FOOTNOTES:
[284] For these early forms of unrest, see A. Le Chatelier, L'Islam au dix-neuvième Siècle, pp. 22-44 (Paris, 1888).
[285] D. H. Dodwell, "Economic Transition in India," Economic Journal, December, 1910.
[286] Bipin Chandra Pal, "The Forces Behind the Unrest in India," Contemporary Review, February, 1910.
[287] J. Chailley, Administrative Problems of British India, p. 339 (London, 1910—English translation).
[288] Dr. Ronald Ross, "Wretchedness a Cause of Political Unrest," The Survey, 18 February, 1911.
[289] A. Yusuf Ali, Life and Labour in India, pp. 3, 32 (London, 1907).
[290] E. W. Capen, "A Sociological Appraisal of Western Influence on the Orient," American Journal of Sociology, May, 1911.
[291] P. Khorat, "Psychologie de la Révolution chinoise," Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 March, 1912; L. Bertrand, Le Mirage orientale, pp. 164-166; J. D. Rees, The Real India, pp. 162-163.
[292] Albert Métin, L'Inde d'aujourd'hui: Étude sociale, p. 276 (Paris, 1918).
[293] Albert Métin, L'Inde d'aujourd'hui: Étude sociale, pp. 339-345.
[294] J. Ramsay Macdonald, The Government of India, pp. 133-134 (London, 1920).
[295] Georges Foucart. Quoted in The Literary Digest, 17 August, 1907, pp. 225-226.
[296] A. Van Gennep, En Algérie, p. 182 (Paris, 1914).
[297] The Englishman (Calcutta). Quoted in The Literary Digest, 21 February, 1914, p. 369.
[298] For these larger world-aspects of Bolshevik propaganda, see Paul Miliukov, Bolshevism: An International Danger (London, 1920); also, my Rising Tide of Colour against White World-Supremacy, pp. 218-221, and my article, "Bolshevism: The Heresy of the Under-Man," The Century, June, 1919.
[299] See Chapter V.
[300] See Chapter VI.
[301] For events in Afghanistan and Central Asia, see Sir T. H. Holdich, "The Influence of Bolshevism in Afghanistan," New Europe, December 4, 1919; Ikbal Ali Shah, "The Fall of Bokhara," The Near East, October 28, 1920, and his "The Central Asian Tangle," Asiatic Review, October, 1920. For Bolshevist activity in the Near and Middle East generally, see Miliukov, op. cit., pp. 243-260; 295-297; Major-General Sir George Aston, "Bolshevik Propaganda in the East," Fortnightly Review, August, 1920; W. E. D. Allen, "Transcaucasia, Past and Present," Quarterly Review, October, 1920; Sir Valentine Chirol, "Conflicting Policies in the Near East," New Europe, July 1, 1920; L. Dumont-Wilden, "Awakening Asia," The Living Age, August 7, 1920 (translated from the French); Major-General Lord Edward Gleichen, "Moslems and the Tangle in the Middle East," National Review, December, 1919; Paxton Hibben, "Russia at Peace," The Nation (New York), January 26, 1921; H. von Hoff, "Die nationale Erhebung in der Türkei," Deutsche Revue, December, 1919; R. G. Hunter, "Entente—Oil—Islam," New Europe, August 26, 1920; "Taira," "The Story of the Arab Revolt," Balkan Review, August, 1920; "Voyageur," "Lenin's Attempt to Capture Islam," New Europe, June 10, 1920; Hans Wendt, "Ex Oriente Lux," Nord und Süd, May, 1920; George Young, "Russian Foreign Policy," New Europe, July 1, 1920.
[302] Ikbal Ali Shah, op. cit.
[303] For events in the Caucasus, see W. E. D. Allen, "Transcaucasia, Past and Present," Quarterly Review, October, 1920; C. E. Bechhofer, "The Situation in the Transcaucasus," New Europe, September 2, 1920; "D. Z. T.," "L'Azerbaidjan: La Première République musulmane," Revue du Monde musulman, 1919; Paxton Hibben, "Exit Georgia," The Nation (New York), March 30, 1921.
[304] Sir V. Chirol, "India in Travail," Edinburgh Review, July, 1918. Also see H. H. The Aga Khan, India in Transition, p. 17 (London, 1918).
[305] Ikbal Ali Shah, op. cit.
CONCLUSION
Our survey of the Near and Middle East is at an end. What is the outstanding feature of that survey? It is: Change. The "Immovable East" has been moved at last—moved to its very depths. The Orient is to-day in full transition, flux, ferment, more sudden and profound than any it has hitherto known. The world of Islam, mentally and spiritually quiescent for almost a thousand years, is once more astir, once more on the march.
Whither? We do not know. Who would be bold enough to prophesy the outcome of this vast ferment—political, economical, social, religious, and much more besides? All that we may wisely venture is to observe, describe, and analyse the various elements in the great transition.
Yet surely this is much. To view, however empirically, the mighty transformation at work; to group its multitudinous aspects in some sort of relativity; to follow the red threads of tendency running through the tangled skein, is to gain at least provisional knowledge and acquire capacity to grasp the significance of future developments as they shall successively arise.
"To know is to understand"—and to hope: to hope that this present travail, vast and ill-understood, may be but the birth-pangs of a truly renascent East taking its place in a renascent world.
INDEX
Aali Pasha, Pan-Islam agitation of, [54]
Abbas Hilmi, Khedive, pro Turkish views of, [155];
deposition of, [156];
Pan-Arabianism supported by, [170]
Abd-el-Kader, French resisted by, [41]
Abd-el-Malek Hamsa, Pro-Germanism of, [156]
Abd-el-Wahab, Mohammedan revival begun by, [21], [40];
birth of, [21];
early life of, [22] ff.;
influence of, [22];
death of, [22]
Abdul Hamid, despotism of, [32];
as caliph, [39];
Sennussi's opposition to, [39], [46];
Djemal-ed-Din protected by, [53] ff.;
Pan-Islam policy of, [53] ff.;
character of, [54] ff.;
government of, [55];
tyrannical policy of, [116];
nationalism opposed by, [139], [165];
Arabs conciliated by, [142] ff.
Abu Bekr [22];
policy of, [114] ff.
Abyssinian Church, Mohammedan threat against, [50]
Afghanistan, religious uprisings in, [41];
nineteenth-century independence of, [118];
Bolshevism in, [286] ff.;
rebellion of, [286] ff.
Africa, Mohammedan missionary work in, [49] ff.
See also [North Africa]
Agadir crisis, [57]
Ahmed Bey Agayeff, Pan-Turanism aided by, [165]
Alexandria, massacre of Europeans in, [149]
Algeria, French conquest of, [40], [158];
Kabyle insurrection in, [41];
compulsory vaccination in, [95];
liberal political aspirations in, [118] ff.;
need for European government in, [122]
Allenby, General, Egypt in control of, [177]
Amanullah Khan, Bolshevism of, [286];
war on England declared by, [286];
present policy of, [298]
Anatolia, Bolshevist manifesto to, [292]
Anglo-Russian Agreement, terms of, [159] ff.
Arabi Pasha, Djemal-ed-Din's influence on, [148];
revolution in Egypt headed by, [148]
Arabia, description of natives of, [21];
Turks fought by, [23];
defeat of, [23];
political freedom of, [113];
democracy in, [127];
nationalist spirit in, [140] ff.;
Turkish rulers opposed by, [140] ff.;
suppression of, [143];
1905 rebellion of, [143];
effect of Young-Turk revolution on, [145] ff.;
1916 revolt of, [146];
Pan-Arabism in, [145];
religious character of Pan-Arab movement in, [169] ff.;
effect of Great War on, [170], [183] ff.;
Allied encouragement of, [184];
peace terms and, [185];
English agreement with, [185] ff.;
revolt against Turks of, [185];
secret partition of, [185] ff.;
Colonel Lawrence's influence in, [186];
secret treaties revealed to, [187];
France and England in, [187] ff.;
Mustapha Kemal aided by [194], ff.;
English negotiations with, [198];
Bolshevist manifesto to, [292]
Arabian National Committee, creation of, [143]
Archer William, on over-population in India, [263]
Argyll, Duke of, over-population in India, [263]
Armenia, Bolshevist manifesto to, [292]
Arya Somaj, [208]
Atchin War, [41]
Azerbaidjan, Bolshevist revolution in, [290] ff.
Babbist movement in Persia, [274]
Baber, Mogul Empire founded by, [204]
Baku, Congress of Eastern Peoples at, [291], [297]
Balkan War, [57];
Mohammedans roused by, [58]
Barbary States, French conquest of, [158]
Bérard, Victor, on the enmity of Turks and Arabs, [141] ff.;
France's Syrian policy criticised by, [199]
Bertrand, Louis, anti-Western feeling in Orient described by, [95] ff.;
on social conditions in the Levant, [269], [271]
Bevan, Edwyn, nationalist views of, [125] ff.
Bin Saud, Ikhwan movement led by, [72]
[Bolshevism,] effects on Orient of, [175];
Mustapha Kemal aided by, [196] ff.;
the East a field for, [283] ff.;
propaganda of, [284] ff., [288] ff.;
Oriental policy of, [285];
in Afghanistan, [286] ff.;
manifesto to Mohammedans issued by, [288] ff.;
manifesto to Turks issued by, [289] ff.;
"Congress of Eastern Peoples" held by, [291] ff.
Bombay, English character of, [100];
social conditions in, [270] ff.
Bose, Pramatha Nath, on economic conditions in India, [245] ff.
Brahminism, illiberalism of, [120]
Brailsford, H. N., on modern industry in Egypt, [236] ff.;
on social conditions in Egypt, [269] ff.
British East India Company, [205]
Bukhsh, S. Khuda, reform work of, [31] ff.;
nationalism in India opposed by, [125] ff.;
on Indian social conditions, [253] ff.
Caetani, Leone, [63]
Cahun, Léon, Turanism and, [163]
Cairo, revolt in, [178];
modern women in, [258]
Calcutta, English character of, [100];
social conditions in, [270]
Caliphate, Islam strengthened by, [38] ff.;
history of, [39];
Turkey the head of, [39] ff.
Chelmsford, Lord, report of, [216] ff.
China, Mohammedan insurrection in, [41], [51] ff.;
Mohammedan missionary work in, [50];
number of Mohammedans in, [51];
Mohammedan agitation in, [60]
Chirol, Valentine, Western influence in Orient described by, [79] ff.;
on Egyptian situation, [179] ff.;
Montagu-Chelmsford Report approved by, [220];
on Egyptian conditions since the war, [271] ff.;
on Bolshevism in India, [298]
Congress of Eastern Peoples, [291] ff.
Constantine, King, recalled, [194]
Constantinople, Allied occupation of, [192] ff.;
changes since 1896 in, [251] ff.;
status of women in, [258]
Cox, Sir Percy, English-Arabian negotiations made by, [198];
influence of, [200]
Cromer, Lord, on Islam, [29], [32];
Western influence in Orient described by, [80];
ethics of imperialism formulated by, [84], [102], [120] ff.;
Egyptian administration of, [149];
resignation of, [152];
on western-educated Egypt, [257];
on over-population in India, [263]
Curtis, Lionel, nationalism in India supported by, [130] ff.;
Montagu-Chelmsford Report approved by, [220]
Curzon-Wyllie, Sir, assassination of, [212]
Damascus, French in, [191] ff.
Dar-ul-Islam, [171] ff.
Dickinson, G. Lowes, on Eastern economics, [249]
Djemal-ed-Din, birth of, [52];
character of, [52];
anti-European work of, [52];
in India, [52];
in Egypt, [53];
Abdul Hamid's protection of, [53] ff.;
death of, [53];
teachings of, [53] ff.;
nationalism taught by, [138];
Egypt influenced by, [148];
in Russia, [285]
Dutch East Indies, Mohammedan uprisings in, [41];
Mohammedan missionary work in, [52]
Egypt, nationalism in, [32], [118] ff.;
Mahdist insurrection in, [41];
1914 insurrection of, [61];
exiled Arabs in, [143];
characteristics of people of, [147] ff.;
early European influences in, [147];
nationalist agitation in, [148] ff.;
influence of Djemal-ed-Din in, [148];
1882 revolution in, [148] ff.;
Lord Cromer's rule of, [149];
France's influence in, [150] ff.;
failure of English liberal policy in, [153] ff.;
Lord Kitchener's rule in, [153] ff.;
effect of outbreak of World War on, [155] ff.;
made English protectorate, [156] ff.;
Pan-Arabism in, [169];
Versailles conference's treatment of, [174];
nationalist demands of, [177];
Allenby in control of, [177];
rebellion of, [178] ff.;
martial law in, [178];
situation after rebellion in, [179] ff.;
English commission of inquiry in, [181];
English compromise with, [182];
opposition to compromise in, [182] ff.;
modern factories in, [234], [236];
industrial conditions in, [236] ff.;
social conditions in, [269];
social revolution in, [281] ff.
El-Gharami, [30]
El Mahdi, [42]
England, Egypt's rebellion against, [175] ff.;
Commission of Inquiry into Egyptian affairs appointed by, [181];
Egyptian compromise with, [182];
opposition to compromise in, [182];
Arabia and, [184] ff.;
in Mesopotamia, [185] ff.;
in Palestine, [186];
French disagreement with, [188] ff.;
at San Remo conference, [190];
Mesopotamian rebellion against, [192] ff.;
Sèvres Treaty and, [193];
Greek agreement with, [193];
Arabian negotiation with, [198];
in India, [204] ff.
Enver Pasha, Pan-Turanism and, [167];
in Russia, [285]
Feisal, Prince, at peace conference, [187] ff.;
peace counsels of, [188];
made king of Syria, [191]
Fisher, on social conditions in India, [270] ff.
France, Morocco seized by, [57];
anti-British propaganda of, [150] ff.;
Arabia and, [184];
Syrian aspirations of, [185] ff.;
at San Remo conference, [190];
Syrian rebellion and, [191] ff.;
Sèvres Treaty and, [193];
Greek agreement with, [193];
present Syrian situation of, [198] ff.
Gandhi, M. K., boycott of England advocated by, [224]
Gorst, Sir Eldon, Lord Cromer succeeded by, [152];
failure of policy of, [153] ff.
Gouraud, General, Feisal subdued by, [191];
danger in methods of, [299]
Greece, anti-Turk campaign of, [193];
Venizelos repudiated by, [194];
Constantine supported by, [194]
Habibullah Khan, Ameer, England supported by, [286];
death of, [286]
Haifa, to be British, [186]
Hajj, Islam strengthened by, [38] ff.
Halil Pasha, Pan-Turanism and, [168]
Hanotaux, Gabriel, [57]
Harding, Lord, Indian nationalist movement supported by, [215]
Hedjaz, Turkish dominion of, [140]
Hindustan, Islam's appeal to [60];
anti-Western feeling in, [99] ff.;
illiberal tradition of, [120]
Hunter, Sir William, on over-population in India, [263] ff.
Hussein Kamel, made Sultan of Egypt, [156]
Ikhwan, beginning of, [71];
progress of, [71]
Imam Yahya, [199]
India, reform of Islamism in, [30];
English mastery of, [40];
Islam's missionary work in, [52];
1914 insurrection in, [61];
English towns and customs in, [100];
effect of Russo-Japanese War in, [105], [210] ff.;
liberal political aspirations in, [118] ff.;
democracy introduced by England in, [122] ff.;
opposition to nationalism in, [124] ff., [218] ff.;
support of nationalism in, [129] ff., [136] ff.;
history of, [201];
Aryan invasion of, [201] ff.;
beginning of caste system in, [202] ff.;
Mohammedan invasion of, [203] ff.;
Mogul Empire founded in, [204];
British conquest of, [205] ff.;
beginning of discontent in, [206] ff.;
Hindu nationalist movement in, [208] ff., [212] ff.;
English liberal policy in, [213] ff.;
result of outbreak of war in, [214];
Montagu-Chelmsford Report in, [216] ff.;
militant unrest in, [220] ff.;
effect of Rowlatt Bill in, [222] ff.;
English boycotted by, [223] ff.;
present turmoil in, [224];
industries in, [233] ff.;
industrial conditions in, [237] ff.;
industrial future of, [239] ff.;
agriculture in, [243] ff.;
Swadeshi movement in, [244] ff.;
social conditions in, [253] ff.;
status of women in, [254], [258] ff.;
education in, [255] ff.;
over-population in, [262] ff.;
condition of peasants in, [269];
city and rural life in, [275] ff.;
economic revolution in, [276] ff.;
attitude of Bolshevists toward, [289] ff.
Indian Councils Act, terms of, [213];
effect of [213]
Indian National Congress, [206]
[Islam], eighteenth-century decadence of, [20] ff.;
revival of, [21];
Christian opinions of, [26] ff.;
present situation of, [27] ff.;
agnosticism in, [32] ff.;
fanatics in, [33] ff.;
solidarity of, [37] ff.;
Hajj an aid to, [38] ff.;
caliphate an aid to, [38] ff.;
Western successes against, [40];
proselytism of, [48] ff.;
effect of Balkan War on, [58] ff.;
effect of Russo-Japanese War on, [59], [105] ff.;
Western influence on, [75] ff.;
anti-Western reaction of, [88] ff.;
race mixture in, [102] ff.;
tyranny in, [111] ff.;
early equality in, [113] ff.;
political reformation in, [115] ff.;
birth of nationalism in, [137] ff.;
Bolshevist propaganda in, [284] ff.
See also [Pan-Islam]
Ismael, Hamet, on scepticism among Moslems, [32]
Ismael, Khedive, tyrannical policy of, [116];
Egypt Europeanized by, [147] ff.
Italy, Tripoli attacked by, [57];
San Remo Treaty opposed by, [190], [193]
Japan, Mohammedan missionary work in, [59] ff.
Jowf, Sennussi stronghold, [45]
Kabyle insurrection, [41]
Khadjar dynasty, Persian revolution against, [160]
Kharadjites, Islamic spirit preserved by, [274]
Khartum, capture of, [41]
Kheir-ed-Din, attempt to regenerate Tunis made by, [89]
Kitchener, Lord, Mahdist insurrection suppressed by, [41];
anti-nationalist beliefs of, [122];
nationalism in Egypt suppressed by, [153] ff.
Krishnavarma, S., assassination commended by, [211]
Lawrence, Colonel, influence of, [186];
Arab-Turk agreement, views of, [194] ff.;
Mesopotamia, views of, [197]
Lebanon, France's control of, [184]
Lenine, manifesto to Mohammedans issued by, [288] ff.
Low, Sidney, modern imperialism described by, [86] ff.;
on Egyptian situation, [154]
Lyall, Sir Alfred, on Western education in India, [256] ff.
Lybyer, Professor A. H., democracy in Islam described by, [114], [127]
Macdonald, J. Ramsay, on economic conditions in India, [245];
on social revolution in India, [280] ff.
McIlwraith, Sir M., on Egyptian situation, [180]
McMahon, Sir Henry, agreement with Arabs made by, [185] ff.
Madras, English character of, [100]
Mahdism, definition of, [42] ff.
Mahdist insurrection, [42]
Mahmud II, Sultan, liberal policy of, [115]
Mahmud of Ghazni, India invaded by, [204]
Mecca, decadence of, [21];
Abd-el-Wahab's pilgrimage to, [22];
Saud's subjugation of, [23];
Turkish reconquest of, [23];
aid to strength of Islam, [38] ff.;
post cards sold at, [251]
Medina, decadence of, [21];
Abd-el-Wahab's studies at, [22];
Saud's subjugation of, [23];
Turkish reconquest of, [23];
electricity at, [251]
Mehemet Ali, army of, [23];
Turks aided by, [23];
Wahabi defeated by, [23];
liberal policy of, [115];
Egypt Europeanized by, [147]
Mesopotamia, Turkish dominion of, [140];
England in, [184] ff.;
rebellion against England of [192] ff.;
denunciation of English policy in, [197];
Bolshevists' manifesto issued to, [292]
Métin, Albert, on nationalist movement in India, [279] ff.
Midhat Pasha, liberal movement aided by, [32]
Milner, Lord, Egyptian inquiry commission headed by, [181];
character of, [181];
compromise agreed on by, [182] ff.;
resignation of, [182];
influence of, [200]
Mogul Empire, foundation of, [204]
Mohammed Abdou, Sheikh, liberal movement aided by, [32];
Djemal-ed-Din's influence on, [148];
conservative teachings of, [150]
Mohammed Ahmed, Sennussi's scorn of, [46]
Mohammed Farid Bey, anti-English policy of, [152];
mistakes of, [152] ff.;
pro German policy of, [156]
Mohammedan Revival. See [Pan-Islam]
Mollahs, anti-liberalism of, [30]
Montagu-Chelmsford Report, [217] ff.
Montagu, liberal policy of, [216] ff.
Morison, Sir Theodore, on Moslem situation, [67], [70] ff.;
on modern industry in India, [234] ff., [245]
Morley, John, liberal policy of, [213]
Morocco, French seizure of, [57], [158];
in nineteenth century, [118]
Motazelism, re-discovery of, [26];
influence of, [30]
Moulvie Cheragh Ali, reform work of, [31]
Muhammed Ali, Shah, revolt in Persia against, [119]
Muir, Ramsay, European imperialism described by, [83]
Mustapha Kemal, character of, [150];
beliefs of, [151] ff.;
death of, [151];
Allies defied by, [191];
Turkish denunciation of, [193];
Greek campaign against, [193] ff.;
Arab aid given to, [194] ff.;
policy of, [196];
Bolshevists allied with, [196] ff.;
French negotiations with, [199];
Bolshevist support of, [286], [295]
Mutiny of 1857, [205]
Nair, Doctor T. Madavan, anti-nationalist opinions of, [124], [219]
Nakechabendiya fraternity, [41]
Namasudra, anti-nationalist organization, [124], [219]
Nejd, birth of Abd-el-Wahab in, [21] ff.;
description of, [21] ff.;
return of Abd-el-Wahab to, [22];
conversion of, [22];
consolidation of, [23]
Nitti, Premier, San Remo Treaty opposed by, [190] ff.
[North Africa], "Holy Men" insurrection in, [41];
lack of nationalism in, [157] ff.;
races in, [158] ff.
Nyassaland, Mohammedanism in, [49] ff.
Orient, See [Islam]
Pal, Bepin Chander, on Montagu-Chelmsford Report, [218];
on social revolution in India, [277]
Palestine, Sykes-Picot Agreement and, [185];
England in, [185]
[Pan-Islam], fanatics' scheme for, [33] ff.;
definition of, [37] ff.;
Hajj an aid to, [38] ff.;
caliphate an aid to, [39] ff.;
anti-Western character of, [41] ff.;
fraternities in, [43] ff.;
Abdul Hamid's support of, [54] ff.;
Young-Turk interruption of, [56];
renewal of, [57] ff.;
effect of Balkan War on, [58] ff.;
Great War and, [61] ff.;
Versailles Treaty and, [62] ff.;
press strength of, [67];
propaganda of, [67];
menacing temper of, [70] ff.;
economic evolution in, [72] ff.
Pan-Syrian Congress, [191]
Pan-Turanism. See [Turanians]
Pan-Turkism, See [Turkey], rise of nationalism in
Persia, 1914 insurrection in, [61];
an English protectorate, [62];
tyranny in, [116];
independence of, [118];
liberal movement in, [118];
1908 revolution in, [119], [159] ff.;
need for European government in, [122];
nineteenth-century conditions in, [159];
Versailles conference's treatment of, [174] ff.;
war conditions in, [196];
Bolshevism in, [196] ff., [287] ff.;
Bolshevist manifesto issued to, [291]
Population Problem of India, The, [264]
Ramsay, Sir William, on economic conditions in Asia Minor, [241] ff.
Realpolitik, treatment of Orient by, [86], [106]
Reshid Pasha, liberal movement aided by, [32]
Roushdi Pasha, nationalist demands of, [177] ff.
Rowlatt Bill, nationalist opposition to, [222] ff.
Russia, Turanian antagonism for, [167] ff.
See also [Bolshevism] and [Soviet Russia]
Russo-Japanese War, Islam roused by, [59], [105]
Salafî, rise and growth of, [72];
spirit of, [72]
San Remo, conference at, [190] ff.
Saud, Abd-el-Wahab succeeded by, [22];
power and character of, [22];
holy cities subdued by, [23];
death of, [23]
Saud, clan of, converted, [24]
Schweinfurth, Georg, Egyptian nationalism described by, [149] ff.
Sennussi-el-Mahdi, leadership won by, [44];
power of, [45]
Sennussiya, foundation of, [43] ff.;
leadership of, [45];
present power of, [45] ff.;
government of, [45];
policy of, [46] ff.;
proselytism of, [48] ff.
Seyid Ahmed, state in India founded by, [24];
conquest of, [24]
Seyid Ahmed Khan, Sir, reforms of, [30]
Seyid Amir Ali, reform work of, [31]
Seyid Mahommed ben Sennussi, in Mecca, [24], [39];
Abdul Hamid opposed by, [39], [44];
birth of, [44];
education of, [44];
"Zawias" built by, [44];
power of, [44] ff.
Shamyl, Russia opposed by, [41]
Shiah Emir, [199]
Shuster, W. Morgan, Persia's political capacity described by, [127] ff.
South Africa, Mohammedan threat against, [49]
[Soviet Russia], Afghanistan allied with, [287] ff.;
Kemal supported by, [295];
success of, [297] ff.
Sun-Yat-Sen, Doctor, [60]
Sydenham, Lord, Montagu-Chelmsford Report criticised by, [219]
Swadeshi movement, [244] ff.
Sykes-Picot Agreement, terms of, [185] ff.;
French opposition to, [189] ff.;
fulfilment of, [190]
Syria, Turkish dominion of, [140];
nationalist agitation in, [142] ff.;
France in, [184] ff.;
declaration of independence of, [191];
French suppression of, [191];
present situation in, [198] ff.;
Bolshevist manifesto issued to, [293]
Tagore, Rabindranath, on economic conditions in India, [248]
Talaat, in Russia, [285]
Tartars, liberal movement among, [32];
Mohammedan missionary work among, [50] ff.;
nationalist revival of, [163] ff.;
Bolshevism among, [285]
Tekin Alp, on Pan-Turanism, [167]
Tel-el-Kebir, battle of, [149]
Tewfik Pasha, anti-English feeling of, [92]
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, nationalist work of, [210], [218]
Townsend, Meredith, anti-Western feeling in Orient explained by, [102], [104]
Transcaucasia, Russian conquest of, [40];
after-the-war situation in, [196];
Mustapha Kemal supported by, [196]
Tripoli, Italy's raid on, [57];
Mohammedan resistance in, [57];
1914 insurrection in, [61]
Tunis, Kheir-ed-Din's reforms in, [89] ff.
[Turanians, peoples composing, ][162] ff.;
nationalist movement among, [163] ff.;
effect of Young-Turk Revolution on, [165];
effect of Balkan Wars on, [166] ff.;
effect of Great War on, [167] ff.
Turkestan, Bolshevism in, [286];
social revolution in, [290]
Turkestan, Chinese, Mohammedans in, [51];
revolt of, [51]
[Turkey, Islam conquered by, ][23];
Arabs war against, [23] ff.;
Mehemet Ali's aid of, [28];
liberal movement in, [31] ff.;
1908 revolution in, [32], [119];
Balkan attack on, [57] ff.;
anti-Western feeling in, [90] ff.;
effect of Russo-Japanese War in, [106];
independence of, [118];
liberal movement in, [118];
democracy in, [126];
birth of nationalism in, [138];
language of, [138];
Pan-Turanism in, [140] ff., [161] ff., [183] ff.;
Arabian rebellion against, [141] ff.;
Allied treaty with, [193];
Arab aid given to, [194] ff.;
Western educational methods in, [256];
status of women in, [258];
Bolshevists' manifesto to, [289] ff.
Turkish and Pan-Turkish Ideal, The, [167]
Vambéry, Arminius, warning against Mohammedans uttered by, [65] ff., [107];
Moslem politics described by, [114], [126];
Young-Turk party described by, [117];
Turanism and, [63];
on changes at Constantinople, [251] ff.;
on native officials in East, [257] ff.;
on status of woman in East, [259];
Venizelos, Allied agreement with, [193];
Greek repudiation of, [194]
Versailles Peace, Islam affected by [107] ff., [173];
secret treaties revealed by, [174] ff.
Victoria, Queen, made Empress of India, [205]
Wacha, Sir Dinshaw, on Montagu-Chelmsford Report [217] ff.
Wahabi, formation of state of, [22], [40];
successful fighting of, [23];
defeat of, [23];
end of political power of, [23];
spiritual power of, [24];
in India, [24];
English conquest of, in India, [24];
influence of, [24];
characteristics of, [25] ff.
Wattal, P. K., on over-population in India, [264] ff.
Willcocks, Sir William, on Egyptian situation, [179]
Yahya Siddyk, on pro-war Mohammedan situation, [68] ff.
Yakub Beg, Turkestan insurrection led by, [51]
Young Arabia, [143] ff.
Young-Turk party, rise of, [116] ff.;
nationalist policy of, [140];
Arabian nationalism and, [145] ff.
Young-Turk revolution, [56], [119]
Yugantar, anti-English organ, [211] ff.
Yunnan, Mohammedan insurrection in, [41], [51] ff.;
Chinese Mohammedans in, [51]
Yusuf Bey Akchura Oglu, Pan-Turanian society founded by, [165]
Zagloul Pasha, Milner's discussions with, [181];
Milner's compromise with, [182];
opposition to, [182] ff.
Zaidite Emir, [199]
Zawia Baida, Sennussi's founding of, [44]
Zinoviev, on Third International, [294] ff.
THE WORLD OF ISLAM