YEAST.
Compressed yeast is the best to use; it must be fresh and to obtain the best results in baking, the same must have an odor of fine brandy or fruit and not smell cheesy or sour. Yeast must have a yellowish white color, must be moist and break up in lumps, not like dust. To retain activity, yeast must not be subjected to heat or great cold.
To obtain the best results in baking, the yeast needs careful attention, drafts must be avoided and the baking room must be warm.
NOTICE.
Wherever the use of wine in recipes is prescribed and cannot be obtained, take Ginger Ale.
Weights and Measures Most Commonly Used in the Art of Cooking.
EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES.
COPYRIGHT 1922, BY C N. CASPAR CO . MILWAUKEE. WIS.
Note—The Metric System is used in all civilized countries except the United States and Great Britain and has also in the Art of Cooking great advantages compared with the out-of-date Weights and Measures used in the United States.
For practical purposes, consider one kilogram 2 Pounds U.S. and one liter = Quart U.S.
The following conversion tables present a practical selection of Weights and Measures most commonly used in Europe and the United States.
The sign * means approximately.
| 1 Kilogram (kg.) | = | 1000 Gram | = | *2 Pounds | (United States) |
| ½ Kilogram | = | 500 Gram | = | *1 Pound | (United States) |
| 1 German Pound | = | 500 Gram | = | *1 Pound | (United States) |
| 1 Liter (l.) | = | 1 Quart (qt.) | = | *8 Jelly glasses (medium) | |
| ½ Liter | = | 1 Pint (pt.) | |||
| 1 Deciliter (dl.) | = | 1 Gill (gi.) | = | Vol. of 1¾ Diam. by 3 in. high. | |
THEREFORE:
| 1 | Kilogram or Kilo | = *2 Pounds (United States) |
| 500 | Gram | = *1 Pound (United States) |
| 250 | Gram | = *½ Pound (United States) |
| 125 | Gram | = *¼ Pound (United States) |
POPULAR MEASURES:
| Rice, Farina, Barley, Starch, Sugar | ||
| 2 Gram | = *1 Thimble | full |
| 4 Gram | = *1 Teaspoon | struck |
| 6 Gram | = *1 Teaspoon | heaped |
| 25 Gram | = *1 Tablespoon | struck |
| 30 Gram | = *1 Tablespoon | heaped |
| 50 to 60 Gram butter | = *1 Tablespoon well-rounded (Eidick = size of an egg) | |
| ¼ Pound {Metric or Unit. States} | Flour | = *2 Teacups (small cups) |
| ¼ Pound {Metric or Unit. States} | Raisins Almonds | = *1½ Teacups |
| 1 German Pound (Metric) | = *1 Pound 1½ Ounces (United States) | |
| 1 German Pound | = *1⅛ U.S. Pounds | |
| 1 United States Pound | = *⅞ German Pounds = 16 Ounces | |
GRAM AND OUNCES COMPARED
| United States | Metric |
|---|---|
| 1 Ounce | 28 Grams |
| 2 Ounces | 57 Grams |
| 3 Ounces | 85 Grams |
| 4 Ounces | 113 Grams |
| 5 Ounces | 142 Grams |
| 6 Ounces | 170 Grams |
| 7 Ounces | 198 Grams |
| 8 Ounces | 227 Grams |
| 9 Ounces | 255 Grams |
| 10 Ounces | 283 Grams |
| 11 Ounces | 312 Grams |
| 12 Ounces | 340 Grams |
| 13 Ounces | 369 Grams |
| 14 Ounces | 397 Grams |
| 15 Ounces | 425 Grams |
| 16 Ounces | 454 Grams |
| Gram | Ounces | Dram |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1⁄32 | ½ |
| 2 | 1⁄16 | 1 |
| 3 | 3⁄32 | 1½ |
| 4 | 1⁄8 | 2 |
| 5 | 5⁄32 | 2½ |
| 6 | 3⁄16 | 3 |
| 7 | 7⁄32 | 3½ |
| 8 | 1⁄4 | 4 |
| 9 | 9⁄32 | 4½ |
| 10 | 5⁄16 | 5 |
| Kilogram | Pounds | Ounces |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2 | 4 | 7 |
| 3 | 6 | 10 |
| 4 | 8 | 13 |
| 5 | 11 | |
| 10 | 22 |
WEIGHTS (old and new) USED PARTICULARLY IN SOUTHERN GERMANY (INCLUDING AUSTRIA)
| 1 Vienna Pound | = 32 Loth |
| 1 Vienna Pound | = 56 Deka = 560 Gram |
| 1 Vienna Loth | = 17½ Gram |
| 1 Vienna Loth | = ⅝ Ounce |
| 1 Deka (Dekagram) | = 10 Gram |
| 1 Deka | = *⅜ Ounce |
1 Kilogram (kg.) = 1000 Gram = 2 German Pounds (Metric) = 1¾ Vienna Pounds
1 Vienna Pound = 560 Gram = 1⅛ German Pounds @ 500 Gram = *1¼ Pounds (United States)
1 German Pound (Metric) = 500 Gram = ⅞ Vienna Pounds = *1⅛ United States Pounds
| 1 Kilogram or Kilo | = 100 Deka (Dekagram) | |
| 1 Liter (l.) | = 10 Deciliter | |
| 1 Deciliter (dl.) | = 10 Centiliter | = ¼ Pint |
| 1 Tablespoon struck | = 1 Centiliter |
| 1 Deka | = *10 Gram | = *3⁄8 Ounces | = 6 Dram |
| 1 Loth | = *17½ Gram | = *5⁄8 Ounces | = 10 Dram |
| 1 Gram | = | = *1⁄32 Ounce | = ½ Dram |
GRAM AND OUNCES COMPARED
| OLD | METRIC | United States | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loth | Deka & Gram | Gram | Lb. | Ounces | |
| 1 | 1 | 7½ | 17½ | ⅝ | |
| 2 | 3 | 5 | 35 | 1¼ | |
| 3 | 5 | 2½ | 52½ | 1⅞ | |
| 4 | 7 | 70 | 2½ | ||
| 5 | 8 | 7½ | 87½ | 3⅛ | |
| 6 | 10 | 5 | 105 | 3¾ | |
| 7 | 12 | 2½ | 122½ | 4⅜ | |
| 8 | 14 | 140 | 5 | ||
| 9 | 15 | 7½ | 157½ | 5⅝ | |
| 10 | 17 | 5 | 175 | 6¼ | |
| 11 | 19 | 1½ | 191½ | 6⅞ | |
| 12 | 21 | 210 | 7½ | ||
| 13 | 22 | 7½ | 227½ | 8⅛ | |
| 14 | 24 | 5 | 245 | 8¾ | |
| 15 | 26 | 2½ | 262½ | 9⅜ | |
| 16 | 28 | 280 | 10 | ||
| 17 | 29 | 7½ | 297½ | 10⅝ | |
| 18 | 31 | 5 | 315 | 11¼ | |
| 19 | 33 | 2½ | 332½ | 11⅞ | |
| 20 | 35 | 350 | 12½ | ||
| 21 | 36 | 7½ | 367½ | 13⅛ | |
| 22 | 38 | 5 | 385 | 13¾ | |
| 23 | 40 | 2½ | 402½ | 14⅜ | |
| 24 | 42 | 420 | 15 | ||
| 25 | 43 | 7½ | 437½ | 15⅝ | |
| 26 | 45 | 5 | 455 | 1 | ¼ |
| 27 | 47 | 2½ | 472½ | 1 | ⅞ |
| 28 | 49 | 490 | 1 | 1½ | |
| 29 | 50 | 7½ | 507½ | 1 | 2⅛ |
| 30 | 52 | 5 | 525 | 1 | 2¾ |
| 31 | 54 | 2½ | 542½ | 1 | 3⅜ |
| 32 | 56 | 560 | 1 | 4 | |
GRAM AND OUNCES COMPARED
| U.S. Ounces | Metric Gram |
|---|---|
| ⅛ | 4 |
| ¼ | 7 |
| ⅜ | 11 |
| ½ | 14 |
| ⅝ | 18 |
| ¾ | 22 |
| ⅞ | 25 |
| 1 | 28 |
DRY MEASURES
TEASPOON and TABLESPOON
| 1 Teaspoon Sugar—heaped | = *1 Ounce |
| 1 Tablespoon [Rice, Farina, Sugar, Flour, Starch] heaped | = *1 Ounce |
| 1 Tablespoon Butter well-rounded | = *1¾ Ounces |
CUP OR GLASS (medium)
| 1 Cup or Glass (medium) Sugar | = *1 Pound |
| 2½ Cup or Glass (medium) Sugar—pulverized | = *1 Pound |
| 3 Cup or Glass (medium) Farina | = *1 Pound |
| 3½ Cup or Glass (medium) Flour (wheat) | = *1 Pound |
| 2 Cup or Glass (medium) Butter | = *1 Pound |
PINT:
| 1 Pint Sugar | = *1 Pound |
| 1½ Pint Flour (wheat) | = *1 Pound |
UNITED STATES MEASURES
| 1 Gill (gil.) | = | ¼ Pint | = | 8½ | cubic inches | = 0.1376 Liter |
| 1 Pint (pt.) | = | ½ Quart | = | 33⅗ | cubic inches | = 0.5506 Liter |
| 1 Quart (qt.) | = | 2 Pints | = | 67⅕ | cubic inches | = 1.1012 Liter |
| 1 Peck (pk.) | = | 8 Quarts | = | 537⅝ | cubic inches | = 8.8100 Liter |
| 1 Bushel (bu.) | = | 4 Pecks | = | 2150 7⁄16 | cubic inches | = 36.3477 Liter |
| 1 Gallon (gal.) | = | .. | = | 268⅘ | cubic inches |
NOTE:—Dry Measures are about ⅙ larger than liquid measures.
| 1 Bushel = 4 Pk.; |
| 1 Bushel, heaped = 5 Pk.; |
| 4 Bushel, heaped = 5 Bu., struck |
LIQUID MEASURES
UNITED STATES MEASURES
| 1 Gill (gi.) | = ¼ Pint | = 7 1⁄32 cu. in. | = 0.1183 Liter | |
| 1 Pint (pt.) | = ½ Quart | = 4 Gills | = 28⅞ cu. in | = 0.473 Liter |
| 1 Quart (qt.) | = 2 Pints | = 8 Gills | = 57¾ cu. in. | = 0.946 Liter |
| 1 Gallon (gal.) | = 4 Quarts | = 8 Pints | = 231 cu. in. | = 3.785 Liter |
1 Liter = 10 Deciliter = 100 Centiliter = 1000 Milliliter
1 Liter = 0.908 Dry Quart = 1.0567 Liquid Quart
1 Dry Quart = 1⅛ Liquid Quart
1 Liquid Quart = ⅞ Dry Quart
OLD GERMAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (After 1834)
1 Zollpfund (German Pound) = 30 Loth = 500 Gram = *17½ Ounces = *1 Pound 1½ oz.
1 Loth = 10 Quentchen = 16.66 Gram = *½ Ounce
1 Quentchen = 1.66 Gram = *1⁄20 Ounce
1 Quentchen = 1 Thimblefull
Southern Germany, including Austria
1 Vienna Pound = 32 Loth = 560 Gram = *1¼ Pound (U.S.)
1 Loth (Vienna) = 17½ Gram = *⅝ Ounce (U.S.)
1 Vienna Pound = 56 Deka
1 Deka (Dekagram) = 10 Gram
1 Neuloth = 4 Vienna Loth = 7 Deka = *2½ Ounces (U.S.)
1 Unze (German Ounce) = 1⁄16 German Pound (Metric) = *1⁄12 Troy Pound = *30 Gram = *1 Ounce (U.S.)
1 German Pound (Zollpfund) = ⅞ Vienna Pound
1 Vienna Pound = 1⅛ German Pound
1 Scheffel = 16 Metzen (Prussia, Saxony) = 6 Metzen (Bavaria) = 53 liter = *1½ Bushels (U.S.)
1 Metze = *3½ Liter = 3 Quarts (U.S.)
1 Mass = 1 Quart, Quartier = 15⁄16 Liter = 1 Quart (U.S.)
1 Schoppen= ½ Liter = *1 Pint (U.S.)
1 Nössel = 1 Töpfchen = ½ Kanne = ½ Liter = *1 Pint (U.S.)