FOOTNOTES:
[1]Henry Cockburn, one of the Senators of the College of Justice, and a leading member of the literary and political society in Edinburgh of that day.
[2]Mrs. Grey.
[3]Mrs. Norderling.
[4]It was thought improper to speak about any woman to the Sultan.
[5]Sultan Mulai Abderahman was renowned for his extraordinary strength.
[6]Life of Stratford Canning, by Stanley Lane-Poole, vol. ii. p. 116.
[7]His uniform.
[8]A species of shad.
[9]See description of Shemis in Hay’s Western Barbary. According to Tissot, in his Itinéraire de Tanger à Rabat, 1876, scarcely a trace of these ruins remains.
[10]According to Mr. J. Ball the ‘Elaeoselinum (Laserpitium) humile.’
[11]Tápia is a kind of cement formed of lime, mixed with small stones, beaten down in blocks by means of large wooden cases. The Moorish castle at Gibraltar is built with tápia, and still looks as solid as if new.—J. H. D. H.
[12]The Sultan Assuad referred to was the seventh of his dynasty. He was buried at Shella, where his tomb bears an inscription, of which the following translation has been kindly supplied by J. Frost, Esq., British Vice-Consul at Rabát:—‘This is the tomb of our Master the Sultan, the Khalifah, the Imam, the Commander of the Muslims and Defender of the Faith, the Champion in the path of the Lord of the worlds, Abulhasan, son of our Master the Sultan, the Khalifah, the Imam, &c., &c. Abu Said, son of our Master the Sultan, the Khalifah, the Imam, &c., &c., Abu Yusuf Ya’kub, son of ’Abd al-Hakk, may God sanctify his spirit and illumine his sepulchre. He died (may God be pleased with him and make him contented) in the mountain of Hintatah in the night of (i.e. preceding) Tuesday, the 27th of the blessed month of Rabi ’al-Awwal, in the year 752, and was buried in the Kiblah of the Great Mosque of Al-Mansor, in Marakesh (may God fill it with His praise). He was afterwards transferred to this blessed and sainted tomb in Shella. May God receive him into His mercy and make him dwell in His paradise. God bless our Prophet Mahammad and his descendants.’
[13]Zizyphus lotus.
[14]Elaeodendron argan.
[15]2 Kings xviii. 9.
[16]Dra.
[17]Akka.
[18]? Flirgh.
[19]An orange dye.
[20]The White Fast.
[21]Tiseret.
[22]The French Representative.
[23]In consequence of the immunity he had claimed under protection of the horse.
[24]The population of Morocco have never accepted, like other Mohammedans, the Sultan of Turkey—who is not a descendant of the Prophet—as ‘Kaliph Allah.’
[25]No attempt was made to land troops, neither was a gun fired.
[26]Afterwards General Buceta, a very distinguished officer.
[27]Written in 1887.
[28]‘Cedrus atlantica.’
[29]Term generally applied to Europeans.
[30]Term used for horses of great speed, fed on dates.
[31]The torture of the wooden jelab is only resorted to in extreme cases to extort a confession about wealth supposed to be hidden. The instrument of torture is made of wood, and resembles the outer hooded garment of a Franciscan friar. It is placed upright, and the victim is squeezed into it in a standing position; points of iron project in various parts preventing the inmate from reclining or resting any part of his body without great suffering. There he is left upon bread and water, to pass days and nights, until he divulges where his wealth is hidden.
[32]Mohammedans believe that dates of all deaths are written in a book by Allah.
[33]Fatmeh is dead. He was a spendthrift, and the bags of gold were soon squandered in dissipation.
[34]There are no remains of houses or other buildings within the solid walls which were erected on the north and west side of this small arsenal. There are two wide gates adjoining each other through which the galleys were hauled up and placed in safety. The gateways are of beautiful solid brick masonry; the north wall is of stone; on the south-eastern side high ground rises from this enclosure. On the top of the hill there are the remains of a rude ‘Campus Aestivus.’ About a mile up the river are the ruins of a Roman bridge leading to Tangier, the Tingis of the Romans; the chief arch of this interesting monument fell in 1880. The date of the arsenal and bridge is, I believe, the year 1 A.D.
[35]About twenty miles from Trafalgar.
[36]House of succour.
[37]Readers may be shocked that such barbarities are practised by the Moors; but they are a thousand years behind the civilised world, and surprise can hardly be felt when we remember that a sentence of mutilation was carried out in England little more than 300 years ago. Camden’s Annals for the year 1581 contain an account of the mutilation of one Stubbs, for publishing an attack upon Queen Elizabeth’s proposed marriage with the Duke of Alençon. The historian was an eyewitness of the scene, which has been utilised by Sir Walter Scott in the Fortunes of Nigel, chap. xiii.
[38]A Moorish beehive is made from the bark of the cork-tree. In the summer months, when the sap rises, a vertical incision about four feet long is made through the cork to the inner bark, and the part to be removed, having been cut above and below, is hammered with a heavy mallet. The cork is separated from the stem of the tree, and being elastic, is taken off entire. Two circular pieces of cork are inserted in the orifices at each end and fastened with wooden pegs. The bees close with wax the cracks which may appear. The hive is warm, and keeps out both wet and sun.
[39]Mr. Reade was Consul, Mr. Green Private Secretary. The latter, as Sir William Kirby Green, succeeded Sir John Hay as Minister to the Court of Morocco in 1886.
[40]Jebel Kebír, now known as ‘The Hill.’
[41]These were troops from the seat of war not yet disbanded. The Sultan evidently desired to impress Mr. Hay with the strength of his army.
[42]The duties on the export of wheat and barley were never added to those noted above, in spite of Sir John’s constant and unceasing endeavours.
[43]In allusion to the manner in which, in ancient times, Jews and Christians in Morocco were put to death. The victims were suspended by large iron hooks through the flesh of their backs; one of these hooks was still to be seen on a gate of the city of Marákesh in 1846; or a spit was run through their bodies, and they remained transfixed till death put an end to their tortures.
[44]The late Sultan Sid Mohammed, the descendant of Sultan Mulai Ahmed, was a good mathematician, and also very clever as a mechanist. He mended and cleaned his own watches. When I presented H.M. with a breech-loading gun, and at his request took it and the lock to pieces, I bungled in putting them together. H.M., taking the gun from me, at once re-adjusted it.—J. H. D. H.
[45]On the site now occupied by the chief mosque.
[46]Pauper, or holy man.
[47]A delicate paste, partaking of the nature of Italian paste, but round in form, the best being no larger than dust shot.
[48]Ovis musimon.
[49]Cedrus Atlantica and Callitris quadrivalvis.
[50]Yet, according to Marmol, it may be inferred that by this pass the ‘Almoravides’ entered Western Barbary from Numidia.
[51]On this, as on all his other Missions, the members of Sir John Hay’s family and his ‘private friends’ were his personal guests, the ‘officials’ travelled at the expense of Government.
[52]Sultan Mulai Hassan.
[53]A white but much sunburnt Moorish servant of Sir J. H. D. H.
[54]Though this permission was then granted, the laying of the cable was delayed until 1886-87.
[55]His son, then Consul at Mogador.
[56]The ‘arum arisarum,’ called ‘yerna’ by the Moors, is used by the inhabitants of Western Barbary as an article of food in times of great scarcity, though it is held by them to be poisonous without careful preparation. The tubers when collected are cut up in small pieces, which they wash in many waters and then steam, as they do their ‘siksu,’ after which they pound them into meal, of which they make cakes, mixed if possible with a little ‘dra’ (millet) meal. They also make this arum meal into a kind of porridge. This food appears to contain few nourishing qualities, and those who are reduced to live on it suffer much in health.
[57]Journal of Society for Psychical Research, March, 1891, p. 40.
[58]Mashallah.
[59]The loan referred to was that raised in England in 1862 to enable the Sultan to pay the Spanish war indemnity. See chapter xv. [p. 218.]
[60]Then Spanish Minister in Morocco.
[61]Sheríf of Wazan.
[62]Though Ordega acknowledged that the dead Moor had received two hundred lashes.
[63]Moorish Minister for Foreign Affairs.
[64]German Minister.
[65]‘Mellah,’ the Jewish quarter in all Moorish towns.
[66]Baba, father.
[67]A large covert a short distance off.
[68]Evil Genius.
[69]Moors have a superstition that in hunting the lion the man who first reports having seen the ‘S’ba’ (lion), and mentions the word, will be the first victim.