SUMMARY
Results of Welfare to the Work. — Because of Welfare Work, of whatever type, more and better work is accomplished, with only such expenditure of effort as is beneficial to the worker. Not only does the amount of work done increase, but it also tends to become constant, after it has reached its standard expected volume.
Result of Welfare Work to the Worker. — This description of welfare of the men under Scientific Management, in every sense of the word welfare, has been very poor and incomplete if from it the reader has not deduced the fact that Scientific Management enables the worker not only to lead a fuller life in his work, but also outside his work; that it furnishes him hours enough free from the work to develop such things as the work cannot develop; that it furnishes him with health and interest enough to go into his leisure hours with a power to develop himself there; that it furnishes him with a broader outlook, and, best of all, with a capacity of judging for himself what he needs most to get. In other words, if Scientific Management is what it claims to be, it leads to the development of a fuller life in every sense of the
word, enabling the man to become a better individual in himself, and a better member of his community. If it does not do this it is not truly Scientific Management. Miss Edith Wyatt has said, very beautifully, at the close of her book, "Making Both Ends Meet" [7]: "No finer dream was ever dreamed than that the industry by which the nation lives, should be so managed as to secure for the men and women engaged in it their real prosperity, their best use of their highest powers. How far Scientific Management will go toward realizing the magnificent dream in the future, will be determined by the greatness of spirit and the executive genius with which its principles are sustained by all the people interested in its inauguration, the employers, the workers and the engineers."
We wish to modify the word "dream" to the word "plan." The plan of Scientific Management is right, and, as Miss Wyatt says, is but waiting for us to fulfill the details that are laid out before us.
Conclusion. — The results thus far attained by Scientific Management justify a prediction as to its future. It will accomplish two great works.
1. It will educate the worker to the point where workers will be fitted to work, and to live.
2. It will aid the cause of Industrial Peace.
It will put the great power of knowledge into every man's hands. This it must do, as it is founded on coöperation, and this coöperation demands that all shall know and shall be taught.
With this knowledge will come ability to understand
the rights of others as well as one's own. "To know all is to pardon all."
Necessity for coöperation, and trained minds: — These two can but lead to elimination of that most wasteful of all warfare — Industrial Warfare. Such will be the future of Scientific Management, — whether it win universal approval, universal disapproval, or half-hearted advocacy to-day.
When the day shall come that the ultimate benefits of Scientific Management are realized and enjoyed, depends on both the managers and the workers of the country; but, in the last analysis, the greatest power towards hastening the day lies in the hands of the workers.
To them Scientific Management would desire to appeal as a road up and out from industrial monotony and industrial turmoil. There are many roads that lead to progress. This road leads straightest and surest, — and we can but hope that the workers of all lands, and of our land in particular, will not wait till necessity drives, but will lead the way to that true "Brotherhood" which may some day come to be.
[ 1]. H.L. Gantt, Work, Wages and Profits, p. 115, p. 121.
[ 2]. Pp. 171-172.
[ 3]. H.L. Gantt, Work, Wages and Profits, pp. 154-155.
[ 4]. F.W. Taylor, Shop Management, para. 170, Harper Ed., p. 76.
[ 5]. William James, Psychology, Advanced Course. Vol. II, p. 372.
[ 6]. See remarkable work of Dr. A. Imbert, Evaluation de la Capacite de Travail d'un Ouvrier Avant et Apres un Accident; Les Methodes du Laboratoire appliquees a l'Etude directe et pratique des Questions ouvrieres.
[ 7]. Clark and Wyatt, Macmillan, pp. 269-270.
[INDEX]
Accidents, prevention by measuring devices, [114.]
prevention by standardization, [180].
"All Round" Men utilized by scientific management, [87].
Ambition, use of, [258].
American Journal of Physiology — 1904, [111].
Analysis, amount governed by nature of work, [126].
definition of, [123].
field of psychology in, [128].
training should be provided in schools, [129].
worker should understand process, [129].
Analysis and Synthesis, cost the determining factor, [127].
effect on work of, [138].
effect on worker of, [138].
place in traditional management, [124].
place in transitory management, [125].
under scientific management, [125].
use by psychology, [123].
Analysist, duties of, [126].
qualifications of, [128].
Animals, standardization of work with, [170].
Appreciation, under scientific management, [325].
Apprentices, teaching of, [262].
Approbation, as an incentive, [304].
Athletic Contests, description of, [34].
Attention, forming habit of, [240].
gaining of, [178].
held by bulletin board, [241].
relation to fatigue, [160].
relation to instruction card, [241].
relation to placing of workers, [161].
Babbage, Charles — "Economy of Manufacturers," [2], [76], [179].
Barth, C.G. — "A.S.M.E. Paper 1010," [78], [174].
Blan, L.B. — "Special Study of Incidence of Retardation," [29].
Body, relation of mind to, [48], [160].
Bonus, definition of, [288].
investigation of loss of, [301].
Brashear, John, [81].
Breakdowns, prevented by measuring devices, [114].
Brotherhood, coming of, [332]
under scientific management, [328].
Bulletin Board, aids attention, [241].
benefit of, [194].
Calkins, M.W. — "A First Book in Psychology," [22], [53], [171].
Card, instruction, [44].
Capacity, increasing of, [317], [329].
Class, relation to individual, [49].
Clothing, in sports, [167].
standards, [166].
Constructiveness, benefits of, [260].
Contentment, under scientific management, [327].
Cooke, M.L. — "Bulletin No. 5 Carnegie Foundation," [9], [86], [94], [139].
Coöperation, necessity for, [102], [265], [332].
relation to incentives, [304].
Cost, determining factor in analysis and synthesis, [127].
Curiosity, under scientific management, [255].
Dana, R.T. — "Handbook of Steam Shovel Work," [111].
Dana and Saunders — "Rock Drilling," [139].
Day, Charles — "Industrial Plants," [66].
Day Work, description of, [289].
Decision of choice, elimination of, [163].
Demonstration, value of, [227].
Development, mental, [313], [323].
moral, [324].
Devices, standard, need for, [164].
Differential Bonus, description of, [300].
Differential Rate Piece, description of, [298].
Discharge, avoidance of, [306].
Disciplinarian, duties of, [68], [70].
Disciplining, psychology of, [71].
under scientific management, [70], [72].
under traditional management, [69].
Dodge, James M., [135].
"Discussion to Paper 1119 A.S.M.E.," [131].
Driver management, [10].
Efficiency, controlling factor in, [3].
measured by time and motion study, [115].
securing of, [3].
Emulation, use of, [258].
"Engineering," London, Sept 15, 1911, [136].
Equipment, measured by motion study and time study, [108].
standardization of, [163].
Errors, checking of, [112].
Exception principle, records made on, [187].
value of, [188].
Fatigue, eliminating of, [159].
importance of, [233].
influence of distracted attention on, [160].
relation to standards, [168].
Fear, treatment of, [252].
Fines, use of, [305].
First class man, definition of, [98], [152].
Foreman, duties of, [55].
duties under scientific management, [64].
qualifications of, [54], [55].
Foremanship, functionalized, [63].
Functional foreman, as teacher, [224].
Functional foremanship, teaching feature of, [63], [64].
Functionalization, definition of, [52].
effect upon work of, [83].
effect upon worker of, [85].
under scientific management, [61], [81].
under traditional management, [54].
under transitory management, [61].
use by psychology, [53].
Functions, basis of division into, [65].
place of operation of, [66].
Gain-sharing, definition of, [293].
objections to, [294].
Gang boss, duties of, [73].
Gang instruction card, description of, [45], [175].
Gantt, H.L. — "A.S.M.E. Paper 928," [95], [181].
"A.S.M.E. Paper No. 1002," [55].
"Work, Wages and Profits," [24], [84], [89], [93], [125].
Gilbreth, F.B. — "Bricklaying System," [130].
"Cost Reducing System," [8], [35], [95], [127].
"Motion Study," [4], [28], [134].
Gillette, H.P. — "A.S.E.C. Paper No. 1," [3], [111].
"Cost Analysis Engineering," [55].
Gillette and Dana — "Cost Keeping and Management Engineering," [3], [53], [86].
Given man, definition of, [152].
Going, C.B. — "Methods of the Sante Fe," [158].
Government, duty in measurement of, [120].
Habit, importance of, [234].
methods of instilling, [236].
relation to standards, [235].
relation to teaching, [235].
Habits, necessity of forming, [312].
of attention, [24].
of motions, right, [238].
standardizing of, [164].
under scientific management, [321].
Hathaway, H.K. — "Machinery," Nov., 1906, [84].
Holidays, effectiveness as reward, [303].
Idiosyncrasies, emphasis on, [50].
Iles, George — "Inventors at Work," [17].
Imagination, under scientific management, [248].
Imitation, use of, [256].
Improvement, physical, [322].
Incentives, classes of, [272].
definition of, [271].
direct, [275].
importance of, [271].
indirect, [272].
individual, [46].
relation to coöperation, [304].
relation to interest, [242].
relation to knowledge, [304].
relation to standards, [140].
result on work of, [310].
result on worker of, [310].
under scientific management, [279].
Individual, as unit, [50].
differences respected, [246].
importance of study of, [23].
relation to class, [49].
Individuality, definition of, [21].
development of, [50].
psychological emphasis on, [22].
recognition under scientific management, [27].
recognition under transitory management, [26].
relation to instruction card, [44].
relation to standardization, [149].
relation to teaching, [46].
result upon work, [46].
result upon worker, [47].
status under traditional management, [24].
Industrial engineering, [106].
Industrial peace, relation of scientific management to, [331].
Initiative, records of, [185].
Initiative and Incentive Management, [10].
Inspector, duties of, [75].
Instruction card, as teacher, [221].
clerk, duties of, [67].
contents of, [154].
definition of, [153].
educative value of, [156].
gang, [45].
help to memory of, [176].
individuality under, [44].
language of, [157].
relation to attention, [241].
types of, [154].
Interest, relation to incentives, [242].
Interim management, [11].
Invention, fostered by comparing methods, [107].
Invention, relation scientific management, [136].
under standardization, [179].
James, William — "Psychology," [7].
"Psychology, Briefer Course," [22].
Job, long time, provision for, [83].
short time, provision for, [82].
Journeymen, teaching of, [262].
Judgment, derivation of, [250].
result of teaching, [251].
securing of, [240].
Knowledge, as an incentive, [304].
transferred under scientific management, [117].
Ladd, G.T. — definition of psychology, [22].
Le Chatelier, H. — "Discussion to Paper 1119, A.S.M.E," [124].
Long time job, provision for, [83].
Loyalty, under scientific management, [253].
Man, first class definition of, [98], [152].
given, definition of, [152].
standard, definition of, [152].
Management, change in meaning of, [8].
definition of, [6].
driver, [10].
good foundation of, [3].
initiative and incentive, [10].
interim, [11].
Marquis of Queensbury, [10].
military, [9].
place of analysis and synthesis in, [124].
place to start study of, [5].
scientific, [12].
successful, definition of, [3].
teaching of, [3].
three stages of, [14].
traditional, definition of, [8].
traditional, preferable name for, [9], [11].
transitory, [11].
types of, [8].
ultimate, [12].
value of study of, [2], [4].
Manufacturers, duty toward measurement, [122].
Manual training, necessity for, [264].
Marquis of Queensbury management, [10].
Measurement, coöperation of worker under, [116].
definition of, [90].
duty of government toward, [120].
effect upon worker of, [114].
elimination of waste by, [115].
importance in management, [93].
importance in psychology, [90].
methods in psychology, [91].
methods under scientific management, [105].
necessity for training in, [104].
of teaching and learning, [263].
problems in management, [94].
relation to task of, [98].
results to work of, [113].
selection of units, [111].
under scientific management, [97].
under traditional management, [95].
under transitory management, [96].
Measured functional management, [12].
Measurer, qualifications of, [99].
Measuring devices, prevent accidents and breakdowns, [114].
Memory, relation to scientific management, [245].
Metcalfe, Henry — "Cost of Manufactures," [113], [140].
Method of attack, standardization of, [172].
Methods, benefits of comparison of, [107].
introduction of new, [137].
measurement by motion study and time study, [106].
Micro-motion study, definition of, [106].
demands coöperation, [103].
Military management, [9].
Mind, relation of body to, [48], [160].
Mnemonic symbols, advantages of, [151].
use of, [247].
Motion cycles, use in teaching, [244].
Motions, habits of right, [238].
teaching of right, [237].
Motion study, aims of, [110].
definition of, [106].
measurement by, [105].
scope of, [108].
Münsterburg, Hugo — "American Problems," [22], [30], [53], [90], [112].
Native reactions, use of, [252], [309].
Object lessons, value of, [226].
Observation, dangers of surreptitious, [102].
necessity for unbiased, [101].
Observed worker, qualifications of, [103].
Observer, qualifications of, [99].
relation of Vocational Guidance Bureau, [101].
One-talent men, utilized by scientific management, [86].
Oral teaching, advantages of, [241].
Order of work clerk, duties of, [66].
Outputs, advantages of recording, [37].
advantages of separating, [36].
handling under traditional management, [25].
relation to individuality, [33].
Ownership, use of feeling of, [259].
Parkhurst, F.A. — "Applied Methods of Scientific Management," [181].
Pay, subdivisions of, [288].
use of, [286].
Performing, separated from planning, [61].
Personality, value of, [255].
Piece work, description of, [290].
Planning, a life study, [76].
an epoch-making example of, [78].
detailed done by all under scientific management, [80].
hardship to worker of individual, [79].
open to all who like it, [80].
separated from performing, [61].
taken from all who dislike it, [80].
wastefulness of individual, [79].
Planning department, work of, [62].
Pin plan, description of, [194].
Premium plan, description of, [295].
Pride, stimulation of, [259].
Professional standing as an incentive, [305].
Profit-sharing, description of, [296].
objections to, [296].
relation to scientific management, [297].
Programme, as routing, [193].
definition of, [192].
derived from record under scientific management, [203].
relation to records, [196].
result to work and worker of, [195].
types of, [197].
under traditional management, [192].
under transitory management, [193].
Promotion, provision for under scientific management, [87], [88].
use of, [286].
Psychology, aid to industries by, [233].
appreciation of scientific management by, [93].
Psychology, definition of, [1], [22].
experimental field of, [30].
relation to progress, [260].
value of study of, [1], [4].
Psychology of management, conclusions of, [18].
definition of, [1].
description and outline of, [1].
importance of, [1], [4], [15].
outline of method of, [18].
plan of study in, [15].
Pugnacity, usefulness of, [259].
Punishment, avoidance of, [308].
classes of, [305].
definition of, [273].
nature of, [274].
under traditional management, [277].
Quality, maintenance of, [238].
standardization of, [171].
Rate, necessity of maintaining, [291].
Reason, education of, [239].
Recognition, individual, [324].
Records, advantages of, [39].
definition of, [183].
educative value of, [190], [223].
individual, [40].
making by workers of, [40], [187].
necessity for detailed, [109].
of achievement, [187].
of good behavior, [186].
of initiative, [185].
posting of, [188].
relation to incentives, [41].
relation to programmes, [196].
result to work of, [188].
result on worker of, [189].
test of worth of, [184].
types of, [185], [197].
under scientific management, [184].
under traditional management, [183].
under transitory management, [184].
Records and programmes, result on work of, [206].
Records and programmes, result on worker of, [206].
Repair boss, duties of, [74].
Responsibility, under scientific management, [325].
Rest, provision for, [169].
Reward, assured, [282].
attainability of, [284].
benefits of positive, [281].
definition of, [273].
fixed, [282].
nature of, [274].
personal, [282].
predetermined, [282].
results of, [285].
under scientific management, [280].
under traditional management, [26], [275].
under transitory management, [279].
Rhythm, securing of, [240].
Route chart, description of, [194].
Route clerk, duties of, [66].
Schloss, David F. — "Methods of Industrial Remuneration," [75], [289].
Scientific management, appreciation by psychologists of, [93].
athletic contests under, [34].
brotherhood under, [328].
change in mental attitude under, [89].
contentment under, [327].
definition of, [6], [12].
derivation of, [17].
development of men under, [87].
disciplining under, [70].
divisions of, [16].
duties of foremen under, [64].
emulation under, [258].
final results of, [331].
functionalization under, [6], [81].
importance of teaching under, [215].
incentives under, [279].
individual task under, [43].
measurement under, [97].
methods of measurement under, [105].
opportunities in, [4].
place of workers under, [62].
provision for specialists under, [86].
provides for same detailed planning by all, [80].
place of analysis and synthesis in, [125].
possibility of prophecy under, [195].
promotion of men under, [87].
relation of all parts of, [242].
relation to imagination, [248].
relation to individuality, [27].
relation to individual records, [42].
relation to industrial peace, [331].
relation to invention, [136].
relation to memory, [245].
relation to profit snaring, [297].
relation to traditional management, [218].
relation to welfare, [320].
rewards under, [184], [280].
results in loyalty, [253].
selection of workers under, [32].
standardization under, [147].
stimulation of pride by, [259].
supplements demanded by, [29].
teaching of apprentices under, [262].
teaching of journeymen under, [262].
training of will under, [261].
transference of knowledge under, [117].
underlying ideas of, [16].
use of ambition by, [258].
use of curiosity, [255].
use of imitation, [256].
utilization of "all round" men under, [87].
utilization of one-talent men by, [86].
vocabulary, interest of, [8].
vocabulary, poverty, [7].
"will to do" under, [328].
Self control, development of, [326].
Sense training, importance of, [228].
methods of, [230].
scope of, [231].
Short time job, provision for, [82].
Smith, Adam — "Wealth of Nations," [84], [179].
Soldiering, disadvantages of, [274].
Specialists, provision under scientific management for, [86].
Specializing, encouraged under scientific management, [86].
Speed boss, duties of, [74].
Square deal, need for, [315].
Squareness, under scientific management, [327].
Standards, derivation of, [139].
effect of, [168].
relation to automatic response, [239].
relation to habit, [235].
relation to incentive, [140], [257].
relation to "judgment," [141].
relation to phrasing, [158].
relation to psychology, [142].
relations to systems, [145].
relation to task, [140].
result of measurement, [147].
"Standard amount," definition of, [98].
Standard clothing, [167].
Standard man, definition of, [152].
Standardization, definition of, [139].
develops individuality, [149].
invention under, [180].
of clothing, [166].
of devices, [164].
of equipment, [163].
of method of attack, [172].
of nomenclature, [151].
of quality, [171].
of tools, [164].
prevention of accidents by, [180].
progress of, [181].
purpose of, [143].
Standardization, relation to initiative, [148].
result to work of, [173].
result to worker of, [174].
under scientific management, [147].
under traditional management, [143].
under transitory management, [144].
universality of application, [149].
waste eliminated by, [150].
Stratton — "Experimental Psychology and Culture,"
[92], [93], [113], [160], [169].
Suggestion, use of, [252].
Suggestion card, description of, [185].
Sully, James — "The Teacher's Handbook of Psychology,"
22, [23], [53], [141].
Synthesis, definition of, [123].
importance of selection in, [129].
relation to task, [130].
Synthesist, duties of, [129].
qualifications of, [135].
Systems, definition of, [221].
importance of, [144].
incentives to follow, [214].
inelasticity of, [214].
relations to standards of, [145].
teaching power of, [213].
value in transitory management, [146].
Task, advantage to name for, [133].
applied to work of all, [134].
definition under scientific management, [133].
individual under scientific management, [43].
measured by motion study and time study, [108].
organization, [134].
relation to measurement of, [98].
relation to standard, [140].
result of synthesis, [130].
under traditional management, [25].
unfortunate name of, [131].
Task wage, definition of, [292].
Task work with a bonus, [299].
Taylor, F.W. — "A.S.M.E. Transactions, Vol. 28," [108].
"A.S.M.E. Paper 1119," [112], [180].
"On the Art of Cutting Metals," [78], [166].
"Piece Rate System, A," [117].
"Principles of Scientific Management," [4], [10], [15], [18], [62].
"Shop Management," [7], [9], [26], [54], [55], [63], [94], [95], [108], [117], [164], [165].
Taylor and Thompson — "Concrete Plain and Reinforced," [123].
Teaching, availability of, [227].
equipment of, [225].
functional foreman as, [224].
training of, [224].
Teaching, availability of, [227].
by motion cycles, [244].
definition of, [208].
devices of, [222].
future of, [268].
involved in functional foremanship, [64].
measurement of, [263].
methods of, [220].
need of, [219].
of right motions, [23].
of untrained worked, [232].
oral, [223], [241].
psychological basis of, [228].
relation to habit, [235].
relation to individuality, [46].
results in judgment, [251].
results to work of, [266].
results to worker of, [266].
scope of, [219].
sources of, [220].
under scientific management, [215].
under traditional management, [25], [208].
under transitory management, [213].
Three Rate with Increased Rate,
description of, [300].
Time and Cost clerk, duties of, [68].
Time study, aims of, [110].
definition of, [106].
importance to worker of, [121].
measurement by, [105].
scope of, [108].
"Tolerance, provision for, [172].
Tools, standard, need for, [164].
Towne, H.R. — "Introduction to Scientific Management," [12].
Traditional management,
definition of, [8], [11].
disciplining under, [69].
functionalization under, [54].
handling of output under, [25].
measurement under, [95].
place of analysis and synthesis in, [124].
position of workers under, [60].
preferable name for, [9].
programme under, [192].
punishment under, [277].
records under, [183].
reward under, [26], [275].
selecting workers under, [24].
standardization under, [143].
tasks under, [25].
teaching under, [25], [208].
treatment of individuality, [24].
welfare under, [311], [317].
Transitory management,
functionalization under, [61].
measurement under, [96].
place of analysis and synthesis in, [125].
programmes under, [193].
recognition of individuality, [26].
records under, [184], [185].
reward under, [279].
standardization under, [144].
teaching under, [213].
value of systems in, [146].
welfare under, [318].
Ultimate management, [12].
U.S. Bulletin of Agriculture, No. 208, [108].
Units of measurement, selection of, [111].
Vocabulary, importance of scientific management, [7].
Vocational guidance, duties of, [265].
relation to teaching, [264].
Vocational guidance bureau,
training of observers by, [101].
work of, [29].
Wages, definition of, [288].
Waste, eliminated by measurement, [115].
eliminated by standardization, [150].
Welfare, definition of, [311].
individual, [46].
relation to traditional management, [311].
relation to transitory management, [318].
result to work of, [330].
result on worker of, [330].
under scientific management, [320].
Welfare work,
relation to scientific management, [329].
under traditional management, [317].
White List File, description of, [186].
Will, development of, [316].
education of, [239].
training of, [261].
Will to do, under scientific management, [328].
Work, effect of analysis and synthesis on, [138].
effect of functionalization upon, [83].
necessity for regularity in, [321].
result of incentives to, [310].
result of individuality upon, [46].
results of measurement on, [113].
result of programme on, [195].
result of records on, [188], [206].
Work, result of standardization on, [173].
results of teaching on, [266].
result of welfare on, [330].
Worker, advantages of functionalization to, [76].
appreciation of time study by, [121].
capacity of, [94].
change in mental attitude under scientific management, [89].
coöperation under measurement of, [116].
development through records, [39].
effect of analysis and synthesis on, [138].
effect of functionalization upon, [85].
effect of measurement upon, [114].
given planning if he likes it, [80].
hardship of individual planning to, [79].
making of records by, [40].
observed, qualifications of, [103].
observed, securing coöperation of, [102].
place under scientific management, [62].
position under traditional management, [60].
records made by, [187].
relation to process of analysis, [129].
relation to standardization, [164].
relieved of planning if he dislikes it, [80].
rest periods for, [169].
result of incentives on, [310].
result of individuality upon, [47].
result of programme on, [195], [206].
result of records to, [189], [206].
results of standardization to, [174].
results of teaching on, [266].
result of welfare on, [330].
rewards of, [285].
selection under scientific management, [32].
selection under traditional management, [24].
untrained, teaching of, [232].
variables of, [28].
Working models, value of, [226].