsipagáral 35kayò. Study. Aŋ maŋa bátaʾ ay áyaw magsipagbíhis. The children don’t want to change their clothes, get dressed up. Aŋ maŋa laŋgàm ay nagsìsipagípon (or: nagsìsipaglípon) naŋ pagkáin kuŋ tagáraw. The ants store up food in the hot season. Magsipagpútol kayò, Pédro, naŋ káhoy na gàgamítin sa paglilitsòn. Pedro, 40do you folks cut some wood to be used in the barbecue. “Magsìsipagpútol dàw sila naŋ dikóla,” aŋ sábi ni Hwána. “They say they are going to cut off the trains of their skirts,” said Juana. Napsipagpútol naŋ buhòk aŋ maŋa Intsèk. The Chinamen cut off their queues. Nagsìsipagpútol naŋ buhòk aŋ maŋa Intsèk na si Yèŋ at Tsàŋ, naŋ sila y datnàn ko sa kanila ŋ tindáhan. The Chinamen 5Yeng and Chang were cutting their queues when I came upon them in their shop. Nagsipagtipìd aŋ sundálo. The soldiers economized.

So from: basàʾ, dasàl, hintòʾ, laròʾ, pasiyàl, sísi, sugàl, takbò, tindìg, yukayòk.

10(a) Plurality emphasized: naŋagsipagtakbò.

(b) The pag- is used when the underlying word is a derived word: Aŋ maŋa sundálo ŋ Tagálog ay nagsipaghimagsìk. The Tagalog soldiers revolted (-himagsìk, § [518]). Nagsipaghìmagsíkan silà. They fought each other (hìmagsíkan, § [377,a]). So 15from: agawàn (§ [379]), -bugtúŋan (§ [377,a]), labanàn (§ [379]), takbúhan (§ [377,a]). Cf. § [406].

(c) The same formation with accent shift of the root corresponds to primary actives with mag- (1), § [353]. It occurs from: bálot, lákad, líbot.

20387. With paŋ- prefixed to the root, this formation corresponds to the primary active with maŋ- (§ [357]). Magsipamaŋká táyo. Let’s all go canoeing. Magsìsipamiyábas kamì sa maŋa gúbat na malápit. We are going guava-picking in the jungles near here. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay umáhon sa bundòk úpaŋ magsipamútol 25naŋ káhoy na asanàʾ. Pedro and Juan went up into the mountains to cut asana. Àáhon kamì sa bundòk at magsìsipamútol kamì naŋ muláwin. We are going up into the mountains to cut molave.

So from: barìl, hínaʾ, hiŋìʾ, noòd, tahímik, tálo.

30(a) With paŋ-hin-, cf. § [357,b]: Silà y nagsipaŋhimagsìk. They made a revolution.

2. The prefix paki-.

388. The prefix paki-, which forms simple static forms, transients, and abstracts, expresses that the subject of the sentence 35performs or undergoes the action along with others that were involved in it before,—this either through interference or by favor of someone else.

389. Simple static form: aŋ pakikinábaŋ the obtaining of profit (kinábaŋ) in trade with others; also: holy communion. So 40pakipútol, in command (cf. § [341,3,c]), cut as a favor.

390. The active transient and the abstract have the forms: maki-pútol, makì-ki-pútol, naki-pútol, nakì-ki-pútol, paki-ki-pútol, i. e. the reduplication affects the syllable -ki-.

Aŋ kapitàn ay nagpadalà naŋ isa ŋ sekréta sa lúpà naŋ kaáway úpaŋ makiramdàm naŋ kanila ŋ kìlúsan. The captain sent 5a spy to the enemy’s country to spy out (literally: perceive along) their movements. Makìkikáin akò kina Lílay. I am going to Lilay’s for a meal. Si Pédro ay nakikáin kina Hwàn. Pedro took a meal at Juan’s house. Nakipútol akò naŋ damò sa lúpà ni Mariyáno. I obtained permission to cut grass from Mariano’s 10land. Sila y nàròroòn sa búkid ni Pédro at nakìkipútol naŋ damò. They have gone to Pedro’s field and are cutting grass there by his permission. Pumaroòn ka t makipútol naŋ damò. Go and ask them to let you cut some grass. Pakikipútol díto ni Hwàn naŋ damò ay siŋilìn mo aŋ útaŋ nya. When Juan asks to be allowed 15to cut grass here, dun him for his debt. Sila y nakisúno kay Mariyà. They had Maria let them live in her house with her.

So: sakày, sáma, túloy, túlog.

(a) With accent shift of the root (§ [337]): makialàm look after someone, nose into others’ affairs (álam).

20391. The root has pag- when the formation corresponds to a primary active with mag- in contrast with -um- (§ [351]): Nakìkipagáway aŋ báta ŋ itò, kanyàʾ hindí dápat pahintulúta ŋ madalàs na manáog naŋ báhay. As this boy gets into fights, he should not often be allowed to leave the house. Nakipagáway si Pédro. 25Pedro got into the fight. Nasaktàn si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pakikipaglaròʾ. Juan got hurt when he joined into the game. So from: bunòʾ, dalamhátiʾ, lában, tagpòʾ, úsap.

(a) From derived words: Hwag kà ŋ makipaglàŋúyan, Hwàn, at baká ka malúnod. Don’t go swimming with the crowd, 30Juan, I am afraid you might get drowned. Makìkipaglàŋúyan ka bà, Pédro? Are you going along swimming, Pedro? Nakipagluksúhan si Hwàn naŋ idáos aŋ maŋa laròʾ. Juan entered in the jumping-contest when the games were held. Similarly, from: pustá-han, siksík-an, takbú-han. All these belong under § [377,a]. 35See also § [427,b].

(b) Corresponding to primary active with mag- (1) § [353]: Nakipagbabàg si Pédro. Pedro got into a free fight (bábag).

392. The root has paŋ-, corresponding to a primary active with maŋ-: Sya y hindí pinahintulútan sa kanya ŋ pakikipamútol 40naŋ tubò. His request to be allowed to cut cane was not granted.

393. In the passive the paki- expresses that the subject undergoes the action along with others, often as a favor on the part of the actor. So direct passive: paki-putúl-in be cut, as a favor on the part of the one who does the cutting; the recipient of the favor is the speaker.

394. In the instrumental passive the meaning is similar; sometimes, however, the instrumental passive is used with the person 5asking the favor as agent.

Maárì mo ŋà ŋ ipakihúlog sa kuréyo aŋ súlat? Will you please mail my letter for me? (literally: Can my letter please be thrown-along-with-yours or thrown-as-a-favor into the mail by you?). Ipinakihúlog ni Pédro aŋ áki ŋ súlat. Pedro mailed my 10letter (along with his or as a favor) for me. Ipinakìkihúlog ko lámaŋ kay Pédro aŋ áki ŋ maŋa súlat. I am asking Pedro to mail my letters for me; here ipinakìkihúlog is not that thrown as a favor, but that asked to be thrown as a favor. Ipakìkipútol daw ni Hwàn aŋ buhòk naŋ alílà nya ŋ Intsèk. Juan says he will ask 15someone to cut his Chinese servant’s hair; ipakìkipútol is here that asked to be cut as a favor, and the relation of asking is the only thing expressed by the instrumental (rather than the direct) passive.

395. The root has pag-, corresponding to § [351]: Ipakipagpútol 20mo ŋàʾ naŋ buhòk aŋ guntìŋ na itò, úpaŋ áti ŋ masubúkan aŋ húsay naŋ talìm. Please use this shears in cutting hair, so that we may test the quality of the edge (genuine instrumental passive). Ipakìkipagpútol daw nya akò naŋ búhòʾ pagáhon nya sa bundòk. He says he will cut some bamboo for me when he goes 25up into the mountains. (genuine instrumental passive). Ipinakipagpútol akò ni Hwàn naŋ tubò. Juan had someone cut me some sugar-cane (literally: I was asked to be cut for as a favor). Ipinakìkipagpútol daw ni Hwàn si Pédro naŋ labòŋ. Juan says he is having someone cut bamboo-shoots for Pedro.

30396. Local passive with paki-: pinakibalitáan was ascertained by the actor getting people to tell him as a favor.

(a) From shifted root: pinakialamàn.

(b) With pag- (cf. § [352]): pinakìkipagtakbuhàn.

3. The prefix ka-.

35397. Secondary forms with the prefix ka- are of most varied meaning; the principal types express association of two individuals or groups and involuntary action. In accented form the prefix kà- expresses chiefly accidental occurrence. In certain passives associated with this group the prefix itself does not appear.

40(1) Simple static forms.

398. Words with prefix ka- denote objects (or groups) standing in such and such a relation to another object (or group). Sya y áki ŋ nagìŋ kabaláe. He (she) has become my fellow-parent-in-law, i. e. Our children have intermarried; the form ka-baláe merely makes explicit the element of relation present in the simple word: 5Si Bantùg ay áki ŋ baláe. Bantug’s son (daughter) has married my daughter (son). Aŋ maŋa áso ay nása kabilá naŋ bákod. The dogs are on the other side of the fence (the simple -bilàʾ does not occur; the idea of other side is always envisaged as relative). Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn ay karátig naŋ kay Pédro. Juan’s field borders 10on Pedro’s. Aŋ mésa ŋ itò y kakúlay naŋ kahòn. This table is of the same color as the chest. Si Hwàn aŋ kalában ny Andrès sa larò ŋ dáma. Juan is Andres’ opponent at checkers. Kamatà si Hwàn ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro took to each other from first sight. Aŋ tagpí naŋ báro ni Pédro ay hindí kamukhá naŋ bároʾ. 15The patch on Juan’s blouse does not match the blouse. aŋ áki ŋ kapatìd na si Hwàn my brother Juan. aŋ áki ŋ kapútol na si Hwàn my brother Juan; aŋ kapútol naŋ tubò a piece (broken off) of the sugar-cane. Aŋ kasánib naŋ áki ŋ banìg ay aŋ banìg ni Manuwèl. Manuel’s sleeping-mat and mine overlap (kasánib one 20of two things of which one overlaps the other). walà ŋ kasaŋkàp without accompaniments, trimmings, affixes. Si Mariyáno aŋ kasunod kò ŋ lumàlákad sa kalsáda. Mariano was the one who was walking behind me on the street; aŋ kasunod kò ŋ naparoòn sa simbáhan the one who followed me in going to church (kasunòd 25one of two persons one of whom is following the other). aŋ katúŋo the person one is dealing with, the other party. Si Pédro aŋ kaugáli naŋ kanya ŋ kaybíga ŋ si Hwàn. Pedro has the same habits as his friend Juan.

Similarly from: áway, báyan, biyàk, bunòʾ, ribàl, haràp, kilála, 30kláse, lákip, laròʾ, pantày, partè, sabuwàt, sáli, sálo, sáma, súnoʾ, tapàt, timbàʾ, untìʾ, úsap, walàʾ.

Divergent in meaning are katáo (§ [255]), kagabì, kahápon (§ [259]). Cf. also § [520].

(a) From derived words: Syà y isa kò ŋ kamagának. He is 35a relative of mine (mag-ának, § [358,a]), and kamakalawà (§ [259], from maka-lawà, § [453]).

(b) From a phrase: aŋ kasa-ŋ-báhay a person dwelling in the same house with another, a housemate (isà ŋ báhay).

(c) From shifted root (§ [337]): Si Hwàn ay kagalìt ni Pédro 40at ni Kulàs. Juan is at odds with Pedro and Nicolás. aŋ kanyà ŋ kagalìt the person or persons with whom he is at odds. Si Pédro aŋ nagìŋ kasirá ni Hwàn. It is Pedro with whom Juan is angry. Hindí ko katalò si Párì Hwàn. I don’t play winning-and-losing games with Father Juan. Similarly from álam, sáma.

(d) The root is reduplicated in a few cases: Si Pédro aŋ áki ŋ kababáyan. Pedro is my fellow-townsman (beside kabáyan); katutúboʾ native, ingrown, inborn, inherited.

5399. kà-ka-. With accented reduplication of the prefix these forms emphasize the incompleteness of the correlative object: Kàkapútol lámaŋ na tubò aŋ áki ŋ nàkúha. I got only a little piece of the sugar-cane. So also kákauntèʾ.

400. ka- R. With accented reduplication of the underlying 10word ka- forms words expressing the recent completion of an act; they are used impersonally (§ [77]) or as conjunctive attributes. Kaàáway pa lámaŋ ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan has only just now quarreled with his playmate. Kabàbáŋon ko. I have just got up. Kagàgáliŋ sa báyan naŋ kapatìd ko ŋ babáye. My 15sister has just come back from town. Kahíhiga ko pa lámaŋ. I had just then lain down. Kalàlarú ku pa lámaŋ sa bátaʾ. I have just finished playing with the child. Kapùpútol ko pa lámaŋ naŋ yantòk. I have only just now cut some rattan. So gísiŋ, káin.

(a) ka-pag- R, with the usual value of pag- (§ [369], etc.): 20Kapagpùpútol lámaŋ ni Hwàn naŋ kawáyan. Juan has just come from cutting bamboo.

(b) ka-paŋ- R, corresponding to active with maŋ- (§ [357]): kapamùmútol (pútol).

401. ka- D. With doubling of the root ka- has causative 25value: it expresses that which causes such and such an involuntary action, specifically, such and such an emotion: Aŋ dumatìŋ na bálaŋ ay katákot-tákot aŋ dámi. The locusts that came were frightful in quantity. So from hiyàʾ, takà. Vowel-contraction in kàwáwaʾ pitiable, piteous (for ka-áwa-áwaʾ). Slightly divergent 30in meaning is karáka-ráka (§ [265,5]).

402. In a different use ka- has the form kay- in some words; these formations express a remarkable degree of a quality; they are used impersonally (§ [76]), as predicate (§ [247]), occasionally as conjunctive attributes: kaálat kayálat what saltiness! (of 35water); kay-asùl what blueness! Katáyog naŋ púno-ŋ-niyòg na iyòn! How tall that cocoanut tree is! Kayuntìʾ naŋ ibinigày nya ŋ laruwàn sa ákin! How few toys he gave me! So: kay-dámot, ka-rámot, ka-rúnoŋ, ka-itìm, kakínis, ka-láyoʾ, ka-muntìʾ, ka-pulà, ka-tabàʾ, kay-tipìd.

40(a) With reduplication of the root, this form refers to the quality in an explicit plurality of objects: kaiitèm what blackness! (of several things); Kalalamìg naŋ paà naŋ maŋa bátaʾ! How cold the children’s feet are!

(b) With doubled root these forms intensify the quality: Kaydámot-dámot naŋ báta ŋ itò! What a terribly stingy child! 5(kaydámot, karámot what stinginess! aŋ dámot stinginess).

403. A few forms with accented ka- prefixed to the root envisage the accidental nature of the reciprocal relation: Aŋ maŋa damìt na itò ay kásiya sa baòl. These clothes will fit into the trunk. Akò aŋ kásundoʾ ni Pépe sa pagpapalaròʾ naŋ bèsbol 10sa maŋa bátaʾ. I am at one with Pepe as to letting the children play baseball. Hábaŋ akò y nagdádaàn, kátaon namà ŋ isinábuy nya aŋ túbig. He threw out the water at the very time, it happened, that I was passing by. aŋ kàtiwálaʾ a confidential agent, manager, overseer.

15The words káluluwà and kápuwàʾ, which resemble this formation, seem to be felt as simple roots and have been so treated here.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

404. k-um-a-. An active with -um- is made from ka-úsap as underlying word: Si Hwàn ay kumàkaúsap sa ákin. Juan 20was talking at me, haranguing me.

405. mag-ka- pag-ka-ka-. Actives with mag- and abstracts with pag- r from underlying words with ka- express a partial affection of the actor or of a group of actors; ka- here has its involuntary force: the actor is not a rational and voluntary agent. 25Nagkaroòn ako naŋ trabáho kanína ŋ umága, sapagkàt nagpasakày akò sa trèn naŋ maŋa kamátis naŋ tátay ko. I was kept busy this morning, for I attended to the shipping by train of my father’s tomatoes. Nagkaroòn sya naŋ gálit. He harbored ill-feeling. Nagkagulò aŋ maŋa Amerikáno sa pagdatìŋ naŋ Dòytsland. The 30Americans were surprised at the coming of the “Deutschland”. Nagkagustò sya ŋ kumáin naŋ súhaʾ. He conceived a desire of eating grape-fruit. Nagkàkalípon aŋ maŋa laŋgàm sa púto. The ants are getting all over the cake. Akò y nagkamálay pagkaraàn naŋ ilà ŋ sandalì ŋ paghihimatày. I returned to consciousness 35after a few moments’ fainting-spell. Nagkapálad si Hwàn na makaratìŋ díto ŋ maluwalhátiʾ. Juan was fortunate enough to get back here safe and sound. Aŋ pakwàn ay nagkasíraʾ. The watermelon got partly spoiled. Aŋ maŋa ságiŋ ay nagkasíraʾ sa kalaúnan naŋ pagkàtágoʾ sa lalagyàn. Some of the bananas got spoiled on 40account of the long time they were kept stored. Nása simbáhan. silà naŋ magkasúnog. They were at church when a fire occurred. Twi ŋ papasúkin ko sa kuràl aŋ maŋa kalabàw ay nagkákawalá silà. Every time I put the carabao into the corral, they get away.

So: búkol, hinòg.

406. mag-ka- (1) pag-ka-ka- (1). Accent shift in this formation serves various uses:

5(a) It may be due to the root: Si Hwàn ay nagkasakìt noo ŋ bwà ŋ nagdaàn. Juan had a sickness last month. Si Hwàn ay hindí makapútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt mahínà pa sya dahilàn sa pagkakasakìt. Juan cannot cut wood, because he is still weak on account of his recent illness.

10(b) It expresses plurality: Magkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò. The sugar-cane will get broken in numbers. Nagkaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The sugar-cane broke in quantity under the violence of the wind. Nagkákaputòl aŋ maŋa tubò sa kalakasàn naŋ háŋin. Much sugar-cane is breaking under the force of 15the wind.

So also from lúnod.

(c) The form is really a simple active with mag- from an underlying word of the form ka- (1), § [398,c]; three words of this kind occur: Sila y nagkagalìt. They quarreled. aŋ pagkakagalìt 20the quarrel. Aŋ Hapòn at aŋ Tsína ay nagkasiràʾ. Japan and China had a break. Silà y nagkatalò. They played a winning-and-losing game. Nagkatalu nà aŋ maŋa nagsúsugàl. The gamblers have lost and won, have finished their winning-and-losing game.

In accordance with § [356], the underlying word is doubled with 25distributive plural meaning: Sila ŋ ápat ay nagkagá-kagalìt. The four of them all got angry at one another.

Similarly, an explicit plural with mag-si-pag- is formed (cf. § [386,b]): Nagsipagkasirá silà. They had a falling out.

407. (a) mag-ka- r pag-ka-ka- r. The reduplication of the 30root expresses repeated action in a form with retraction of accent and irregular insertion of ŋ after the prefix: Sya y nagkàkaŋdadápaʾ. He kept falling on his face.

(b) mag-ka- D pag-ka-ka- D. Doubling of the root seems a more regular expression of the same value: nagkàkaumpòg-umpòg. 35

408. Special static words with mag-ka- are simply dual collectives with mag- (§ [358,a]) from underlying words with ka- (§ [398]): Aŋ banìg ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkaánib (or: magkasánib) sa pagkàlátag. Juan’s and Pedro’s sleeping-mats overlap 40each other as they are spread. aŋ magkabaláe a pair of persons related by intermarriage of their children (more insistent on the relational element, but practically equal to magbaláe, § [358,a]). Aŋ dalawa ŋ manòk ay magkabukòd naŋ kuluŋàn. The two chickens were in separate crates. Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn at ni Pédro ay magkarátig. Juan’s field and Pedro’s border on each other. Si Pédro at si Hwàn ay magkapantày. Pedro and Juan are of the same height. aŋ magkapatìd two brothers or sisters, a brother and 5a sister. aŋ magkapútol na si Andrès at si Rafayèl the brothers Andrés and Rafael. Magkapútol kamì ni Hwàn naŋ bároʾ. Juan and I have blouses made of the same cloth. dalawà ŋ bágay na gàgawi ŋ magkasunòd two things that are to be done one after the other.

10(a) From kababáyan (§ [398,d]): dalawà ŋ estudyànte ŋ magkababáyan two students from the same town.

409. mag-ka-ka. As the explicit plural corresponding to these duals reduplicates the underlying word (§ [358,b]), the syllable ka- is repeated in this meaning: aŋ magkakapatìd a group of 15three or more brothers and (or) sisters; in the same meaning aŋ magkakapútol. So also from: bukòd, sáma, súnoʾ.

(a) The form magkababáyan (§ [408,a]) rejects the extra reduplication, and is therefore plural as well as dual: tatlo ŋ estudyànte ŋ magkababáyan three students from the same town.

20410. mag-kà- pag-ka-kà-. The transient with mag- and abstract with pag- r from underlying words with kà- have the accidental value of the latter prefix, usually with a dual reciprocal meaning. Sa kabilà ŋ bandà mo ibwàl aŋ púno ŋ iyàn, sapagkàt kuŋ irè ay ibuwal kò y baká magkádagan aŋ dalawa ŋ púnoʾ. 25Fell your tree in the direction away from me, so that if I fell this one, the two trees won’t fall one on top of the other. Magkàkàdagàn aŋ dalawa ŋ púno ŋ itò, kapag hindí mo ibinwàl sa kabilà ŋ bandà iya ŋ pinùpútol mo. These two trees will fall one on top of the other, if you don’t make the one you are cutting down fall 30the other way. Nagkádagan aŋ dalawa ŋ bátaʾ naŋ mahúlog sila sa hagdàn. The two children landed one on top of the other when they fell from the ladder. Ilabas mò sa búkid, Kulàs, aŋ dalawa ŋ sáko ŋ pálay na nagkàkàdagàn na nása baŋàn. Nicolás, take out to the field the two bags of rice that are lying one on top of the 35other in the granary. Aŋ pagkakáiba naŋ ugáli ni Pédro at ni Hwàn ay gáya naŋ pagkakáiba naŋ túbig at naŋ apòy. The difference in character between Pedro and Juan is like the difference between water and fire. magkáhiwalày part from each other (by force of circumstances, of two people). Aŋ ikinahátì naŋ palayòk 40ay aŋ masamà ŋ pagkakálagay nitò. What caused the rice-pot to break was the bad way it was placed. magkàmáyaw harmonize. aŋ pagkakásabày the happening at the same time of two events. Sya y nagkàsála. He sinned (against the moral order, God, etc.) Aŋ pagkakàsála kay Bathálaʾ ay pinarùrusáhan sa infiyèrno. Sinning against God is punished in hell. Bìbilhin kò aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn, kuŋ magkàkàsya aŋ áki ŋ kwaltà. I shall buy this horse, if my 5money is sufficient. Walá sila ŋ pagkakásundòʾ. The two don’t agree on anything. aŋ pagkakátaòn the coincidence in time of one event with another, of two events. aŋ pagkakátayòʾ the standing up together (even of more than two people).

(a) Somewhat different are kuŋ magkàbihíraʾ at odd times; 10kuŋ magkágayòn when things turn out thus, when this is the state of affairs. So also, with static value: Aŋ magkábila ŋ dúlo naŋ lápis ay matúlis. Both ends of the pencil are sharpened.

411. mag-kà- D pag-ka-kà- D. With doubled root plurality is expressed: Nagkàhiwá-hiwalày aŋ maŋa dáhun naŋ librò. The 15leaves of the book came apart. Aŋ maŋa ginágawá nya ŋ paŋísip naŋ maŋa makabuluhà ŋ fétsa naŋ istòriya ay aŋ pagkakàsunòd-sunòd at pagítan nilà. He remembers the important dates of history by their sequence and their intervals.

(a) With accent shift, from a barytone root: Nagkàputol-putòl 20aŋ katawàn naŋ táo ŋ nàsagasáan naŋ trèn. The body of the man who was run over by the train got all mangled. Nagkàkàputol-putòl aŋ katawàn naŋ bála ŋ táo ŋ màsagasáan naŋ trèn. The body of a person run over by a train is cut to pieces. Magkàkàputol-putòl aŋ túbo ŋ kristàl na iyàn kapag iyo ŋ ibinagsàk. If 25you drop that glass tube, it will break into a thousand pieces.

412. ka- (1) -in, k-in-a-. The simple direct passive is formed from an underlying derived word with ka- with normal meaning. So from ka-lában, ka-úsap.

(a) A special static word corresponding to those in § [366] is 30aŋ kinákapatìd the child of one’s godparents (from ka-patìd).

From it are derived the dual collective (§ [358,a]) magkinákapatìd a pair of such, and the plural (§ [358,b]) magkikinákapatìd three or more, as a group.

413. i-ka- i-k-in-a-. The instrumental passive with prefix ka- 35has a specialized meaning: it expresses transiently, an inanimate, or at least irrational and involuntary, object or circumstance which causes such and such an action: and this latter action is in turn also involuntary or out of control of the actor (as, for instance, the ability to do a thing), see § [432] ff.

40Aŋ kawalàn ni Andrès naŋ hánap-búhay sa báya ŋ itò ay sya nyà ŋ ikinaalìs. Andrés’ inability to make a living in this town is what forced him to leave. Aŋ malì ŋ anyò naŋ pulúbe ay siyà ŋ ikinaáwaʾ sa kanya ni Hwàn. The bad condition of the beggar was what made Juan pity him. Aŋ pagsasakày naŋ kutséro naŋ maŋa táo ŋ may sakìt na nakàhàháwa ay sya ŋ ikinabáwì naŋ kanya ŋ pahintúlot. The driver’s taking people with contagious 5diseases into his carriage was what caused his license to be withdrawn. Aŋ ikinaháraŋ naŋ maŋà naglálakàd ay aŋ pagkáalam naŋ maŋa tulisàn na silà y may dalà ŋ kwaltà. What caused the wayfarers to be held up was the robbers’ happening to know that they had money with them. Ikinaháte ni Hwàn sa búŋa aŋ kanya 10ŋ laséta. Juan’s knife enabled him to cut the betel fruit. Aŋ pagkasála nya sa siŋsìŋ ay aŋ hindí niya ikinakúha naŋ ganti ŋ pálaʾ. His missing the ring is what kept him from winning the prize. Yòn ay áki ŋ ikinalúluŋkòt. I am sorry, I am sorry to hear that. Aŋ paŋuŋublì naŋ maŋa sundálo ay sya nilà ŋ hindí ikinamatày. 15The soldiers’ keeping in hiding is what saved their lives. Ikinapútol naŋ yantòk na pamáloʾ aŋ pagkàpálu kay Hwàn. The caning Juan got broke the rattan that was used on him. Ikinapùpútol naŋ marámi ŋ tubò aŋ malakàs na háŋin. The strong wind is making much sugar-cane break. Ikapùpútol naŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ 20káhoy aŋ malakàs na háŋi ŋ itò. This strong wind will cause many branches of trees to break off. Ikapùpútol nya sa maŋa kawáyan aŋ paggúlaŋ nitò. The aging of the bamboo plants will force him to cut them down. Aŋ pagkalúnod naŋ Kastílaʾ ay ikinatákot naŋ tatlò ŋ magkakaybígan. The drowning of the Spaniard frightened 25the three friends. Aŋ kanyà ŋ pagmamasìd sa maŋa tálaʾ sa gabì ay sya nyà ŋ malakì ŋ ikinatútuwàʾ. His observation of the stars at night is his great source of pleasure.

Similarly, from: biŋì, búhay, búti, gálit, háŋoʾ, húlog, káya, lípat, lúgi, túloŋ, walàʾ.

30414. i-pag-ka- i-p-in-ag-ka. With pag- this instrumental passive corresponds to the active with magka- (§ [405]). The reduplication of the durative forms affects the ka-.

Aŋ ipinagkagusto nyà ŋ kumáin naŋ sorbétes ay aŋ kainítan. It is the heat which makes him want to eat ices. Ipagkákamatày 35naŋ maŋa manòk aŋ masamà ŋ túbig. The bad water will make the chickens die. Aŋ kalamigàn sa tagulàn ay sya ŋ ipinagkàkamuò naŋ túbig sa ílog. The cold weather in winter is what makes the water in the river congeal. Baká ipagkawalá naŋ maŋa manòk sa kuluŋàn aŋ pagpapapások mo doòn niyà ŋ 40áso. See that your putting that dog into the enclosure doesn’t make the chickens try to get away. Ipagkákawalà naŋ bíhag aŋ pagkàbalítaʾ sa kanyà naŋ parúsa ŋ kàkamtan nyà. The captive’s being told of the punishment he will get, will make him try to escape. Ipinagkawalá nya sa kùlúŋan aŋ pagpapahírap sa kanyà. Their torturing him made him escape from his confinement. Ipinagkákawalà nya sa bìlaŋgúan aŋ masamà ŋ pagpapakáin sa kanya díto. The bad food they gave him in the jail made 5him try to escape.

415. Similarly, with accent shift this passive corresponds to the active with mag-ka- (1), § [406,b]. Ipinagkàkabalèʾ (or: ipinagkàkaputòl) naŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy aŋ bagyò ŋ itò. This hurricane is breaking off many branches of trees. Naŋ ipagkaputòl naŋ 10áki ŋ maŋa tubò aŋ háŋin ay naluŋkùt akò. When the wind broke down my sugar-cane I was dismayed. Ipinagkaputòl naŋ maŋa tubò aŋ malakàs na háŋi ŋ nagdaàn. The recent strong wind broke down much sugar-cane.

Similarly: ipinagkasakìt (sákit).

15416. Special static forms with i-ka- are made from the numerals, with occasional contraction, forming ordinals and fractions: ikaánim ikánim the sixth; ikaápat ikápat the fourth, a fourth, a quarter; ikalawà the second; ikalimà the fifth; ikapitò the seventh; ikatlò the third. Cf. § [347,a].

20(a) The ordinal corresponding to isà one is however the independent root úna first; half is kalaháteʾ, § [519].

(b) From phrases, of course, the higher numbers: ikaisa-ŋ-daàn hundredth; ikaisa-ŋ-laksàʾ millionth; ikaisa-ŋ-líbo thousandth; ikasa-m-pùʾ tenth; ikalabi-ŋ-isà eleventh; ikadalawa-ŋ-pùʾ twentieth; 25ikadalawa-ŋ-pù-t-isà twenty-first.

417. i-kà- i-k-in-à-. The instrumental passive from the root with accented kà- differs from that with unaccented ka- (§ [413]) in that the action or occurrence caused is not only involuntary but accidental and entirely out of the control of the actor (see 30§ [458] ff.).

Aŋ ikinàgùgusto kò sa kayibígan ko ŋ si Hwàn ay aŋ kanya ŋ mabaìt na ugáliʾ. What makes me have a liking for my friend Juan is his lovable character. Aŋ ginawá nya ŋ paggugupìt sa maŋa retáso ŋ itinàtágo naŋ kanya ŋ nánay ay sya nyà ŋ ikinàpáloʾ. 35His cutting up the patches his mother was saving is what made it necessary to thrash him. Aŋ ikinásakay nyà sa kabáyo ŋ bara-barà ay aŋ kawalàn nya naŋ iba ŋ kabáyo. What made him get on the wild horse was his lack of other horses. Ikinátahol naŋ áso aŋ pagkádapá ni Hwan. Juan’s falling down made the dog 40bark.

So also from: iyàk, pátag.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Aŋ pagkátahol naŋ áso ay sya ŋ ikinágisiŋ naŋ natùtúlug na bátaʾ. The barking of the dog was what made the sleeping child wake up. Ikàtàtawa nyà aŋ iyo ŋ sàsabíhin. He won’t be able to keep from laughing when you say that. Ikinàtàtawà ni Hwàn aŋ sinábi ni Pédro. What 5Pedro said makes Juan laugh in spite of himself.

418. Corresponding to primary actives with mag- contrasted with -um-, and with maŋ-, we should expect pag- and paŋ- to be retained before the root in these formations; the only example is: ikinápagtirà, corresponding to magtirà, in contrast with tumirà 10(§§ [348]. [351]).

419. ka- (1) -an, k-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with ka- is used when the action is an involuntary one, especially an emotion, of a rational actor, or when the actor is inanimate or irrational.

15Aŋ hulihàn naŋ maŋa kinagalítan ni Patúpat ay idináos naŋ maŋa gwàrdiya-sibìl kagabè. The arrest of the people who have incurred Patupat’s anger was carried out by the gendarmes last night. Kahiyaàn mò aŋ táo ŋ matandàʾ. Reverence the aged. aŋ kinahulúgan naŋ bátaʾ the place from which the child fell. Aŋ 20bintána ŋ iyàn aŋ syà ŋ kahùhulúgan naŋ bátaʾ, pag hindí mo isinarà. The child will fall out of that window, if you don’t shut it. Baká ninyo kalunúran aŋ ílog, maŋa bátaʾ. See that you don’t get drowned in that river, children. Aŋ kanya ŋ kalùlunúran ay aŋ ílog na itò. He will get drowned in this river some day. 25aŋ báhay na kinamatayàn the house where someone died, aŋ báhay naŋ kinamatayàn the house in which someone died, the house of the bereaved family. Kinapatiràn naŋ lúbid aŋ lugàr na malápit sa dúlo-ŋ-bandà-ŋ-kaliwàʾ. The rope broke at a point near the left-hand end. Aŋ kapàpatiràn naŋ sinúlid ay malápit sa buhòl. 30The place where the thread will break is near the knot there. Kinatakútan nya aŋ báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúraʾ. He was afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Aŋ kinatàtakútan naŋ maŋa bátaʾ ay aŋ núnoʾ. The children are afraid of the ghost. Katakútan ninyò aŋ núnoʾ. You had better be afraid of ghosts. Kinatamaràn 35ni Hwàn aŋ kanyà ŋ pagaáral. Juan became neglectful about his studying. Naŋ katamaràn ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ pagaáral ay malápit na syà ŋ makatápos naŋ karéra. When Juan became lazy about his studies, he was already near the end of his course. Katàtamaran nyà aŋ kanyà ŋ pagaáral, pag binigyàn mo syà naŋ 40marámi ŋ salapèʾ. He will be lazy about his studies, if you give him too much money.

Similarly from: buwísit, íwan, kíta, walàʾ.

(a) With shifted root: Isa ŋ pulúbe aŋ kinaàawaàn ni Hwàn. It was a beggar who aroused Juan’s pity.

420. pag-ka- (1) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (1) -an; pag-ka- (2) -an, p-in-ag-ka- (2) -an. Local passives with pag- before the ka- involve 5a plurality of actors. The durative reduplication affects the ka-; barytone roots have an extra accent-shift.

Aŋ kináin naŋ usà ay malakì ŋ pinagkàkagustuhàn naŋ maŋa Ilóko. The Iloco are very fond of the contents of deers’ stomachs. Pinagkàkalipumpunàn naŋ maŋa laŋgàm aŋ púto. The ants are 10swarming all over the cake. Aŋ pinagkamatayàn naŋ maŋa kambèŋ ay aŋ lugàr na itò. This is the place where the goats perished. Hwag mò ŋ dalhìn sa bundòk aŋ maŋa manòk, sapagkàt iyò y kanilà ŋ pagkàkamatayàn. Don’t take the chickens into the hills, for they would die there.

15Barytone roots: Pinagkatakutàn nilà aŋ báhay na pinagpatayàn sa kúraʾ. They were afraid of the house where the priest was killed. Pinagkàkatakutàn nilà aŋ maŋa mababagsìk na háyop. They are afraid of wild animals. Hwag mò ŋ ipamalítaʾ aŋ nàkíta nátin díto, sapagkàt baká aŋ lugàr na itò y pagkatakutàn. 20Don’t tell what we have seen here, for this place would be feared. Pagkàkatakutàn nilà aŋ lugàr na itò, pag nàláman nilà aŋ naŋyári ŋ paghaharaŋàn díto. They will be afraid of this place when they know of the hold-ups that occurred here. aŋ pinagkatalunàn that which was the occasion of winning by many (tálo).

25421. ka- S -an. Special static words, corresponding to those with S -an (§ [377]) are formed with prefix ka- from oxytone roots; in meaning they are collectives and abstracts of quality: aŋ kasàyáhan gladness; Aŋ katàmáran ni Patrísiyo ay katutúboʾ sa kanya ŋ láhiʾ. Patricio’s laziness is inborn in his family. So from the 30roots: baìt, banàl, damdàm, daŋàl, duwàg, lagày, luŋkòt, luwàŋ, mahàl, malìʾ, matày, pintàs, saŋkàp, tuŋkòl, tuwàʾ, tuwìd.

Divergent in meaning is aŋ Kapampáŋan a Pampanga, if from paŋpàŋ.

The secondary accent is lacking, irregularly, in kalayáan 35(layàʾ); with contraction in kayiláŋan, kayláŋan (beside kailáŋan, from ilàŋ).

(a) This latter word underlies an active with maŋ-, an abstract with paŋ- r, and a simple direct passive: naŋàŋayiláŋan requires; aŋ paŋaŋayiláŋan need, necessity; Kàkayilaŋáni ŋ magdaàn 40si Pédro ríto bágu sya umalìs. Pedro will have to come here before he leaves.

(b) From a derived word, with the secondary accent irregularly placed: Boo ŋ báyan ay nagdíwaŋ sa kapaŋànákan ni Risàl. The whole country celebrated Rizal’s birthday; also: aŋ áraw naŋ kapaŋànákan birthday,—from paŋanàk (§ [347]).

422. ka- (2) -an. Barytone roots have, in the same sense, an accent shift of two syllables, corresponding to § [379]. Boò ŋ 5kabahayàn aŋ nàkíta námin sa gitnà naŋ daàn. We saw a whole set of household goods in the middle of the road; also: aŋ kabahayàn a house containing several dwellings. Marámi sa maŋa táo aŋ nakàkìkilála naŋ kanila ŋ karapatàn, dátapuwat nakalìlímot naŋ kanila ŋ katuŋkúlan. Many are the people who know their 10rights but forget their duties. Aŋ karamútan naŋ páreʾ ay nagìŋ kasabihàn. The stinginess of the priest is proverbial. Aŋ katakutàn sa Dyòs ay isa ŋ kabàítan. Fear of the Lord is a virtue. Aŋ pagbibigày naŋ sigarìlyo ay isa sa maŋa matatandà ŋ kaugaliàn sa Filipínas. Giving cigarettes is one of the old customs in the Philippines. 15aŋ kawikaàn a proverb.

So from abála, áraw, búlo, gámit, húlog, íbig, láŋit, payápaʾ, síraʾ, tápos, útos.

With contraction: kahariyàn, kaharyàn (háriʾ), and, if from táo, katawàn body.

20(a) From the latter word there is an abstract of action, with paŋ- r: aŋ paŋaŋatawàn physique (cf. pananamìt, etc., § [357]).

423. ka- (1) -an. Corresponding to the formation (1) -an (§ [378]), the collective-abstracts of this type with ka- have formal irregularities and, where there is any contrast (e. g. mahàl), less 25explicit and more specialized meaning than the preceding two groups.

aŋ kaalátan saltiness (of water). Sa gabì ŋ itò aŋ kabilúgan naŋ buwàn. The fullness of the moon is tonight. Aŋ kadalamhatían ay isa ŋ damdámi ŋ hindí nàràrápat sa táo. Grief is an 30emotion not becoming to a man or woman. aŋ karunúŋan wisdom. aŋ kahaŋalàn foolishness (aŋ haŋàl a fool). aŋ kaibhàn the difference. aŋ kalinísan cleanness, cleanliness. aŋ kamatsiŋàn monkey-tricks, naughtiness. aŋ kamuráhan cheapness. Sawìʾ aŋ kanya ŋ kapaláran. His luck is bad. Sa kapanayàn naŋ ulàn kuŋ tagulàn 35ay hindí masiglà aŋ báyan. The town is not cheerful during the unabated rains of the rainy season. Aŋ maŋa táo y marámi ŋ kasalánan. People have many sins. aŋ kasamaàn badness. kasawiàn poor position, awkwardness. kasinuŋalíŋan falsehood, a lie. kasipágan diligence. Aŋ desgrásya ŋ naŋyári kay Hwàn ay isa ŋ 40hampàs naŋ katalagahàn. The misfortune which has come to Juan is a blow of fate. Aŋ kanila ŋ pagílag ay hindí katapáŋan. Their fleeing was not a brave act. aŋ boò ŋ kataúhan all mankind. aŋ katipúnan a meeting, Katipúnan a secret society organized against the Spaniards; a member of this. kayabáŋan pride.

So from: bábaʾ, bábaw, bigàt, buháŋin, búhay, búti, dalàs, dámi, dámot, dániw (if karaniyúwan is so to be analyzed), dilìm, 5ginháwa, gúbat, hábaʾ, hínaʾ, hírap, iklìʾ, ínit, lakàs, lakì, lamìg, lápad, láon, liìt, lóko, lúnod, lupìt, mahàl, maŋmàŋ, páraŋ, fiyèsta, pulòʾ, sakìm, salàt, salbáhi, salúkoy, taàs, Tagálog, tahímik, tákaw, tákot, talíno, tampalásan, taŋháliʾ, túlin, túnay, totoò, ulòl, walàʾ, yáman.

10(a) From a phrase: Iyò y kawala-ŋ-hyaàn ni Pédro. That was a shameless action of Pedro’s (walà ŋ hiyàʾ).

(b) From derived words: aŋ Kakapampaŋánan the Pampanga country (Kapampáŋan, § [421]).

aŋ boò ŋ kamaganákan nina Krùs, Bantòg, at iba pà the whole 15relationship of the Cruz’s, Bantogs, and so on; aŋ boò ŋ kamaganákan ni Pédro Vyóla the whole family of Pedro Viola (magának, § [358,a]).

aŋ kapaŋyaríhan power (-paŋyári, as though by § [347]).

424. ka- r (1) -an, ka- r (2) -an. With reduplication of the 20root and accent shift of one syllable for an oxytone root, of two in barytone roots, ka- and -an form special static words denoting something surprising or provocative of such and such an emotion.

Itù y kagagawàn ni Hwàn! This is some of Juan’s work! cf. Itù y gawá ni Hwàn. Juan did this, made this. Aŋ pagkáupo 25ni Pédro sa sùgálan ay kagagawàn naŋ isa nyà ŋ kaybígan. Pedro’s sitting at the gaming-table was the work of one of his fine friends. Aŋ pàtáya ŋ naŋyári kagabì ay kagagawàn ni Pédro. The killing which occurred last night was some of Pedro’s doing. So: katuturàn a correct outcome (tuwìd).

30Barytone roots: Aŋ katatakutàn naŋ bátaʾ ay aŋ núnoʾ. The thing that arouses the child’s fear is a ghost. Aŋ kanya ŋ katatawanàn ay aŋ uŋgòʾ. His source of laughter is the monkey. aŋ salità ŋ katatawanàn a jest-word, a funny expression.

425. With secondary accent on the first syllable of the underlying 35word, ka- and -an form also words denoting one of two reciprocal actors. This is the form for oxytone roots, aŋ kabìgáyan a person with whom one exchanges gifts. Si Hwána ay siya ŋ kabùlúŋan ni Maryà. Juana is the one Maria whispers with. aŋ kahampásan one of two who perform mutual flagellation, kahìráman 40one of two who borrow from each other. kaìnúman person one drinks with. kakàlabítan one of two who touch each other. Aŋ kapàtáyan ni Hwàn ay si Pédro. Juan is engaged in a mortal conflict with Pedro. Aŋ kapàtíran ni Hwána naŋ sinúlid ay aŋ kanya ŋ kaybíga ŋ si Maryà. Juana cuts thread with her friend Maria. aŋ kasàlitáan the person with whom one converses. Si Hwàn ay kaùlúlan ni Pédro. Juan and Pedro fool each other. aŋ kaùpúan one of two who sit together.

5426. Barytone roots add accent shift of one syllable. Aŋ kahùlúgan nya naŋ súhaʾ ay aŋ kanyà ŋ kapatìd. The one with whom he takes turns at dropping down grape-fruit from the tree is his brother. aŋ kahùníhan one of two birds that chirp at each other. aŋ kaìbígan one of two who love each other. aŋ kakàínan 10one of two who eat together. Si Hwána ay siya ŋ kapùtúlan ni Maryà naŋ kukò. Juana and Maria cut each other’s fingernails. aŋ kasùlátan one’s correspondent. aŋ katàlúnan one’s opponent in a dispute.

(a) The shift is due to the root in: Si Maryà ay syà ŋ kaàbútan 15ni Hwána naŋ maŋa mabaŋù ŋ bulaklàk. Maria and Juana hand each other fragrant flowers (as in some ceremony or game).

(b) With contraction and lack of secondary accent: aŋ kayibígan, kaybígan a friend (contrast kaìbígan above).

(c) In a few instances barytone roots have accent shift of 20two syllables without secondary accent. Si Maryáno ay kahatakàn ni Kulàs naŋ lúbid. Mariano is pulling at the rope against Nicolás. aŋ kamurahàn one of two who curse at each other (with meaning ordinarily peculiar to the shifted root, § [337]). Sumúloŋ at Kasamahàn Sumulong and Company. kasulatàn one’s correspondent 25(equal to kasùlátan, above). Aŋ katuruàn ni Pédro ay aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn. Pedro and little Juan are pointing at each other.

427. These formations serve as underlying words of a few derivatives:

(a) Active with mag- and abstract with pag- r (§ [352]): aŋ 30pagkakayibígan the joining in friendship of two people.

(b) Secondary active with maki- from the preceding: makipagkayibígan win one’s way into someone’s friendship, become friends with someone.

(c) Dual collective with mag- (§ [358,a]): Si Pédro at si Hwàn 35ay magkahìráman naŋ sambalílo at sandàlyas. Pedro and Juan lend each other hats and sandals. magkaìbígan a pair of lovers. magkaybígan a pair of friends.

(d) Where the dual value of the underlying form is weak, explicit plurals of the preceding with mag- r (§ [358,b]) occur: aŋ 40magkakaybígan a group of three or more friends. aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ si Pédro, si Hwàn, at si Andrès the party consisting of Pedro, Juan, and Andrés. aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ sina Pédro the party of Pedro and his followers. Aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ nagsipagpasyàl ay sina Maryà, Hwána, Pédro, at Kulàs. The party that went for a walk consisted of Maria, Juana, Pedro, and Nicolás. Aŋ magkakasamahà ŋ napasa húloʾ at napaluwásan ay sinà 5Mariyáno, Pépe, at Kulàs at sina Pédro, Húlyo, at Andrès. The groups that went upstream and downstream were, respectively, Mariano, Pepe, and Nicolás and Pedro, Julio, and Andrès. Aŋ tatlo ŋ manòk na ytò y magkakasamahà ŋ inihatid díto, aŋ ibà y magkakabukòd. These three chickens were brought here together, 10the others each by itself.

428. kà- (1) -an, k-in-à- (1) -an. Local passives with kà- denote the place where someone or something happens to be. Hwag kà ŋ kumibòʾ sa iyò ŋ kinàdòroonàn. Don’t stir from the spot (where you happen to be). Sa alì ŋ bandà aŋ kinàdòroonàn naŋ 15báya-ŋ-Kamálig?—Sa bandà ŋ kaliwàʾ. In which direction is the town of Camalig?—Toward the left. Aŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag ay aŋ kinàmahalà ŋ úna ŋ úna naŋ pálay. The town of Baliuag was the first place where rice got dear. Aŋ kàpàpatayàn sa táo ŋ iyàn ay aŋ bigtíhan. This man will end on the gallows. Aŋ báya-ŋ-Balíwag 20aŋ iyu ŋ kàtùtuŋúhan pag tinuntùn mo aŋ landàs na iyàn. You will get to the town of Baliuag if you follow that path.

Similarly from: bíŋit, búrol, kulòŋ, lagày, tágoʾ, tayòʾ, tirà, upòʾ.

Divergent in meaning are kinàbukásan (§ [260]) and, from a 25phrase, kinàháti-ŋ-gabihàn (§ [260], háti ŋ gabì).

429. pag-kà- (1) -an, p-in-ag-kà- (1) -an. Local passives of this type with pag- reduplicate the kà-; they refer to other local passive relations than place in which; so: pagkàkilanlàn be the occasion of showing something; pagkàsyahàn be the container of 30something that fits in; pagkàsunduwàn, pagkàsunduàn be agreed upon.

430. Special static words with kà- and -an are few and differ in meaning.

(a) Aŋ kàgalítan nila Andrès, Hwàn, at Mariyáno ay napáwì 35na. The quarrel between Andrés, Juan, and Mariano has been appeased; this is no doubt merely a plural with S -an (§ [377,a]) from the underlying word kagalìt (§ [398,c]).

It forms the underlying word of a simple active with mag- and abstract with pag- r: aŋ pagkakàgalítan a quarrel (of two or more 40people).

(b) Si Pédro ay kàibígan ni Maryà. Pedro is liked by Maria. Sina Pédro, Kulàs, at Hwàn ay sya ŋ maŋa kàibígan ni Mariyáno. Pedro, Nicolàs, and Juan are the ones whom Mariano likes. This is probably a real special static word corresponding to the transient with kà- (1) -an (§ [428]).

Derived active with mag-: Nagkàkàibígan si Pédro at si 5Hwána. Pedro and Juana are in love with each other, have come to like each other.

(c) Aŋ kàtwáan ay náhintòʾ sa pagdatìŋ naŋ isa ŋ magnanákaw. The rejoicing was stopped by the coming of a robber. This is, in form at least, a plural with S -an from an underlying -katuwàʾ, 10which is not known.

Derived active with mag-: magkàtwáan rejoice together, be merry together.

The same form is seen in kàliŋkíŋan; little finger, fifth finger; if this is from a root -liŋkìŋ.

15431. ka- (1) D -an. With doubling of the root and radical accent shift: Kàunà-unáha ŋ dumatìŋ si Hwàn. Juan got there the very first. So: kàhulì-hulíhan the very last.

(3) Additional transients, abstracts, and special static forms.

432. The prefix ka- in its involuntary meaning and the prefix 20kà- in its accidental meaning appear in an additional set of transients and abstracts with maka-, makà- prefixed for the active, ma-, mà- for the passives, and pagka-, pagkà- for the abstract. The meanings of these forms are most varied; especially in the direct passive, where the involuntary or accidental character of the actor 25sometimes reaches the point where an actor is entirely left out of view or lacking, and the passive borders closely on active meaning. For this reason it will be convenient to divide the uses into a number of somewhat arbitrarily defined groups. The forms are as follows:

30433. The active forms with ka- are: maka-, maka- R, naka-, naka- R; abstract pagka-.

The active expresses an inanimate object or circumstance causing an emotion or feeling; the meaning, then, is the same as in the forms with i-ka- (§ [413]), except that here the thing causing 35the emotion is viewed as an actor. Nakabùbúlag aŋ ílaw. The light is blinding. Aŋ gamòt na itò aŋ nakaginháwa sa máy sakìt. This medicine is what relieved the patient. Itò y makapàpáwì naŋ gútom (úhaw, ginàw, ínit, págod). This will relieve the hunger (thirst, cold feeling, hot feeling, fatigue). Aŋ áwit naŋ maŋa 40íbon ay nakatútuwàʾ. The song of the birds is gladdening. Similarly from: bigàt, biŋì, búti, lasìŋ, ligáya, síraʾ, tákot.

434. The active expresses, further, an inanimate object which has got (in the past) into such and such a condition or position.

Aŋ baŋkàʾ ay nakaáyon sa ágos. The canoe is righted with the stream. Aŋ pagkáin ay nakahandá nà. Dinner is served. Nakasábit 5sa pákoʾ aŋ áki ŋ amerikána. My coat is hanging on the nail. Nakasigàŋ aŋ palayùk naŋ sináiŋ. The rice-pot is on the fire. Hindí ko bìbilhìn aŋ kabáyo ŋ iyòn, káhit na makasísiya aŋ áki ŋ kwaltà. I would not buy this horse, even if my money should be sufficient. Similarly: daàn, lawìt, táliʾ, túloŋ.

10435. Very similar is the use of the active to describe an animate actor in such and such a position (into which he has got): Nakadapàʾ aŋ maŋa táo sa kanila ŋ báhay hábaŋ lumílindòl. The people lay prone in their houses during the earthquake. Si Pédro ay nakaháwak sa taburéte naŋ sya y retratúhan. Pedro 15had hold of a chair when he was photographed. Nakasakày aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn sa áso naŋ sya y màkíta ko sa bakúran. Little Juan was mounted (i. e. riding) on the dog when I saw him in the yard. Nakatayó si Pédro naŋ ákin sya ŋ màkíta. Pedro was standing up when I saw him. Nakaupó sya sa baŋkòʾ. He was 20seated on the bench. So from: abàŋ, hiléra, íkid, kápit, luhòd, paŋàw, taluŋkòʾ, tindìg.

436. The active may denote an animate actor who is able, succeeds in doing so and so; the involuntary element inheres in the matter of ability, which is not dependent on the actor’s will: 25Sa gana ŋ ákin sya y makaáalìs. So far as I am concerned, he may go. Sa tigàs naŋ kanya ŋ loòb ay walà ŋ makabáleʾ. There is no one (or, under the type in § [433], nothing) can break the firmness of his will. Nakagágawàʾ aŋ alílà naŋ páyoŋ. The servant is able to make umbrellas. Nakagupìt sya naŋ makapàl na 30damìt. He succeeded in cutting thick cloth. Si Pédro ay hindí makaháwak naŋ palakòl, sapagkàt masakìt aŋ kanya ŋ kamày. Pedro cannot hold an ax, because his hand is sore. Naàári ŋ sya y makahigàʾ. He may lie down. Hindí ako makahiŋí naŋ kwaltà kay Hwàn. I cannot (bring myself to) ask Juan for money. Nakahúlog 35sya naŋ isa ŋ nyòg sa kanya ŋ pagpukòl sa kumpòl. He succeeded in bringing down a cocoanut, in his throwing at the cluster. Aŋ bátaʾ ay hindí makakáin, sapagkàt kumáin sya naŋ marámi ŋ kakanìn. The child can’t eat because he has eaten so many sweets. Si Pédro ay hindí nakapùpútol naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt 40bágu ŋ gáliŋ sya sa sakìt. Pedro cannot cut any wood, for he has just recovered from sickness. Sa tantyà raw nyà ay makapùpútol na sya naŋ káhoy, sapagkàt sya y malakas nà. He reckons he will be able to cut wood, for he is strong again. Nakasásakay syà sa kabáyo. He is able to mount the horse. Aŋ báta y nakasùsúlat nà. The child is already able to write. Hindí ako makasúlat. I can’t write. Aŋ máy sakit ay nakatátayú nà. The patient is already able to stand up. Hindí ako nakatípon naŋ maŋa 5dáhon, sapagkàt walá ako ŋ kalaykày. I was not able to pile up the leaves, because I had no rake. Aŋ húle ŋ isdá ni Hwàn ay nakawalàʾ. The fish Juan caught got away. Similarly from: akiyàt, balìk, báyad, dalà, datìŋ, kílos, kúha, lákad, pások, sagòt, sigàw, suwày, tahòl, takbò, tirà, úbos, úsap.

10Abstracts: Aŋ mákina ay syà ŋ dahilàn naŋ pagkagawá ni Pédro naŋ páyoŋ. The machine is the cause of Pedro’s ability to make umbrellas. Aŋ pagkasakáy nyà sa kabáyo ŋ bara-barà ay hindí dahilàn sa kanya ŋ tápaŋ, dátapuwat dahilàn sa marámi ŋ iba ŋ táo ŋ nagsipígil sa kabáyo. His ability to get on the wild 15horse was not due to his courage, but to the many other people who controlled the horse. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkatípon sa maŋa kalabàw ay nanyári dáhil sa marámi ŋ túloŋ. His success in rounding up the carabao was due to much aid.

437. Closely bordering on the preceding type is the active, 20mostly with the particle nà, expressing the actor of a completed action. Nakaalìs na siyà. He has already (succeeded in going, i. e.) gone away. Nakapútul nà si Pédro naŋ káhoy. Pedro has now finished cutting wood. Si Pédro ay nakapútul nà naŋ káhoy, bágo ko ŋ inutúsa ŋ maŋigìb. Pedro had already cut the wood, 25before I asked him to fetch water. Similarly from: bútas, datìŋ, kúha, límot, tápos.

The abstract lends itself especially to the use as absolute attribute (§ [274]): Pagkagawá nya naŋ bákod ay naglasìŋ siyà. When he had finished making the fence, he got drunk. Pagkaháraŋ 30naŋ maŋa tulisàn sa koréyo ay nagsitúŋo silà sa bundòk. When the bandits had robbed the mail, they took to the hills. Pagkaháte ni Hwàn naŋ maŋa mansánas ay umalìs sya. When Juan had distributed the apples, he went away. Pagkahúli naŋ pulìs sa magnanákaw ay dinala nyà itò sa bìlaŋgúan. When the policeman 35had caught the thief, he took him to the jail. Pagkapatày nya sa táo ŋ kanyà ŋ hináraŋ ay tumakbo syà. When he had killed the man he had held up, he ran away. Pagkapútol ni Hwàn naŋ tahìd naŋ kátyaw ay nagdudugòʾ aŋ paà nitò. When Juan had cut the spur of the rooster, its foot kept bleeding. Pagkasakày 40sa kabáyo ay naparoòn akò sa hàlamanàn at pumitàs ako naŋ isa ŋ pakwàn úpaŋ áki ŋ kánin. When I had had my horseback ride, I went to the garden and picked a melon to eat. Pagkasakày ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ŋ agàd. When Juan had got on the train, it soon started to move. Aŋ pagkasúnog naŋ báyan ay ikinaluŋkòt naŋ marámi. The people grieved at their town having burned down. Pagkatanàw naŋ uŋgòʾ sa pagòŋ ay nagbalik 5syà sa púno-ŋ-ságiŋ. When the monkey had looked at the turtle, he went back to the banana tree. Pagkatáwag naŋ pagòŋ sa uŋgòʾ ay sumunòd itò agàd. When the turtle had called the monkey, the latter came at once. Pagkatayó nya sa kanya ŋ ùpúan ay minulàn nya agàd aŋ pagtatalumpáteʾ. When he had 10stood up from his seat he at once began making his speech. Pagkatípon mo naŋ maŋa bayábas ay umuwí ka. When you have piled up the guavas, go home. Pagkaúna nya sa takbúhan ay naghintú sya. When he had got ahead in the running, he stopped. Similarly from: alìs, bendisiyòn, gupìt, hápon, ísip, káin, kúha, 15lagòk, lútoʾ, mísa, sábi, sánay, tápos, típon, tupàd.

438. The forms of the direct passive are: ma-, ma- R; na-; na- R.

The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active in § [436], and denote the object directly affected by an action which 20an actor is able to perform.

Hindí nya mabásag aŋ bóte. He did not succeed in breaking the bottle. Sa kalakasàn ni Páblo ay nadala nyà aŋ kabà ŋ bákal. Pablo, with his strength, managed to lift the iron chest. Nadalà naŋ bátaʾ aŋ káhoy. The boy managed to carry the wood. 25Hindí madalà ni Pédro aŋ kahòn sa kabigatàn. Pedro cannot lift the box; it is too heavy. Hindí ku magámit aŋ páyoŋ na itò. I can’t use this umbrella. Hindí nakáin naŋ bátaʾ aŋ matigàs na tinápay na iyàn. The child was not able to eat that hard bread of yours. Nakáya ko ŋ buhátin aŋ isà ŋ maliìt na púno-ŋ-káhoy. 30I managed to lift one small tree. Nakàkáya ko aŋ pagaáral naŋ Iŋglès. I manage to get along with the study of English. Nakáyas ni Pédro aŋ báo. Pedro managed to smooth the cocoanut shell. Nalákad námin aŋ lahàt naŋ daàn. We managed to walk the whole way. Nalìlípon naŋ maŋa laŋgàm aŋ kanila ŋ pagkáin. 35The ants succeed in amassing their food. Hindí ko mapatày aŋ báta ŋ itò. I cannot (get myself to) kill this child. Hindí ko mapútol naŋ kamày aŋ bákal na itò. I can’t break this iron with my hand. Mapùpútol daw nyà ŋ wala ŋ túloŋ aŋ lahàt naŋ kawáya ŋ magúlaŋ. He says he will be able to cut all the old bamboo 40without any help. Hindí nya masíraʾ aŋ kandáro naŋ pintòʾ, káhit na iniyúbus nya aŋ kanya ŋ lakàs. He did not succeed in breaking the lock of the door, although he used up all his strength. Natátalastàs mo bà aŋ sinàsábi ko sa iyò? Do you understand what I am saying to you? Similarly: ágaw, akiyàt, alaála, ampàt, gawàʾ, háŋoʾ, híla.

5439. Similarly, the direct passive may correspond regularly to the active of the type in § [437] and denote an object directly affected by an action which has been (successfully) completed by an actor.

Naáso ko nà sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ. I have hunted and 10called the child all over town. Nabálot ko nà aŋ maŋa librò. I have already wrapped up the books. Nabása ku nà aŋ diyáriyo. I have finished reading the paper. Nahampàs ko nà aŋ bátaʾ. I have already whipped the child. Nahánap na nyà aŋ librò. He has already looked for the book. Napatày ku nà aŋ manòk. I 15have already killed the chicken. Kapag napùpútol na nyà aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy ay saká mo hatákin aŋ lúbid na nakatáli sa saŋà nitò. When he is getting the tree cut, then do you pull at the rope that is tied to the branch. Natipìd nya aŋ pagkáin naŋ kánin. He has been saving of the rice. Natípon ko nà aŋ maŋa 20dáhon. I have already heaped up the leaves. Natísod ku nà aŋ bakyàʾ. I have kicked off the sandal. Naúnat ku nà aŋ baluktòt na káwad na ibinigày mu sa ákin. I have straightened the bent wire you gave me. Nausísà ku nà si Hwàn. I have already questioned Juan. Similarly from: ágaw, gawàʾ, ípon, íwan, líbot, 25sákop, siyásat.

440. We come now to direct passives which do not correspond regularly to any active; these have their own abstracts with pagka-.

The commonest type expresses an object which undergoes or 30has undergone a process due to an inanimate actor or to no actor in particular; it differs from the simple direct passive in the involuntary and often perfectic nature of the action. Nabáleʾ aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree is broken. Aŋ túlis naŋ lápis ay nabáleʾ. The point of the pencil is broken. Hwag mò ŋ 35ilagay dyàn aŋ palatòn, sapagkàt baká mabásag. Don’t put the plate there, for it might get broken. Aŋ kanila ŋ kàínan ay nagambála sa pagdatìŋ naŋ maŋa pulìs. Their dinner-party broke up when the police arrived. Aŋ boo ŋ báyan ay nagulò. The whole town became riotous. Naháteʾ aŋ mansánas. The apple is 40in halves. Nalagòt aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ kanya ŋ dalíriʾ ay napásoʾ. His finger is blistered. Napatìd aŋ lúbid. The rope broke. Aŋ batò ŋ hasaàn ay napiráso. The whetstone went to pieces. Napitas nà aŋ maŋa bulaklàk. The flowers have been picked. Napùpútol aŋ maŋa saŋà naŋ káhoy sa lakàs naŋ háŋin. The branches of the trees are being broken off by the force of the wind. Napútol nà aŋ káhoy. The tree has been cut down. Napútol aŋ dúlo naŋ káhoy. The end of the log is cut off. Napútol 5aŋ saŋà naŋ káhoy. The branch of the tree broke off. Nasáyaŋ aŋ trabáho ni Hwàn. Juan’s work went for naught. Aŋ búkid ay nasíraʾ. The field is waste. Similarly, from: áriʾ, bágo, buwàl, dílat, gúmon, hinòg, laglàg, lamòg, láon, páwiʾ, punòʾ, puròl, súnog, tápos, úbos, utàs, walàʾ, yáriʾ.

10The abstract is regular: daàn, hinòg, lagòt, pások, súnog, walàʾ.

441. The passive is used, further, to denote the animate performer of an involuntary act, which, then, is looked upon rather as an undergoing than as a performing.

15This is the clearest where the subject is undergoing an emotion or sensation: Naáwà si Hwàn sa pulúbe. Juan pitied the beggar. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay nadúduŋò. Little Juan is bashful. Naginàw sya sa kanya ŋ pagpalígoʾ. He got cold while taking his bath. Akú y nagùgútom. I am hungry; isa ŋ táo ŋ nagùgútom 20a hungry person. Nahàhápis siyà. He is sad. Nahíhiyá ka bà? Are you ashamed? Nahíhiyá sya. He is ashamed. Akù y nailàŋ. I was nonplussed, I didn’t know what to do. Akò y naíinip nà naŋ paghihintày kay Hwàn. I am impatient with waiting for Juan. Sya y nalímaŋ sa kanya ŋ pagbílaŋ. He got confused in 25his reckoning. Sya nalúluŋkòt. He is sorry. Akò y naùúhaw. I am thirsty. So: bagábag, gálit, libàŋ, tákot, tuwàʾ.

This form is used also of processes of life, especially physiological and morbid: Nalumpò syà. He got lame. Napípe sya. He got dumb. So: naáriʾ got the ability, nabáo got widowed, nabúhay 30lived, naíŋay was noisy, nakinìg heard, nalúnod got drowned, namatày died, natúlog slept.

It is used, finally, in nahúlog fell (from a place to the ground), and, strangely enough, for two voluntary actions which consist of a relaxing of the muscles: Sya y nahigàʾ He lay 35down. Sya y nahíhigàʾ. He was in the act of lying down. Naupó sya sa baŋkòʾ. He sat down on the bench. Naúupó sya sa taburéte. He was in the act of sitting down on the stool.

Further, irregularly, in: Sya y nalígoʾ. He took a bath. Sya y nanáog. He came down from the house. See § [488,c].

40Abstracts: Aŋ pagkaáwà ni Hwàn sa pulúbe Juan’s pity for the beggar. aŋ pagkabátaʾ one’s childhood. aŋ pagkabúhay ni Hesùs the resurrection of Jesus. Aŋ pagkagúlat ni Hwána ay sya nyà ŋ ipinagkasakìt. Juana’s scare was what made her sick. Pagkalúnod naŋ Kastílaʾ ay lumáyas aŋ maŋa estudyànte. When the Spaniard had got drowned, the students hurried away. aŋ kanya ŋ pagkamatày his death. aŋ kanya ŋ pagkasála sa siŋsìŋ. his missing the ring. Pagkaupú nya sa baŋkòʾ ay minulàn nya 5aŋ pagkukwènto sa maŋa bátaʾ. When she had sat down on the bench, she began her story-telling to the children. So: áriʾ, hápis, húlog, litò, lóko, pípi, tákot, tálo, ulòl.

442. An explicit plural of both active and direct passive is formed by the infixation of -aŋ- into the prefix.

10In the active the syllable after this infix often receives a secondary accent: Naŋàkaupú na silà sa pagkáin, naŋ kamì ay dumatìŋ. They had already sat down to their meal when we arrived. So also from: bitàw, biyábit.

With reduplication of the ka- instead of root initial: Naŋàkàkaupó 15silà sa pagkáin. They are able to sit up for their meals.

Direct passive: Aŋ dinala nyà ŋ maŋa manòk ay naŋamatày. The chickens he brought all died. Naŋapútol aŋ tubò sa lakàs naŋ bagyò. The sugar-cane broke under the strength of the typhoon. Naŋapùpútol aŋ karamíhan naŋ tubò naŋ kasalukúyan 20aŋ bagyò. During the typhoon most of the sugar-cane got broken. So from: bulòk, íwan, lúnod, luŋkòt, tákot, tuwàʾ.

443. From a compound word, passive: nasawi-ŋ-pálad (sawì ŋ pálad).

From a derived word, active: makataanàn (taanàn, § [378]).

25444. Accent shift is due to the root. Si Pédro ay nakaayàw nà. Pedro has left the table. So from ábot, sákit.

Passive: Naabut nyà aŋ ilawàn. He managed to reach the lamp. Hindí nya maabùt aŋ itlòg. He can’t reach the egg. Aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn ay nabábahày. Little Juan is shy.

30Abstract: Pagkaabòt naŋ bátà naŋ kanyà ŋ laruwàn ay tumakbò sya ŋ agàd. After reaching for his toys, the boy at once ran.

445. With pag- before the root, this active is made from roots whose primary active has mag-. The reduplication affects either the ka-, or the pag-, or the root initial: makà-ka-pag- or maka-pà-pag- or maka-pag- R.

35Aŋ bátaʾ ay nakapagdalà naŋ káhoy. The boy managed to bring the wood. Aŋ bátaʾ ay nakapagdádalà (or: nakàkapagdalà, or: nakapàpagdalà) naŋ káhoy. The boy is able to bring the wood. Nakàkapaglasìŋ si Ánoŋ, káhit na sya y hindí binàbayáan naŋ kanya ŋ asáwa na makapagpabilè naŋ álak. Anong manages to 40get drunk, even though his wife does not allow him to have liquor purchased for him. Nakapagpútol na si Hwàn naŋ káhoy. Juan has finished cutting wood. Nakapagpùpútol nà si Hwàn naŋ káhoy. Juan is already able to cut wood. Hindí makapagpútol naŋ káhoy si Hwàn, dahilàn sa súgat nya sa kamày. Juan cannot cut wood, on account of the wound on his hand.

Similarly: antòk, áral, bíhis, ligtàs, mísa, nákaw, pasiyàl, sábi, salitàʾ, tágoʾ, takà.

5446. Direct passive: ma-pag-; ma-pag- R or ma-pà-pag-. Hindí ko mapagáyos aŋ maŋa damìt na itò. I can’t straighten out these clothes. Mapàpagáyos nya aŋ maŋa lipàs sa úso ŋ damìt na itò. She will be able to fix these out-of-date clothes. Hindí ko mapagkúroʾ kuŋ anò aŋ íbig nya ŋ sabíhin. I couldn’t make 10out what he wanted to say. Naŋ mapagkúrò ni Hwàn kuŋ anò aŋ maŋyàyári, ay hindí nya itinúloy aŋ kanya ŋ bálak. When Juan saw what was going to happen, he did not carry out his plan. Hindí ko mapagkúro aŋ kahulugàn naŋ súlat na itò. I can’t get at the meaning of this letter. Napagtalastàs ko aŋ maŋa sinàsábi 15mo sa iyo ŋ súlat. I understand all you say in your letter. Napagtátalastàs (or: napàpagtalastàs) kò aŋ íbig mo ŋ sabíhin. I understand what you mean.

447. maka-pag- (1), cf. § [353]. Naŋ nakapaghanap syà ay umuwé sya sa kanya ŋ báhay. When he had finished searching, 20he went home. Kuŋ makapaghanap syà ay úuwé sya. When he has finished searching, he will go home.

448. maka-paŋ-, corresponding to maŋ-, § [357]. Nakàkapaŋhiràm kamì naŋ kwaltà kay Áli ŋ Kulása. We can borrow money from Aunt Nicolasa. Makàkapaŋhiràm ka ŋ wala ŋ sála kay 25Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ sombréro. You will surely be able to borrow a hat from Juan. Nakapaŋàŋabáyo sya ŋ patayòʾ, sapagkàt hindí gulatìn aŋ kanya ŋ kabáyo. He is able to ride standing up, because his horse is not given to shying.

Abstract: pagkapaŋákoʾ (ákoʾ).

30(a) The root is reduplicated for plurality: Aŋ pagkapaŋhaháraŋ nila Hwán ay hindí nila sána magawàʾ, kuŋ hindí sa karamíhan naŋ táo nila na máy barìl. The highway robberies by Juan and his gang could not have been perpetrated by them, if it had not been for the number of them that had guns.

35(b) From a derived word: makapaŋináin (kináin, §§ [365], [357,a]).

449. ma- D; expressive of slow activity: Hindí sya mamatày-matày. He is lingering on the death-bed. Aŋ pàgakpákan naŋ maŋa táo ay hindí matápus-tápus. The applause of the people 40could find no end.

450. In the instrumental passive, which seems to occur only with pag- and paŋ-, the i- follows the ma-: Aŋ pagkàtáwag naŋ kúra sa maŋa pulìs ay hindí nya ikinabúte, sapagkàt silà y kàkauntí lámaŋ úpaŋ maipagtaŋgòl sya sa maŋa magnanákaw. The priest’s having called in the police did him no good, for they were too few to defend him from the thieves.

With paŋ-: naipaŋáŋanàk (anàk, cf. § [357]).

5451. The local passive has the prefix ma- and the suffix (1) -an.

Namatayàn sina Hwàn. Someone has died in Juan’s family. Namatayàn sa báhay ni Hwàn. There has been a death in Juan’s house. Naputúlan si Hwàn naŋ dalíreʾ sa pagpapalákad naŋ mákina. 10Juan got a finger cut off in running the machine. Napùputúlan naŋ médiko aŋ maŋa táo naŋ kanila ŋ kamày o paà kuŋ kayiláŋan. When necessary, people get their hands or feet cut off by a doctor. Mapùputúlan ka naŋ dalírìʾ, pag hindí ka nagíŋat sa iyo ŋ pagtatrabáho sa mákina ŋ iyàn. You will get your 15finger cut off, if you aren’t careful about the way you work that machine. Nasakyàn ko nà aŋ kabáyo ŋ bara-barà. I have succeeded in mounting the wild horse. Naskyàn ko nà aŋ baŋka ŋ itò. I have already been in this canoe. Nawalàn naŋ málay aŋ babáye sa kanyà ŋ paghihimatày. The woman lost consciousness 20in her swoon.

Similarly: báliʾ, bukàs, halìk, hírap, láon, límot, luwàt, patìd, pílit, sákit, síraʾ, siyà, súbok, súgat, suŋgàb, tagàl, tandàʾ, úbos.

(a) bitìw lacks accent shift: mabitíwan, cf. § [374,b].

452. Local passive with explicative pag-: Hindí námin mapaglagarían 25naŋ káhoy aŋ kabáyo ŋ káhoy na ginawá mo. We cannot saw wood on the saw-buck you have made. Napagputúlan námin naŋ kawáyan aŋ bágo ŋ gawá mo ŋ kabáyo ŋ káhoy. We were able to cut bamboo on the sawbuck you have just made.

453. Special static words resembling the active; the following 30occur: Si Bantùg ay isa ŋ táo ŋ makabáyan. Bantog is a patriotic man. damò ŋ makahyàʾ the sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica.

Of irregular use are makalawà (§ [262,8]), and makatuwìd (tuwìd).

35(a) From a word of this kind an active with mag- is derived in: nagmàmakaáwaʾ provoking pity (as though from makaáwaʾ).

(b) The abstract is like a special static word in: Aŋ bigàs ay sya ŋ pinakamahalagà ŋ pagkabúhay naŋ táo sa Filipínas. Rice is the most important staple food in the Philippines. Cf. 40also pagkaráka, § [265,9].

454. ma- forms special static words denoting that which by nature or circumstance possesses such and such, usually a quality. Maalikabok nà aŋ mésa. The table is dusty already. Maásim aŋ súka ŋ itò. This wine is sour. aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy na mabábaʾ a low tree; isa ŋ mabába ŋ táo a humble person. Aŋ labàŋ ay mabábaw. The trough of the manger is shallow. Madálaŋ aŋ maŋa lindòl 5díto. Earthquakes are rare here. Sya y isa ŋ ginoò ŋ magálaŋ. He is a polite gentleman. Maginháwa aŋ umupó sa sìlya ŋ itò. This chair is comfortable to sit in. Si Maryà ay isa ŋ babáye ŋ mapúri. Maria is a decent woman. Maluwàŋ aŋ báro ŋ itò. This blouse is too loose. matamìs sweet, aŋ matamìs sugar. Matipìd na 10bátaʾ si Hwàn. Juan is a saving child.

The plural is made with ma- r: Aŋ maŋa táo sa báyan ay mahuhúsay sumunòd sa kautusàn. The people of the town are all good law-abiders.

These forms are made from so many roots that the Index will 15be as convenient as a list.

Derivatives: §§ [352,c]. [353,a.b]. [370.] [499,a]. [500,b].

(a) Note masiyádo excessive, extreme, as though from a root -siyádo (and so listed), still felt by Mr. Santiago to be from Spanish demasiado.

20(b) Accent shift due to the root in masakìt.

(c) From derived words: Aŋ pagtayú sa bubuŋàn ay mapaŋánib. It is dangerous to stand on the roof. So from kasalánan (§ [423]), kabuluhàn (§ [422]).

455. ma-pag- someone given to doing so and so: Aŋ inà ni 25Pédro ay mapagbigày sa kanya ŋ maŋa kaululàn. Pedro’s mother always gives in to his foolishness. Sya y mapagtipìd. He is very economical. So from: gawàʾ, kumpisàl, simbà, siyásat, usísaʾ.

(a) From a phrase, probably: Aŋ táo ŋ si Hwàn ay mapagpáku-m-babàʾ. That man Juan is overmodest (páko ŋ babàʾ low 30peg?).

(b) With accent shift: Mapaghunì aŋ maŋa kabáyo ŋ itò, kanya hindí dápat dalhìn sa labanàn. These horses are given to neighing and therefore should not be taken to war. So also: mapagawày.

35456. In the same sense, but transitive in value, ma-paŋ-: mapaŋgúlat given to surprising or frightening people, mapaŋhágis given to flinging things; Aŋ táo ŋ si Hwàn ay mapaŋhiràm. The fellow Juan is a great borrower. mapaŋhiyàʾ given to embarrassing people. mapamukòl given to throwing things. So from: 40hilìŋ, matà.

457. In similar meanings, with suffix -in:

(a) ma- S -in: So magustúhin, masùnúrin.

(b) ma- (2) -in: Aŋ maŋa táo y hindí maibigìn sa pagkakàsála. People are not fond of sinning.

(c) ma- r (2) -in: matatawanìn easily made to laugh; Sya y matutulugìn. He is a sleepy-head. So also: magugulatìn.

5458. The transients with kà- refer to accidental actions. The active has the forms: makà-, makà- R, nakà-, nakà- R, but the reduplication sometimes affects the kà- instead of the root initial. The abstract has pagkà-. The meanings are various, much like those of maka-.

10459. The active sometimes expresses an inanimate object as the agent of an accidental action: Aŋ guntìŋ naŋ maŋgagamòt ay nakágupit naŋ isa ŋ ugàt na malakè, kanyàʾ namatày aŋ kanya ŋ ginágamòt. The physician’s scissors accidentally cut a large artery, in consequence of which his patient died. Similarly, from 15gísiŋ, háwa.

460. More frequent is a rational actor of an accidental action; as such is viewed any action the exact form of which is out of the actor’s control. Si Pédro ay nakàháwak naŋ káwad na mày elektrisidàd. Pedro got hold of a charged wire. Hindí nya kilalà 20aŋ maŋa kwayanà ŋ iyòn, kaniyà nakàpútol sya naŋ sa iba ŋ táwo ŋ kawáyan. As he did not know those bamboo-groves, he inadvertently cut some bamboo that belonged to other people. Sundan mò silà sa kawayanàn, sapagkàt baká sila nakàpùpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí nasàsákop naŋ áti ŋ lúpaʾ. Follow them to the 25bamboo-grove, for they may be cutting some bamboo that is not included in our land. Hwàn, usisáin mo ŋ mabúti aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ kawayanàn, bágo ka tumagá naŋ kawáyan, sapagkàt baká ka makàpútol naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí átin. Juan, find out exactly the borders of the bamboo-grove before you cut any bamboo, for else 30you might cut some bamboo that is not ours. Pího ŋ makàpùpútol silà naŋ kawáya ŋ hindí sakòp naŋ lúpaʾ, kapag hindí mo sila pinakialamàn, sapagkàt aŋ haŋgáhan naŋ lúpa ŋ iyòn ay lubhà ŋ balú-baluktòt. They will surely cut some bamboo not included in the piece of ground, if you don’t look after them, for the boundary 35of the land is very irregular. Nakàtísod akò naŋ isa ŋ áhas. I hit a snake with my foot. Nakàtúlog si Hwàn sa báhay na gibà-gibàʾ. Juan hit upon a broken-down house as a place to sleep in, was constrained by circumstances to sleep in a broken-down house. Nakàusísà sya naŋ nawalà ŋ kwaltà. It came to her mind to inquire 40about the lost money. Nakàusísà sya naŋ isa ŋ táo ŋ nakààalàm naŋ líhim. He happened to ask a man who knew the secret. Similarly: bilì, daàn, inòm, káin, súlat, tagpòʾ.

Abstract: In the abstract the element of accident often takes the form of expressing the way something turned out. Limàŋ aŋ pagkàbílaŋ nya sa maŋa itlòg na itò. His count of these eggs has turned out wrong. Aŋ pagkágawá ni Hwána sa páyoŋ ay masamàʾ. The umbrella Juana made turned out poorly. Aŋ pagkágupìt 5sa úlo naŋ bátaʾ ay hindí pantày-pantày. The boy’s hair-cut isn’t (hasn’t turned out) even. Aŋ pagkàháti naŋ mansánas ay hindí parého. The halving of the apple is not exact. Aŋ pagkàísip nya sa bugtòŋ ay hindi támaʾ. His guess at the riddle is not correct. Aŋ pagkálagok nyà sa itlòg ay kanya ŋ pinagsisíhan. 10He repented his having (in a moment of weakness) swallowed the egg. Aŋ pagkàpások ni Hwàn naŋ tapòn sa bóte ay malálim. Juan got the cork too deep into the bottle. Aŋ pagkápatay sa magnanákaw ay hindí sinadyàʾ. The killing of the thief was not done on purpose. Aŋ pagkápatay sa manòk ay masamàʾ. This chicken 15has not been slaughtered in the proper manner. Aŋ pagkàpútol naŋ páloŋ naŋ kátiyaw ay hindí sagàd. The cock’s comb is not cut off clean. Aŋ pagkátahul naŋ áso ay sya ŋ inilalá naŋ sakìt nya sa lalamúnan. The dog’s barking made the pain in its throat worse. Aŋ pagkátanaw kò sa púno-ŋ-káhoy ay itò y may madidilàw 20na dáhon. The way I looked at that tree made it seem as if it had yellow leaves. Aŋ kanya ŋ pagkátayòʾ (or: pagkátindìg) ay dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat. He jumped to his feet because of his surprise. Aŋ pagkàtípon naŋ maŋa dáho ŋ itò ay hindí mabúte. These leaves have not been well heaped up. So from: 25bendisiyòn, bitbìt, hampàs, higàʾ, páloʾ, tágoʾ, tirà, upòʾ.

461. The active may denote a rational actor successful, thanks to outer circumstances, in such and such an action. Nakáhampas aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ tutubè. Little Juan succeeded in hitting a dragon-fly with his whip. Nakàháte si Hwàn 30naŋ maŋa mansánas. Juan got a chance to divide up the apples. Nakàkàkapá sya naŋ isa ŋ palakàʾ. He has got hold of a frog (as, in grasping for frogs in mud-holes). Nakàpána akò naŋ usà. I hit a deer with an arrow. Nakàtípun nà akò naŋ maŋa dáhon, naŋ pumaròn si Tátay. By the time Father got there, I had already 35had time to get some leaves heaped up. So also: ágaw, hiŋìʾ, sáli.

Abstract: Aŋ pagkàbúhay naŋ médiko sa kay Hwàn ay isà ŋ malakì ŋ ikinatwá naŋ kanya ŋ kababáyan. The doctor’s saving of Juan’s life was a cause of great gladness to his fellow-townsmen. Aŋ pagkàtáwag nyà sa médiko ŋ nagligtàs naŋ búhay naŋ kanya 40ŋ anàk ay dahilàn sa pagkàgámit nya naŋ teléfono. His chance of calling the doctor who saved his child’s life was due to the use he was enabled to make of the telephone. Aŋ nagìŋ pagkágupit nyà sa makapàl na damìt ay naŋyáre dahilàn sa paggámit nya naŋ guntìŋ naŋ láta. The fact that he was able to cut the thick cloth was due to his using the tin-shears. Aŋ pagkáhampas nyà sa maŋa bátàʾ ay dahilàn sa kahabáan naŋ kanya ŋ pamáloʾ. He can hit the children 5because of the length of his stick. Aŋ pagkàháraŋ kina Hwàn ay sya nilà ŋ ikinawalá naŋ kanila ŋ salapèʾ. Juan and his party’s having been held up was what deprived them of their money. Aŋ pagkàháti nya sa tubù ay hindí maŋyàyáre kuŋ gumámit sya naŋ mapurùl na gúlok. He would not have been able to slice the sugar-cane 10down its length (as a game or trick), if he had used a dull bolo. Pagkàísip nya kuŋ anò aŋ dápat nya ŋ gawìn sa magnanákaw na nàhúli nya, ay ginawá nya iyòn agàd. When he had at last hit upon the idea of what to do with the thief he had caught, he immediately carried it out. Naŋhináyaŋ aŋ boo ŋ báyan sa 15pagkápatay kay Risàl naŋ maŋa Kastílaʾ. The whole country mourned over the killing of Rizal by the Spaniards. Aŋ ámi ŋ pagkásakay sa baŋkàʾ ay syà ŋ nagligtàs sa ámi ŋ búhay. Our having been able to get into the canoe is what saved our lives. Aŋ pagkàsúnog naŋ maŋa magnanákaw sa báyan ay pinarusáhan naŋ 20gubyèrno. The thieves’ burning the town was punished by the government. Aŋ pagkátayo naŋ isa ŋ báhay-pàmahaláa ŋ batò ay dahilàn sa pagpapaalaála ni Hwàn naŋ paŋánib sa súnog. The fact that a stone government-building came after all to be built, was due to Juan’s calling attention to the danger from fire. Anu 25ŋ pagkátipid ni Hwàn! How saving Juan has been! So from: sábi, táwag.

462. The active is used of certain acts of sensation whose occurrence is out of the control of the subject: aŋ nakàkìkilála, aŋ nakàkàkilála one who has got knowledge of a person or thing, has 30come to know his habits, recognizes his nature. Aŋ pagkàgúlat ni Hwána ay syà ŋ ikinátawà naŋ marámi ŋ nakàkàkíta. Juana’s astonishment amused many who saw it. With kilála compare nakáramdàm felt; with kíta, nakàmálay, nakátanàw, and nakárinìg heard.

35Abstract: Malínaw aŋ pagkàkíta ko sa naŋyáre. I had a clear view of what took place. So: dinìg, masìd, tanàw.

463. The direct passive has the forms mà-, mà- R, nà-, nà- R.

It may correspond regularly to the active type in § [460], and 40denote an object undergoing an accidental action of a rational actor.

Nàáso ko sa boo ŋ báyan aŋ bátaʾ, káhit na hindí ko gustò. I was forced to go shouting after the child all over town, though I didn’t like to do it. Hindí mu ba nàbása sa diyáriyo aŋ tuŋkùl sa súnog? Haven’t you come across the details of the fire in the paper? Baká mo màbásag, Hwána, iyà ŋ pinaglàlaruwan mò ŋ 5kandeléro. See that you don’t break that candlestick you’re playing with, Juana. Nádala nyà naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ sa kanya ŋ pagalìs aŋ áki ŋ páyoŋ. When he went away he inadvertently carried off my umbrella. Nàgambála ku aŋ pagaáral ni Hwàn dahilàn sa áki ŋ pagdatìŋ na walá sa óras. I disturbed Juan in 10his studying by my untimely arrival. Nàgámit ni Hwàn aŋ áki ŋ, sombréro dahilàn sa kanyà ŋ pagmamadalí naŋ pagalìs. Juan used my hat in the haste of his departure. Nàgísiŋ nya sa kanya ŋ pagiiŋày aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. What with his racket he woke up the children. Náhampàs naŋ hindí sinásadyá ni Pédro aŋ bábuy naŋ 15kanya ŋ kápit-báhay. Pedro inadvertently hit his neighbor’s hog with his whip. Nàíwan din nyà sa ákin aŋ kanyà ŋ anàk, káhit na itò y áyaw nya ŋ gawìn. She was also forced to leave her child with me, although she disliked to do this. Nápatày ko naŋ barìl-barílan aŋ manòk. I accidentally killed the chicken with my toy-gun. 20Kánin mo aŋ milòn, kuŋ iyu ŋ gustò, o kayàʾ aŋ ságiŋ, kuŋ sya mo itò ŋ nàpìpíleʾ.—Nàpìpíli ko aŋ milòn. Eat the banana, if you like, or the melon, if you prefer it.—I prefer the melon. Nápitas nyà aŋ bulaklàk naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ. She picked the flower without intending to. Nàpútol ko naŋ hindí sinásadyàʾ aŋ lúbid na 25itò. I chanced, without intending it, to cut this string. Baká mo màsíraʾ, Hwàn, aŋ patágo sa iyù ŋ kwàlta naŋ iyu ŋ kapatìd. See to it, Juan, that you don’t do away with your brother’s money that is entrusted to you. Nàusísà ni Hwána aŋ inumìt na siŋsìŋ naŋ kanyà ŋ kapatìd. Juana happened to inquire for the ring her 30sister had filched. So from: aŋkìn, búlag, bútas, hábol, patày, púlot.

464. The direct passive may correspond regularly to the active described in § [461], and denote an object undergoing an action which a rational actor was enabled to perform by virtue of 35outer circumstances.

Aŋ úlo ni Hwàn ay nàbìbílog naŋ kanya ŋ kalaròʾ. Juan’s playmates are succeeding in making a fool of him (literally: in rounding his head). Nágupit nyà aŋ makapàl na damìt. It turned out that he was able to cut the thick cloth. Hindí ku màípon 40aŋ maŋa karáyum na naŋàsábug sa lúpaʾ. I did not succeed in gathering up all the needles that were scattered over the floor. Hindí ko mápatay aŋ púsa ŋ itò. I cannot kill this cat (i.e. its life is tough, it gets away, etc.) Kapag nàpútol mo aŋ bákal na iyàn, ikàw ay makawáwalàʾ. If you can get a chance to cut through that iron, you can make your escape. Nàpútol nya aŋ káhoy. He got the wood cut all right. Hindí nya màpútol aŋ leèg naŋ manòk. He couldn’t get the chicken’s neck cut through. 5Màpùpútol na raw nyà aŋ púno naŋ káhoy na nabwàl. He says he will be in a position to cut through the tree that has fallen. aŋ kanyà ŋ násiŋìl the money he was able to collect. Similarly, from: bálot, gawàʾ, húli, kúha, kúlam, nákaw, pitàs, sábi, taàs, táwag.

465. Similarly, the direct passive is regularly used to correspond 10to the active in § [462], of objects of sensation. Nàkilála ko si Hwàn doòn sa sàwáyan. I got acquainted with Juan at that dance. So from: alaála, dinìg, inò, kíta, málas, pansìn.

466. Other uses of the direct passive do not regularly correspond to any active, cf. § [440] f.; these have their own abstract 15with pagkà-.

The direct passive is used to denote an object which has accidentally got into such and such a condition; the actor is either indifferent or entirely lacking. There seems to be no abstract principle clearly separating this form from the passive with na- 20described in § [440]; where position of the object is involved, the accidental form is preferred.

Nàbúte aŋ kanyà ŋ pagkatákot. His fear reached a high point. Aŋ kanya ŋ baŋkà y patúŋo sa bandà ŋ kalunúran, dátapuwat pagkaraàn naŋ ilà ŋ sandalìʾ ay náiba aŋ kanya ŋ bandáhin. 25His canoe was headed toward the west, but after a while his direction changed. Aŋ ìnumínan naŋ báhay ay dápat málagay sa lugàr na malílim. The shelf for drinking-water of a house should be in a shady place. Násakay sa trèn aŋ ipinahatìd mo ŋ maŋa dalaŋhítaʾ. The tangerines you sent have been shipped. Nàtúlin aŋ pagpapadulàs 30naŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn sa pútek. Juan’s sliding on the mud got faster and faster (in spite of him).

Similarly from: bágay, balítaʾ, baòn, dápat, doòn, hintòʾ, húsay, kápit, lapàg, látag, ligtàs, liguwàk, lípat, lubòg, lúlan, mána, nákaw, pagítan, pákoʾ, patày, pátuŋ, sábog, taàn, tábon, 35tágoʾ, talàʾ, tanìm, taòn, tayòʾ, tirà, túlos, únat.

Abstract: Pagkásakay naŋ maŋa sáko naŋ kamóte sa trèn ay lumákad itò agàd. As soon as the bags of sweet-potatoes had been put on board the train, the latter started to move. So from: balítaʾ, gámit, ibà, látag, libìŋ, sarà.

40466a. This irregular passive is used also of animate, rational subjects, whose actions, then, are viewed rather as an accidental undergoing; this type is not clearly definable from that with ma- in § [441], except where both forms are used in contrast (-higàʾ); the habit with regard to each root is, however, entirely fixed.

In some cases the accidental actor is imaginable: Náakyàt si Pédro sa itaàs naŋ láŋit dahilàn sa ginawá nya ŋ pagkápit sa 5pinalipàd na lóbo. Pedro got carried up into the air owing to his grip on the loosed balloon. Nàháraŋ sina Hwàn sa daà-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan and his company chanced to get held up on the Baliuag road. Hwag kà, Hwàn, pumásuk sa sekréta, sapagkàt baká ka máhigàʾ sa ihawàn, kuŋ ikàw ay màhúle. Don’t go as a spy, Juan, for you 10might get laid on the gridiron, if you got caught. Similarly: baŋgìt, barìl, bilaŋgòʾ, distíno, húli, ligtàs, píliʾ, taŋgàp, táwag.

Processes of life: Sya y nábiŋì. He got deaf. Nàbúte si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pagkatákot. Juan was bettered by his fright. Si Pédro at si Maryà ay màkàkasàl. Pedro and Maria will get 15married some day. So: himbìŋ, lóko, tahímik, tinìk, túto, wíli.

Abstract: Aŋ pagkàgúlat ni Hwána sa maíŋay na putòk naŋ kanyòn ay sya nyà ŋ ikinabiŋì. Juana’s shock at the loud report of the cannon was what made her deaf. Malakì aŋ kanila ŋ nagìŋ pagkàgúlat. Their astonishment was great. Aŋ pagkàsúnog sa 20maŋa sundálo sa loòb naŋ báhay ay naŋyári dáhil sa pagkásara naŋ maŋa bintánaʾ. The fact that the soldiers were burned in the house was due to the circumstance that the windows had been closed. Aŋ pagkátinìk sa lalamúnan naŋ bátaʾ ay sya nyà ŋ ikinamatày. The boy’s getting a fishbone into his throat was what 25killed him. Pagkátinik naŋ uŋgòʾ ay sya y nagálit. When the monkey had got a spine into his foot he got angry. Aŋ pagkàwíle ni Hwàn sa báhay ny Andrès ay dahilàn sa anàk na dalága nitò. Juan’s being spell-bound in Andres’ house was due to the latter’s daughter. So: gustò, kasàl, maŋhàʾ.

30Movements, especially the resultant position: Sya y nárapàʾ. He fell on his face. Náriyan kamì sa iyo ŋ báhay kahápon naŋ umága, dátapuwat hindí ka námin dinatnàn. We were at your house yesterday morning, but we did not find you there. Náluhod sya sa kanyà ŋ harapàn. He knelt down in front of her. Nàpàpagítan si Hwàn sa dalawà ŋ dalága. 35Juan chanced to get placed between two young ladies. Sila y nàùupòʾ. They are seated. Similarly from: ákap, alìs, bálot, díne, díto, dulàs, doòn, haràp, kublì, kulòŋ, lákad, lugmòk, padpàd, panhìk, sakày, sísid, tabì, tágoʾ, tayòʾ, tirà, tuŋtòŋ.

Abstract: Aŋ ikinátahol naŋ maŋa áso ay aŋ pagkádapá ni 40Hwàn. What made the dogs bark was Juan’s falling on his face. Pagkásakay ni Hwàn sa trèn ay lumákad ito ŋ agàd. When Juan was on board the train, it soon started to move. So also: dulàs, kublì, lagày, panhìk, silìd, tabì, tayòʾ.

467. The passive forms an explicit plural in which -aŋ- is infixed into the nà-: Tibáyan mo aŋ maŋa itátayú mo ŋ kúbo sa búkid, sapagkàt baká iyo y maŋágibàʾ kuŋ lumakàs aŋ háŋin. Prop up the huts you are going to build in the fields, for otherwise 5they might break down when the wind gets stronger. Maŋàgìgibàʾ aŋ maŋa báhay na itò, sapagkàt hindí támaʾ aŋ pagkátayòʾ. These houses will break down, because they are not built right. So from: paŋàw, sábog, taluŋkòʾ.

468. An irregular form is nàndon beside ná-roòn.

10469. Accent shift is due to the root: Aŋ pagpapatahòl ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ áso ay nakàtàtawà. Juan’s making his dog bark is a funny sight. So álam, túloy.

Passive: Náabut nyà sa kanyà ŋ paglulundàg na may táŋa ŋ pamáloʾ aŋ ilawàn, kanyàʾ itò y nabásag. In his climbing with 15the stick in hand, he accidentally reached the lamp, and so it got broken. Sya y nábulàg. He went blind. So: gísiŋ, háyag, húli, lápit, láyoʾ, túloy.

Abstract: Aŋ pagkáhuli naŋ susòʾ ay malakè. The snail was left way behind. Aŋ pagkáabot nyà sa bóte ay hindi magálaŋ. The way he reached for the bottle was not polite. So: álam, áyaw, gísiŋ, lápit, úna.

20470. From phrases: Aŋ paánan naŋ hìgáan ay nàbàbandà-ŋ-kataasàn, dátapwat dápat màbanda-ŋ-ibabàʾ. The foot of the bed is turned toward the north, but should be turned to the south (bandà ŋ ibabàʾ, bandà ŋ kataasàn).

From derived words: Passive: Nàtàtagílid aŋ baŋkàʾ. The 25boat has a list to one side (ta-gílid, § [523]).

(a) Passives from words with prefix ka- (§ [398]) are frequent. Aŋ búkid ni Hwàn ay nàkàkarátig naŋ kay Pédro. Juan’s field borders on Pedro’s. Nàkasále nya sa kanya ŋ paglalaròʾ aŋ kanya ŋ pínsan. He took his cousin for playmate. Si Maryáno ay nàkatálo 30ni Hwàn. Mariano was Juan’s opponent. Si Narsíso aŋ lági ŋ nàkàkatálo ni Pédro sa maŋa pagtatálo ŋ idinàdáos liŋgo-liŋgò sa kanila ŋ sàmáhan. Narcisso is always Pedro’s opponent in the debates which they hold every Sunday at their club. Si Lúkas aŋ màkàkatálo ko. Lucas will be my opponent. nàkàkatúŋo the person 35one happens to be dealing with. nàkaúsap be by chance able to be conversed with.

Underlying word non-existent: Nàkatúlog si Hwàn sa panunoòd naŋ teátro. Juan fell asleep while watching the play. Umulàn kagabì at lumamìg, kaniyàʾ ako nàkatúlog naŋ mahimbìŋ. Last 40night it rained and got cool; in consequence I fell sound asleep, got a sound sleep. Hindí ako màkatúlog. I couldn’t get any sleep. Abstract: aŋ pagkàkatúlog.

(b) Explicit plural of the preceding: Naŋàkàkatúlog sila ŋ lahàt, naŋ pumások sa báhay aŋ magnanákaw. They had all fallen asleep, when the thief came into the house. Pagpilítan ninyò ŋ hwag kayò ŋ maŋàkatúlog sa inyo ŋ pagbabantày sa maŋa háyop at iba pà ŋ árì naŋ pàmahalaàn. See to it that you don’t fall 5asleep when on guard over the animals and other property of the government. Ŋayòn ay maŋàkàkatúlog silà, dahilàn sa maláon nila ŋ pagpupuyàt gabi-gabì. Now they will be able to sleep, owing to their staying up late night after night.

471. Passive with pag- (cf. § [445]): the reduplication affects 10the pag-. Hindí ko màpagáway aŋ tamìs at aŋ ásim naŋ limonáda ŋ itò. I cannot produce a balance of sweet and sour in this lemonade. Sa kalaúnan ay nàpagkilála ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ kamàlían. Finally Juan saw where he was wrong. Hindí nya nàpagkúroʾ agàd kuŋ anò aŋ gàgawin nyà. He was not able to decide at once 15what he was going to do. Nàpàpagkúrù mo bà aŋ lahàt naŋ sinábi ko sa iyò kahápon? Are you able to figure out all I said to you yesterday? Hindí ko màpagkúro kuŋ anò aŋ íbig nya ŋ sabíhin. I simply couldn’t make out what he was trying to say.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Áyon sa sábi naŋ marámi 20ay màpàpaghuli na ràw aŋ maŋa magnanákaw. According to what people say, the thieves will soon be caught.

472. Passive with paŋ-: Nàpanagínip niya ŋ nàkíta nya aŋ kanya ŋ amà. He dreamt he saw his father.

473. makà- D is used in prohibitions: Hwag kà ŋ makàláyas-láyas! 25Don’t ever run away! So from tuŋtóŋ.

(a) with paki-: Hwag kà ŋ makàpakikáin-káin kuŋ hindí ka inàanyáhan. Don’t ever take a meal with people unless they invite you.

474. The instrumental passive is rare: badiyà, màilabàs, màipások, 30màitúroʾ.

475. Local passive with mà-.

Nàmàmasdan kò mulá sa banda ŋ itò naŋ bintánaʾ aŋ báhay ni Áli ŋ Maryà. I get a view of Mistress Maria’s house from this side of the window. Pagiŋátan mo aŋ iyo ŋ kwaltà sa bulsà pagluwàs 35mo sa Maynílaʾ, at naŋ hwag kà ŋ mànakáwan. Look carefully to the money in your purse when you go to Manila, so as not to get robbed. Nàpasúkan nya sa kwàrto aŋ magnanákaw. In entering the room he came upon the thief. Nàputúlan ku naŋ tahìd aŋ kátyaw. I managed to cut the game-cock’s spur. Nàpùputúlan 40ko nà naŋ páloŋ aŋ kátyaw. I am succeeding in cutting off the game-cock’s comb. Màpùputúlan daw nyà naŋ maŋa páloŋ aŋ maŋa kátyaw nya ŋ paŋsáboŋ. He will manage to cut off the combs of his pit game-cocks, he says. Nàsagasáan naŋ trèn aŋ isa ŋ táo. A man got run over by the train. Nàsakyan námin aŋ baŋká ni Hwàn. We happened to get into Juan’s canoe. Aŋ kamàtáya ŋ màtagpuàn naŋ isa ŋ magnanákaw ay lági ŋ hindí mabúte. The death a robber meets is usually not good. Baká mu 5màtamáan aŋ úlu naŋ bátaʾ. See that you don’t hit the child’s head (and disfigure him).

Similarly: balítaʾ, bukàs, damdàm, datìŋ, gustò, intindì, kamìt, kulápol, ligtàs, málay, pígil, tanìm, túlog, tumpàk, túto, wisìk.

(a) With contraction of prefix and initial: màláman (álam).

10(b) Accent shift lacking: nàmatáan (matà).

(c) Extra accent shift is due to the root: Kamuntí naŋ màtamaàn naŋ kanya ŋ pukòl aŋ bátaʾ. He nearly hit the child with his throw. Baká mu màtamaàn aŋ bátaʾ. See that you don’t hit the child. So also: nàalamàn (álam).

15476. Local passive with mà-pag-: Nàpaghìhinaláan naŋ kápitan aŋ mabaìt na si Hwàn. Even honest Juan falls under the mayor’s suspicion. Nàpàpaghinaláan nilà si Kulàs sa pagkawalá naŋ aláhas. They are capable of suspecting Nicolás in connection with the disappearance of the jewelry. Màpàpaghinaláan ka ŋ kasabuwàt 20naŋ maŋa sundálo sa bundòk, kapag hindí ka tumahímik sa báhay. You will risk suspicion as having connection with the soldiers in the mountains, if you do not stay quietly in your house. Similarly: álam, bintàŋ.

(a) Extra accent shift (plural): mà-pag-alam-àn.

25477. Local passive with mà-paŋ-; the only example lacks accent shift: nà-paŋ-aginàldo-han.

478. Local passive with mà- from underlying word with ka- (cf. § [398]): nàkagalítan, màkatuwaàn.

(a) with pagka-, corresponding to an active with magka- 30(§ [405]): màpagkalipumpunàn (lipumpòn).

479. Special static words with makà- are formed from numerals in the sense of so many times: makàánim six times; makálawà twice; makálimà five times; makásiyàm nine times. So: makáilàn several times.

35From phrases, the higher numbers: makása-m-pùʾ ten times.

With irregularities: makáitlò, makáyitlò three times; makàápat, makàípat four times.

Reduplicated: makàlìlíbo a thousand times.

4. The prefix pa-.

40480. The general sense of the prefix pa- is to denote something caused or ordered to undergo such and such an action. With accent pà- an increase of the action is expressed.

(1) Simple static forms.

481. The root with prefix pa- denotes an object or person ordered, caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action. The person caused to undergo may be the same as the person ordering 5or allowing.

Aŋ paakyàt ni Hwána na púno naŋ kakàw ay aŋ nása súlok naŋ bakúran. The cocoa-tree Juana ordered climbed is the one in the corner of the yard. Aŋ panyo ŋ itò ay paalaála sa ákin niy Áli ŋ Maryà sa anàk nya ŋ dalága. This handkerchief is a souvenir 10to me from Aunt Maria which she sent by her daughter. Inihandá naŋ ámi ŋ kaséra aŋ atsára ŋ papáya úpaŋ siya námi ŋ magìŋ paáyap. Our landlady served some pickled papaws for us to use as condiment. Pabalìk ni Hwàn aŋ lìbru ŋ itò. Juan sends this book back. Itò aŋ pahátiʾ sa ákin ni Pédro. This is what 15Pedro ordered me to deal out. Aŋ maŋa tubò ŋ itò ay papútol sa ákin ni Pédro. Pedro ordered me to cut this sugar-cane. Aŋ táo ŋ itò aŋ pasakày ni Hwàn sa karumáta ko. This is the man whom Juan asked me to take into my carriage. Aŋ binása ni Hwà ŋ kautusàn ay patáwag naŋ kúra. The ordinance Juan read was 20given out for proclamation by the priest. Aŋ báhay na ytò y patayó ni Hwàn. Juan had this house built. Patípon ni Hwàn sa ákin aŋ maŋa nyòg na itò. Juan ordered me to gather up these cocoanuts. Aŋ pauwé ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ inà ay isa ŋ maínam na siŋsìŋ. What Juan sent home to his mother was a beautiful 25ring.

As conjunctive attribute the word with pa- may express manner: aŋ daà ŋ pabalìk sa Balíwag the road back to Baliuag. Papások sya ŋ lumàlákad sa gitná naŋ báhay. He was 30going farther in toward the inside of the house. Pasakày sya ŋ lumuksò sa kabáyo. He jumped on the horse as if mounting to ride. Naŋ mahúlug aŋ bátaʾ sa káhoy, ay paupó sya ŋ lumagpàk sa lúpaʾ. When the boy fell from the tree, he landed on the ground in a sitting position. Pauròŋ sya ŋ lumákad. He went 35backwards.

With movements pa-, reflexive, is often weakened to a mere indication of direction: Paakyàt sa púnù naŋ káhoy aŋ uŋgòʾ naŋ sya y abútan naŋ lóbo. The monkey was just climbing the tree, when he was overtaken by the wolf. Pabalìk si Hwàn. Juan 40is going back. Patúŋo si Hwàn sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. Juan was headed for the town of Baliuag.

Similarly: álam, biglàʾ, bulòŋ, gawàʾ, háraŋ, kálat, lágiʾ, lalàʾ, puntà, sigàw, tágoʾ, takbò, taluŋkòʾ, tayòʾ, túloy.

(a) From a derived word: paitaàs (itaàs, § [373]).

(b) The peculiar meaning is weakened in some words: aŋ paága a kind of rice which matures early, aŋ pakinábaŋ profit, advantage, aŋ palabàs a theatrical performance, aŋ palígoʾ a bath, 5aŋ pamagàt an appellation, a nickname. So from: baŋòʾ, bása, bayò, bigàt, daàn, dúsa, háyag, hintúlot, lákad, lígid, lúgit, sákit, talìm.

(c) With retraction of accent and contraction: páno (anò).

(d) Irregular: Aŋ pagkáparoon kò sa bèsbol ay paubáyaʾ 10naŋ áki ŋ guròʾ. My going to the baseball game was by permission of my teacher (báyaʾ).

482. pa- (1) is made from barytone roots when they express manner, or, more especially, direction: Aŋ baŋkàʾ ay hindí paayòn sa ílog. The boat is not headed with the stream. Pahagìs nya ŋ iniyabòt sa ákin aŋ aklàt. He handed me the book by tossing it. Iníwan nya ŋ 15paharàŋ sa daàn aŋ karitòn. He left the wagon blocking the road. Paharàŋ nya ŋ inihágis sa ílog aŋ púno-ŋ-ságiŋ. He threw the banana tree crosswise into the river. Aŋ paglakè naŋ lámat naŋ piŋgàn ay pahatèʾ. The increase in the crack of the dish is going towards halving it. Aŋ búŋa ŋ itò y pahatèʾ kuŋ mapiráso pagkahinòg. 20This fruit goes into halves when it breaks on ripening. Similarly: líhim, pútol.

(a) The accent shift is due to the root and the value of the formation is as in § [481], in: Aŋ paabòt mo ŋ súlat ay tinaŋgàp ko. I have received the letter you sent to me. Si Hwàn ay isa ŋ 25báta ŋ pabayàʾ. Juan is a neglectful boy.

(b) The accent shift is like that of a root word in: Paligú na aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. The children are bathed now (pa-lígoʾ).

483. pa- r, as explicit plural: see ábot.

484. pa- D. The action is repeated at short intervals; the 30reflexive value is frequent. Sya y lumàlákad na pahintò-hintòʾ. He goes on, stopping every little while. Pamalí-malìʾ aŋ kanya ŋ pagbílaŋ. His count contains repeated errors. Alam nyà aŋ maŋa pasíkot-síkot sa báya-ŋ-Balíwag. He knows all the ins and outs of the district of Baliuag. So from: iyàk, lígid, mínsan, pasiyàl, 35túlog.

(a) Accent shift is due to the root: Patúlog-túlog at pagisìŋ-gisìŋ siyà. He sleeps and wakes by fits and starts. Patawà-tawà at paiyàk-iyàk siyà. She giggles at one moment and weeps the next.

485. pa-pa- has durative-iterative meaning: Papaalìs sya 40naŋ akò y dumatìŋ. He was just going away when I arrived. Papauròŋ sya ŋ lumàlákad. He was going backwards. So from labàs.

(a) papáno (anò) seems equivalent to páno (§ [481,c]).

486. As appears in the example of paligòʾ above (§ [482,b]), the forms with pa- are apparently capable of all the modifications that are found in simple roots: Thus:

5(a) with prefix paŋ- (§ [347]): Paŋpakáin sa bátaʾ aŋ gátas na itò. This milk is for the children’s food. Paŋpakáin sa panaúhin aŋ pinatay kò ŋ túpa. The sheep I have slaughtered is for serving to the guests. Paŋpatukà sa manòk aŋ pálay na itò. These rice-grains are to be given to the chickens to pick (tukàʾ the beak 10of a fowl). So from: dikìt, lígoʾ.

(b) with ka- R (§ [400]): Kapàpapútol ko pa lámaŋ naŋ maŋa káhoy na itò. I have just had this firewood cut.

(c) with ka-pag- R (§ [400,a]): Kapagpàpapútol ko lámaŋ naŋ siìt kay Hwàn. I have just ordered Juan to cut up the bamboo 15spines.

(2) Normal transients, abstracts, and special static words.

487. The root with pa- is sometimes used as a transient contingent punctual, with the value of a reflexive passive; more commonly the form with ma-pa- (§ [506]) fulfils this function. There 20are three types:

(a) Genuine reflexive passive: Paábut ka sa maŋà nagsìsihábul sa iyò. Let yourself be overtaken by your pursuers. Paakyat kà kay Hwàn sa itaàs naŋ káhoy. Ask Juan to take you up into the tree. Twì ŋ papásuk akò sa síne sa áki ŋ kúyaŋ, ay nasìsiráan 25aŋ mákina. Every time I ask my oldest brother to take me to the moving-picture show, something goes wrong with the machine. So: kasàl, ligàw.

(b) Reflexive of interest: one who orders that something undergo such and such an action for him: Paakyàt ka kay Hwàn naŋ 30isa ŋ búŋa-ŋ-nyòg. Ask Juan to climb for a cocoanut for you.

(c) Reflexive of motion; the pa- has faded value; thus are used the local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns and a few other words. Paríni ka. Come here. Tuwì ŋ aku y paroòn sa kanya ŋ báhay ay hindí ku sya inàabútan. Every time I go to his 35house, I fail to find him in.

(d) If the pa- is accented, the action is more intense: Pàága ka naŋ pagparíto. Be very early in your coming here.

(e) A contingent durative is formed with pa- R. (a) Paáakyat akò kay Hwàn sa itaàs naŋ káhoy. I shall ask Juan to take me 40up into the tree with him. Papàpások akò sa síne sa áki ŋ kúyaŋ. I shall ask my brother to take me to the moving-picture show. (b) Paáakyat akò kay Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ búŋa-ŋ-nyòg. I shall ask Juan to climb for a cocoanut for me. Papùpútol akò naŋ buhòk kay Hwàn. I shall ask Juan to cut my hair.

488. For the reflexive of motion (§ [487,c]) a set of transients 5and an abstract are formed with -um- and pag-. These also are equivalent to the forms with ma-pa- (§ [506]).

(a) Regularly from the four roots serving as locals of the demonstrative pronouns. Pumaríni ka! Come here! Pumaríne ka sa áki ŋ tabì. Come close here to my side.

10Madálaŋ aŋ pagparíto naŋ maŋa bálaŋ. Locusts come here but rarely. Pího ako ŋ pàparíto sa alasìŋko. I will surely come here at five o’clock.

Pápariyàn sána kamì, dátapuwat nagkaroòn kamì naŋ malakì ŋ kaabalahàn, kanyà hindí kami nátuloy. We were coming to you, 15but we had so much trouble that we did not carry out our intention.

Pagparoòn ko ay sàsabíhin ko sa kanyà aŋ ibinalítà mo. When I get there I shall tell him what you have told me. Kità ŋ dalawà ay páparon sa teyátro. We two are going to the theatre.

(b) Occasionally from loòb: pumaloòb.

20(c) Also the abstracts pagpalígoʾ, pagpanáog; these form the transient with ma- from the root (§ [441]); and pagpatúŋo, which forms its transient with -um- from the root.

(d) Plurals: magsipalígoʾ, nagsìsipanáog.

489. mag-pa-, pag-pa-pa-. Active with mag- from the root 25with pa- denotes one who causes, orders, or allows such and such an action to be performed on something else or (reflexively) on himself.

Nagpaáyap aŋ ámi ŋ kaséra. Our landlady served a relish. Si Hwàn ay nagpabáyaʾ sa kanya ŋ tuŋkúlin. Juan grew lax 30about his duties. Nagpabyày si Hwàn naŋ isdàʾ sa kanya ŋ palàisdáan. Juan had some fish put into his fishpond. Aŋ médiko aŋ nagpaginháwa sa máy sakìt. The doctor made the patient feel comfortable. Nagpagupìt akò sa barbéro. I had the barber cut my hair. Aŋ pagpapagupìt ko sa barbéro ŋ si Hwàn ay hindí ko 35lubhà ŋ gustò. I don’t like very much to have my hair cut by barber Juan. Paráti aŋ maŋa pagpapaháraŋ ni Andrès sa maŋa táo ŋ naglálakàd. Andrés often orders travellers to be held up. Si Pédro ay nagpaháte sa ákin naŋ pálay. Pedro had rice dealt out to me. Aŋ kàtiwála y syà ŋ nagpahátì naŋ pálay sa maŋa 40kasamà. It was the agent who ordered rice distributed to the field-workers. Aŋ pagpapaháte naŋ kàtiwála sa maŋa lariyò sa maŋa magkakápit-báhay ay hindí iniyútos naŋ paŋinoòn nya ŋ si Hwàn. The agent’s having bricks distributed among the neighbors was not in accordance with the orders of his master Juan. Sya y nagpahíkaw sa kanya ŋ alílaʾ. She had her maid put her earrings on her. (híkaw an earring). Si Pédro ay nagpápahiŋà. Pedro is taking a rest (literally: allowing himself to breathe). Aŋ 5inà y nagpahubàd (or: nagpahubàd naŋ damìt) sa kanya ŋ anàk. The mother ordered her daughter to undress her. Sya y nagpakáin naŋ gúlay sa maŋa panaúhin. She served vegetables to the guests. Sya y nagpàpakaséra. She keeps a boarding-house. Sya y nagpàpalabàs naŋ lamòk. He is driving out the gnats. Nagpápalabàs 10naŋ teyátro aŋ sàmáha-ŋ-ópera. The opera company is producing a play. Nagpalígo si Hwàn naŋ kabáyo. Juan bathed some of the horses. aŋ pagpapalígoʾ the bathing something or someone. Nagpapútol si Hwàn naŋ labòŋ. Juan had some bamboo shoots cut. Nagpàpapútol kamì naŋ káhoy. We are having some 15wood cut. Aŋ pagpapapútol nya sa Intsèk naŋ buhòk ay hindí sinunòd nitò. When he ordered the Chinaman to cut his queue, the latter did not obey. Aŋ pagpapasakày sa trèn ni Hwàn naŋ maŋa kamátis ay hindí nautàs bágo lumákad aŋ trèn. Juan had not finished having his tomatoes loaded on the train, when the train 20started. Si Hwána ay nagpasákit naŋ marámi ŋ maŋlilígaw sa kanyà. Juana caused grief to many who wooed her. Si Hwána ay nagpasuklày sa kanya ŋ alílaʾ. Juana ordered her maid to comb her hair for her. Aŋ pagpapasundú nya sa ákin sa alílaʾ ay ikinagálit ko. His ordering me to fetch the servant made me 25angry. Sya y nagpàpatalìm naŋ isa ŋ gúlok. He is sharpening a bolo. Nagpatáwag akò naŋ isà ŋ kasamà. I had a workman called. Aŋ pagpapatáwag ko sa maŋa alíla ay hindí sinunòd naŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn. Little Juan did not obey my order to him to call some servants. Aŋ pagpapatáwag naŋ kúra sa léyi ay hindi nátuluy, 30sapagkàt binatò naŋ maŋa táo aŋ magtatawàg. The priest’s order that the law be proclaimed was not carried out, for the crier was stoned by the people. Nagpatayó sya naŋ isa ŋ kúbo. He had a hut built. Aŋ pagpapatayó ni Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ kúbo ay hindí natápus bágo sya nàtáwag sa pagsusundálo. The hut Juan was 35having built was not finished before he was called to military service. Nagpatipìd sya sa maŋa kasamà naŋ kanila ŋ pagkáin. He had his workers be sparing with their food. Nagpatípon si Hwàn naŋ káhoy sa kanya ŋ maŋa kasamà. Juan ordered his workmen to gather wood. Aŋ pagpapatípon ni Hwàn sa maŋa kalabàw ay 40hindí sinunòd naŋ kanya ŋ kàtiwálaʾ. Juan’s order that the carabao be gathered together was not obeyed by his overseer. Sya y nagpatotoò sa úsap ni Maryà at ni Hwána. She gave testimony in the lawsuit between Maria and Juana. Si Hwána ay naparoòn sa ákin at siyà ŋ nagpatotoò na ikàw ay dumalò sa isa ŋ sabuŋàn. Juana came to me and assured me that you had attended a cock-fight. Aŋ pagpapatotoò nyà ay hindí tinaŋgàp naŋ hukòm. The judge did not accept his testimony. Sya y nagpaupòʾ naŋ ilà ŋ 5eskwéla. He had a few of the pupils sit down. Aŋ pagpapaupò naŋ maèstro sa maŋa eskwéla ay hindí nila sinunòd agàd. The teacher’s order to the pupils to sit down was not promptly obeyed. Magpaútaŋ ka naŋ kwaltà sa maŋa mahihírap. Lend money to the poor. Nagpauwí ba si Hwàn naŋ sìlya sa kanya ŋ inà?—Hindìʾ. 10Aŋ kanya ipinauwèʾ ay isa ŋ siŋsìŋ. Did Juan send a chair home to his mother?—No, he sent home a ring.

Similarly: ábot, alaála, balìk, baòn, dalà, dulàs, dúnoŋ, dúsa, galìŋ, gálit, gandà, gawàʾ, háyag, hírap, húli, ísip, iyàk, kilála, kinábaŋ, kintàb, kíta, kulòʾ, kumpisàl, lagày, lákad, laròʾ, láyas, 15láyaw, limòs, lípas, lútoʾ, magàt, mísa, pások, siglà, siŋkàw, sísid, tahòl, tugtòg, túlog, túlos, ulàn.

(a) Plural with magsi- (§ [386]); nagsìsipagpalimòs.

(b) From a derived word: Huwag kayò ŋ magpaumága sa inyo ŋ pagsasàlitáan. Don’t let yourselves be overtaken by the 20morning in your conversation (umága, § [358]).

(c) Root with accent shift: Sya y nagpaabòt naŋ súlat sa ákin. He had a letter handed to me.

(d) The pa- is accented, expressing extreme degree of action; from shifted root: Nagpáuna si Hwàn sa lakaràn. Juan managed 25to get himself into the very first place in the walking-party. So from: íwan.

(e) Doubled root, shifted: Nagpáuna-unà si Hwàn sa lakaràn naŋ maŋa magkakasáma. Juan got himself too far ahead in the boys’ walking-party.

30(f) Special static word (of the kind in § [358,d]): aŋ magpapatawàg a town-crier.

490. pa- (1) -in, p-in-a. The direct passive from words with pa- denotes the person ordered to do so and so, the thing caused to be so and so.

35Padaláŋin mo aŋ iyo ŋ pagparíto. Make your coming here infrequent. Pagka pinapútol ka nyà naŋ káhoy ay sumunòd ka ŋ agàd. When he orders you to cut wood, do you obey at once. Pinapùpútol námin naŋ tubò si Pédro. We are having Pedro cut some sugar-cane. Paputúlin mo si Hwàn naŋ kúgon. Have Juan cut 40the cugon-weeds. Papùputúlin námin kayò naŋ yantòk. We shall ask you to cut some rattan. Pinatahòl ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ áso. Juan made his dog bark. Pinatalìm nya itò. He made this sharp. Pinatayó ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ pálad aŋ kapatìd nya ŋ maliìt na si Maryáno. Juan stood his little brother Mariano up on his open hand. Hindí ako pinatúlog naŋ pagtahòl naŋ áso. The barking of the dog kept me from sleeping. Patulúgin mo aŋ bátaʾ. Put the child to sleep. Pinaupú nya aŋ maŋa eskwéla. He had the 5pupils sit down. Pinaupú ko aŋ áki ŋ bisíta. I asked my visitors to be seated.

Similarly: alìs, balìk, bilì, bútas, díto, hintòʾ, inòm, káin, kápit, lákad, láyas, lípad, pások, tahàn, takbò, táwad, túlin, túloy, untìʾ, yáman.

10(a) With accented pà-: Pàbusugin mò aŋ maŋa háyop. Feed the animals till they have had enough. Pàhampasìn mo siyà. Whip him harder. Hwag mò ŋ pàputiìn aŋ pintà naŋ báhay. Don’t paint the house too white.

(b) pà- with accent shift: Pàdalaŋin mò aŋ iyo ŋ pagparíto. 15Come here very rarely.

491. pa-pag- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-. The direct passive has pag- before the root when it corresponds to simple actives with characteristic mag- (§ [351]). Màpàpahámak lámaŋ aŋ báta ŋ ito, kapag hindí nátin pinapagáral naŋ sapàt. This boy will turn out 20a mere good-for-nothing, if we do not make him study enough. Pinapaghubàd naŋ inà aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa anàk. The mother ordered her children to undress. Pinapagpútol námin naŋ ságiŋ sina Hwàn. We asked Juan and his people to cut bananas. Papagputúlin mo si Hwàn naŋ buhòk. Tell Juan to get a hair-cut. Papagpùputúlin 25nila kamì naŋ kanila ŋ maŋa kawáyan. They will order us to cut all their bamboo. Pinapagsuklày ni Hwána aŋ kanya ŋ alílaʾ. Juana told her maid to comb her (the maid’s) hair.

Similarly, from: bíhis, hintòʾ, trabáho.

(a) From a derived word: Sya y pinapagkalatimbàʾ. He was 30forced to do the well-bucket exercise (kalatimbàʾ, § [519]).

(b) With extra accent shift: papagtùtuluyìn (túloy).

492. With paŋ-: Paráti ŋ pinapaŋhàháraŋ ni Andrès aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa kampòn. Andrés often orders his companions to commit highway robberies. Papaŋhiramìn mo si Pédro naŋ lúbid. 35Have Pedro go and borrow some rope. Papamutúlin mo naŋ damò si Pédro. Have Pedro cut grass. Papamùmutúlin silà ni Hwàn naŋ damò. Juan will order them to cut grass.

493. pa-pag-pa- (1) -in, p-in-a-pag-pa-. With both pag- and pa- preceding the root the direct passive with pa- denotes someone 40caused to cause something: Pinapagpatotoò naŋ tagapagtaŋgòl ni Andrès aŋ táo ŋ si Mariyáno na syà ŋ nakàkíta sa naŋyáre. Andrés’ lawyer called as a witness the man Mariano, who had seen the occurrence (cf. magpatotoò, § [489]).

494. i-pa-, i-p-in-a-. The instrumental passive with pa- denotes the object ordered, caused, or allowed to undergo such and such an action.

Ipinaálam ko sa kanyà aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. I made known to him 5the departure of the children with me. Ipinaalìs nila aŋ háraŋ naŋ daàn. They ordered the obstruction of the road to be removed. Aŋ ipinadala mò ŋ súlat ay tinaŋgàp ku nà. I have received the letter you sent me. Aŋ sapátos na may lapàd na suwélas na yitò ay syà ŋ ipinagàgámit na paŋtayòʾ sa bátaʾ. This flat-soled shoe 10is given children to be used in learning to stand up. Aŋ mayáma ŋ taga iba ŋ báyan na pàparíto ay ipinaháraŋ naŋ púno naŋ tulisàn. The rich stranger who was going to come here was held up by order of the chief of the bandits. Ipinahátì sa ákin ni Pédro aŋ mansánas. Pedro ordered me to divide the apples. Itò y ipinaháte 15ni Pédro parà sa ákin. This was ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me as my share. Isinakày sa trèn aŋ ipinahatìd mo ŋ maŋa dalaŋhítaʾ. The tangerines you shipped were put on board the train. Ipinaísip nya sa maŋa eskwéla aŋ fétsa naŋ pagaáway naŋ maŋa Rúso at Hapunès sa Port-Àrtur. He asked his pupils to think of 20the date of the fighting between the Russians and the Japanese at Port Arthur. Ipakíta mo aŋ dílaʾ sa maŋgagamòt. Show the doctor your tongue. Ipinapùpútol ni Hwàn aŋ maŋa káhoy sa kanya ŋ bakúran. Juan is having the trees in his yard cut down. Ipapùpútol ko aŋ maŋgàs naŋ áki ŋ bároʾ. I am going to have the sleeves 25of my blouse cut off. Ipapútol mo, Hwàn, aŋ iyo ŋ kukò. Have your fingernails cut, Juan. Aŋ ipinasakày ni Tátay na maŋa súhaʾ sa trèn ay naŋabúlok sa daàn. The grape-fruit Father sent by train got spoiled on the way. Ipinasundú ko kay Hwàn aŋ médiko. I told Juan to fetch the doctor. Ipinatáwag ko sa alílaʾ si Hwàn. I had 30Juan called by a servant. Ipinatayó ni Hwàn aŋ báhay na itò. Juan had this house built. Ipinatipìd nya sa bátà aŋ pagkáin naŋ lansónes. He made the child eat sparingly of the lansones. Ipinatípon ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kàtiwálaʾ aŋ maŋa kalabàw. Juan had his agent gather the carabao. Ipinatúluy nya aŋ pagkantà, káhit 35na maíŋay aŋ maŋà nakíkinìg. He went on with his singing although the audience was noisy.

So: áhon, balìk, baòn, bilaŋgòʾ, bítay, dápit, dúsa, gamòt, gawàʾ, gupìt, hábol, háyag, hintòʾ, hintúlot, kasàl, kilála, lákad, libàŋ, mána, patày, sákit, tápon, uwìʾ.

40(a) Different in meaning is the corresponding form from díto; it is the primary instrumental passive corresponding to pumaríto, etc. (§ [488]): Aŋ pagsákop niyà naŋ táu ŋ makasalánan ay sya nyà ŋ ipinaríto. His saving of sinful man is what he came here for.

(b) Accent shift is due to the root: Ipaalàm ka sa kanyà aŋ áki ŋ patùtuŋúhan. Let him know where I am going. Ipinaalam 5nyà sa ákin aŋ kanya ŋ nilóloòb. He made his intentions known to me. Ipinatulòy ni Pédro aŋ pagpapatayò naŋ báhay. Pedro had them go on with the construction of the house. Similarly: ábot.

(c) With pag- (cf. § [491]): ipapagáral.

10(d) With pa- prefixed to the root, the instrumental passive with pa- denotes that ordered to be caused. The only example has radical accent shift: Ipinapatulòy ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kàtiwálaʾ aŋ pagtatanìm naŋ maŋa kasamà. Juan had his agent order the field-workers to go on with the planting.

15495. i-pag-pa-, i-p-in-ag-pa-. When the relation of the object ordered to undergo an action is explicitly that of a thing given forth (§ [368]), a kind of double instrumental passive is made by prefixing pag- to the pa- (cf. the explicit use of pag- in primary passives, §§ [369]. 375): Ipinagpaháteʾ sa ákin ni Pédro aŋ pálay. 20The rice was ordered by Pedro to be dealt out to me. Aŋ kwàlta ŋ nàpaŋaginàldohan ni Hwàn ay sya nyà ŋ ipinagpasakày sa tiyobíbo sa kanya ŋ kapatìd na maliìt. Juan used his Christmas money to treat his little brother to a ride on the merry-go-round. Aŋ kautusàn ay ipinagpàpatáwag naŋ kúra. The law is being called out 25by order of the priest.

(a) With additional pa- (as in § [494,d]): ipinagpapadalà.

496. i-paki-pa-, i-p-in-aki-pa-. Before a word with pa- the instrumental passive with paki- denotes the thing asked (as a favor) to be caused to undergo such and such an action. Hwag mò ŋ ipakipapútol 30aŋ púno-ŋ-káhoy, dátapuwat pakiputúlin mo na mìsmo. Don’t ask someone else to cut down the tree for me, but cut it down for me yourself. Ipakìkipapútol ni Hwàn sa inyò aŋ maŋa tinibàn sa kanya ŋ bakúran. Juan will ask you to have the banana-stumps in his yard cut down. Ipinakipapútol nya kay Hwàn aŋ maŋa 35damò sa bakúran. He asked Juan to have the grass cut in his yard.

(a) The thing asked (as a favor) to be caused to do so and so: Ipinakipakáin lámaŋ niya aŋ kanya ŋ anàk hábaŋ sya y walàʾ. She asked someone else to feed her child while she was away. Ipinakìkipasúso lámaŋ nya kay Maryà aŋ kanya ŋ anàk, sapagkàt walá 40sya ŋ gátas. She is asking Maria to nurse her child for her, because she has no milk.

497. pa- (1) -an, p-in-a- (1) -an. The local passive with pa- denotes that caused to undergo an action as local object.

Paaláman mo sa kanyà kuŋ saàn ka páparon. Let him know where you are going. Pinaasuhàn ni Pédro aŋ maŋa púno-ŋ-maŋgà. 5Pedro smoked (i.e. warmed, so as to speed flowering) the mango trees. Pinabayáan ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa tuŋkúlin. Juan neglected his duties. Pabayáan mo syà. Leave him alone. Aŋ pagpatày sa maŋa magnanákaw ay hindí pinarùrusáhan naŋ hukòm. The judge does not punish one for killing robbers. Pinahatían akò 10ni Pédro naŋ pálay sa kàtiwálaʾ. Pedro had the agent give me my share of rice. Pinahubaràn naŋ inà aŋ maŋa bátaʾ. The mother had her children undressed. Pakiŋgàn nawá ninyò aŋ áki ŋ pagtáwag. Pray give hearing to my call. Pinalìligúan naŋ pagòŋ aŋ ílog. The turtle bathed in the river. Pinalìligúan naŋ babáye aŋ 15bátaʾ. The woman was bathing the child. Hwag mò ŋ pamaláyan sa marámi na ikàw ay marámi ŋ kayamánan sa báhay, úpaŋ hwag kà ŋ nakáwan. Don’t let people know that you have many valuables in your house, lest you be robbed. Pinanaúgan nya aŋ báhay. He went down from the house. Pinaputúlan ni Hwàn naŋ taíŋa 20aŋ kanya ŋ maŋa biìk, úpaŋ hwag máaŋkin naŋ iba ŋ táo. Juan had the ears of his little pigs cut, so that they might not be inadvertently taken by anyone else. Pinapùputúlan ni Hwàn naŋ buntòt aŋ lahàt naŋ kanya ŋ maŋa manòk. Juan has all his chickens’ tails clipped (for identification). Paputúlan mo naŋ kauntiʾ aŋ 25mahábà mo ŋ buhòk. Have your long hair cut a little. Papùputúlan ko naŋ buntòt aŋ maŋa manòk na bágo ŋ bilè. I shall have the tails clipped of the chickens I have just bought. Aŋ baŋka ŋ itò ay pinasakyàn ko kay Hwàn. I allowed Juan to ride in this canoe. Pinatunáyan sa ákin ni Hwàn na ikàw ay nagsúsugàl. Juan proved 30to me that you are gambling. Ano ŋ bandà aŋ kanilà ŋ pinatùtuŋúhan? What direction are they headed for?

So also: bendisiyòn, dalà, hintúlot, hírap, doòn, kinábaŋ, magàt, mána, panhìk, sákit, tábon, tigàs, walàʾ.

(a) Accent shift, due to the root: pabayaàn, equivalent, however, 35to pabayáan.

(b) pà-: Pàagáhan mo aŋ pagsúloŋ. Get away very early. Pàináman mo aŋ súlat. Write very neatly. Pàitiman mò aŋ kúlay naŋ túbig. Make the color of the water very black. Hwag mò ŋ pàputian aŋ pintà naŋ báhay. Don’t put too much white into the 40paint for the house.

(c) pa- also prefixed to the root: Pinapahatían akò ni Pédro naŋ pálay sa kàtiwálaʾ. Pedro told the agent to have me given my share of rice. Pinapahatían ni Pédro naŋ pálay aŋ maŋa kasamà. Pedro ordered that the laborers be given their share of rice.

498. Special static words are formed with pà- and -an to denote place or plurality of habitual causative action; barytone roots have accent shift of two syllables, sometimes optionally of one 5syllable:

Aŋ maliìt na sápa ŋ itò ay sya ŋ pàbiyáyan ni Alfònso naŋ maliliìt na isdà ŋ nàhùhúli nya sa ílog. This little pool is where Andrés turns loose the little fish he catches in the river. Aŋ pàlaŋúyan naŋ maŋa páto ni Hwàn ay malálim. Juan’s duck-pond is 10deep. Aŋ kanila ŋ pàtagálan naŋ pagsísid ay ginawá nila sa Sibùl. Their diving-contest took place at Sibol.

aŋ pàrusahàn penitentiary; hell. aŋ pàliguàn bathroom, bathtub.

So also: pàkumpisálan, pàaralàn, pàhayagàn pàhayágan, pàmahalaàn 15pàmahaláan.

(a) Derived from these a transient and abstract in mag-: aŋ pagpapàtagálan a contesting for endurance.

(3) Transients and abstracts with pa- and ka-.

499. mag-pa-ka-, pag-pa-pa-ka-. The active with mag-pa- 20(§ [489]) from words with ka- expresses a reflexive actor: Aŋ pagpapakahírap sa pagaáral ay máy ganti ŋ pálaʾ. Exerting oneself at studies has its reward. Nagpakamatày si Lúkas. Lucas committed suicide. Magpápakamatày si Lúkas. Lucas will commit suicide. aŋ pagpapakamatày the act of suicide. So also from: walàʾ.

25(a) From forms with ma-, in more intensive sense than mag- alone (§ [352,c]): Aŋ pagpapakamarúnoŋ serious effort at learning things.

With irregularities of accent, as in § [353,a].[b].: Sya y nagpakamápuri. He praised himself very much. Sya y nagpakamayabàŋ. 30He boasted much.

500. pa-ka- (1) -in, p-in-a-ka-. The direct passive with pa-ka- denotes something caused to be too much so and so: Hwag mò ŋ pakalalímin aŋ gawi ŋ húkay. Don’t make the hole you are to dig too deep. Hwag mò ŋ pakalàlalímin aŋ hùhukáin mo ŋ balòn. 35Don’t make the well you are going to dig too deep. Pinakalálim ni Hwàn aŋ húkay. Juan made the ditch too deep.

(a) The form with p-in-a-ka- occurs as special static word: pinakamahàl most expensive, dearest; pinakamúra cheapest.

(b) More commonly from words with ma- (§ [454]): Si Risàl ay 40syà ŋ nagiŋ pinakamarúnoŋ na táo sa kapulua-ŋ-Filipínas. Rizal was the most learned man in the Philippines. pinakamalakàs strongest; pinakamalínis cleanest. So from: búti, hábaʾ, halagà, húsay, kínis.

501. i-kà-pa-, i-k-in-à-pa-. The instrumental passive with i-kà- (§ [417]) from words with pa- expresses the thing or circumstance causing someone to be made to do so and so. Ikinàpaalìs sa kanyà sa báhay ni Hwàn aŋ kanya ŋ paŋuŋumìt. His petty thievery caused him to be ordered to leave Juan’s house, to be dismissed from Juan’s house. Ikinàpàpaalìs nila sa kanyà aŋ kanya ŋ pinaggagawà ŋ katampalasánan sa maŋa háyop. His constant cruelty to 10the animals is forcing them to dismiss him. Aŋ kaibigàn nya ŋ màtúto ay sya nyà ŋ ikináparoon sa Espánya. His desire to get an education is what made him go to Spain. Baká mo ikàpahámak aŋ iyo ŋ pagparoòn. I am afraid your going there may cause you to be unfortunate. Ikàpàpahámak nya aŋ kanya ŋ pagsusundálo. 15His military service will cause him to fall into bad ways.

(a) With pag- either before or after the kà- a voluntary actor is implied who is caused to make someone or something do or be so and so. Aŋ ipinagkàpasakày ni Hwàn sa kanya ŋ máy sakit na kapatìd sa trèn sa lugàr naŋ sa karumáta ay aŋ katulínan naŋ 20trèn. What made Juan have his brother ride on the train rather than in a carriage was the speed of the train. Nagpaísip sya sa kanya ŋ maŋa eskwéla naŋ maŋa paraà ŋ ikàpagpàpalakè nilà sa kanila ŋ aklátan. He had his students think of means that would help them to make their library (get) larger.

25502. pa-ka- (1) -an. Local passive with pa- (§ [497]) from a word with ka- (§ [398]): pinakawalàn was allowed to go free.

503. ka-pa- (1) -an. Local passive with ka- (§ [419]) from a word with pa- (§ [481]): kapàpatuŋúhan the place one will be headed for.

30(a) Static words with ka-pa- -an are forms with ka- -an from words with pa-:

With S (§ [421]): Si Hwàn aŋ kapàtagálan ni Maryáno sa pagsísid sa túbig. Juan contends with Mariano in staying under water as long as possible.

35With S (1), (§ [423]); accent irregularly placed: Aŋ báta ŋ si Pédro aŋ sya ŋ kàpakitáan ni Maryà naŋ kanyà ŋ larwàn. Little Pedro is the child to whom Maria showed her toys and who showed her his.

With (2), (§ [422]): Aŋ kapabayaàn nya sa maŋa tuŋkúlin ay 40syà ŋ malakì nya ŋ kapintásan. His neglectfulness of his duties is his great fault.

504. maka-pa-. With maka- in the usual meanings (§ [433] ff.) a few transients are made from words pa-. Nakapahiŋà sa lílim aŋ maŋa kalabàw. The carabao rested in the shade (irrational actor). Bayáan mo ŋ makapahiŋà aŋ maŋa dalà mo ŋ kalabàw bágu ka bumalìk sa búkid. Let the carabao that brought you rest before you go back to the country. Makapàpahiŋa nà aŋ maŋa 5háyop bágo sya dumatìŋ. The carabao will have rested before he arrives. So from: doòn, lígoʾ.

505. Commoner is maka-pag-pa- (corresponding to mag-pa-); the abstract has pagkapa-. Nakapagpapútol na akò naŋ káhoy na gàgamítin ko sa boò ŋ tagulàn. I have already had wood cut for 10the entire rainy season. Si Lílay ay nakàkapagpapútol naŋ káhoy sa alílà ni Kíkaʾ. Lilay has permission to order Kika’s servant to cut the wood. Hindí ako makapagpapútol naŋ tubò kay Hwàn, sapagkàt marámi sya ŋ trabáho sa ibà. I cannot have Juan cut sugar-cane, because he has already too much work to do for other 15people. Makàkapagpapútol akò naŋ labòŋ, kuŋ iyò ŋ gustò. I can have some bamboo-shoots cut, if you wish.

So from: bilì, kínis, tápon.

506. The passive with ma- from words with pa- varies in meaning, owing chiefly to the various values of words with pa-.

20(a) Genuine passive: Hindí nya napahinòg aŋ maŋa ságiŋ. He did not succeed in getting the bananas to ripen. Mapahíhiram mo ba akò naŋ lima ŋ píso ŋ gintò? Can you let me borrow five dollars gold? Napapások ko sa kuràl aŋ maŋa kalabàw. I succeeded in bringing the carabao into the corral. Napatátalim ni Pédro 25aŋ mapuròl na gúlok. Pedro is able to sharpen dull bolos. So from: alìs, puntà, sáboy, túlog.

(b) Reflexive passive: Aŋ máy sakit ay napadapàʾ sa maŋa nagàalágà sa kanyà, sapagkàt sya hindí makakílos. The sick man had the people who were caring for him lay him on his face, because 30he could not move. Napagísiŋ si Hwàn sa kanya ŋ kapatìd sa óras naŋ alaskwátro naŋ umága. Juan had his brother wake him up at four o’clock in the morning. Napapások akò sa síne sa áki ŋ kúyaŋ. I asked my oldest brother to take me to the moving-picture show. Mapapàpások.... I shall ask to be taken in. 35Silà y napatùtúloŋ. They are asking for help. So: álam, hatìd, tawìd.

(c) Reflexive of interest: Napaakiyàt akò kay Hwàn naŋ isa ŋ búŋa-ŋ-nyòg. I asked Juan to climb for a cocoanut for me. Napapútol silà naŋ káhoy. They asked to have wood cut for them. 40Napapùpútol aŋ maŋa anàk naŋ kanila ŋ kukò kay Nánay. The children ask Mother to cut their fingernails. Napapùpútol akò naŋ gàgawi ŋ pípa kay Hwàn. I am asking Juan to cut me some wood for a cigarette-mouthpiece. Napatilàd akò naŋ tubò kay Nánay. I asked Mother to slice me some sugar-cane.

(d) Movement: Napabíŋit sya sa malaki ŋ paŋánib. He got into a very dangerous situation. Naparíne sa tabi kò aŋ bátaʾ. The child came up close to me. Aŋ magkaybíga ŋ si Pédro at si 5Maryáno ay naparoòn sa Maynílaʾ. The two friends, Pedro and Mariano, have gone to Manila. Sya y napaóo. He assented. So from: díto, loòb, salámat, túŋo. Also from the derived word luwásan: napaluwásan.

507. Instrumental passive only in: maipabarìl.

10508. Passive with mà- (§ [463] ff.) from words with pa-. Bumitìw aŋ bátà sa lúbid, kanyá nàparapàʾ aŋ kanyà ŋ kahatakàn. As the child let go of the rope, the one who was pulling against him fell on his face. Nàparíto si Hwàn sa kanyà ŋ pagtatagòʾ sa maŋa tiktèk. Juan happened to come here in his hiding from the 15spies. Nàpàparíto sya ŋ madalàs. He often gets round here. Màpàparíto raw syà sa báya ŋ itò. He will get round to our town, he says. Nàpahámak sya sa ginawá nya ŋ pagsusugàl at pagsasáboŋ. He became good-for-nothing through his gambling and cock-fighting. Nàpàpahámak aŋ báta ŋ si Hwàn, dahilàn sa lubòs na pagpapaláyaw 20sa kanyà naŋ kanya ŋ maŋa magúlaŋ. Little Juan is getting spoiled through his parents’ complete indulgence. Hwag kà ŋ duwàg, Hwàn, at naŋ hwàg ka ŋ màpahámak lámaŋ sa iyo ŋ pagsusundálo. Don’t be a coward, Juan, so that you may not merely come to misfortune through your military service. Màpàpahámak 25lámaŋ aŋ báta ŋ itò, kapag hindí nátin pinapagáral naŋ sapàt. This boy will turn out a good-for-nothing, if we don’t make him study enough. Hindí nàpahinòg na maága ni Hwàn aŋ maŋa ságiŋ. Juan didn’t get his bananas ripe early enough. Hindí nya nàpahinòg aŋ maŋa ságiŋ, sapagkàt naúbus agàd. He did not get 30his bananas ripe, because they were all eaten up too soon. Si Pédro ay nàpàpahiŋà. Pedro is resting. Nàpatayó si Pédro dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat. Pedro leaped to his feet in his surprise. Dahilàn sa kanya ŋ pagkàgúlat ay nàpaupú siya. In his surprise he fell into his chair.

35So from: gúlat, halakhàk, hitsà, iyàk, kasàl, lagày, lagpàk, luksò, sigàw, tindìg.

(a) Plural with -aŋ-: Aŋ maŋa kalabàw ay naŋàpàpahiŋà. The carabao are resting. So: naŋápamaŋhàʾ.

(b) Accent shift: Nàpagisìŋ si Hwàn sa kalakasàn naŋ putòk 40naŋ barìl. The report of the gun was so loud that Juan woke up. So: táwa.

(c) Abstract, of movements, pagkàpa-. Aŋ dáhil naŋ kanya ŋ pagkàparíto ay aŋ paniniŋìl. What brought him here was the collecting of debts. Aŋ pagkàpalígo naŋ kabáyo ay marumè. The horse has not been bathed clean. So from: alílaʾ, doòn.

(d) With makà- D (§ [473]) from -paríto: Hwag kà ŋ makàparí-paríto. Don’t you ever come round here!

509. Instrumental passive, mà-i-pa-, from: dalà, kilála, kíta, 5túlos.

510. Local passive, mà-pa- (1) -an. Màpàparusáhan kità. I shall have to punish you. So: kinìg.

511. Special static words with nà-pa-ka- denote something having a high degree of such and such a quality. Aŋ sákit na iyo 10ŋ ipinarùrúsa sa ákin ay nápakabigàt. The grief you cause me is very severe. Nàpakabúte aŋ kanya ŋ pagkatákot. Her fear reached a high degree. Aŋ sakày na táo naŋ kutséro sa karumáta ay nàpakatabàʾ. The man the driver has taken into his carriage is very stout. So also: iklìʾ.

15(a) From a phrase: nàpakawala-ŋ-hiyàʾ.

5. The prefix pati-.

512. pati- before a root expresses that such and such a movement (of one’s own person) is suddenly performed.

513. With mag- it denotes the voluntary performer. Barytone 20roots seem to have accent shift. Aŋ báta y nagpatihigàʾ sa sahìg. The child suddenly lay down on the floor. Nagpatihulòg si Pédro sa bintánaʾ sa isa ŋ pagsumpòŋ naŋ kanya ŋ pagkalóko. Pedro suddenly threw himself from the window in an attack of his madness. Nagpàpatihulòg si Hwàn sa hagdánan kuŋ sinúsumpòŋ 25naŋ kalokóhan, kaniyàʾ sya y itináli nilà sa isa ŋ halígi naŋ báhay. They tied Juan to one of the posts of the house, because when he is assailed by a fit of insanity he throws himself down the stairs. Magpàpatihulòg daw sya mulá sa ituktòk naŋ kanya ŋ bìlaŋgúan úpaŋ sya y makataanàn. He says he will throw himself from the 30roof of his prison so as to make an escape. Sya y nagpatiluhòd. He suddenly knelt down. Aŋ pagpapatiluhòd naŋ bátaʾ ay sya ŋ nakasakìt sa kanya ŋ túhod. The boy’s throwing himself on his knees is what injured his knee.

514. The passive with mà- denotes the involuntary performer. 35Nàpàpatihigàʾ aŋ báwat mádulàs sa lugàr na itò. Every one who slips at this place falls on his back. Hwag kà ŋ magpadulàs, sapagkàt baká ka màpatihigàʾ. Don’t slide, for you might fall on your back. Sya y nàpatiluhòd. He fell, landing in a kneeling position. Nàpatiupú sya sa kanya ŋ pagkádulàs. He fell into a sitting 40position when he slipped. Nàpàpatiupòʾ aŋ báwat táo ŋ magdaàn sa lugàr na itò, dahilàn sa madulàs na lúmot naŋ lúpaʾ. Everyone who comes through this place falls and lands in a sitting position, owing to the slippery moss on the ground.

III. Irregular Derivatives.

(1) Transients and abstracts of the particles sa and -giŋ.

5515. The particle sa has transient forms as follows:

(a) A normal transient: with pà-sa, pá-pà-sa, ná-sa, ná-sà-sa. Nása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church. Násàsa simbáhan silà naŋ maŋyáre aŋ súnog. They were at church when the fire occurred. Naŋ pása simbáhan silà.... When they went to 10church.... Pápàsa simbáhan silà. They will go to church.

Plural: Naŋása simbáhan silà. They are (were) at church.

(b) An accidental passive (of movement): má-pa-sa, má-pà-pa-sa, ná-pa-sa-, ná-pà-pa-sa-; abstract: pagká-pa-sa. Naŋ mápasa simbáhan silà ay malálim nà aŋ gabì. When they got to the church, 15it was already late at night. Mápàpasa simbáhan silà sa gabì. They will strike the church at nightfall. aŋ pagkápasa simbáhan a chance coming upon the church.

516. The (transient) forms of -giŋ are ma-gìŋ, ma-gí-giŋ, na-gìŋ, na-gí-giŋ; abstract: pa-gi-gìŋ. Magpùpútol daw naŋ buhòk 20aŋ Intsèk na si Yèŋ pagigìŋ binyágan nya. The Chinaman Yeng says he will have his queue cut when he gets baptized.

(2) Odd affixes.

517. ba- seems to appear in ba-lasìŋ.

518. hin-, with irregular nasalization of initials, in one simple 25derivative: Aŋ kanya ŋ himatày ay hindí nalaúnan. Her fainting-fit did not last long (matày). -himagsìk (bagsìk) does not occur, but underlies many derivatives, especially maghimagsìk (§ [352,c]) and hìmagsíkan (§ [377,a]). Many such underlying forms can be postulated from the various transients with maŋhin- 30(§ [357,b]).

(a) With r: aŋ hintutúroʾ the forefinger (túroʾ).

519. kala- in aŋ kalaháteʾ a half; aŋ kalatimbàʾ dipping on the heels and rising, hands holding opposite ears (as trick or imposed as a punishment), from hátiʾ and timbàʾ a well-bucket; these 35have various further derivatives, see Index.

520. kasiŋ- having such and such a quality in common with something else; hence partly equivalent with ka-: Kasiŋkúlay naŋ áki ŋ bároʾ aŋ kanya ŋ salawàl. His trousers are of the same color as my blouse. Aŋ bóla ŋ itò ay kasiŋlakì naŋ itlòg. This ball is the same size as an egg. Si Hwàn ay kasiŋpantày ni Pédro. Juan is of the same height as Pedro.

521. mala- (Spanish ?) derogatory: aŋ malasutsòt a young lout, a half-grown boy (literally: a bad whistler).

5522. pala- expresses extreme tendency to such and such an action:

(a) pala- S -in, from oxytone roots: Sya y isa ŋ palabintáŋin. He is very distrustful. Aŋ maŋa isdà y palabùlúkin sa tagáraw. Fish easily spoil in the hot season. aŋ palaluŋkútin a 10melancholy person, palapùtákin a fowl given to cackling, palasumbúŋin tattle-tale, palasutsútin one who is always whistling, palatuntúnin one who is always trying to follow up his stolen property, palatuwáin palatwáin one who is easily amused.

From root with shifted accent: palasàkítin person who is always 15getting sick. Irregularly: palahùníhin an animal given to neighing, chirping, etc.

Lack of secondary accent: palaiyákin a cry-baby.

(b) pala- (2) -in, from barytone roots: palagalitìn a hot-head, palagisiŋìn a poor sleeper, palagutumìn one who is always 20getting hungry, palagulatìn nervous person, palahilawìn a kind of rice that is hard to cook through; Palaputulìn aŋ maŋa tiŋtìŋ naŋ walìs na ytò. The fibres of this broom are very brittle. palatakutìn a timorous person.

(c) palà- -an the place for such and such a thing: aŋ palàisdáan 25a fish-pond, palàsiŋsíŋan the ring-finger, the fourth finger, palàtuntúnan a set of rules, rules of order.

523. ta- in ta-gílid the side; with retraction of accent: -talíkod.

524. tag- in names of seasons: tagáraw, tagulàn, the two 30Philippine seasons; aŋ taglamìg cold weather, the (American) winter. With accent-shift: taginìt the hot season.

525. taga- person whose duty it is to do so and so, especially upon some particular occasion: aŋ tagaalìs naŋ gwarnisyòn naŋ kabáyo the one detailed to unharness the horses, tagabílaŋ accountant, 35counter, tagaíkid sa gawaàn naŋ lúbid the one who rolls up a rope in the rope-factory; Ikàw ay tagainùm lámaŋ. Your job here is only to drink; so: tagakáin one whose only duty is to eat. Tagapútol naŋ káhoy aŋ katuŋkúlan niyà. He is delegated to cut wood. tagasúlat the one who does the writing; tagatahèʾ one who does the 40sewing. So from: húli, sulsì.

(a) With pag-: tagapagbigày, tagapagtaŋgòl.

(b) With pag-pa- one whose duty it is to oversee the doing of so and so: aŋ tagapagpaalìs naŋ tapòn naŋ maŋa bóte head bottle-opener; tagapagpainùm sa fiyèsta bartender at a fiesta; Isa ŋ tagapagpainùm ay isa ŋ tagapagbigày naŋ inumìn sa maŋa háyop o maŋa bátaʾ. So: aŋ tagapagpakáin who gives food to animals or 5children, tagapagpalígoʾ who bathes children or horses, tagapagpasúlat head writer, tagapagpatotoò witness.

526. tara-, tra- is felt to be a prefix in: aŋ táo ŋ tarabúko, trabúko a bald-headed person, felt as derivative from búko smooth, unripe cocoanut.

10527. -éro (Spanish) as suffix of agent; final vowel (or vowel plus n or glottal stop) is lost: baŋkéro, sabuŋéro, sipéro (sipéros, plural); from derived word: Katipunéros (ka-tipún-an, § [423]); from compound word: básag-uléro a brawler, ruffian (básag-úlo).

(3) Pronoun forms.

15528. The various forms of the pronouns and objectivizing particles show some regular derivation.

(a) n- with irregularities, for disjunctive forms: n-aŋ, n-i (si), n-inà n-ilà (sinà silà), n-íno (síno), n-irè, n-itò, n-iyàn, n-oòn (iyòn, yaòn); n-ità (kità), n-iyà (siyà), n-ilà (silà). From the 20prepositive form: n-átin, n-ámin, n-iniyò.

Similarly, the particle nawàʾ, root áwaʾ pity.

(b) ka- for local and prepositive forms: ka-y (si), k-inà (sinà); from the disjunctive form: ka-níno, ka-nità, ka-niyà. ka-nilà.

25(c) With si compare sí-no, with aŋ, a-nò.

(d) Local equivalents of the demonstrative pronouns (treated as separate roots): d-íne (irè), d-íto (itò), d-iyàn, d-oòn.

(e) Words of manner with ga-: ga-áno, gá-no (anò), ga-yòn (iyòn). From disjunctive forms: ga-nitò, ga-niyàn, ga-noòn. Cf. 30also gáya like.

Of similar formation: Aŋ butò naŋ haláma ŋ itò y gabútil naŋ pálay. The seed of this plant is as large as a grain of rice (bútil a kernel of grain).

(f) saàn (for sa anò?) is felt as a simple word.

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[1] I owe this and the following statements about the degree of pitch-rise to the kindness of Dr. C. Ruckmich of the Department of Psychology of the University of Illinois. [↑]

[2] It might perhaps be more correct not to include such cases under the term attribution (as will be done in the following analysis), but to set up instead an additional syntactic type of “exocentric modification”. [↑]

[3] In the proverbial expression at [16,18], balàt skin, skins is used as an object expression without aŋ, contrary to the normal habit. [↑]

[4] Although grammatical terms are necessarily and properly employed in different meanings when referring to different languages, the Tagalog constructions in question are so different from what is ordinarily understood by “cases” that the above terminology has been avoided in the following discussion. [↑]

[5] At 16, 2 hábaŋ, instead of standing at the beginning of its clause, follows the subject, taking the place of ay. I take it that this sentence has been handed down in this form from an older generation of speakers. Cf. § [316]. [↑]

[6] Once, at 16, 18, at is used concessively, even though, and is placed not at the beginning of its phrase, but after the subject, where ay would normally stand. The sentence is no doubt traditional; it has currency as a proverb. See § [68] and cf. § [292]. [↑]

[7] Cf. Kern’s derivation of liŋgò from Spanish domingo, felt as containing infix -um- (Sanskritsche woorden). [↑]