Fraxinus Americana, L.
White Ash.
Habitat and Range.—Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures, near streams.
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario.
Maine,—very common, often forming large forest areas; in the other New England states, widely distributed, but seldom occurring in large masses.
South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.
Habit.—A tall forest tree, 50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; rising in the rich bottom lands of the Ohio river 100 feet or more, often in the forest half its height without a limb. In open ground the trunk, separating at a height of a few feet, throws off two or three large limbs, and is soon lost amid the slender, often gently curving branches, forming a rather open, rounded head widest at or near the base, with light and graceful foliage, and a stout, rather sparse, glabrous, and sometimes flattish spray.
Bark.—Bark of trunk in mature trees easily distinguishable at some distance by the characteristic gray color and uniform striation; ridges prominent, narrow, flattish, firm, without surface scales but with fine transverse seams; furrows fine and strong, sinuous, parallel or connecting at intervals; large limbs more or less furrowed; smaller branches smooth and grayish-green; season's shoots polished olive green; leaf-scars prominent.
Winter Buds and Leaves.—Buds short, rather prominent, smooth, dark or pale rusty brown. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 6-12 inches long; petiole smooth and grooved; leaflets 5-9, 2-5 inches long, deep green and smooth above, paler and smooth, or slightly pubescent (at least when young) beneath; ovate to lance-oblong, entire or somewhat toothed; apex pointed; base obtuse, rounded or sometimes acute; leaflet stalks short, smooth; stipules and stipels none.
Inflorescence.—May. In loose panicles from lateral or terminal buds of the previous season's shoots, sterile and fertile flowers for the most part on separate trees, numerous, inconspicuous; calyx in sterile flowers 4-toothed, petals none, stamens 2-4, anthers oblong; calyx in fertile flowers unequally 4-toothed or nearly entire, persistent; petals none, stamens none, pistil 1, style 1, stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit.—Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the winter; a samara or key 1-2 inches long, body nearly terete, marginless below, dilating from near the tip into a wing two or three times as long as the body.
Horticultural Value.—Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich, moist, loamy soil, but grows in any well-drained situation; easily transplanted, usually obtainable in nurseries, and can be collected successfully. It is one of the most desirable native trees for landscape and street plantations, on account of its rapid and clean growth, freedom from disease, moderate shade, and richly colored autumn foliage. As the leaves appear late in spring and fall early in autumn, it is desirable to plant with other trees of different habit. Propagated from seed.
Plate LXXXIII.—Fraxinus Americana.
| 1. Winter buds. |
| 2. Branch with sterile flowers. |
| 3. Sterile flowers. |
| 4. Branch with fertile flowers. |
| 5. Fertile flower. |
| 6. Fruiting branch. |
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.
Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.
Red Ash. Brown Ash. River Ash.
Habitat and Range.—River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams and ponds.
New Brunswick to Manitoba.
Maine,—infrequent; New Hampshire,—occasional, extending as far north as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont,—common along Lake Champlain and its tributaries (Flora of Vermont, 1900); occasional in other sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island,—sparingly scattered throughout; Connecticut,—reported from East Hartford, Westville, Canaan, and Lisbon (J. N. Bishop).
South to Florida and Alabama; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri.
Habit.—Medium-sized to large tree, 30-70 feet high, with trunk 1-3 feet in diameter; erect, branches spreading, broad-headed; in general appearance resembling the white ash.
Bark.—Trunk dark gray or brown, smooth in young trees, furrowed in old, furrows rather shallower than in the white ash; branches grayish; young shoots greenish-gray with a rusty-velvety or scurfy pubescence lasting often into the second year.
Winter Buds and Leaves.—Buds rounded, dark reddish-brown, more or less downy, smaller than those of the white ash, partially covered by the swollen petiole. Leaves pinnately compound, opposite, 9-15 inches long; petiole short, downy, enlarged at base; leaflets 7-9, opposite, 3-5 inches long, about one half as wide, light green and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath; outline extremely variable, ovate, narrow-oblong, elliptical or sometimes obovate, entire or slightly toothed; apex acute to acuminate; base acute or rounded; leaflet stalks short, grooved, downy; stipules and stipels none.
Inflorescence.—May. Similar to that of the white ash.
Fruit.—Ripening in early fall, and hanging in clusters into the winter; samara or key about 1½ inches long; body of the fruit narrowly cylindrical, the edges gradually widening from about the center into linear or spatulate wings, obtuse or rounded at the ends, sometimes mucronate.
Horticultural Value.—Hardy throughout New England; grows readily in any good soil, but prefers a wet or moist, rich loam; almost as rapid growing when young as the white ash, and is not seriously affected by insects or fungous diseases; worthy of a place in landscape plantations and on streets, but not often found in nurseries; propagated from seed.
Plate LXXXIV.—Fraxinus Pennsylvanica.
| 1. Winter buds. |
| 2. Branch with sterile flowers. |
| 3. Sterile flowers. |
| 4. Branch with fertile flowers. |
| 5. Fertile flower. |
| 6. Fruiting branch. |
| 7. Mature leaf. |
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.
Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Fraxinus lanceolata, Borkh.
Green Ash.
River valleys and wet woods.
Ontario to Saskatchewan.
Maine,—common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor; Vermont,—along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,—frequent (J. N. Bishop, Report of Connecticut Board of Agriculture, 1895).
South along the mountains to Florida; west to the Rocky mountains.
The claims to specific distinction rest mainly upon the usual absence of pubescence from the young shoots, leaves and petioles, the color of the leaves (which is bright green above and scarcely less so beneath), the usually more distinct serratures above the center, and a rather more acuminate apex.
Apparently an extreme form of F. pubescens, connected with it by numerous intermediate forms through the entire range of the species.
Plate LXXXV.—Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. ceolata.
| 1. Winter buds. |
| 2. Fruiting branch. |
Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam.
Black Ash. Swamp Ash. Basket Ash. Hoop Ash. Brown Ash.
Habitat and Range.—Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps.
Anticosti through Ontario.
Maine,—common; New Hampshire,—south of the White mountains; Vermont,—common; Massachusetts,—more common in central and western sections; Rhode Island,—infrequent; Connecticut,—occasional throughout.
South to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and Missouri.
Habit.—A tall tree reaching a height of 60-80 feet, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet; attaining greater dimensions southward. In swamps, when shut in by other trees, the trunk is straight, very slender, scarcely tapering to point of branching, in open situations under favorable conditions forming a large, round, open head. Easily distinguished from the other ashes by its sessile leaflets.
Bark.—Bark of trunk a soft ash-gray, in old trees marked by parallel ridges separating into fine, thin, close flakes; limbs light gray, rough-warted, the smaller with conspicuous leaf-scars; season's shoots olive green, stout; flattened at apex, with small, black, vertical dots.
Winter Buds and Leaves.—Buds roundish, pointed, very dark, the terminal ⅛ inch long. Leaves compound, opposite, 12-15 inches long; stipules none; stem grooved and smooth; leaflets 7-11, more frequently 9, 3-5 inches long, 1½-2 inches wide, green on both sides, lighter beneath and more or less hairy on the veins; outline variable, more usually oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate; apex acuminate; base obtuse to rounded, sessile except the odd leaflets; stipels none.
Inflorescence.—May. Appearing before the leaves in loose panicles from lateral or terminal buds of the preceding season, sterile and fertile flowers on different trees; bracted; calyx none; petals none.
Fruit.—August to September. Samaras, in panicles, rather more than 1 inch long, rounded at both ends: body entirely surrounded by the wing.
Horticultural Value.—Hardy throughout New England; grows in any good soil, but prefers swamp or wet land. Its very tall, slender habit makes it a useful tree in some positions, but it is not readily obtainable in nurseries and is seldom used. Propagated from the seed.
Plate LXXXVI.—Fraxinus nigra.
| 1. Winter buds. |
| 2. Branch with sterile flowers. |
| 3. Sterile flower. |
| 4. Branch with fertile flowers. |
| 5. Fertile flower. |
| 6. Fruiting branch. |
| 7. Fruit. |
CAPRIFOLIACEÆ. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.
Viburnum Lentago, L.
Sheep Berry. Sweet Viburnum. Nanny Plum.
Habitat and Range.—Rich woods, thickets, river valleys, along fences.
Province of Quebec to Saskatchewan.
Frequent throughout New England.
South along the mountains to Georgia and Kentucky; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Missouri.
Habit.—A shrub or small tree, 10-25 feet in height with numerous branches forming a wide-spreading, compact rounded head; conspicuous by rich foliage, profuse, fragrant yellowish-white flowers, and long, drooping clusters of crimson fruit which deepen to a rich purple when fully ripe.
Bark.—Trunk and larger branches dark purplish or reddish brown, separating in old trees into small, firm sections; branchlets grayish-brown; season's shoots reddish-brown, dotted, more or less scurfy.
Winter Buds and Leaves.—Leaf-buds long, narrow, covered with scurfy, brown, leaf-like scales; flower-buds much longer, swollen at the base, with two leaf-like scales extended into a long, spire-like point. Leaves simple, opposite, 2-4 inches long, upper surface bright green, lower paler and set with rusty scales, ovate to oblong-ovate or orbicular, sharply and finely serrate, smooth, tapered or abruptly pointed; base acute to rounded or truncate; stem slender, wavy-margined, channeled above; stipules none.
Inflorescence.—May or early June. Terminal, in broad, flat-topped, compound, sessile cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, 5-toothed; corolla white, salver-shaped, segments 5, oval, reflexed; stamens 5, projecting, anthers yellow; pistil truncate.
Fruit.—Profuse, in clusters; drupes ½ inch long, oval, crimson when ripening, deep purple when fully ripe, edible, sweet: stone flat, oval, rough, obscurely striate lengthwise.
Horticultural Value.—Hardy throughout New England; prefers a rich soil in open places or in light shade. Its showy flowers, healthy foliage, and vigorous growth make it a desirable plant for high shrub plantations, and as an undergrowth in open woods. Offered for sale by collectors and occasionally by nurserymen; easily transplanted; propagated from seed or from cuttings.
Plate LXXXVII.—Viburnum Lentago.
| 1. Winter buds. |
| 2. Flowering branch. |
| 3. Flower. |
| 4. Flower, side view. |
| 5. Flower with petals and stamens removed. |
| 6. Fruiting branch. |
APPENDIX.
The range of several trees as given in the text has been extended by discoveries made during the summer of 1901, but reported too late for incorporation in its proper place.
Populus balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray.—One of the commonest and stateliest trees in the alluvium of the Connecticut and the Cold rivers; with negundo, river maple, and white and slippery elm, forming a tall and dense forest along the Connecticut at the foot of Fall mountain, and opposite Bellows Falls. The densely pubescent petioles and the ciliate margins of the broad cordate leaves at once distinguish this tree from the usually smaller but more common P. balsamifera ("Some Trees and Shrubs of Western Cheshire County, N. H." Mr. M. L. Fernald, in Rhodora, III, 233).
The above is the Populus candicans, Ait., of the text.
Salix discolor, Muhl.—There are many fine trees at Fort Kent, Maine, one with trunk 13 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald in lit., September, 1901.)
Salix balsamifera, Barrett.—A handsome tree at Fort Kent, 25-30 feet high, with trunk 4-6 inches in diameter. (M. L. Fernald in lit., September, 1901.)
Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.—Nantucket, Massachusetts. Young trees were set out in 1830, enclosing an oblong of about an acre and a half. The most flourishing of these have obtained a height of about 30 feet and a trunk diameter near the ground of 10-12 inches. Now established, probably through the agency of birds, along swamps and upon hill-slopes. (L. L. D.)
Prunus Americana, Marsh.—One clump of small trees in a thicket at Alstead Centre, N. H., has the characteristic spherical fruit of this species. P. nigra, Ait., with oblong, laterally flattened fruit, is abundant. (Rhodora, III, 234.)
Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease.—Characteristic trees (Cheshire County, N. H.), with small, firm, deep green, three-lobed leaves, appear very distinct, but many transitions are noted between this and the typical Acer Saccharum. (Rhodora, III, 234.)
Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton.—Occasional in alluvium of the Cold river (Cheshire county, N. H.). The large, dark green, "flabby" leaves, with closed sinuses and with densely pubescent petioles and lower surfaces, quickly distinguish this tree from the ordinary forms of the sugar maple. (Rhodora, III. 234.)
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica. Marsh., var. lanceolata, Sarg.—Common along the Connecticut at Walpole, N. H. (M. L. Fernald in lit., September, 1901.)
GLOSSARY.
Abortive. Defective or barren, through non-development of a part.
Acuminate. Long-pointed.
Acute. Ending with a sharp but not prolonged point.
Adherent. Growing fast to; adnate anther, attached for its whole length to the ovary.
Adnate. Essentially same as adherent, with the added idea of congenital adhesion.
Aggregate fruits. Formed by crowding together all the carpels of the same flower; as in the blackberry.
Ament. Name given to such flower-clusters as those of the willow, birch, poplar, etc.
Anther. The part of the stamen which bears the pollen.
Appressed. Lying close against another organ.
Ascending. Rising upward, or obliquely upward.
Axil. Angle formed on the upper side between the leaf stem or flower stem and the branch from which it springs.
Bract. Reduced leaf subtending a flower or flower-cluster.
Branches, primary. The leading or main branches thrown out directly from the trunk, giving a general shape to the head.
Branches, secondary. Never directly from the trunk but from other branches.
Buttressed. Supported against strain in any direction by a conspicuous ridge-like enlargement of the trunk vertically to the roots. Several of these buttresses often give a tree a square appearance.
Caducous. Dropping off very early after development.
Calyx. The outer set of the leaves of the flower.
Campanulate. Bell-shaped.
Capitate. Head-shaped or collected in a head.
Capsule. A dry compound fruit.
Carpel. A simple pistil.
Catkin. See ament.
Ciliate. Margin with hairs or bristles.
Coherent. One organ uniting with another.
Compound. See leaf, ovary, etc.
Connate. Similar organs, more or less grown together.
Connective. The part of the anther connecting its two cells.
Coriaceous. Thick, leathery in texture.
Corolla. Leaves of the flower within the calyx.
Corymb. That sort of flower-cluster in which the flower stems arranged along the central axis elongate, forming a broad convex or level top, the flowers opening successively from the outer edge towards the center.
Crenate. Edge with rounded teeth.
Crenulate. Edge with small rounded teeth.
Cyme. Flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, the central flower opening first; blossoming outward.
Deciduous. Falling off, as leaves in autumn, or calyx and corolla before fruit grows.
Declining. Bent downwards.
Decurrent. Leaves prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion: branchlets springing out beneath the point of furcation, as the feathering along the trunk of elms, etc.
Dentate. With teeth pointing outwards.
Disk. Central part of a head of flowers; fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower; any rounded, flat surface.
Drupe. A stone fruit; soft externally with a stone at the center, as the cherry and peach.
Erose. Eroded, as if gnawed.
Exserted. Protruding, projecting out of.
Falcate. Scythe-shaped.
Fertile. Flowers containing the pistil, capable of producing fruit. Anthers in such blossoms, if any, are generally abortive.
Fibrovascular. Bundle or tissue, formed of wood fibers, ducts, etc.
Filament. Part of stamen supporting anther.
Fungus. A division of cryptogamous plants, including mushrooms, etc.
Furcation. Branching.
Glabrous. Smooth without hairiness or roughness.
Glandular. Bearing glands or appendages having the appearance of glands.
Glaucous. Covered with a bloom: bluish hoary.
Globose or globous. Spherical or nearly so.
Habit. The general appearance of a plant.
Habitat. The place where a plant naturally grows, as in swamps, in water, upon dry hillsides, etc.
Hybrid. A cross between two species.
Imbricated. Overlapping.
Inflorescence. Mode of disposition of flowers; sometimes applied to the flower-cluster itself.
Involucre. Bracts subtending a flower or a cluster of flowers.
Keeled. Having a central dorsal ridge like the keel of a boat.
Key. A winged fruit; a samara.
Lacerate. Irregularly cleft, as if torn.
Lanceolate. Lance-shaped, broadest above the base, gradually narrowing to the apex.
Leaf. Consisting when botanically complete of a blade, usually flat, a footstalk and two appendages at base of the footstalk; often consisting of blade only.
Leaf, compound. Having two to many distinct blades on a common leafstalk or rachis. These blades may be sessile or have leafstalks of their own.
Leaf, pinnately compound. With the leaflets arranged along the sides of the rachis.
Leaf, palmately compound. With leaflets all standing on summit of petiole.
Leaf-cushions. Organs resembling persistent decurrent footstalks, upon which leaves of spruces, etc., stand; sterigmata.
Leaf-scar. The scar left on the twig where the petiole was attached.
Lenticel. Externally appearing upon the bark as spots, warts, and perpendicular or transverse lines.
Linear. Long and narrow with sides nearly parallel.
Monopetalous. Having petals more or less united.
Mucronate. Abruptly tipped with a small, sharp point.
Nerved. Having prominent unbranched ribs or veins.
Obcordate. Inversely heart-shaped.
Obovate. Ovate with the broader end towards the apex.
Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.
Orbicular. Having a circular or nearly circular outline.
Ovary. The part of the pistil containing the ovules.
Ovoid. A solid with an oval or ovate outline.
Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules.
Panicle. General term for any loose and irregular flower-cluster, commonly of the racemose type, with pedicellate flowers.
Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower in the ultimate divisions of an inflorescence.
Peduncle. The stem of a solitary flower or of a cluster.
Perfect. Having both pistils and stamens.
Perianth. The floral envelope consisting of calyx, corolla, or both.
Persistent. Not falling for a long time.
Petal. A division of the corolla.
Petiole. The stalk of a leaf.
Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf.
Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower.
Pistillate. Provided with pistils; usually applied to flowers without stamens.
Pollen. The fertilizing grains contained in the anthers.
Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.
Pubescent. Covered with short soft or downy hairs.
Raceme. A simple cluster of pediceled flowers upon a common axis.
Rachis. The main axis of a compound leaf, of a raceme or of a spike.
Ramification. Branching.
Range. The geographical extent and limits of a species.
Reflexed. Turned backward.
Reticulated. Netted; in the form of a network.
Revolute. Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
Samara. Key fruit; winged fruit, like that of the ash or maple.
Scarf-bark. The thin, outermost layer which often peels off.
Segment. One of the divisions into which a plane organ, such as a leaf, may be divided.
Sepal. A calyx leaf.
Serrate. With teeth inclining forward.
Serrulate. With small teeth inclining forward.
Sessile. Not stalked, as when the leaf blade or flower rests directly upon the twig.
Simple leaf. Not compound, having one blade not jointed with its stem.
Sinuate. Strongly wavy-margined.
Sinus. Interval between two lobes or divisions of a leaf; sometimes sharp-angular, sometimes rounded.
Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.
Spike. A cluster of sessile or nearly sessile lateral flowers on an elongated axis.
Spray. The smaller branches and ultimate branchlets of a tree taken as a whole.
Stamens. The pollen-bearing organs of a flower, each stamen consisting of a filament (stem) and anther which contains the pollen.
Sterile. Variously applied: to flowers with stamens only; to stamens without anthers; to anthers without pollen; to ovaries not producing seed, etc.
Stigma. Part of pistil which receives the pollen.
Stipels. Appendages to a leaflet, analogous to the stipules of a leaf.
Stipules. Appendages of a leaf, usually at the point of insertion.
Striate. Streaked, or very finely ridged lengthwise.
Style. Part of pistil uniting ovary with stigma; often wanting.
Sucker. A shoot of subterranean origin.
Suture. The line of union between parts which have grown together; most often used with reference to the line along which an ovary opens.
Terete. Cylindrical.
Ternate. In threes.
Tomentose. Densely pubescent or woolly.
Truncate. As if cut off at the end.
Umbel. An inflorescence in which the flower stems spring from the same point like the rays of an umbrella.
Verticillate. Arranged in a circle round an axis; whorled.
Villose or villous. With long, soft hairs.
Whorl. Arranged in a circle about an axis.
INDEX.
A
Abele. (Populus alba, L.) [39], [40]
Abies balsamea, Mill. Fir balsam [20]-[22]
Abietacæ. (Pinoideæ) [1]-22
Larix [1]-[4]
Pinus [4]-[12]
Picea [12]-[18]
Tsuga [19], [20]
Abies [20]-[22]
Acacia, (Robinia Pseudacacia, L.) [131], [132]
(Robinia viscosa, Vent.) [132]
Three-thorned. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) [129], [130]
Aceraceæ. (Maple family). [140]-153
Acer barbatum, Michx. Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree [144]-[146]
barbatum, var. nigrum, Sarg. Black maple [146], [147]
dasycarpum, Ehrh. Silver, Soft, White, River maple [142]-[144]
Negundo, L. Box elder, Ash-leaved maple [151]-[153]
nigrum, Michx. Black maple [146], [147]
Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood [149]-[151]
platanoides Norway maple [146]
rubrum, L. Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple [140]-[142]
saccharinum, L. Silver, Soft, White, River maple [142]-[144]
saccharinum, Wang. Rocky Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree [144]-[146]
saccharinum, var. nigrum, T. and G. Black maple [146], [147]
Saccharum, Marsh. Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree [144]-[146]
Saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease [172]
Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton. Black maple [146], [147], [172]
spicatum, Lam. Mountain maple [148], [149]
Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box elder, Ash-leaved maple [151]-[153]
Negundo, Karst, Box elder, Ash-leaved maple [151]-[153]
Ailanthus family. (Simarubaceæ) & [133]
Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glanulosus, Desf.) [133]
Alder, European. (Alnus glutinosa, Medic.) [70]
Alnus glutinosa, Medic, European alder [70]
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. Shadbush, June-berry, [116], [117]
American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) [95]-[97]
holly. (Hex opaca, Alt.) [138]-[146]
Anacardiaceæ. (Sumac family) [134]-[137]
Rhus copallina. Dwarf sumac, [137]
glabra. Smooth sumac, [137]
hirta, Sudw. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
toxicodendron. Poison ivy, [137]
typhina, L. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
venenata, DC. Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder, [136], [137]
vernix, L. Dogwood, Poison sumac. Poison elder, [136], [137]
Apple family. (Pomaceæ) [112]-[121]
Apple tree. (Pyrus malus, L.) [115]
Aquifoliaceæ. (Holly family) [138]-[140]
Ilex opaca, Ait. American holly [138], [140]
Ash, Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167]-[168]
European mountain ash. (Pyrus aucuparia) [113], [115]
Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.) [166], [172]
Mountain ash. (Pyrus Americana, DC.) [112], [113]
Mountain ash. (Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.) [113]-[115]
Red, Brown, River ash. (Fraxinus pubescens. Lam.) [164], [165]
White ash. (Fraxinus Americana, L.) [162]-[164]
Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.) [151]-[153]
Aspen, Large-toothed. (Populusgrandidentata, Michx.) [31], [32]
(Populus tremuloides, Michx.) [29], [30]
B
Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, L.) [36], [37]
(Populus candicans, Alt.). [37]-[39], [171]
Balsam. (Abies balsamea, Mill.) [20]-[22]
(Populus balsamifera, L.) [36], [37]
Basket ash. (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167], [168]
Basswood. (Tilia Americana, L.) [153]-[155]
Bear oak. (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.) [93], [94]
Beech family. (Fagaceæ) [70]-[94]
Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Alt.) [70]-[72]
Blue beech, Water beech. (Carpinus Caroliniana. Walt.) [59], [60]
Betula lenta, L. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch [61], [62]
lutea, Michx. L. Yellow, Gray birch [63], [64]
nigra, L. Red, River birch [55], [66]
papyrifera. Marsh. White, Canoe. Paper birch, [68]-[70]
Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman. Dwarf birch [68]
populifolia, Marsh. Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch [66]-[68]
Betulaceæ. (Birch family) [57]-[70]
Alnus glutinosa, Medic. European alder [70]
Betula lenta, L. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch [61], [62]
lutea, Michx. f. Yellow, Gray birch [63], [64]
nigra, L. Red, River birch [65], [66]
papyrifera, Marsh. White, Canoe, Paper birch [68]-[70]
var. minor, Tuckerman. Dwarf birch [68]
populifolia, Marsh. Gray, Poplar, Oldfield, Poverty, Small white birch [66]-[68]
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam, Blue beech, Ironwood,Water beech [59], [60]
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood [57], [58]
Birch family. (Betulaceæ) [57]-[70]
Birch. Black, Cherry, Sweet birch. (Betula lenta, L.) [61], [62]
Canoe, White, Paper birch. (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) [68]-[70]
Red, River birch (Betula nigra, L.) [65], [66]
White, Gray, Oldfield, Poplar, Poverty, Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.) [66]-[68]
Yellow, Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.) [63], [64]
Bird cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.) [124], [125]
Bitternut (Carya amara, Nutt.) [55]-[57]
Black ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167], [168]
birch (Betula lenta, L.) [61], [62]
cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) [127], [128]
maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton) [146], [147], [172]
oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.) [89]-[91]
spruce (Picea nigra, Link) [12]-[14]
walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) [48], [49]
willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.) [42], [43]
Blue beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) [59], [60]
Box elder (Acer negundo, L.) [151]-[153]
white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.) [77], [78]
Boxwood (Cornus florida, L.) [156], [157]
Braintree, Mass. Fine specimen of Ilex opaca on farm of Col. Minot Thayer [139]
Brittle willow (Salix fragilis, L.) [43]-[45]
Brown ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.) [167], [168]
(Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.) [164], [165]
Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.) [79], [80]
Butternut (Juglans cinerea, L.) [46], [47]
Buttonball (Platanus occidentalis, L.) [110], [111]
Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis, L.) [110], [111]
C
Canada plum (Primus nigra. Ait.), [122], [123]
Canoe birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), [68]-[70]
Caprifoliaceæ. (Honeysuckle family), [168], [169]
Viburnum Lentas L. Sheep berry sweet viburnum. Nanny plum [168], [169]
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam. Blue beech. Ironwood. Water beech [59], [60]
Carya alba, Nutt. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut. [49]-[51]
amara, Nutt. Bitter nut. Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
porcina, Nutt. Pignut. White hickory, [53]-[55]
tomentosa, Nutt. Mockernut. White-heart hickory. Walnut [51]-[53]
Castanea dentata. Borkh. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
sativa, var. Americana, Watson & Coulter. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
vesca, var. Americana, Michx. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
Cat spruce. (Picea alba, Link) [16]-[18]
Cedar, Arbor vitæ. White cedar. (Thuja occidentals, L.) [23], [24]
Red cedar. Savin. (Juniperus Virginiana. L.) [26]-[28]
White cedar. (Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach) [25], [26]
Celtis occidentalis. L. Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash, Sugar berry [100]-[102]
Chamæcyparis sphæroidea. Spach. White cedar, [25], [26]
Cherry. (Primus Avium, L.) [128]
Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) [125], [126]
Rum, Black cherry. (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) [127], [128]
Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry Prunus Pennsylvania, L. f. [124], [125]
Cherry birch. (Betula lenta, L.) [61], [62]
Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, var. Americana, Watson & Coulter) [72]-[74]
Chestnut oak. (Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.) [84], [85]
(Quercus prinus, L.) [82]-[84]
Chinese sumac. (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.) [133]
Chokecherry. (Prunus Virginiana, L.) [125], [126]
Clammy locust. (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) [132]
Cockspur thorn (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.) [117], [118], [171]
Conifer family, (Pinoideæ) [1]-[28]
Cork elm. (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) [99], [100]
Cornaceæ. (Dogwood family) [150]-[160]
Cornus alternifolia, L. f. Dogwood, Green osier [157], [158]
florida, L. Flowering dogwood, Boxwood [156], [157]
Nyssa sylvatica. Marsh. Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge [159], [160]
Cottonwood (Populus deltoides, Marsh.) [34], [35]
(Populus heterophylla. L.) [33], [34]
Crack willow. (Salix fragilis, L.), [43]-[45]
Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg. Thorn, [121]
coccinea, L. Thorn, [118], [119]
coccinea, var. mollis, T. & G. Thorn, [120], [121]
Crus-Galli, L. Cockspur thorn, [117], [118], [171]
mollis, Scheele Thorn, [120], [121]
punctata, Jacq. Cockspur thorn, [118]
submollis, Sarg. Thorn, [121]
subvillosa, Schr. Thorn, [120], [121]
Cupressaceæ. (Pinoideæ), [23]-[28]
Cupressus, [25], [26]
Juniperus, [26]-[28]
Thuja, [23], [24]
Cupressus thyoides, L. White cedar, [25], [26]
D
Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon, [160]-[162]
Dogwood family. (Cornaceæ), [156]-[160]
Dogwood (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida, L.), [156], [157]
Green osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), [157], [158]
Double spruce (Picea nigra, Link), [12]-[14]
Drupaceæ. (Plum family), [122]-[128]
Prunus Americana, Marsh. Wild plum, [123], [124], [171]
Americana, var. nigra, Waugh. Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum, [122], [123]
Avium, L. Mazard cherry, [128]
nigra, Ait. Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum, [122], [123], [171]
Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry, [124], [125]
serotina, Ehrh. Rum, Black cherry, [127], [128]
Virginiana, L. Chokecherry, [125], [126]
Dwarf birch. (Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Tuckerman), [68]
black spruce. (Picea nigra, var. semiprostrata), [12]
sumac. (Rhus copallina), [137]
E
Ebenaceæ. (Ebony family), [160]-[162]
Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon, [160]-[162]
Ebony family. (Ebenaceæ), [160]-[162]
Elder, Poison elder. (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Elm family. (Ulmaceæ), [95]-[102]
Elm, American elm (Ulmus Americana, L.), [95]-[97]
Cork, Rock elm (Ulmus racemosa. Thomas), [99], [100]
Slippery, Red elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), [97], [98]
European alder (Alnus glutinosa. Medic.), [70]
mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia), [113]-[115]
F
Fagaceæ. (Beech family), [70]-[94]
Castanea dentata, Borkh. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
sativa, var. Americana, Watson & Coulter Chestnut, [72]-[74]
vesca, var. Americana, Michx. Chestnut, [72]-[74]
Fagus Americana, Sweet Beech, [70]-[72]
atropunicea, Sudw. Beech, [70]-[72]
ferruginea, Ait. Beech, [70]-[72]
Quercus acuminata, Sarg. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
alba, L. White oak, [75]-[77]
bicolor, Willd. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]
coccinea, Wang. Scarlet oak, [88], [89]
coccinea, var. tinctoria, Gray. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
ilicifolia, Wang. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
macrocarpa, Michx. Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak, [79], [80]
minor, Sarg. Post, Box white oak, [77]-[78]
Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
nana, Sarg. Scrub oak, Bear oak, [93], [94]
obtusiloba, Michx. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
palustris, Du Roi Pin, Swamp, Water oak, [91]-[93]
platanoides, Sudw. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]
prinoides, Willd. Scrub white oak. Scrub chestnut oak, [85]
prinus, L. Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak, [82]-[84]
pumila, Sudw. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
rubra, L. Red oak, [86], [87]
stellata, Wang. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
tinctoria, Bartram Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
velutina, Lam. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
Fir (Abies balsamea, Mill.), [20]-[22]
Fir balsam (Abies balsamea, Mill.), [20]-[22]
Fraxinus Americana, L. White ash, [162]-[164]
lanceolata. Borkh. Green ash, [166], [172]
nigra. Marsh. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
Pennsylvanica, Marsh. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
Fraxinus Pennsylvania, var. lanceolata, Sarg. Green ash, [166], [172]
pubescens, Lam. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
sambucifolia, Lam. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
viridis, Michx. f. Green ash, [166], [172]
G
Glaucous willow. (Salix discolor, Muhl.), [40], [41]
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. Honey locust, [129], [130]
Gray birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.), [63], [64]
(Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lam.), [8], [9]
Green ash. (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg.), [166], [172]
osier. (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), [157], [158]
Groome estate, Dorchester, Mass., Willow. (Salix fragilis, 1890), [44]
Gum, (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.), [108], [109]
Sour gum. (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
H
Hackberry. (Celtis occidentalis, L.), [100]-[102]
Hacmatack. (Larix Americana, Michx.), [2]-[4]
Hamamelidaceæ. (Witch Hazel family), 108, 109
Liquidambar styraciflua, L. Sweet gum, [108], [109]
Hard maple. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146]
pine. (Pinus rigida, Mill.), [6], [7]
Hemlock. (Tsuga Canadensis, Carr.), [19], [20]
Hickory. Bitternut, Swamp hickory. (Carya amara, Nutt.), [55]-[57]
Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.), [51]-[53]
Pignut, White hickory. (Carya porcina, Nutt.), [53]-[55]
Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.), [49]-[51]
Hicoria alba, Britton. Mockernut, White-heart hickory, Walnut, [51]-[53]
glabra, Britton. Pignut, White hickory, [53]-[55]
minima, Britton. Butternut, Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
ovata, Britton. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut, [49]-[51]
Holly family. (Aquifoliaceæ), [138]-[140]
Holly, American holly. (Ilex opaca, Ait.), [138]-[140]
Honey locust. (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.), [129], [130]
Honeysuckle family. (Caprifoliaceæ), [168], [169]
Hoop ash. (Celtis occidentals, L.), [100]-[102]
(Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.), [167], [168]
Hop hornbeam. (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), [57], [58]
Hornbeam. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.), [59], [60]
Horse plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.), [122], [123]
I
Ilex opaca, Ait. American holly, [138]-[140]
Ironwood. (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.), [59], [60]
(Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), [57], [58]
Ivy, Poison ivy. (Rhus toxicodendron), [137]
J
Jack pine. (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
Juglandaceæ. (Walnut family), [47]-[57]
Carya alba, Nutt. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut, [49]-[51]
amara, Nutt. Bitternut, Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
porcina, Nutt. Pignut, White hickory, [53]-[55]
tomentosa, Nutt. Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut, [51]-[53]
Hicoria alba, Britton Mockernut, White-heart hickory. Walnut, [51]-[53]
glabra, Britton. Pignut, White hickory, [53]-[55]
minima, Britton. Bitternut, Swamp hickory, [55]-[57]
ovata, Britton. Shagbark, Shellbark hickory, Walnut, [49]-[51]
Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut, [46], [47]
nigra, L. Black walnut, [48], [49]
June-berry. (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.), [116], [117]
Juniper. (Larix Americana, Michx.) [2]-[4]
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red cedar, Savin, [26]-[28]
L
Labrador spruce. (Picea alba, Link) [16]-[18]
Laconia, N.H., Pussy willow, 35 ft. high. (Salix discolor, Muhl.) [41]
Larch. (Larix Americana, Michx.) [2]-[4]
Large-toothed aspen . . (Populus grandidenta, Michx.) [31], [32]
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
laricina, Koch. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
Lauraceæ. (Laurel family), [106]-[108]
Sassafras officinale. Nees. Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Sassafras, Karst. Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Laurel family. (Lauraceæ), [106]-[108]
Leguminosæ. (Pulse family), [129]-[132]
Gleditsia triacanthos, L. Honey locust, Three-thorned acacia, [129], [130]
Robinia pseudacacia. L. Locust, [131], [132]
viscosa, Vent. Clammy locust, [132]
Lemon walnut (Juglans cinerea, L.), [46], [47]
Leverwood (Ostrya Virginica, Willd.), [57], [58]
Lime. (Tilia Americana, L.), [153]-[155]
Linden family. (Tiliaceæ), [153]-[155]
Linden. (Tilia Americana, L.), [153]-[155]
Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sweet gum, [108], [109]
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar, [104]-[106]
Locust. (Robinia pseudacacia, L.) [131], [132]
Clammy locust (Robinia viscosa, Vent.) [132]
Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, L.) [129], [130]
M
Magnolia family. (Magnoliaceæ), [104]-[106]
Magnoliaceæ. (Magnolia family), [104]-[106]
Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip tree, Whitewood, Poplar, [104]-[106]
Malus Malus, Britton. Apple tree, [115]
Maple family. (Aceraceæ) [140]-[153]
Maple, Black maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh., var. nigrum, Britton) [127], [146], [172]
Box elder, Ash-leaved maple. (Acer negundo, L.), [151]-[153]
Mountain maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.), [148], [149]
Norway maple (cultivated) (Acer platanoides), [146]
Red, Swamp, Soft, White maple. (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
Rock, Sugar, Hard maple, Sugar tree. (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146], [172]
Silver, Soft, White maple, River (Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Striped maple, Moosewood, Whistlewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), [149]-[151]
Mazard cherry. (Prunus Avium, L.), [128]
Mockernut. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.), [51]-[53]
Moosewood. (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), [149]-[151]
Moraceæ. (Mulberry family), [102]-[104]
Morus alba, L. White mulberry, [104]
rubra, L. Red mulberry, [102], [103]
Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), [79], [80]
Mountain ash (Pyrus Americana, DC.), [112], [113]
(Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.), [113]-[115]
Mountain ash, European. (Pyrus aucuparia) [113], [115]
maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.) [148], [149]
Mulberry family. (Moraceæ) [102]-[104]
Mulberry, Red mulberry. (Morus rubra. L.) [102], [103]
White mulberry. (Morus alba, L.) [104]
N
Nanny plum (Viburnum Lentago, L.)., [168], [169]
Negundo aceroides, Moench. Box elder, Ash-leaved maple, [151]-[153]
Negundo, Karst., [151]-[153]
Nettle tree (Celtis occidentalis, L.), [100]-[102]
Norway maple. (Acer platanoides), [146]
pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), [10], [11]
Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Tupelo, Sour gum, Pepperidge, [159], [160]
O
Oak, Black, Yellow oak (Quercus velutina, Lam.), [89]-[91]
Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), [79], [80]
Chestnut oak (Quercus Muhlenbergii), [84], [85]
Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.), [82]-[84]
Pin, Swamp, Water oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), [91]-[8]
Post, Box white oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.), [77], [78]
Red oak (Quercus rubra, L.), [86], [87]
Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.), [88], [89]
Scrub, Bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.), [93], [94]
Scrub chestnut, Scrub white oak (Quercus prinoides. Willd.), [85]
Swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), [80]-[82]
White oak (Quercus alba, L.), [75]-[77]
Oilnut (Juglans cinerea, L.), [46], [47]
Oldfield birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Oleaceæ (Olive family), [162]-[168]
Fraxinus Americana, L. White ash, [162]-[164]
lanceolata, Borkh. Green ash, [166], [172]
nigra, Marsh. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
Pennsylvania, Marsh. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
Pennsylvania, var. lanceolata, Sarg. Green ash, [166], [172]
pubescens, Lam. Red, Brown, River ash, [164], [165]
sambucifolia, Lam. Black, Swamp, Basket, Hoop, Brown ash, [167], [168]
viridis, Michx. f. Green ash, [166]
Olive family. (Oleaceæ), [162]-[168]
Osier (Cornus alternifolia, L. f.), [157], [158]
Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood, [57], [58]
Over-cup oak. (Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.), [79], [80]
P
Paper birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.), [68]-[70]
Pear tree (Pyrus communis, L.), [115]
Pepperidge (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana, L.), [160]-[162]
Picea alba, Link White spruce, [16]-[18]
Canadensis, B. S. P. White spruce, [16]-[18]
nigra, Link. Black spruce, [12]-[14]
nigra, var. semiprostrata Dwarf black spruce, [12]
rubra, Link Red spruce, [15], [16]
Pigeon cherry (Primus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), [124], [125]
Pignut (Carya porcina, Nutt.), [53]-[55]
Pin cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), [124], [125]
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), [91]-[93]
Pine family: Conifers. (Pinoideæ), [1]-[28]
Pine. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
Pitch, Hard pine (Pinus rigida, Mill.), [6], [7]
Red, Norway pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), [10], [11]
Scotch pine (dit incorrectly Scotch fir) (Pinus sylvestris, L.), [11], [12]
White pine (Pinus Strobus, L.), [4]-[6]
Pinoideæ (Pine family: Conifers), [1]-[28]
Abietaceæ, [1]-[22]
Abies balsamea, Mill. Fir balsam, Balsam, Fir, [20]-[22]
Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
laricina, Koch. Tamarack, Hacmatack, Larch, Juniper, [2]-[4]
Picea alba, Link White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce, [16]-[18]
Canadensis, B.S.P. White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador spruce, [16]-[18]
nigra, Link. Black, Double, Swamp, Water spruce, [12]-[14]
rubra, Link. Red spruce, [15], [16]
semiprostrata Dwarf black spruce, [12]
Pinus Banksiana, Lamb. Jack, Gray, Scrub, Spruce pine, [8], [9]
resinosa, Ait. Red, Norway pine, [10], [11]
rigida, Mill. Pitch, Hard pine, [6], [7]
Strobus, L. White pine, [4]-[6]
sylvestris, L. Scotch pine, [11], [12]
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock........ [19], [20]
Cupressaceæ, [2], [23]-[28]
Chamæcyparis sphæroidea, Spach. White cedar, Cedar, [25], [26]
thyoides, L. White cedar, Cedar, [25], [26]
Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red cedar, Savin, [26]-[28]
Thuja occidentalis, L. Arbor-vitæ, White cedar, [23], [24]
Pitch pine. (Pinus rigida. Mill.), [6], [7]
Plane tree family. (Platanaceæ), [110], [111]
Platanaceæ. (Plane tree family), [110], [111]
Platanus occidentalis, L. Buttonwood, Sycamore. Buttonball, Plane tree, [110], [111]
Plum family. (Drupaceæ), [122]-[128]
Plum, Wild plum. (Prunus Americana, Marsh.), [123], [124], [171]
Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum. (Prunus nigra, Ait.), [122], [123], [171]
Poison elder (Rhus vernix. L.), [136], [137]
ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), [137]
sumac (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Pomaceæ. (Apple family), [112]-[121]
Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic. Shadbush, June-berry, [116], [117]
Cratægus Arnoldiana, Sarg., Thorn, [121]
coccinea, L,. Thorn [118], [119]
coccinea, var. mollis, T. & G. " [120], [121]
Crus-Galli, L. Cockspur thorn, [117], [118], [171]
mollis, Scheele Thorn, [120], [121]
punctata, Jacq.....Cockspur thorn, [118]
submollis, Sarg. Thorn, [121]
subvillosa, Schr. Thorn [120], [121]
Malus malus, Britton Apple tree, [115]
Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
aucuparia European mountain ash, [113], [115]
communis, L. Pear tree, [115]
malus, L. Apple tree, [115]
sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain ash, [113]-[115]
Sorbus Americana, Marsh. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
sambucifolia, Rœm. Mountain ash, [113], [115]
Poplar, Tulip tree, White wood. (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.), [104]-[106]
Aspen. (Populus tremuloides, Michx.), [29], [30]
Balsam, Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera. L.), [36], [37]
Cottonwood. (Populus deltoides, Marsh.), [34], [35]
Poplar, Large-toothed aspen. (Populus grandidentata, Michx.), [31], [32]
Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, Poplar. (Populus heterophylla, L.), [33], [34]
White, Silver-leaved poplar. (Populus alba, L.), [39], [40]
Poplar birch. (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Populus alba, L. Abele, White, Silver-leaved poplar, [39], [40]
balsamifera, L. Balsam, [3], [36], [37]
balsamifera, var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead [37]-[39], [171]
balsamifera, var. intermedia Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead, [36]
Populus balsamifera, var. latifolia Balsam, Poplar, Balm of Gilead, [36]
candicans, Ait., Balm of Gilead, [37]-[39], [171]
deltoides, Marsh. Cottonwood, Poplar, [34], [35]
grandidentata, Michx. Poplar, Large-toothed aspen, [31], [32]
heterophylla, L. Swamp poplar, Poplar, Cottonwood, [33], [34]
monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood, [34], [35]
tremuloides, Michx. Aspen, Poplar, [29], [30]
Post oak (Quercus stellata, Wang.), [77], [78]
Poverty birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Prunus Americana, Marsh. Wild plum, [123], [124], [171]
var. nigra, Waugh Wild, Red, Horse, Canada plum, [122], [123], [171]
Avium, L. Mazard cherry, [128]
nigra, Ait. Wild plum, [122], [123], [171]
Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild red, Pin, Pigeon, Bird cherry, [124], [125]
serotina, Ehrh. Rum, Black cherry, [127], [128]
Virginiana, L. Chokecherry, [125], [126]
Pulse family. (Leguminosæ), [129]-[132]
Pussy willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.), [40], [41], [171]
Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
aucuparia European mountain ash, [113], [115]
communis, L. Pear tree, [115]
malus, L. Apple tree, [115]
sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain ash, [113]-[115]
Q
Quercus acuminata, Sarg. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
alba, L. White oak, [75]-[77]
bicolor, Willd. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]
coccinea, Wang. Scarlet oak, [88], [89]
coccinea, var. tinctoria, Gray. Black oak, [89]-[91]
ilicifolia, Wang. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
macrocarpa, Michx. Bur, Over-cup, Mossy-cup oak, [79], [80]
minor, Sarg. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut oak, [84], [85]
nana, Sarg. ....Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
obtusiloba, Michx. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
palustris, Du Roi. Pin, Swamp, Water oak, [91]-[93]
platanoides, Sudw. Swamp white oak, [80]-[82]
prinoides, Willd. Scrub white, Scrub chestnut oak, [85]
prinus, L. Chestnut, Rock chestnut oak, [82]-[84]
pumila, Sudw. Scrub, Bear oak, [93], [94]
Quercus rubra, L. Red oak, [86], [87]
stellata, Wang. Post, Box white oak, [77], [78]
tinctoria, Bartram. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
velutina, Lam. Black, Yellow oak, [89]-[91]
R
Red ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.), [164], [165]
birch (Betula nigra, L.), [65], [66]
cedar (Juniperus Virginiana, L.), [26]-[28]
elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), [97], [98]
maple (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
mulberry (Morus rubra, L.), [102], [103]
oak (Quercus rubra, L.) [86], [87]
pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.), [10], [11]
plum (Prunus nigra, Ait.), [22], [123]
spruce (Picea rubra, Link), [15], [16]
Rhus copallina Dwarf sumac, [137]
glabra Smooth sumac, [137]
hirta, Sudw. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
toxicodendron Poison ivy, [137]
typhina, L. Staghorn sumac, [134], [135]
venenata, DC. Dogwood, Poison sumac, [136], [137]
vernix, L. Dogwood, Poison sumac, [136], [137]
River ash (Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh.), [164], [165]
birch (Betula nigra, L.), [65], [66]
maple (Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Robinia pseudacacia, L. Locust, [131], [132]
viscosa, Vent. Clammy locust, [132]
Rock chestnut oak (Quercus prinus, L.), [82]-[84]
elm (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas), [99], [100]
maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146], [172]
Rum cherry (Primus serotina, Ehrh.), [127], [128]
S
Salicaceæ. (Willow family), [28]-[46]
Populus alba, L. Abele, White, Silver-leaf poplar, [39], [40]
balsamifera, L. Poplar, Balsam. Balm of Gilead, [36], [37]
balsamifera, var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead, [37]-[39], [171]
balsamifera, var. intermedia Poplar, Balsam, [36]
balsamifera, var. latifolia Poplar, Balsam, [36]
candicans, Ait. Balm of Gilead, [37]-[39], [171]
deltoides, Marsh. Cottonwood, Poplar, [34], [35]
Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar, Large-toothed aspen, [31], [32]
heterophylla, L. Poplar, Swamp poplar, Cottonwood, [33], [34]
monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood poplar, [34], [35]
tremuloides, Michx. Poplar, Aspen, [29], [30]
Salix alba, L. White willow, [43], [45], [46]
var. cærulea, Koch White willow, [45]
var. vitellina, Koch White willow, [4]
balsamifera, Barrett, [171]
discolor, Muhl. Pussy willow, Glaucous willow, [40], [41], [171]
falcata, PurshBlack willow, [42]
fragilis, L. Crack willow, Brittle willow, [43]-[45]
nigra, Marsh. Black willow, [42], [43]
Sassafras officinale, Nees Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Sassafras, Karst. Sassafras, [106]-[108]
Savin (Juniperus Virginiana, L.), [26]-[28]
Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea, Wang.), [88], [89]
Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris, L.), [11], [12]
Scrub chestnut oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.), [85]
oak (Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.), [93], [94]
pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
white oak (Quercus prinoides, Willd.), [85]
Shadbush (Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.), [116], [117]
Shagbark (Carya alba, Nutt.), [49]-[51]
Sheep berry (Viburnum Lentago, L.), [168], [169]
Silver-leaf poplar (Populus alba, L.), [39], [40]
maple (Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Simarubaceæ. (Ailanthus family), [133]
Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac, [133]
Skunk spruce (Picea alba, Link), [16]-[18]
Slippery elm (Ulmus fulva, Michx.), [97], [98]
Small white birch (Betula populifolia, Marsh.), [66]-[68]
Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), [137]
Soft maple (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
(Acer saccharinum, L.), [142]-[144]
Sorbus Americana, Marsh. Mountain ash, [112], [113]
sambucifolia, Rœm. Mountain ash, [113], [115]
Sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
Spruce, Black, Swamp, Double, Water. (Picea nigra, Link), [12]-[14]
Red spruce (Picea rubra, Link), [15], [16]
White, Cat, Skunk, Labrador. (Picea alba, Link), [16]-[18]
Spruce pine (Pinus Banksiana, Lamb), [8], [9]
Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina, L.), [134], [135]
Striped maple (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.), [149]-[151]
Sugar berry (Celtis occidentalis, L.), [100]-[102]
Sugar maple (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146]
tree (Acer Saccharum, Marsh.), [144]-[146]
Sumac family. (Anacardiaceæ), [134]-[137]
Sumac, Ailanthus, Tree of Heaven, Chinese sumac (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.), [133]
Dogwood, poison sumac. (Rhus vernix, L.), [136], [137]
Dwarf sumac (Rhus copallina), [137]
Smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), [137]
Staghorn sumac (Rhus tyhina, L.), [134], [135]
Swamp ash (Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.). . [167], [168]
hickory (Carya amara, Nutt.), [55]-[57]
maple (Acer rubrum, L.), [140]-[142]
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi), [91]-[93]
poplar (Populus heterophylla, L.), [33], [34]
spruce (Picea nigra, Link), [12]-[14]
white oak (Quercus bicolor, Willd.), [80]-[82]
Sweet birch (Betula lenta, L.), [61], [62]
gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua, L.), [108], [109]
viburnum (Viburnum Lentago, L.), [168], [169]
Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis, L.), [110], [111]
T
Tamarack. (Larix Americana, Michx.), [2]-[4]
Thayer, Col. Minot estate, Braintree, Mass., Ilex opaca, fine specimen, [139]
Thorn. Cockspur (Cratægus Crus-Galli, L.), [117], [118], [171]
(Cratægus coccinea, L.), [118], [119]
(Cratægus mollis, Scheele), [120], [121]
Three-thorned acacia (Gleditsia tricanthus, L.), [129], [130]
Thuja occidentalis, L. Arbor-vitæ, White cedar, Cedar, [23], [24]
Tiliaceæ. (Linden family), [153]-[155]
Tilia Americana, L. Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [153]-[155]
Europæa Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [155]
heterophylla, Vent. Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [155]
puebescens, Ait. Basswood, Linden, Lime, Whitewood, [155]
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.), [183]
Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock, [19], [20]
Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.), [104]-[106]
Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.), [159], [160]
U
Ulmaceæ. (Elm family) [95]-[102]
Celtis occidentalis, L. Hackberry, Nettle tree, Hoop ash, Sugar berry [100]-[102]
Ulmus Americana, L. American, White elm [95]-[97]
fulva, Michx. Slippery, Red elm [97], [98]
puebescens, Walt. Slippery, Red elm [97], [98]
racemosa, Thomas. Cork, Rock elm [99], [100]
V
Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep berry [168], [169]
W
Walnut family. (Juglandaceæ) [47]-[57]
Walnut, Black walnut (Juglans nigra, L.) [48], [49]
Butternut, Oilnut, Lemon walnut. (Juglans cinerea, L.) [46], [47]
Mockernut, White-heart hickory. (Carya tomentosa, Nutt.) [51]-[53]
Walnut, Shagbark, Shellbark hickory. (Carya alba, Nutt.) [49]-[51]
Water beech (Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.) [59], [60]
oak (Quercus palustris, Du Roi) [91]-[93]
spruce (Picea nigra, Link) [12]-[14]
Watson, Thomas, Braintree, Mass., Ilex opaca, on estate of [139]
Whistlewood (Acer Pennsylvanicum, L.) [149]-[151]
White ash (Fraxinus Americana, L.) [162]-[164]
birch (Betula papyrifera, Marsh.) [68]-[70]
(Betula populifolia, Marsh.) [66]-[68]
cedar (Cupressus thyoides, L.) [25], [26]
(Thuja occidentalis, L.) [23], [24]
elm (Ulmus Americana, L.) [95]-[97]
hickory (Carya porcina, Nutt.) [53]-[55]
maple (Acer rubrum, L.) [140]-[142]
(Acer saccharinum, L.) [142]-[144]
mulberry (Morus alba, L.) [104]
oak (Quercus alba, L.) [75]-[77]
pine (Pinus Strobus, L.) [4]-[6]
poplar (Populus alba, L.) [39], [40]
spruce (Picea alba, Link) [16]-[18]
willow (Salix alba) [43], [45], [46]
White-heart hickory (Carya tomentosa, Nutt) [51]-[53]
Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.) [104]-[106]
Whitewood (Tilia Americana, L.), [153]-[155]
Wild plum (Prunus Americana, Marsh.), [171]
(Prunus nigra, Ait.), [122], [123], [171]
red cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f.), [124], [125]
Willow family. (Salicaceæ), [28]-[46]
Willow, Black willow (Salix nigra, Marsh.), [42], [43]
Crack, Brittle willow. (Salix fragilis, L.), [43]-[45]
Pussy willow, Glaucous willow (Salix discolor, Muhl.), [40], [41], [171]
White willow. (Salix alba, L., var. vitellina, Koch), [45], [46]
Witch hazel family. (Hamamelidaceæ), [108], [109]
Y
Yellow birch. (Betula lutea, Michx. f.), [63], [64]
oak. (Quercus velutina, Lam.), [89]-[91]