CONTENTS - Handbook of the Trees of New England - 8

There is no lack of good manuals of botany in this country. There still seems place for an adequately illustrated book of convenient size for field use. The larger manuals, moreover, cover extensive regions and sometimes fail by reason of their universality to give a definite idea of plants as they grow within more limited areas. New England marks a meeting place of the Canadian and Alleghanian floras. Many southern plants, long after they have abandoned more elevated situations northward, continue to advance up the valleys of the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers, in which they ultimately disappear entirely or else reappear in the valley of the St. Lawrence; while many northern plants pushing southward maintain a more or less precarious existence upon the mountain summits or in the cold swamps of New England, and sometimes follow along the mountain ridges to the middle or southern states. In addition to these two floras, some southwestern and western species have invaded Vermont along the Champlain valley, and thrown out pickets still farther eastward.

At or near the limit of a species, the size and habit of plants undergo great change; in the case of trees, to which this book is restricted, often very noticeable. There is no fixed, absolute dividing line between trees and shrubs. In accordance with the usual definition, a tree must have a single trunk, unbranched at or near the base, and must be at least fifteen feet in height.

Trees that are native in New England, or native in other sections of the United States and thoroughly established in New England, are described and, for the most part, figured. Foreign trees, though locally established, are not figured. Trees may be occasionally spontaneous over a large area without really forming a constituent part of the flora. Even the apple and pear, when originating spontaneously and growing without cultivation, quickly become degenerate and show little tendency to possess themselves of the soil at the expense of the native growths. Gleditsia, for example, while clearly locally established, has with some hesitation been accorded pictorial representation.

The geographical distribution is treated under three heads: Canada and Alaska; New England; south of New England and westward. With regard to the distribution outside of New England, the standard authorities have been followed. An effort extending through several years has been made to give the distribution as definitely as possible in each of the New England states, and while previous publications have been freely consulted, the present work rests mainly upon the observations of living botanists.

All descriptions are based upon the habit of trees as they appear in New England, unless special mention is made to the contrary. The descriptions are designed to apply to trees as they grow in open land, with full space for the development of their characteristics under favorable conditions. In forest trees there is much greater uniformity; the trunks are more slender, taller, often unbranched to a considerable height, and the heads are much smaller.

When the trunk tapers uniformly from the ground upward, the given diameter is taken at the base; when the trunk is reinforced at the base, the measurements are made above the swell of the roots; when reinforced at the ground and also at the branching point, as often in the American elm, the measurements are made at the smallest place between the swell of the roots and of the branches.

A regular order has been followed in the description for the purpose of ready comparison. No explanation of the headings used seems necessary, except to state that the habitat is used in the more customary present acceptation to indicate the place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps or upon dry hillsides. Under the head of "Horticultural Value," the requisite information is given for an intelligent choice of trees for ornamental purposes.

The order and names of families follow, in the main, Engler and Prantl. In accordance with the general tendency of New England botanists to conform to the best usage until an authoritative agreement has been reached with regard to nomenclature by an international congress, the Berlin rule has been followed for genera, and priority under the genus for species. Other names in use at the present day are given as synonyms and included in the index.

Only those common names are given which are actually used in some part of New England, whether or not the same name is applied to different trees. It seems best to record what is, and not what ought to be. Common names that are the creation of botanists have been disregarded altogether. Any attempt to displace a name in wide use, even by one that is more appropriate, is futile, if not mischievous.

The plates are from original drawings by Mrs. Elizabeth Gleason Bigelow, in all cases from living specimens, and they have been carefully compared with the plates in other works. So far as practicable, the drawings were made of life size, with the exception of the dissected portions of small flowers, which were enlarged. In this way, though not on a perfectly uniform scale, they are, when reduced to the necessary space, distinct in all their parts.

So far as consistent with due precision, popular terms have been used in description, but not when such usage involved tedious periphrase.

Especial mention should be made of those botanists whose assistance has been essential to a knowledge of the distribution of species in the New England states: Maine,—Mr. M. L. Fernald; New Hampshire,—Mr. Wm. F. Flint, Report of Forestry Commission; Vermont,—President Ezra Brainerd; Massachusetts,—trees about Northampton, Mrs. Emily Hitchcock Terry; throughout the Connecticut river valley, Mr. E. L. Morris; Rhode Island,—Professor W. W. Bailey, Professor J. F. Collins; Connecticut,—Mr. C. H. Bissell, Mr. C. K. Averill, Mr. J. N. Bishop. Dr. B. L. Robinson has given advice in general treatment and in matters of nomenclature; Dr. C. W. Swan and Mr. Charles H. Morss have made a critical examination of the manuscript; Mr. Warren H. Manning has contributed the "Horticultural Values" throughout the work; and Miss M. S. E. James has prepared the index. To these and to all others who have given assistance in the preparation of this work, the grateful thanks of the authors are due.

KEY TO THE TREES OF NEW ENGLAND.

I. LEAVES SIMPLE.
Leaves alternate	A
Outline entire	A C
Outline slightly indented	A D
Outline lobed	A E
Lobes entire	A E F
Lobes slightly indented	A E G
Lobes coarsely toothed	A E H

Leaves opposite		B
A C	Ovate to oval, obscurely toothed	Tupelo
A C	Ovate to oval	Persimmon
A C	Also 3-lobed	Sassafras
A C	Sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends of the branchlets	Dogwoods
A D	Tremulous habit, oval	Poplars
A D	Lanceolate, finely serrate, sometimes entire	Willows

A D	Ovate-oval, serrate, doubly serrate	Birches Hornbeams

A D	Oval, serrate, oblong-lanceolate, veins terminating in teeth	Beeches Chestnut

A D	Ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, surface rough	Elms
A D	Ovate to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, surface slightly rough	Hackberry
A D	Outline variable, ovate-oval, sometimes lobed (3-7), serrate-dentate	Mulberry

A D	Ovate, serrate, oblong	Shadbush Plums Cherries

A D	Oval or oval-oblong, spines, evergreen	Holly
A D	Broad-ovate, one-sided, serrate	Linden
A D	Obovate, oval, lanceolate, oblong	Chestnut oaks
A D	Broad-ovate to broad-elliptical, thorny	Thorns
A E F	Lobes rounded	Sassafras
A E F	Base truncate or heart-shaped	Tulip tree
A E F	Obtuse, rounded lobes	White oaks
A E F	3-5-lobed, white-tomentose to glabrous beneath	White poplar
A E G	5-lobed, finely serrate	Sweet gum
A E G	Irregularly 3-7-lobed, serrate-dentate with equal teeth	Mulberry
A E H	Pointed or bristle-tipped lobes	Black oaks
A E H	Coarse-toothed or pinnate-lobed, short lobes ending in sharp point	Sycamore
B	Outline entire, ovate, veins prominent	Flowering dogwood
B	Outline serrate, apex often tapering	Sheep berry
B	Outline lobed	Maples

II. LEAVES COMPOUND.
	Leaves pinnately compound	I
	Leaflets alternate	I A
	Outlines of leaflets entire	I A C
	Leaflets opposite	I B

	Leaves bi-pinnately compound	J
I A	Outlines of leaflets with two or three teeth at base.	Ailanthus

I	Outlines of leaflets serrate	Sumacs (except Poison sumac) Mountain ashes Walnuts Hickories

I A C	Leaflets oval, apex obtuse	Locusts (except Honey locust)
I A C	Leaflets oblong, apex acute	Poison sumac
I B	Outlines of leaflets entire	Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B	Outlines of leaflets serrate	Ashes (except Mountain ashes)
I B	Leaflets irregularly or coarsely toothed, 3-lobed or nearly entire	Box elder
J	Irregularly bi-pinnate, outlines of leaflets entire, thorns on stem and trunk	Honey locust

LIST OF PLATES.

	PLATE	PAGE
I.	Larix Americana	[4]
II.	Pinus Strobus	[6]
III.	Pinus rigida	[7]
IV.	Pinus Banksiana	[9]
V.	Pinus resinosa	[11]
VI.	Picea nigra	[14]
VII.	Picea rubra	[16]
VIII.	Picea alba	[18]
IX.	Tsuga Canadensis	[20]
X.	Abies balsamea	[22]
XI.	Thuja occidentalis	[24]
XII.	Cupressus thyoides	[26]
XIII.	Juniperus Virginiana	[28]
XIV.	Populus tremuloides	[30]
XV.	Populus grandidentata	[32]
XVI.	Populus heterophylla	[34]
XVII.	Populus deltoides	[35]
XVIII.	Populus balsamifera	[37]
XIX.	Populus candicans	[39]
XX.	Salix discolor	[41]
XXI.	Salix nigra	[43]
XXII.	Juglans cinerea	[47]
XXIII.	Juglans nigra	[49]
XXIV.	Carya alba	[51]
XXV.	Carya tomentosa	[53]
XXVI.	Carya porcina	[55]
XXVII.	Carya amara	[57]
XXVIII.	Ostrya Virginica	[58]
XXIX.	Carpinus Caroliniana	[60]
XXX.	Betula lenta	[62]
XXXI.	Betula lutea	[64]
XXXII.	Betula nigra	[66]
XXXIII.	Betula populifolia	[68]
XXXIV.	Betula papyrifera	[70]
XXXV.	Fagus ferruginea	[72]
XXXVI.	Castanea sativa, var. Americana	[74]
XXXVII.	Quercus alba	[77]
XXXVIII.	Quercus stellata	[78]
XXXIX.	Quercus macrocarpa	[80]
XL.	Quercus bicolor	[82]
XLI.	Quercus Prinus	[84]
XLII.	Quercus Muhlenbergii	[85]
XLIII.	Quercus rubra	[87]
XLIV.	Quercus coccinea	[89]
XLV.	Quercus velutina	[91]
XLVI.	Quercus palustris	[93]
XLVII.	Quercus ilicifolia	[94]
XLVIII.	Ulmus Americana	[97]
XLIX.	Ulmus fulva	[98]
L.	Ulmus racemosa	[100]
LI.	Celtis occidentalis	[102]
LII.	Morus rubra	[103]
LIII.	Liriodendron Tulipifera	[103]
LIV.	Sassafras officinale	[108]
LV.	Liquidambar Styraciflua	[109]
LVI.	Platanus occidentalis	[111]
LVII.	Pyrus Americana	[113]
LVIII.	Pyrus sambucifolia	[115]
LIX.	Amelanchier Canadensis	[117]
LX.	Cratægus mollis	[121]
LXI.	Prunus nigra	[123]
LXII.	Prunus Americana	[124]
LXIII.	Prunus Pennsylvanica	[125]
LXIV.	Prunus Virginiana	[126]
LXV.	Prunus serotina	[128]
LXVI.	Gleditsia triacanthos	[130]
LXVII.	Robinia Pseudacacia	[132]
LXVIII.	Rhus typhina	[135]
LXIX.	Rhus Vernix	[137]
LXX.	Ilex opaca	[140]
LXXI.	Acer rubrum	[142]
LXXII.	Acer saccharinum	[144]
LXXIII.	Acer Saccharum	[146]
LXXIV.	Acer Saccharum var. nigrum	[147]
LXXV.	Acer spicatum	[149]
LXXVI.	Acer Pennsylvanicum	[151]
LXXVII.	Acer Negundo	[153]
LXXVIII.	Tilia Americana	[155]
LXXIX.	Cornus florida	[157]
LXXX.	Cornus alternifolia	[158]
LXXXI.	Nyssa sylvatica	[160]
LXXXII.	Diospyros Virginiana	[162]
LXXXIII.	Fraxinus Americana	[164]
LXXXIV.	Fraxinus Pennsylvanica	[165]
LXXXV.	Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. var. lanceolata	[166]
LXXXVI.	Fraxinus nigra	[168]
LXXXVII.	Viburnum Lentago	[169]

BOTANICAL AUTHORITIES.

Atkins, C. G.	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Averill, C. K.		[v]
	Populus balsamifera, L.
	(Rhodora, II, 35)	[36]
	Prunus Americana, Marsh.	[123]
	Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.	[84]
Bailey, L. H.	Populus candicans, Ait.	[37]
Bailey, W. W.	Celtis occidentalis, L.	[100]
	Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var.
	lanceolata, Sarg.	[166]
Bartram, William	Quercus tinctoria (1791)	[89]
Batchelder, F. W.	Betula nigra, L.	[65]
	Salix discolor, Muhl.
	(Laconia, N. H.)	[41]
Bates, J. A.	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
	Sassafras officinale, Nees	[106]
Bishop, J. N.		[v]
	Celtis occidentalis, L.	[100]
	Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.	[164]
	Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var.lanceolata, Sarg.	[166]
	Juglans nigra, L. (in lit., 1896)	[48]
	Morus rubra, L.	[102]
	Populus heterophylla, L.	[33]
	Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.	[84]
	Thuja occidentalis, L.	[23]
Bissell, C. H.		[v]
	Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.	[117]
	Pinus sylvestris, L. (in lit., 1899)	[12]
	Prunus Americana, Marsh. (in lit., 1900)	[123]
	Rhus copallina	[137]
Brainerd, Ezra	Carya porcina, Nutt.	[53]
	Cratægus punctata, Jacq.	[118]
	Ulmus racemosa, Thomas	[99]
Brewster, William	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Britton, Nathaniel Lord	Acer Saccharum, var. nigrum	[172]
Browne, D. T.	Ilex opaca (Trees of North America, 1846)	[139]
Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club,	XVIII, 150
	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Chamberlain, E. B.	Ulmus fulva, Michx. (1898)	[97]
Churchill, J. R.	Prunus Americana, Marsh.	[123]
Collins, J. F.		[v]
	Gleditsia triacanthos, L.	[129]
Dame. L. L.	Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.	[171]
	Salix fragilis, L. (Typical Elms and other Trees of Massachusetts, p.85	[44]
Day, F. M.	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Deane, Walter	Sassafras officinale, Nees (1895)	[106]
Dudley, W. R.	Populus heterophylla, L.	[33]
Eggleston, W.W.	Carya porcina, Nutt.	[53]
	Celtis occidentalis, L.	[100]
	Morus rubra, L.	[102]
	Platanus occidentalis, L.	[110]
	Populus deltoides, Marsh.	[34]
	Sassafras officinale, Nees.	[106]
	Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.	[99]
Engler, Adolph		[v]
Fernald, M. L.	Fraxinus Pennsylvania, Marsh, var. lanceolata, Sarg. (in lit., Sept., 1901)	[172]
	Gleditsia triacanthos, L.	[129]
	Populus balsamifera, L. var. candicans,
	Gray (Rhodora. III, 233)	[171]
	Salix balsamifera, Barratt.	[171]
	Salix discolor, Muhl. (in lit., Sept., 1901)	[171]
Flagg	Morus rubra, L.	[102]
Flint, W. F.		[v]
	Acer Negundo, L.	[151]
	Quercus alba, L.	[75]
Flora of Vermont	Betula lenta, L. (1900)	[61]
	Cratægus Crus-Galli, L. (1900)	[117]
	Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. (1900)	[164]
	Picea nigra, Link (1900)	[12]
	Pinus rigida, Mill (1900)	[6]
	Populus deltoides, Marsh. (1900)	[34]
	Quercus alba, L. (1900)	[75]
Furbish, Miss Kate	Cratægus coccinea, L. (May, 1899)	[119]
	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Goodale, G. L.	Pinus Banksiana. Lamb	[8]
Grant	Sassafras officinale, Nees	[106]
Gray, Asa	Ilex opaca, Ait. (Manual of Botany, 6th ed.)	[138]
Haines, Mrs.	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Harger, E. B.	Picea nigra (Rhodora, II, 126)	[13]
Harper, R. M.	Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (Rhodora II, 122)	[104]
Harrington, A. K.	Picea alba, Link	[17]
Haskins, T. H.	Ulmus racemosa, Thomas (Garden and Forest, V, 86)	[99]
Holmes, Dr. Ezekiel	Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh	[159]
Hosford, F. H.	Cratægus mollis, Scheele	[120]
Hoyt, Miss Fanny E.	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Humphrey, J. E.	Picea alba, Link	[17]
	Quercus palustris, Du Roi (Amherst Trees)	[91]
Jack, J. G.	Cratægus coccinea, L. (1899-1900)	[119]
Jessup, Henry Griswold	Carya amara, Nutt	[55]
	Ulmus racemosa, Thomas	99
Josselyn, John	Sassafras officinale, Nees (New England Rarities, 1672)	[106]
Knowlton, C. H.	Pinus rigida, Mill. (Rhodora, II, 124)	[6]
Manning, Warren H.		[vi]
Matthews, F. Schuyler	Morus rubra. L.	[102]
Michaux, fils, François André	Ulmus fulva (Sylva of North America, III, ed. 1853)	[97]
Morris, E. L.		[v]
Morss, Charles H.		[vi]
Oakes, William	Morus rubra, L.	[102]
Parlin, J. C.	Sassafras officinale, Nees (1896)	[106]
Prantl, Karl von		[v]
Pringle, C. G.	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
	Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht	[113]
	Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm	[84]
Rand, E. L.	Pinus Banksiana	[8]
Rhodora, III, 234	Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease	[172]
	Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton	[172]
Rhodora, III, 58	Ilex opaca, Ait.	[139]
Rhodora, III, 234	Prunus Americana, Marsh	[171]
Robbins, James W.	Sassafras officinale, Nees	[106]
	Ulmus racemosa, Thomas	[99]
Robinson, Dr. B. L.		[vi]
Robinson, John	Cratægus coccinea, L. (1900)	[119]
Robinson, R. E.	Pinus Banksiana, Lamb	[8]
Russell, L. W.	Quercus palustris, Du Roi	[92]
	Quercus stellata. Wang	[77]
Sargent, Charles S.	Cratægus coccinea, L. (Botanical Gazette, XXXI, 12, 1901, by permission)	[119]
	Cratægus mollis, Scheele (Botanical Gazette. XXXI, 7, 223, 1901)	[121]
Setchell, W. A.	Populus heterophylla. L.	[33]
Stone, W. E.	Quercus palustris. Du Roi (Bull. Torr. Club, IX, 57)	[91]
Swan, Dr. C. W.		[vi]
Terry, Mrs. Emily H.	Picea alba. Link	[17]
Trelease, William	Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum	[172]
Tuckerman, Edward	Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Marsh.	[68]
Waghorne, A. C.	Cratægus coccinea, L. (1894)	[119]

ABBREVIATIONS.

Ait.--Aiton, William.

Barratt, Joseph.

B. S. P.--Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenburg, Justus F.

Borkh.--Borkhausen, M. B.

Carr.--Carrière, Éli Abel.

Cham.--Chamisso, Adelbert von.

Coulter, John Merle.

DC.--DeCandolle, Augustin Pyramus.

Desf.--Desfontaines, René Louiche.

Du Roi, Johann Philip.

Ehrh.--Ehrhart, Friedrich.

Engelm.--Engelmann, George.

Gray, Asa.

Jacq.--Jacquin, Nicholaus Joseph.

Karst.--Karsten, Hermann Gustav Karl Wilhelm.

Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Joseph.

L.--Linnæus, Carolus.

L. f.--Linnæus, fils, Carl von.

Lam.--Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monet.

Lamb, Aylmer Bourke.

Link, Heinrich Friedrich.

Marsh.--Marshall, Humphrey.

Medic.--Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.

Michx.--Michaux, André.

Michaux, fils.--François André.

Mill.--Miller, Philip.

Moench, Konrad.

Muhl.--Muhlenberg, H. Ernst.

Nees--Nees von Esenbeck, C. G.

Nutt.--Nuttall, Thomas.

Peck, Charles H.

Poggenburg, Justus F.

Pursh, Friedrich Trangott.

Roem.--Roemer, Johann Jacob.

Sarg.--Sargent, Charles S.

Scheele, A.

Schlecht--Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von.

Schr.--Schrader, Heinrich A.

Spach, Eduard.

Sterns, E. E.

Sudw.--Sudworth, George B.

Sweet, Robert.

T. and G.--Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.

Thomas, David.

Vent.--Ventenat, Étienne Pierre.

Walt.--Walter, Thomas.

Wang.--Wangenheim, F. A. J. von.

Watson, Sereno.

Waugh, Frank A.

Willd.--Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.