Ancient society

by Lewis Henry Morgan

INDEX.

• A
• Abipones, [183].
• Adair, James, [15], [77], note; [83], [530].
• Adams, Prof. Henry, [273].
• Adoption, ceremony of, among Iroquois, [81], note.
• Age of Stone, of Bronze, and of Iron, [8].
• Algonkin tribes, [165].
• Alphabet, phonetic, [12].
  • Its invention, [31], note.
• Animals, their domestication, [11], [42].
• Archon, office of, [261].
• Arickarees, [165].
• Aristocracy.
  • Its rise, [260].
  • Its future, [549].
• Army organization in gentile society, by gentes, by phratries, and by tribes, [237].
  • In Athenian political society by property classes, [265].
  • In Roman by same, [334].
• Arts of subsistence, [19].
  • 1. Fruits and Roots, [20].
  • 2. Fish, [21].
  • 3. Farinaceous Food, [22].
  • 4. Meat and Milk, [24].
  • Field Agriculture, [26].
• Arrawaks, [182].
• Aryan, Family of, [39], [468].
  • System of consanguinity and affinity, [484].
  • Table, [493].
• Assembly of the people, [119], [120].
  • Agora of Athenians, [245].
  • Comitia Curiata of the Romans, [315], [340].
  • Comitia Centuriata, [331], [333].
• Ashangos, [371].
• Athapasco-Apache Tribes, [175].
• Australian organization on basis of sex, [50].
  • Classes, [52].
  • Descents, [57], note.
• Aztec Confederacy, [186].
  • Of three Nahuatlac tribes, [189].
  • When established, [192].
  • Extent of territorial domination, [193].
  • Population of Valley of Mexico, [195].
  • Of Pueblo, of Mexico, [196], note.
  • Gentes and phratries, [197].
  • Ownership of lands in common, [200].
  • Council of Chiefs, [203].
  • Office of Teuctli, or principal war-chief, [206].
  • Aztec monarchy a fiction, [213].
    
• B
• Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht, [348]-349, [350], [350], note.
• Bandelier, Ad. F., [200], [201], note; [203], note.
• Bancroft, H. H., [176].
• Barbarism, period of, [42].
  • Inventions and discoveries in Later Period, [32].
  • In Middle Period, [33].
  • In Older Period, [35].
  • Great achievements in this Period, [42].
• Basileus, [246].
  • Probably elective, [248].
  • Office without civil functions, [252].
  • Office of Roman Rex elective, [253].
  • Each a general, with the additional functions of a priest and judge, [250].
  • Aristotle’s definition, [251].
  • Early Grecian governments military democracies, [252], [274].
  • Romans under the reges, the same, [253].
  • Office of basileus abolished by the Athenians, [260], [274].
  • Of rex by the Romans, [319].
• Basileia, [249].
  • Aristotle’s definition, [256].
• Becker, Prof. W. A. Family of ancient Greeks, [475], note.
  • Of Romans, [478], note.
• Blackfeet tribes, [171].
• Blood revenge, [77], [238].
• Bow and arrow; its invention created an epoch, [10].
  • Difficult to invent, [21], note.
• Burial place of gens.
  • Usually common among Indian tribes, [83].
  • Of Tuscaroras, [84].
• Byington, Rev. Dr. Cyrus, [162].
  
• C
• Cameron, Mr. A. S. P., [375].
• Categories of relatives: of Hawaiians, [405].
  • Of Chinese, [416].
  • In Timæus of Plato, [417].
• Cayugas, gentes, [70].
  • Phratries, [91].
• Chief, office of, elective, [72], [145].
  • Head-chief of tribe, [118].
  • Described as a lord, [202].
  • No analogy, ib.
  • Chief of Grecian gens, [261].
• Cherokees, [164].
• Chickasas, gentes, [163].
  • Phratries, ib.
• Choctas, gentes, [161].
  • Phratries, [99].
• Civilization, Period of.
  • Its contributions to knowledge, [30], [31].
• Cleisthenes.
  • Founder of second great plan of government, [216], [254].
  • His legislation, [270].
  • Institution of Athenian political Society, [270].
  • The Deme, or Township, ib.
  • Local tribe or county, [271].
  • Commonwealth or State, [272].
  • Inhabitants of each an organized self-governing body politic, [270]-272.
• Coalescence of tribes in a nation, [135], [259].
• Confederacy of tribes, [122].
  • Iroquois Confederacy, [126].
  • Its organization and functions, [128].
  • Common gentes, and dialects of a common language its basis, [123].
  • Aztec Confederacy, [186].
• Comanches, [177].
• Columbia River, Valley of.
  • Seed land of Ganowánian family, [108], note.
  • Its salmon fisheries, bread roots, and game, [109], note.
• Comitia Curiata, [315], [340].
  • Centuriata, [331], [333].
  • Tributa, [336].
• Consanguine Family, [384], [401].
• Consanguinity, Malayan system of, oldest, [385].
  • Turanian and Ganowánian, the second great form, [386].
  • Aryan, Semitic, and Uralian, third great form, [388].
  • Systems natural growths, [393].
  • Two ultimate forms: one classificatory, the other descriptive, [394].
  • Nature of a system of consanguinity, [395].
  • Its permanence, [402], [408].
  • Details of Malayan system, [404].
  • Relatives in categories, [407].
  • Its origin, [410].
  • Details of Ganowánian and Turanian, [435].
  • Origin of system, [422].
  • Aryan system, [485].
  • Its origin, [490].
• Communism in living, [446], [453].
• Coulanges, M. De. His work, “The Ancient City,” [234], [240], [549].
• Council of Chiefs, [119].
  • Iroquois Council invested chiefs with office, [136], [141].
  • Manner of convening, [137], note.
  • Manner of transacting business, [139].
  • Unanimity required, [140].
  • Aztec Council, [203].
  • Grecian Council, [243].
  • Its universality, [244].
  • Roman Comitia, [298].
  • Senate, [307], [315].
  • Comitia Centuriata, [331].
• Cox, Prof. Edward F. Analysis of pottery of Mound Builders, [15].
• Creeks, [160].
• Crees, [167].
• Crows, [159].
• Curtius, Prof., [348].
• Cushing, Mr. N. A., [530], note.
  
• D
• Dakota tribes, [154].
• Dance. A form of worship among Indian tribes, [116].
• Delawares, [101], [171].
• Deme, or township of Athenians, [217].
• Democracy.
  • Universal in Ancient Society and inherited from the gentes, [73], [253].
  • Liberty, equality, and fraternity cardinal principles of the gens, [85].
  • Athenian Democracy, [253], [270].
• Descent in female line when gens is in archaic form, [67].
  • In American Indian tribes, [153]-183.
  • In male line, [155]-157, [166]-169, [171]-182.
  • How changed from female line to male, [344].
  • Causes which produced the change in Grecian gentes, [345].
  • In female line among Lycians, [347].
  • Etruscans, [348].
  • Views of Curtius, [348].
  • Of Bachofen, [349].
  • Among Athenians prior to Cecrops, [350].
  • Required to explain certain marriages, [351].
  • Legend of Danaidæ, [354].
  • In female line among Ashiras, Aponos, and Ashangos of Africa, [371].
  • Banyi, [372].
  • Bangalas, [373].
• Du Chaillu, [371].
  
• E
• Ethnical Periods, [8]-13.
  • Advantages of these subdivisions, [16].
  • Their relative length, [38].
• Ephoralty of the Spartans, [250].
• Eries, [126], note; [149]-153.
• Etruscans, [279], [348].
  
• F
• Family, the, Five successive forms, [384].
  • The consanguine, [384], [401].
  • The punaluan, [384], [424].
  • The syndyasmian or pairing, [384], [453].
  • The patriarchal, [384], [465].
  • The monogamian, [384], [468].
  • First, second, and fifth radical, creating three systems of consanguinity and affinity, [324].
  • Consanguine family, origin of relationship in, [410].
  • Punaluan family, origin of relationship in, [422].
  • Syndyasmian, [453]-461.
  • Patriarchal, [465].
  • Monogamian family of ancient Germans, [471];
  • of Homeric Greeks, [472], [475], note;
  • of Romans, [477].
  • Origin of relationship in, [485]-490.
  • Sequence of institutions connected with the family, [498].
• Freeman, Dr., on the organization of German tribes, [361], note.
• Fison, Rev. Lorimer, [14], [51], note; [54], [374], [375], [403].
  
• G
• Ganowánian family, its name, [152].
• Ganowánian system of consanguinity and affinity, [432], [435].
  • Table, [447].
• Gentile organization, [62], [185].
  • Institutions democratical, [212].
• Gens of Australian tribes, [51]-56,
  • of Iroquois, [62].
  • Founded upon kin, [63].
  • Definition of a gens, [67].
  • Descent in female line, [68].
  • Intermarriage in the gens prohibited, [69].
  • Rights, privileges, and obligations of its members, [71]-84.
  • Liberty, equality, and fraternity, its cardinal principles, [85].
  • Grecian gens, [215].
  • Descent in male line, [216].
  • Rights, privileges, and obligations of its members, [222].
  • Unit of the social system, [226].
  • Roman gens, [277].
  • Definition of a gentilis, [283].
  • Descent in male line, [284].
  • Rights, privileges, and obligations of its members, [285].
  • Number of persons in a Roman gens, [299].
  • Gentes in other tribes of mankind, [357]-379.
  • Probable origin of the gens, [377].
• Gibbs, George, [175], [176].
• Government.
  • First plan gentile and social, [6].
  • Organic series, gens, phratry, tribe, and confederacy, with a final coalescence of tribes in a nation, [49], [66].
  • First stage, a government of one power, the council of chiefs; second, of two powers, a council and a military commander; third, of three powers, a council, a general, and an assembly of the people, [119], [120], [257].
  • Second plan territorial and political, [6].
  • Property classes of Solon, [264].
  • Attic Deme or township, [270].
  • Registration in Deme, ib.
  • Local tribe or county, [271].
  • The state, [272].
  • Athenian democracy, [273].
  • No chief executive magistrate, [275].
  • Roman political society, [322].
  • Property classes of Servius Tullius, [331].
  • The centuries, [333].
  • Comitia Centuriata, [333].
  • The census, [336]. City wards, [337].
  • Registration in ward of residence, [336].
  • Municipality of Rome, [339].
  • Transition from gentile into political society, [340].
• Grote, on Grecian gentes, phratries and tribes, [220]-228, [230]-232.
  • His view of the early Grecian governments erroneous, [247].
  • His illustration from the Iliad, [248].
    
• H
• Hale, Horatio, [127], note; [153], [175].
• Hart, Robert. On the hundred families of the Chinese, [364].
• Hebrew tribes, [366].
  • Marriages in early period indicate gentes, with descent in the female line, [367].
  • Gentes and phratries in the time of Moses, [368].
• Hodenosaunian tribes, [153].
• House life, and plan of living among savage and barbarous tribes deserve special study, [399], [446].
  
• /> I
• Iowas, [156], [166].
• Inventions and discoveries, [29], [45].
• Iron, [11].
  • Process of smelting, [43].
  • Ancient side hill furnaces in Switzerland, [43], note.
• Iroquois, gentes, [63]-70.
  • Phratries, [90]-97.
  • Tribes, [102].
  • Confederacy, [122].
  • Sachems of the general council, [150].
    
• J
• Jones, C. C., [14], note.
  
• K
• Kaskaskias, [107].
• Kaws, [106], [156].
• Keepers of the faith in the Iroquois, [82].
• Kennicott, Robert, [175].
• Kikapoos, [170].
• Kolushes, [175].
  
• L
• Lagunas, [180].
• Lands owned in common among Indian tribes in Lower Status of barbarism, [151]-174.
  • With a possessory right in individuals to occupied lands, [530].
  • In common by Aztec gentes probably, [200].
  • By Roman gentes, [290], [292], note, [541].
  • Some by phratries and tribes, [292].
• Latham, R. G., [362], [364], [371].
• Language, growth of, [5].
  • Question of its origin, [36], note.
• Lockwood, Charles G. N., [375].
• Locrians, hundred families of, [350].
• Lycians, descent in female line, [347], [348].
• Lubbock, Sir John, [14], [183], [364].
  
• M
• Magars of Nepaul, [362].
• Maine, Sir Henry, [227].
  On Celtic groups of kinsmen on French estates, [358].
  • His original researches, [507].
• Malayan system of consanguinity and affinity, its origin, [410].
• McLennan, Mr J. F., [362], [409].
  • Note concerning his work on “Primitive Marriage,” [509]-521.
• Mandans, [158].
• Marriage, Australian scheme, [53], [57].
  • Hebrew, [410].
  • Consanguine, [401].
  • Punaluan, [424].
  • Syndyasmian, [453].
  • Monogamian, [468].
• Menominees, [170].
• Metals, native, [44].
• Minnitarees, [158].
• Miamis, [107], [168].
• Mississippi tribes, [168].
• Missouri tribes, [155].
• Mohegan gentes, [173].
  • Phratries, [174].
• Mohawks, [125].
• Mommsen, Theodor, on domestication of animals, [23].
  • Family names, [78].
  • On introduction of agriculture, [277], note.
  • Roman gens, [281].
  • On gentile and tribal lands, [291].
• Montezuma, principal war-chief of Aztec Confederacy, [206], [207].
  • Tenure and functions of the office, note.
  • His seizure of Cortes, [211], note.
  • His deposition by the Aztecs, [211].
• Monogamian Family, [384], [468].
• Monarchy incompatible with gentilism, [124], [252].
• Moqui Village Indians, [86], [179].
• Müller, Max, [23].
• Munsees, [173].
  
• N
• Names of members of a gens, [78].
  • How bestowed, [79].
  • The name conferred gentile rights, ib.
• Nation formed by coalescence of tribes, [135], [242], [259].
• Neutral nation, [149], [153].
• Naucraries of Athenians, [262].
• Niebuhr, on Roman and Grecian gentile questions, [23], [281], [287], [292], note, [295], [298], [305], [313], [315], [325].
  
• O
• Ojibwas, [106], [166].
• Omahas, [106], [155].
• Oneidas, [70].
• Onondagas, gentes, [70].
  • Phratries, [91].
• Osages, [106].
• Osborn, Rev. John, Rotuman system of consanguinity, [403], note; [419].
• Otawas, [167].
  • Otawa Confederacy, [106].
• Otoes, [106], [156].
  
• P
• Parkman, Francis, [153], note.
• Patriarchal Family, [384], [465], [480].
• Patricians, Roman, [326], [330].
• Pawnees, [164].
• Peorias, [107].
• Peschel, Oscar, [14], [413].
• Phratry, its character, [89].
  • Of Iroquois, [90].
  • Its functions, [94]-97.
  • Phratric organization in American Indian tribes, 90 et seq.
  • Of Athenians, [220].
  • Obês of Spartans, [219].
  • Definition of Dikæarchus, [236].
  • Objects of phratry, [237].
  • Uses in army organization, [287].
  • Phratriarch, [240].
  • Blood revenge, [238].
  • Roman curia a phratry, [303].
  • Its composition and functions, [304], [305].
• Piankeshaws, [107].
• Plebeians, persons unconnected with any gens, [266].
  • Unattached class, at Athens, [267].
  • Made citizens by Solon, [268].
  • Roman plebeians, [324], [325].
• Potawattamies, [166], [167].
• Property, growth of, [6].
  • Its inheritance. First Rule: In American Indian tribes, [75], [153], [185], [528], [530];
  • in Status of savagery, [526];
  • in Lower Status of barbarism, [528].
  • Second Rule, 531: Property in Middle Status, [540];
  • in Upper Status, ib.
  • Third Rule, 544: Hebrew inheritance, [545], [547];
  • daughters of Zelophehad, [546];
  • Athenian inheritance, [548];
  • Roman, [550];
  • property career of civilized nations, [522].
• Polyandry, [409].
• Polygyny, [404].
• Political society, [218].
  • Institution of Athenian, [256].
  • Experiments of Theseus, [258], [259].
  • Draco, [263].
  • Legislation of Solon, [264].
  • Property classes, ib.
  • Organization of army, [265].
  • Legislation of Cleisthenes, [270].
  • Attic deme or township, ib.
  • Inhabitants of each a body politic, with powers of local self-government, [271].
  • Local tribe or county, ib.
  • The Athenian Commonwealth or State, [272].
  • Government founded upon territory and upon property, ib.
  • Powers of gentes, phratries, and tribes transferred to the demes, counties, or state, [272], [274].
  • No chief executive magistrate, [275].
  • Institution of Roman political society, [323]-342.
• Pottery, [13], [15], [16].
• Punaluan Family, [384], [424].
  • Of Hawaiians, [427].
  • Of Britons, [429].
  • Other tribes, [430], [431].
• Punkas, [106], [155].
• Powell, Maj. J. W., [536], [537].
  
• Q
• Quappas, [106].
  
• R
• Ratio of human progress, [29].
  • Geometrical, [38].
• Raw, Prof. Charles, [14], note.
• Religious ideas, growth of, [5].
  • Religious rites, [81], [222], [289].
  • Faith and worship of American Indian tribes, [115].
• Roman tribe, [314].
  • State, [319], [331].
• Rome, founding of, [278], [309], [310], [312].
  
• S
• Sachem, [71].
  • Elective tenure of the office, [72].
  • Iroquois mode of electing and investing sachems, [141], [144].
  • Aztec sachems, [202].
• Salish, Sahaptin, and Kootenay tribes, [177].
• Savagery, its contributions to knowledge, [36].
  • Formative period of mankind, [41].
  • American aborigines commenced their career in America in savagery, [40].
• Sawks and Foxes, [170].
• Schoolcraft, Henry R., on the word “totem,” [165].
• Scottish Clan, [357].
• Semitic family, [39].
• Senecas, gentes, [70].
  • Phratries, [90].
  • Medicine Lodges, [97].
• Sequence of institutions connected with the family, [498].
• Shawnees, [168].
• Shoshones, [177].
• Society, gentile and political. See “Government,” and “Political Society.”
• South American Indian tribes, [182].
• Subsistence, Arts of, [19].
  • Fish and game, [26].
  • Farinaceous food, [22], [26].
  • Meat and milk, [24].
  • Made unlimited by field agriculture, [26].
• Syndyasmian family, [384], [453].
  
• T
• Taplin, Rev. George, [374].
• Thlinkeets, gentes, [101], [176].
  • Phratries, [101].
• Thums, or gentes of Magars of Nepaul, [362].
• Totem. The symbol of a gens; thus, the figure of a wolf is the totem of the wolf gens, [165].
• Tribe, Indian. Definition of, [103].
  • Natural growth through segmentation, [104], [125].
  • Attributes of an American Indian tribe, [112], [116].
  • Athenian tribe, [241].
  • Roman tribe, [302], [311].
• Turanian system of consanguinity and affinity, [435].
  • Its origin, [422], [445].
  • Remains of system in Grecian and Roman tribes, [482].
• Tuscaroras, gentes, [70].
  • Phratries, [93].
  • Burial-place, [84].
• Tylor, Mr. Edward B., [13], [14], [182].
  • On the clans of tribes in India, [364].
    
• U
• Upper Missouri tribes, [158].
  
• V
• Valley of Columbia, seed land of Ganowánian family, [109], and note.
• Village Indians, [151], [178].
  
• W
• Wampum, belts of, their use, [139], [142].
• War-chief, germ of the office of a chief executive Magistrate, King, Emperor, and President, [129], [146].
  • Principal war-chiefs of Iroquois, [146].
  • Office elective, ib.
  • Of Aztecs, [207].
  • Office of Teuctli elective, [210].
  • Basileus of Grecian tribes, [246].
  • Probably elective, ib.
  • Rex of Roman tribes, [300].
    Nominated by the Senate, and elected by the Comitia Curiata, ib.
• Weaws, [107].
• Winnebagoes, [157].
• Wright, Rev. Ashur, [83], [455].
• Wyandotes, [153].
  
• Z
• Zuñi Village Indians, [178].

---

Transcriber's note: The book cover image displayed by some versions of this file was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.