FOOTNOTES:
PREFACE
[1] From which the three vignettes in this volume are taken.
[2] Warwickshire Worthies, p. 845. Article by C. Wren Hoskyns, Esq., M.P.
[3] S. Margaret’s, standing close to Pudding Lane, where the Fire of London began in 1666, was the first church consumed. Its site is now occupied by the Monument, and the parish incorporated with that of S. Magnus the Martyr, London Bridge.
Laid under the stone,
For the worms alone,
All mortal pride
Is laid aside. (G. A. D.)
[5] Bishop Andrewes was so well pleased that he ‘sent the moderator (Dr. Meade), the answerer (Mr. M. Wren), the varier, and one of the repliers that were all of his house (i.e. Pembroke), twenty angels apiece.’ Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. xxi.
[6] Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. xvii.
[7] Cypr. Ang., p. 100. Heylin.
[8] Edmund Waller, born March 3, 1605. He was connected by his marriage with Cromwell, and wrote one of his best poems as a panegyric on the Protector, but was supposed to be a Cavalier at heart and rejoiced at the Restoration; died 1687.
[9] ‘A transcript of a certain narrative written by the late Bishop of Ely (Dr. Matthew Wren) with his own hand, of that remarkable conference, which after his return from Spain with Prince Charles, 1636, he had with Dr. Neile, then Bishop of Durham, Dr. Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, and Dr. Laud, Bishop of S. David’s, touching the said Prince, whereat something prophetical was then said by that Reverend Bishop of Winchester.’ Printed from a MS. in the Ashmolean Museum. Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. lvii.
[10] Life of Bishop Andrewes, Lib. Anglo-Catholic Theology, p. x.
[11] Cypr. Ang., p. 59. Heylin.
[12] Evelyn, who visited Cambridge in 1655, says of Peterhouse, ‘a pretty neate college having a delicate chappell.’
The chapel, especially the west front, of S. Peter’s College, is one of the best specimens of the Renaissance Art at Cambridge.—Hist. of Modern Architecture, p. 275. Fergusson.
[13] Beauties of England and Wales (Cambridgeshire).
[14] Life of Archbishop Juxon, p. 27. Rev. W. H. Marah.
[15] Annals of England, p. 407.
[16] Eccles. Hist., vol. ix. p. 388, ed. 1841, Collier, where the office may be found entire.
[17] Cypr. Ang., introduction, p. 9. Heylin.
[18] ‘On August 29, 1636 (the plague then raging in London), King Charles, the Queen, and the Court arrived at Oxford. The Chancellor (Archbishop Laud), the Vice-Chancellor, and numerous doctors and masters went out to meet the royal retinue. The Chancellor, accompanied by the Lord Treasurer (Bishop Juxon), the Bishop of Winchester (Dr. Curle), the Bishop of Norwich (Dr. M. Wren), and the Bishop of Oxford (Dr. Bancroft), rode in a coach.’ The Court was entertained with very brilliant festivities, and a series of masks and interludes arranged by Inigo Jones.—Oxfordshire Annals, p. 25, by J. M. Davenport.
[19] The state of the diocese is vividly shown in Bishop Corbet’s charge of 1634 (for the repairs of old S. Paul’s Cathedral). ‘Some petitions,’ he says, ‘I have had since my coming to this diocese, for the pulling downe of such an isle [aisle] or for changing lead to thatch, soe far from reparations that our sute is to demolish.... Since Christmas I was sued to and I have it yett under their hands, the hand of the minister and the hand of the whole parish, that I would give way to their adorning their church within and out, to build a stone wall round the churchyard which now had but a hedg. I took it for a flout at first, but it proved a very sute; they durst not without leave mend a fault forty yeares ould.’ The spire of Norwich Cathedral where Bishop Corbet was preaching had fallen in, and during three years but two yards had been rebuilt. See Documents relating to S. Paul’s by Dr. Sparrow Simpson, p. 137. Camden Society.
[21] I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. R. N. Milford, rector of East Knoyle, for this account. See Sir R. C. Hoare’s History of Wiltshire. The inscriptions on the columns have been destroyed.
[22] So guide and govern as to profit souls. Love, Pray. One thing needful. Ask fit things from God.
Into whatsoever house ye enter, first say
Peace be to this house.
To so solemn a precept, by a seasonable vow,
I, entering, have set my name.
C. W. Rector.
July 28. In the said year, i.e. MDCXVVIII.
[24] ‘To Thee, and to Thy service for ever, I offer a portion of Thy bounty, O Lord God Almighty.’
[25] Christian Van Vianen was an embosser and chaser of plate, much esteemed by Charles I. The gilt plate above mentioned was wrought at the rate of 12s. per oz.—Anecdotes of Painting, Walpole, vol. ii. p. 323.
[26] William Lenthall (born at Henley-on-Thames 1591), Speaker of the House of Commons 1640–1653 and 1660, lived chiefly at Lachford Manor in Great Haseley parish, which had been in his family since the reign of Edward IV. The property was sold by his eldest son. It may have been owing to the influence of the Speaker that Dean Wren escaped imprisonment during the Rebellion.
[27] Wood, Fasti Oxon., p. 139.
[28] ‘Revered Father,—There is a common saying among the ancients which I remember to have had from your mouth; there is no equivalent that can be given back to parents. For their cares and perpetual labours concerning their children are indeed the evidence of immeasurable love. Now these precepts so often repeated, which have impelled my soul towards all that is highest in man, and to virtue, have superseded in me all other affections. What in me lies I will perform, as much as I am able, lest these gifts should have been bestowed on an ungrateful soul. May the good God Almighty be with me in my undertakings and make good to thee all thou most desirest in the tenderness of thy fatherly love. Thus prays thy son, most devoted to thee in all obedience,
‘Christopher Wren.’
‘Script. hoc, Ao Ætatis suae, Decimo. Ab Octobris 20o elapso’ is the note in different hand of Dean Wren, who may very probably have felt that in the fast-rising storm all this fair promise might be swept away.
[29] Heylin, Cypr. Ang., p. 309.
[30] Desiderata Curiosa, p. 336. Peck. It will be borne in mind that the Office for the Baptism of such as are of Riper Years was only added to the Prayer Book at the last revision in 1662. Mr. John Bois was made a Prebendary of Ely by Bishop Andrewes, and was one of the translators of the Bible (1604–1611); he was on the Cambridge Committee, and assisted in the translation of the Apocrypha.—Key to the Holy Bible, p. 28. Rev. J. H. Blunt.
[31] Diary, October 30, 1640.
[33] R. Neile, successively Bishop of Rochester, Lichfield, Lincoln, Durham and Winchester, and Archbishop of York, died 1640. Godwin speaks strongly of his loyalty to Church and King, and the hatred borne to him by the Puritans.—Praesul. Ang.
[34] ‘The Commons not being able to come at their intended alterations in the Church while the Bench of Bishops remained entire in the House of Peers, formed several schemes to divide them.’—Hist. of the Puritans, vol. ii. p. 388. Neale.
[35] ‘We, poor souls,’ says Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich, in his Hard Measure, ‘who little thought we had done anything that might deserve a chiding, are now called to our knees at the bar, and charged severally with high treason, being not a little astonished at the suddenness of this crimination compared with the perfect innocency of our own intentions, which were only to bring us to our due places in Parliament with safety and speed, without the least purpose of any man’s offence; but now traitors we are in all the haste, and must be dealt with accordingly. For on December 30, in all the extremity of frost at eight o’clock on the dark evening, are we voted to the Tower; only two of our number had the favour of the Black Rod, by reason of their age, which though desired by a noble lord on my behalf would not be granted; wherein I acknowledge and bless the gracious Providence of my God, for had I been gratified I had been undone both in body and purse; the rooms being strait, and the expense beyond the reach of my estate.’—Annals of England, p. 420.
[36] Biographical History of England, vol. ii. p. 157. Grainger.
[37] Vide Life of Barnevelde, vol. i. p. 408. Motley.
[38] P. 26.
[39] ‘Certainly,’ says Nalson, ‘notwithstanding this black accusation (he is speaking of the ‘fifty painful ministers’), there cannot be a greater demonstration of the innocence of this worthy prelate than the very articles; and that this accusation wanted proof to carry it further than a bare accusation, and a commitment to the Tower, where, with the courage and patience of a primitive Christian, he continued prisoner till the year 1660.’—History of the Puritans, vol. ii. p. 223. Grey, Examination of Neale’s.
[40] It is curious that nearly as violent an attack was made a hundred years later upon Bishop Butler (the author of the Analogy), because, when Bishop of Bristol, he put up a plain, inlaid, black marble cross in the Chapel of the Palace there. He died 1752.
[41] The Rubric before the Prayer of Consecration in the Prayer Book of 1559–1604, was simply:—
‘Then the Priest, standing up, shall say as followeth.’
The first rubric of position at the beginning of the service had placed him ‘at the north side of the Table.’ For a full and very interesting defence of Bishop Wren, see Worship in the Church of England, Right Honourable A. B. B. Hope, and, Dean Howson ‘Before the Table,’ by the same author, in the Church Quarterly Review, January, 1876.
[42] South’s Sermons, vol. v. p. 45, ed. 1727.
[43] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 267, ed. 1724.
[44] See [Appendix I.]
[45] Dr. Wilkins published a book (A Discovery of a New World), concerning the art of flying, in which he said he did not question but in the next age it will be as usual to hear a man call for his wings when he is going a journey, as it is now to call for his boots. The Duchess of Newcastle objecting to Dr. Wilkins the want of baiting places on the way to his New World, he expressed his surprise that the objection should be made by a lady who had all her life been employed in building castles in the air. (The Guardian, No. 112. Addison.) This scheme does not seem to have reached the length of an experiment!
[46] A most zealous Royalist; King Charles called him ‘my plain-dealing chaplain,’ because Dr. Hudson told him the truth when others would not. He was murdered at Woodcroft House, Northamptonshire, 1648. Desiderata Curiosa, p. 378. Peck.
[47] Annals of England, p. 432.
[48] i.e. the art of dial-making.
[49] Lives of the Gresham Professors. Ward, p. 96.
[50] Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 290.
[51] ‘December 8, 1646. The pious soul of my wife Eliza flew up to Christ at half-past five in the morning.’
[52] Life of Dr. Barwick, ed. 1724, p. 122.
[53] Grey’s Examination of Neale’s History of the Puritans, vol. iii. p. 333.
[54] It is really 24,899 miles.
[55] The box is, I believe, in Peterhouse Library to this day, but a portion of the Commentary was published as a treatise against the Socinians by the Bishop’s son Matthew, under the title of Increpatio Bar Jesu, sive polemicae adsectiones locorum aliquot S. Scripturae ab imposturis perversis in Catechesis Racoviana collectae.
[56] Petty’s history is a curious one. The son of a clothier of Rumsey; he educated himself; was some years in the navy; became Gresham professor of music; then a physician of some fame; was also Henry Cromwell’s secretary; was a commissioner for Ireland, and married Sir Hardress Waller’s daughter. Soon after the Restoration he was knighted by Charles II. Petty invented a ‘double-bottomed ship to sail against wind and tide; it was flat-bottomed, had two distinct keels cramped together with huge timbers, so as a violent stream run between: it bore a monstrous broad sail.’ It excited much interest at the time, made one very successful voyage, and was afterwards wrecked in a frightful storm. Its model is still preserved at the Royal Society, of which he became a member. He died in 1687. Lives of the Gresham Professors, p. 217. Ward. See also Evelyn’s Diary of March 22, 1675, for an interesting account of Petty’s career.
[57] Seth Ward, born 1617. Was Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford and an active member of the Royal Society. Afterwards Bishop of Exeter and then of Salisbury; died 1689.
[58] Life of Sir C. Wren, by J. Elmes, p. 12. The full title of the play was ‘Πλουτοφθαλμία Πλουτογαμία,’ a pleasant comedy intituled Hey for Honesty, &c., augmented and published by F. J. A copy, published in 1651, and containing a MS. note saying that Wren took the part of ‘Neanias Adolescens,’ was in the possession of Isaac Reed, a commentator on Shakespeare and a great book collector, who died in 1807. His epitaph (given in Notes and Queries, series v., xiii. p. 304) was as follows:—
‘Reader of these few lines take heed,
And mend your ways for my sake;
For you must die like Isaac Reed,
Tho’ you read till your eyes ache.’
T. Randolph was a friend and pupil of Ben Jonson’s; he published The Muses’ Looking Glass, which satirised the Puritans; died 1634.
[59] Miscellanies, ed. 1696.
[60] Diary, July 13, 1654.
[61] Præsul. Ang., p. 779. Godwin.
[62] Hist. of Royal Society. Bishop Sprat, ed. 1722, p. 53.
[63] ‘Dr. Christopher Wren, Deane of Windsor, was buried June 3, 1656,‘ is the entry in the register; there does not appear to be any monument or brass to his memory. The Parentalia and Elmes’s Life give 1658, but the dates are frequently inaccurate in both books.
[64] Evelyn’s Diary, March 31, 1658. ‘That holy martyr Dr. Hewer condemned to die, without law, jury or justice by a mock council of State as they called it. A dangerous, treacherous time. June 8, ib. That excellent preacher and holy man Dr. Hewer was martyred for having intelligence of his Majesty, through the Lord Marquess of Ormond. He was beheaded on Tower Hill. The name was spelt Hewer, Hewet, and Hewett.
[65] Pascal is said to have written his treatise on the cycloid from a religious motive. It was a common opinion in France that the study of natural sciences, especially of mathematics, led to infidelity. Accordingly Pascal, writing for geometricians and mathematicians, wished to show, by the solution, vainly sought before, of this problem, that the same man who wrote the Lettres à un Provincial could also instruct them in abstract science, and he published his treatise in the intervals of writing the Pensées. See Vie de Pascal, par sa sœur Mad. Perier, Pensées de Pascal, p. 13, ed. 1839.
[66] Hist. of England, vol. vii. ch. lxi. p. 292.
[67] Gresham Professor of Divinity, confirmed in his post by Cromwell.
[68] Thomas Sprat, D.D., Dean of Westminster, and afterwards Bishop of Rochester; was an active member of the Royal Society, and was educated at Wadham College with Sir C. Wren, whose intimate friend he was: born 1636; died 1713.
[69] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 201.
[70] Afterwards Lord Clarendon.
[71] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 424.
[72] Probably Bishop Juxon, more than once alluded to under this name in these letters.
[73] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 437.
[74] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 449.
[75] Life of Dr. Barwick, p. 496.
[76] Diary, May 29, 1660.
[77] Diary, vol. i. p. 112, ed. 1828.
[78] Ib., p. 114.
[79] Diary.
[80] Repertorium, vol. ii. p. 273. Newcourt.
[81] In that year the last Lord Hatton died; the bishops resigned Ely House to the Crown, and received No. 37 Dover Street in exchange. The chapel, after years of neglect, has also been suffered to pass out of the hands of the Church into those of the Romanists. See Walks in London by A. C. Hare, vol. ii. pp. 196–201.
[82] Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common Prayer, edited by the Bishop of Chester, p. 47, et seq.
[83] Bishop Kennet says, ‘One particular will appear’ (from Bishop Wren’s Register), ‘that there were but few of the parochial clergy deprived in this diocese (Ely) in 1662, for not submitting to the Act of Uniformity, though more of the old legal incumbents had been sequestered about 1644 than in proportion within any other diocese.’—Grey’s Examination of Neale’s History of the Puritans, vol. iv. p. 328. From the same authority it appears that most of the clerks deprived in 1662 had other callings, e.g. cobbling, gloving, skinning, bookselling, husbandry, and to these they generally returned.
Some of his clergy had come to him in the Tower for institution, in the early part of his imprisonment, and that many were faithful to him is evident from the fact they were expelled their livings for ‘following Bishop Wren’s fancies,’ no other crimes being pretended against them.—Annals of England, p. 392.
[84] See an interesting article, The Church of England in the Eighteenth Century, in the Church Quarterly Review, July, 1877, p. 321, et seq. It is not however quite accurate to say ‘none were ordained,’ for Bishop Duppa held secretly ‘frequent ordinations of young loyal church scholars,’ among whom was Tenison, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.—History of the Book of Common Prayer, Lathbury, p. 296.
[85] Dr. Bruno Ryves, Dean of Chichester in 1642, was in the city during Sir William Waller’s siege, and left a description of the sack of the cathedral and robbery of its plate by the commander and his troops. Dean Ryves was fined 120l. and deprived.—Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 286.
[86] Abraham Cowley, born 1618; educated at Westminster; was the intimate friend of Lord Falkland and of the poet Crashaw. Cowley followed Henrietta Maria to Paris, remaining steadily loyal. He died 1667.
[87] History of the Royal Society (by C. R. Weld), p. 96. Galileo is said to have first discovered the use of the pendulum as a measure of time, while watching the oscillations of the bronze lamp in the cathedral at Pisa. A pendulum clock was long reckoned a ‘rarity.’ Bishop Seth Ward presented one, made by Fromantel, to the Society in 1662, in memory of his friend Mr. Laurence Rooke, late Astronomy Professor at Gresham College.
[88] Founded 1619 by Sir Henry Savile. He required that the Professor should explain the Ptolemaic and Copernican and other modern astronomical systems, should teach and read on Optics, Dialling, Geography and Navigation. He was to be of any nation in Christendom, provided he was of good reputation, had a fair knowledge of Greek, and was twenty-six years of age. If an Englishman he must have taken his M.A. degree. The choice of a professor was to lie with the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the University, the Bishop of London, the principal Secretary of State, Chief Justices, the Lord Chief Baron, and Dean of Arches. Oxford, vol. ii. p. 188. Ayliffe.
[89] He married Inigo Jones’s daughter.
[90] Lives of the Gresham Professors, Ward, p. 97.
[92] Isaac Barrow, born 1630. He was so little studious as a boy, and so fond of fighting, that his father used often solemnly to wish that if it should please God to take one of his children it might be his son Isaac. When, however, in 1677, he did really die, the Lord Keeper (Lord Nottingham) sent his father a message of condolence, importing that ‘he had but too great reason to grieve, since never father lost so good a son.’ Dr. Isaac Barrow, Bishop of Man, 1663, and S. Asaph, 1669, was his uncle. Life of Dr. Barrow, vol. i. p. ix., ed. 1830. Among his poems is the following, which seems to be incomplete:—
AD. DD. CHR. WREN.
Ad te, sed passu tremulo vultuque rubenti,
Fertur ad ingenii culmen, opella levis,
Nec quid vult aliud (quid enim velit haud tibi notum)
Quam ut justum authoris deferat.—Ib. vol. viii. p. 541.
[92] Samuel Butler, born 1612, died, it is said, in great poverty, and was buried in S. Paul’s, Covent Garden, 1680.
[93] Wren’s lunar globe will be remembered. Vide supra, [p. 125].
The satire made some sensation and caused La Fontaine to write Un Animal dans la Lune, in which, courtier like, he pays a compliment to Charles II., and hints at the happiness of England at peace and able to give herself ‘à ces emplois,’ while France was at war with Holland, Spain, and the Empire.
[94] Dr. Richard Bayley, President of S. John’s College.
[95] Bishop Andrewes bequeathed 332l. to the library of Pembroke College.
[96] Some alterations have recently been made at Pembroke, in which, under the late Sir G. Scott’s orders, the chapel has been lengthened by about 20 feet, the stucco of the exterior stripped, and the red brick pointed.
[97] For an account of the great rarity of stone roofs see Fergusson’s Illustrated Handbook of Architecture, vol. ii. p. 879. It is said that Wren used often to look at the beautiful roof of King’s College Chapel, Cambridge, and say he would build such another if anyone would tell him where to put the first stone.
[98] ‘Among the sacred ruins of S. Paul’s Church laid down his own (sure that both will rise again).’ Sancroft, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, succeeded him.
[99] Oxford, vol. i. p. 473. Ayliffe.
[100] Diary, vol. ii. p. 273, et seq., ed. 1828.
[101] Dr. Ralph Bathurst, born 1620, educated at Coventry and Oxford. Was ordained, but during the rebellion maintained himself by the practice of medicine. He was a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1688 its president. He was president of Trinity from 1644 till his death in 1704. He was Dean of Wells, and was offered the bishopric, but refused it as taking him from his college and hindering the improvements he was making there. Evelyn speaks highly of his preaching and his admirable parts and learning.’
[102] Wren refers to the University of Paris, which was divided into four faculties—arts (letters and science), theology, civil and canon law, and medicine. The faculty of arts was divided into four nations. That of France divided again into five provinces or tribes, that of Picardy divided in the same way, that of Normandy, and that of Germany which was divided into two tribes, that of the continents (divided into two provinces), and that of the islanders, which included Great Britain and Ireland.—Dictionnaire Historique de la France, par L. Lalanne.
[103] Gio. Bernini was born at Naples 1598 and was a great sculptor as well as architect. He made a bust of Charles I. of England after a picture by Vandyke. When the bust was carried to the king’s house at Chelsea his Majesty with a train of nobles went to view it, and as they were viewing it a hawk flew over their heads with a partridge in his claw which he had wounded to death. Some of the partridge’s blood fell on the neck of the bust, where it always remained without being wiped off. This bust, with the picture from which it was taken, is thought to have perished in the fire at Whitehall, 1697.—Biographical History, vol. ii. p. 88. Grainger.
Bernini was splendidly received at Paris and employed in several works of sculpture, among which was a bust of Louis XIV., probably the one to which Wren refers. His design for the Louvre was accepted, and he had just begun to work it out at the time Wren wrote, but Colbert and the two Perraults stirred up so many difficulties that Bernini abandoned the task, and the Louvre was left in the hands of Claude Perrault. Bernini returned to Rome and died there in 1680.
[104] i.e. Mosaic.
[105] Wood. Athenæ Oxoniensis, vol. i. p. 735. He used certain peculiarities in the Act of Consecration which have been repeated at the consecration of the addition to the chapel, March 25, 1881.
[106] Diary, September, 1666.
[107] Evelyn’s Diary, September, 1666.
[108] That of Robert de Braybrook (Bishop of London 1382 and 1405). The tomb of Donne (Dean of S. Paul’s 1621–1631) was not entirely destroyed.
[109] The bricks, which were temporarily used in the building of S. Paul’s, were of so good a quality that Richard Jennings, Wren’s master carpenter, bought and transported them by water to Henley-on-Thames (his native town), and with them built a house a mile from Henley, which, bearing the name of ‘Badgemore,’ is still to be seen. The bricks of which it is built are often admired.
[110] Desiderata Curiosa, p. 545. Peck.
[111] Pepys’ Diary, vol. v. p. 326.
[112] ‘Lex Ignea, or the School of Righteousness.’—Life of Sancroft, vol. ii. p. 355. Doyley.
[113] Life of Sancroft, vol. i. p. 141. Doyley.
[114] i.e. by word of mouth.
[115] Probably a misprint for ‘Argo-navis,’ referring to the frequent repairs of the Argo.
[116] In 1672 a bridge, with a beautiful arch resembling those that cross the canals at Venice, was built over ‘the Ditch,’ opposite Bridewell Hospital. One or two other bridges were built, and the stream made navigable, but apparently not ‘cleansed,’ which in time rendered it a nuisance. The bridges were taken down and the stream reduced to a drain in 1765.—Ann. Reg., 1765, p. 136.
[117] Diary, vol. iv. p. 8.
[118] The Coghills of Glen Barrahane, county Cork, are descended from the elder branch of this family. Captain Coghill, who died with Lieutenant Melville, having carried off the colours from the battle of Isandula, January 1879, was the eldest son of the present head of the family.
[119] Never before printed.
[120] Pepys’ Diary, vol iv. p. 241.
[121] This building was destroyed by fire 1838, and rebuilt from designs by Mr. Tite 1844.
[122] Spectator, vol. i. No. 69.
[123] They were the best work of John Bushnell, an eccentric and half-crazy sculptor, who died in 1701.
[124] ‘Soe Hoe’ became a favourite residence. In November 1689, Evelyn came up ‘with his family to winter at Soho in the Great Square.’ Some handsome houses are still standing.
[125] Diary, Jan. 31, 1667–8.
[126] Restoration of the Church of St. Sepulchre, London. A. Billing.
[127] It is said that in the children’s game of ‘Oranges and Lemons, say the bells of S. Clement’s, &c.’ the best peals of bells in London are enumerated. I do not know the date of the game.
[128] Repertorium, vol. i. p. 437–440. Newcourt.
[129] Hist. of Modern Architecture. Fergusson, pp. 306–307.
[130] Hist. of the Honourable Artillery Company. Captain Raikes, vol. i. p. 194.
[131] To this church and parish belongs the honourable distinction of having successfully resisted the encroachments of the railway company which recently attempted to desecrate the church. ‘The City Church and Churchyard Protection Society’—alas! that any such society should be needed—which fought this battle, must have the best wishes of any biographer of Christopher Wren.
[132] The interior has been lately altered.
[133] History of Modern Architecture. Fergusson, p. 307.
[134] Antonio Canova, born 1757, died 1822. He had come to England to see the Elgin Marbles.
[135] History of the Royal Society, p. 237. Weld. The anecdote is taken from an article in an old Gentleman’s Magazine, written professedly by one who knew Sir I. Newton.
[136] Destroyed 1876.
[137] Hubert Le Soeur was a pupil of John of Bologna; he came to England in 1630. The statue of Lord Pembroke at Oxford, and that of King Charles, which has Le Soeur’s name on the horse’s hoof, are all that now remain of his works.
[138] On the statue of King Charles I. at Charing Cross in the year 1674. E. Waller.
[139] The model was long preserved in what was called the Trophy Room of S. Paul’s. ‘It unfortunately has suffered much from neglect, decay, and the uncontrolled mischief of visitors; that which was one of its noblest features, its long stately western portico, has entirely disappeared. The model was lent to and still remains in the Architectural Exhibition at South Kensington, on condition of repairing some of its reparable parts (a condition but imperfectly fulfilled).’—Annals of S. Paul’s Cathedral, Dean Milman, p. 40.
[140] An engraving giving a section of this very curious design is to be found at page 97 of Mr. Longman’s exhaustive and interesting Three Cathedrals dedicated to S. Paul’s in London.
[141] The fourth portion of the tax on coal granted for the public buildings of the City was given for the rebuilding of S. Paul’s.
[142] Thomas was the son of Mr. Valentine Strong, a well-known master-mason of Hertfordshire; his six sons were all engaged in the same trade as himself. Life of Sir C. Wren, p. 316. Elmes.
[143] Sir C. Wren gave the mallet and trowel used on this occasion to the Freemasons’ lodge of which he was master, then called after his name, now the ‘Lodge of Antiquity, No. 21.’
[144] J. Woodward, the founder of the Cambridge Geological Professorship, was born 1665, published a series of curious geological speculations under the name of A Natural History of the Earth. In 1707 he published An Account of Roman Urns and Antiquities lately dug up near Bishopsgate, addressed to Sir C. Wren, whom, as I have said, he did not convince. Woodward was a Fellow of the Royal Society and the College of Physicians. He died 1728.
[145] Francis Atterbury, born 1662, made Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Rochester 1715; was a strong Jacobite, and was banished in 1723: died 1732.
[146] A stone altar was however found during some excavations in Foster Lane in 1830, at no great distance from the Cathedral, with an image of Diana about which there can be no misapprehension, as it closely resembles the Diana of the Louvre.—Annals of S. Paul’s, p. 7.
[147] Jack Cade’s instruction to his followers on reaching London was ‘Up Fish Street, down S. Magnus corner. Kill and knock down, throw them into the Thames.’ Henry VI., part ii. act iv. scene 8.
[148] The following interesting anecdote was related to one of the Honorary Secretaries (Mr. Wright) by a member of the Society (Mr. Fytche):—‘Walking one fine summer morning in June 1872 down to the Mansion House, on reaching the Poultry I was surprised to see a man on the top of the tower of S. Mildred’s Church hammering away at the stones with a crowbar; so, finding the door open, I went up the stairs of the tower and said to my friend of the crowbar, “Why, you are pulling the church down!” “Ay,” says he, “it’s all to be down and carted away by the end of July.” “I suppose it’s going to be rebuilt elsewhere!” “Built anywhere? No; my master has bought it.” “Who is your master?” “Don’t you know him? Mr. So-and-So, the great contractor.” “What’s he going to do with it?” “Do with it? Why, he’s twenty carts and forty horses to lead it away to his stoneyard, and he’s going to grind it up to make Portland cement!” So I asked him of the crowbar to show me round the church. “Would your master sell the stones instead of grinding ’em up?” I asked. “Sell ’em? Yes, he’ll sell his soul for money!” So I made an appointment for his master to come up to the Langham Hotel next morning, and we agreed about the purchase—he to deliver the stones at a wharf on the Thames, and they were brought down in barges and landed at the head of a canal on the east coast of Lincolnshire, and are now lying in a green field near my house, called S. Katherine’s Garth, from an old Priory of S. Katherine, which formerly stood there, and which I hope some day to rebuild as my domestic chapel.’—Report of the City Church and Churchyard Protection Society, 1880.
[149] Vide supra, [p. 186–7].
[150] Evelyn’s Diary, May 28, 1682.
[151] Nicholas Hawksmoor, born the year of the fire, became Wren’s pupil in 1683 and helped him in many of his works. Hawksmoor built several churches under Queen Anne’s Act; they are original, but heavy, and not always in good taste. He died 1736.
[152] Caius Cibber, born 1630. The statues of Melancholy and Madness at Bedlam were his greatest works: died about 1700.
[153] He did much of the work of S. Clement Danes under Wren’s directions, and made a bust of Sir Christopher, now at All Souls: died 1698.
[154] Moral Essays, Ep. iii.
[155] Of Medals, p. 162, ed. 1697. Evelyn.
[156] For an interesting account of these see The Tower of London, by Lord de Ros, p. 417.
[157] It was founded in 1584 by Sir Walter Mildmay, a great supporter of the Puritans.
In Bishop Corbet’s poem, The Distracted Puritan, the hero says:—
‘In the house of pure Emmanuel
I had my education,
Where my friends surmise
I dazel’d my eyes
With the sight of Revelation.’
Evelyn, who visited it in September 1655, says: ‘That zealous house ... the Chapel (it was but a room) is reformed ab origine, built N. and S. as is the Librarie.’
[158] Vide infra, [p. 331–3].
[159] Evelyn’s Diary, September 17, 1657, and July 23, 1678.
[160] His son Thomas was created Earl of Pomfret by George I., 1721; the title is extinct.
[161] He appeared for the seven bishops on their trial, greatly angering King James thereby. He voted for William and Mary, and was by them created Earl of Bradford, 1694.
[162] Repertorium, vol. i. p. 276. Newcourt.
[163] Born 1437. Assisted Tindal in translating and printing the Bible. Died 1568.
[164] New View of London, vol. i. p. 14. E. Hatton.
[165] The steeple has been slightly lowered by Sir W. Staines in recent years: it was 234 feet high. When this was done, it was discovered that an old hawk had inhabited the two upper circles, the open arcades of which were filled with masses of bird’s bones, chiefly those of the city pigeons upon which he had preyed.
[166] There is a quantity of stone quarried for S. Paul’s still lying at the back of the island, ready for transportation.
[167] Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons, vol. ii. p. 310. Seward. It is supposed to have been part of the gravestone of Dr. John King, Bishop of London, 1611–21, called by King James ‘the King of preachers.’ ‘He was a most solid and profound divine of great gravity and piety, and a most excellent volubility of speech.’—Repertorium, vol. i. p. 29. Newcourt. Bishop King preached at S. Paul’s Cross before King James I. and all his Court when James the First began the restoration of the Cathedral under Inigo Jones. A quaint print of this scene still exists.—Three Cathedrals of S. Paul, p. 20. Longman.
[168] Fast. Oxon., vol. i. p. 139. Wood.
[169] Vide supra, [pp. 77, 78].
[170] Biographical History of England, vol. iii. p. 327. Noble.
[171] Lives of the Gresham Professors, p. 104. Ward. The church has been lately cleansed, but the disfiguring pews most unfortunately still encumber the area.
[172] Thomas Tenison, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Canterbury; his endowments were munificent: died 1715.
[173] Diary, February 15, 1684. The very valuable library which Dr. Tenison founded was, alas! sold by Act of Parliament, 1861, and the proceeds ordered to be applied to middle-class education, which was hardly what the donor intended.
[174] Denys Papin, born at Blois, was an M.D. of Paris; came to England, and in 1680 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He died in 1710.
[175] Diary, April 12, 1684.
[176] The New Digester, or Engine for the Softening of Bones, 4to. A modification of Papin’s ‘digester kettle’ still exists, and goes by his name, though used far less than it deserves.
[177] Born in Paris, 1643. The son of a Protestant jeweller, he went to Persia in search of diamonds, amassing a considerable fortune. He married in England in 1681, and died there in 1735. He was buried at Chiswick, but his monument is in Westminster Abbey. ‘Sir John Chardin. Nomen sibi fecit eundo.’—Life of Sir C. Wren, p. 419. Elmes.
[178] Diary, August 30, 1680.
[179] The friendship and connection with Sir Christopher is curious, for in 1857 Mr. Chandos Wren Hoskyns married Theodosia Anne Martha Wren, only surviving child of Christopher Roberts Wren, of Wroxall Abbey in Warwickshire, who was himself the great-great-grandson of Sir C. Wren, Mr. Chandos Hoskyns being the direct descendant of Sir J. Hoskyns mentioned above. To their only child, now the wife of the Rev. C. F. C. Pigott, Rector of Edgmond, Salop, and Prebendary of Lichfield, I am indebted for the use of many valuable family papers.
[180] Biog. Hist., vol. iii. p. 371, vol. iv. p. 314. Grainger.
[181] James Gibbs, a Scotch architect who built S. Mary-le-Strand, S. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, &c.; born 1674, died 1754.
[182] Life of Bishop Ken, by a layman, ed. 1854, p. 186.
[183] He wrote Primitive Christianity, Lives of the Fathers, &c.; was a Canon of Windsor, where he died in 1713.
[185] Newcourt says, ‘A lofty spire was at first built, but the tower not proving strong enough, it was taken down, and another sort of spire built.’ It is said to be by Willcox, a carpenter.
[186] Diary, December 7, 1684.
[187] It was private property and never consecrated, and has within the last few years been pulled down and the site used as a shop.
[188] Repertorium, p. 367. Newcourt. Now used by the Welsh congregation.
[189] Diary, January 9, 1684.
[190] Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 306.
[191] The title of Newton’s book is Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. The MS. is in the possession of the Royal Society.
[192] Matthew Griffiths, the favourite and the pupil of Dean Donne, held this living through the Rebellion, and being a hearty Episcopalian was sequestered, plundered, and twice imprisoned; he returned to London and read the Prayers of the Church in the obscure church of S. Nicholas Olave’s,[193] hard by his own church, to the poor Cavaliers; for this he suffered seven violent assaults and five imprisonments; the last for preaching before General Monk a strong Royalist sermon before Monk had declared himself. Mr. Griffiths was speedily released and restored to his benefice.
[193] S. Nicholas Olave was burnt to the ground and the parish incorporated with that of S. Nicholas Coleabbey.—Newcourt’s Rep., p. 305.
[194] It would seem from the S. Gregory’s vestry books that Sir C. Wren put up at the request of the parishioners ‘a wooden tabernacle’ for the use of both parishes. It was set up in S. Paul’s Churchyard, and taken down after a time as interfering with the building of the Cathedral.
[195] Repertorium, p. 475. Newcourt.
[196] Walks in London. A. Hare, vol. i. p. 331.
[197] For this anecdote (taken from MS. in the British Museum) I am indebted to a number of the British Workman for 1877. It is, I think, the foundation of Mr. J. Saunders’ graceful story of Jasper Deane.
[198] Probably the father of the great writer.
[199] The name is often supposed to originate in the patten-makers who are said to have lived near, but its origin is more probably ‘S. Margaret with the Paten.’
[200] ‘Not,’ says Evelyn (Diary, May 18, 1688), ‘that they were averse to the publisheing of it for want of due tendernesse towards Dissenters ... but that the Declaration being founded on such a dispensing power as might at pleasure set aside all laws ecclesiastical, it appeared to them illegal and ... a point of such consequence that they could not so far make themselves parties to it as the reading of it in church during the time of Divine Service would have done.’ They were sent to the Tower June 8, for refusing to give bail for their appearance. They refused on the ground that to do so would have prejudiced their peerage. The bishops were Francis Turner of Ely, William Lloyd of S. Asaph, Thomas Ken of Bath and Wells, John Lake of Chichester, Sir Jonathan Trelawney of Bristol, Thomas White of Peterborough, and William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury.
[201] The mechanical part is done by the women convicts of Woking Gaol.
[202] New View of London, vol. ii. p. 423.
[203] Canto i. Samuel Garth, a physician of some fame, who provided for Dryden’s funeral in Westminster Abbey. Died 1718.
[204] Newgate.
[205] See [Appendix ii].
[206] R. I. B. A. Sessional Papers, 1876–7, p. 162.
[207] Horace Walpole says that Wren’s descendant assured him that Sir C. Wren had prepared a far better design for Hampton Court which Queen Mary preferred, but it was overruled by William III. This may only mean the cloisters, as Walpole is not accurate.—Anec., vol. iii.
[208] This plan was adopted. Dr. Bathurst died in May 1704 at the age of 86.
[209] So called from being in the street where formerly was a strong tower where several kings, and Queen Philippa, Edward the Third’s wife, lodged, also called the Queen’s Wardrobe, as the building near S. Andrew’s was the King’s Wardrobe.—New View, vol. ii. p. 427.
[210] ‘The said Sir R. Whittington, as he was three times Lord Mayor, was as often buried in this church; first, by his executors under a fine monument; second, by the avaricious parson for the riches he hoped to find; and a third time by his friends, to interr him in lead under his monument as at first.’—New View, p. 428.
[211] ‘S. Vedast was Bishop of Arras, A.D. 484, a man of great holiness and charity. Once he met with a cruel bear prowling in the ruins of an old Christian church; at his command the bear departed into the wilderness and never returned there again. S. Vedast is usually pictured with a bear.’—Repertorium, Newcourt, vol. i. p. 563.
[212] Fourteen churches (eleven of which were built by Wren) have been destroyed since 1781; during which time the increase of the City population has been by hundreds of thousands. The only attempt at an apology for this destruction has been based on the fact that on Sundays the City is empty. On so poor a plea as this the churches have been closely shut throughout the other days of the week, their incumbents have lived far away, leaving their parishioners uncared for; and then, when a grudgingly given Sunday service has been poorly attended, have hastened first to close and then to help in destroying the buildings which reproached them; and have called it ‘thinning the City churches.’—See on this subject, Sessional Papers, 1876–7, R. I. B. A.
[213] Three Cathedrals, Longman, p. 151.
[214] Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul’s, p. 165–72.
[215] Given in Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul’s, p. 157.
[216] History of England, vol. iv. p. 44–51. Sherlock was born 1641, died 1707.
[217] The year is not given in the MS. original, but it must be 1698.
[218] William, Earl of Portland, whose embassy was of extraordinary splendour. Of intrigues there must have been plenty, for at the very moment that Louis XIV. was for the first time recognising the Prince of Orange as King of England, King James II. was residing at S. Germains, surrounded by his own Court.
[219] Evelyn’s Diary, June, no date of day.
[220] Evelyn’s Diary, Jan. 30, 1698.
[221] Documents illustrating, etc., p. 158.
[222] Three Cathedrals, Longman, p. 86–88.
[223] Environs of London, vol. iv. p. 450. Lysons.
[224] In the possession of H.M. the Queen.
[225] I can find no proof of this, and it is not mentioned in any list of his buildings that I have seen.
[226] Dr. Holder died 1694.
[227] Francis Bird, born in London 1667. His masterpiece was the monument to Dr. Busby. He died in London 1731. A stonecutter of the same name at Oxford is mentioned by Plot in connection with an invention for staining marbles and cutting them like a cameo, who I am inclined to think was a relation.
[228] Evelyn’s Diary, September 7, 1704.
[229] Hitherto unpublished.
[230] G. F. Gronovius, 1613–1672. He was the author of many works, chiefly annotations of the classics, and succeeded Heinsius in the Greek chair at Leyden.
[231] Barcelona was taken by Lord Peterborough and Sir Cloudesley Shovel, October 4, 1705, in the war of the Spanish Succession.
[232] The eldest son of the Earl of Portland, afterwards created Duke of Portland.
[233] A portrait of this lady in full profile, with a pale face and black hair, painted somewhat in the style of Sir Peter Lely, is in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.
[234] This lease was renewed to his eldest son in 1737 for 28½ years, running on from 1758.
[235] Now in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.
[236] Annals of S. Paul’s, p. 432.
[237] It must be to this that Wren refers in his letter to his son, p. 282.
[238] Documents illustrating, &c., p. 62.
[239] The Dean and Chapter of S. Paul’s removed the fence in 1874, and substituted the present open, low one, thus removing a blemish from the exterior of the Cathedral.
[240] The Royal Society occupied this house, till 1847, when it was pulled down to make room for the new Record Office.—Hist. R. S., p. 399. Weld.
[241] The Tatler, No. 52, 1709. Both the paper and its note contain eloquent tributes to Wren. It is remarkable that Steele wrote this at the very time Wren’s salary was first ‘suspended.’
[242] ‘Now Fortune commands me to apply myself more closely to Philosophy.’
[243] ‘Then another king arose which knew not Joseph.’—Acts vii. 18. ‘And Gallio cared for none of these things.’—Acts xviii. 17.
[244] Now spelt Wroxall. This property remained in the hands of Sir Christopher’s direct lineal descendants (five Christophers held it in succession) until 1861. Wren’s son and heir died in 1747, and is buried in Wroxhall Abbey; his son Christopher displeasing him, he left away much of the estate to his stepson, Sir Roger Burgoyne. At the death of the elder Christopher many of the great architect’s plans and drawings were bought by Mr. Justice Blackburn, who presented them to All Souls’ College. The Parentalia was principally written at Wroxhall by Sir Christopher’s son Christopher, and was published by his second son Stephen Wren, M.D., in 1750. See Worthies of Warwickshire, p. 852, and Biog. Hist. of England, vol. iii. p. 329. Noble.
[245] The reward was adjudged in two portions of 10,000l., to Mr. J. Harrison in 1726 and 1775, for making two chronometers, which gave the longitude within 10’ 45” of the truth. Rewards were offered for further discoveries. The Board of Longitude was abolished in 1828.—Life of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii. p. 258–267. Sir David Brewster.
[246] These cryptographs were first published by Sir David Brewster in his Life of Sir Isaac Newton, vol. ii. p. 263, ed. 1855. No key was found until Mr. Francis Williams, of Grange Court, Chigwell, sent the following:
1.
WAcC
Wach
HhMArGNwETrICe
magnetic
BAnLAmNCdE
balance
WcOUcNDx
wound
IN
in
iVAvCUzO.
vacuo.
Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV.
2.
FIcX
Fix
HhEArD
head
HwIPrPEeS
hippes
PcOIcSEx
poise
TUiBEi
tube
ONi
on
EYieZ.
eye.
(One letter a misprint).
Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIIII.
3.
PIcPEh
Pipe
SCrRewWEr
screwe
MOeVInNGm
moving
WHdEEcLSc
wheels
FRxOMi
from
BEvAKzE.
beake.
(One letter a misprint).
Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV.
The three last omitted Z,s occurring in the first part of each cipher to show that that part must be taken last.—Report of the British Association for 1859.
[247] ‘Beneath is laid the builder of this church and city, Christopher Wren, who lived more than ninety years, not for himself, but for the good of the State. Reader, if thou ask for a monument, look around thee.’
INDEX.
- Académie Royale des Sciences, [148]
- — — Thames Street, [240]
- All Saints, Isleworth, [298]
- Andrewes, Lancelot, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Chichester, of Ely, of Winchester,
- kindness of, to Matthew Wren, [6], [7];
- his prophecy, [10], [13];
- his death, [14];
- funeral of, at St. Saviour’s, Southwark, [15];
- care of, in giving church preferment, [31];
- chaplain sent to the New Forest by, [40];
- appointment of Mr. Bois by, [46];
- quoted by Bishop Wren, [62];
- church views of, [120];
- legacy of, to Pembroke College library, [134]
- ‘Annual Register,’ the (1765), [174]
- Arches Court, The, origin of the name, [184]
- Architecture, [119], [148], [150], [171], [184], [197], [240], [268], [290], [329];
- Discourse on, by Sir C. Wren. See [Appendix III., 340]
- Artillery Company, the, [185]
- Ashburnham, Mr., [75]
- Ashmole, Mr. Elias, founder of the Ashmolean Museum, [217]
- Aubrey, the Wiltshire Antiquary, [91]
- Bancroft, Archbishop, [14]
- Barwick, Dr., Dean of Durham, of S. Paul’s, ‘Life of,’ [72], [76], [85], [110], [112], [115], [120], [140]
- ‘Beauties of England and Wales,’ [16]
- Bedloe, witness in the Popish plot, [227]
- Billing, A., ‘Restoration of the Church of S. Sepulchre,’ [183]
- Blenheim Palace, building of, by Vanbrugh, [286]
- Blenheim, victory of (1704), [301]
- ‘Blue Book of the Garter,’ the, [68]
- Blunt, ‘Key to the Holy Bible,’ [46]
- Bois, Mr. John, [46]
- Bow Church. See [S. Mary-le-Bow]
- Boyle, Robert, [283]
- Brewster, Sir David, ‘Life of Newton,’ [330]
- British Association, the, report of, for 1859, [333]
- Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, [279]
- Burton, Henry, [251]
- Bushnell, John, [179]
- Butler, Bishop of Bristol, [65]
- Butler, Samuel, [130]
- Canova, Antonio, [192]
- Cave, Dr. William, [240]
- Cemeteries, Wren’s plan for placing outside London, [307]
- Charles I., his journey to Spain as Prince of Wales, [7–9];
- Charles II., escape of, after the battle of Worcester, [91];
- letter of, to Monk from Breda, [112];
- entry of, into London, [117];
- encouragement given by, to the founding of the Royal Society, [124], [130];
- spirited behaviour of, at the Fire of London, [156];
- first stone of the Royal Exchange laid by, [178];
- portion of the tax on coal given to building of S. Paul’s by, [198];
- palace at Newmarket built for, [225];
- death of, [246]
- — cathedral of, spire repaired by Wren, [243]
- Christ Church, Newgate, repaired by Wren, [260]
- Christ Church, Oxford, gateway at, built by Wren, [232]
- Cibber, Caius, [207]
- City churches, the.
- See Names of Churches.
- For complete list of, see [Appendix II., 338]
- City companies’ halls rebuilt by Wren, [266].
- For list of, see [Appendix II., 339]
- Claypole, Richard, [99]
- Coal, portion of tax on, granted for the rebuilding of S. Paul’s, [198]
- Collier, ‘Ecclesiastical History,’ [20]
- Common Prayer. See [Prayer Book]
- Cosin, Dean of Peterborough, Bishop of Durham, [153]
- Coverdale, Bishop Miles, [219]
- Cromwell, Richard, [103]
- Custom-house, the, rebuilt by Wren, [176]
- Dale, Rev. T. P., rector of S. Vedast’s, Foster Lane, imprisonment of, [273]
- Davenport, ‘Oxfordshire Annals,’ [25]
- ‘Decoy Duck,’ the, a pamphlet against Archbishop Williams, [59]
- De Ros, Lord, ‘The Tower of London,’ [211]
- Dore, Abbey of, [19]
- Dunton, John, leader of the expedition against the Sallee pirates, [20]
- Duppa, Dr. Brian, Bishop of Salisbury, appointed executor of Archbishop Laud’s will, [71];
- Archbishop Tenison secretly ordained by, [123]
- Evelyn, John, ‘Diary’ of, [15], [49], [50], [51], [89], [93], [94], [95], [99], [114], [117], [118], [127], [145], [146], [154], [155], [181], [206], [209], [215], [217], [226], [228], [229], [230], [242], [244], [260], [286], [287], [302]
- — — death of, [304]
- Exchange. See [Royal Exchange]
- Fawley Court built by Wren, [245]
- Fell, Bishop of Oxford, [220]
- — ‘Illustrated Handbook of Architecture,’ [139]
- Fifty new churches, Act for building the, [305]
- Fire of London, the, [155], [159], [175], [184], [185], [187], [191], [192], [204], [219], [243], [288]
- Fogg, Captain, pillage of S. George’s Chapel by, [67]
- ‘Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common Prayer,’ [120]
- Frogley, Richard, Wren’s carpenter, [142]
- Garth, Samuel, physician and poet, [265]
- George I., [329]
- Gibbs, James, pupil of Wren’s builder of S. Mary-le-Strand and S. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, [233], [286], [305]
- Great Haseley, detection of a murder at, [38]
- — Palace, [127]
- Gresham Professors. See [Ward’s ‘Lives of’]
- Griffiths, Matthew, Rector of S. Mary Magdalene’s, Fish St. 248
- Hackett, Dr., [18]
- Hall, Bishop of Norwich, [58]
- Hawkins, Sir John, monument of, at S. Dunstan’s-in-the-East, [287]
- Henry VI., [4]
- Hewet, Dr., [99]
- Hoare, Sir R., ‘History of Wiltshire,’ [33]
- Hope, Right Honourable, A. J. B. B. ‘Worship in the Church of England,’ [65]
- Hoskyns, Sir John, [231]
- Hudson, Dr., chaplain to Charles I., [75]
- Hume, ‘History of England,’ [102]
- James I., visit of, to Cambridge, [6];
- James II., Inscription on Monument effaced by, [208];
- Jarman, the city architect, [266]
- Kennet, Bishop, [122]
- Kensington Palace, additions to, made by Wren, [268]
- King, Bishop of London, his gravestone, [222]
- Knolles, ‘Historie of the Turks,’ [19]
- Lake, Bishop of Chichester, [260]
- Lalanne, L., ‘Dictionnaire Historique de la France,’ [149]
- Lane, Mr. Peter, Rector of S. Bennet’s, Paul’s wharf, [243]
- Lathbury, ‘History of Book of Common Prayer,’ [123]
- Laud, Bishop of S. David’s, of London, Archbishop of Canterbury, advice of, respecting chaplains for the Prince of Wales, [7];
- form of penance, and reconciliation for a renegado prepared with Bishop Wren by, [20];
- measures taken by, against the lecturers, [22];
- his treatment of the foreign congregations, [23], [24];
- works at S. Paul’s carried on by order of, [41], [42];
- yearly report of, to the King, [45];
- impeachment and imprisonment of, in the Tower, [48], [50];
- his refusal to escape, [61];
- Trial of, [69], [70];
- his execution on Tower Hill, [70];
- order of, respecting altar-rails, [249]
- Le Sœur, Hubert, his statue of King Charles, [195]
- Littleton, Lord Keeper, [57]
- — Stone, [219]
- Lysons, ‘Environs of London,’ [298]
- Marah, ‘Life of Archbishop Juxon,’ [18]
- Mary, Princess, her marriage, [49]
- — Queen, her arrival in England, [263];
- Maw, Bishop of Bath and Wells, [7]
- Merchant Taylors’ School, [6]
- Milford, Rev. R.N., [33]
- Morley, Bishop of Winchester, [220]
- Morton, Bishop of Durham, [112]
- Motley ‘Life of Barnevelde,’ [61]
- Neale, ‘History of the Puritans,’ [58]
- Neile, Bishop of Rochester, of Lichfield, of Lincoln, of Durham, of Winchester, and Archbishop of York, [10], [11], [13], [57], [70]
- Newmarket, hunting palace built for Charles II. at, [225]
- Newport, Lord, [218]
- Norwich, diocese of, overrun with lecturers, [22];
- Notes and queries, [90]
- Oates, Titus, [226]
- Oldenburg, Mr., Secretary of the Royal Society, [299]
- Parentalia, the, [26], [32], [34], [66], [74], [82], [87], [90], [98], [153], [154], [155], [177], [200], [201], [203], [223], [235], [247], [281], [325], [326], [330]
- Pearson, Dr., His sermon at Bishop Wren’s funeral, [160]
- Perier, Madame, ‘Vie de Pascal,’ [102]
- Philosophical Society, the, [126]
- Physicians, College of, built by Wren, [265]
- Pierce, Edward, sculptor under Wren, [207]
- Pope, ‘Moral Essays,’ [208]
- — ‘Dunciad,’ [330]
- Popish Plot, the, [227]
- — of Edward VI., the first, [121]
- ‘Quench Coal,’ pamphlet by Prynne, [44]
- ‘Querela Cantabrigiensis,’ [76]
- Raikes, Captain, ‘History of the Honourable Artillery Company,’ [185]
- Randolph, Thomas, [90]
- Red Book of the Garter, the, [68]
- Restoration, the, [79]
- Royal Exchange, the, rebuilt by C. Wren, [178]
- Royal Society, the, [95], [124], [129], [141], [145], [154], [159], [193], [194], [203], [208], [222], [223], [228], [230], [231], [239], [240], [246], [284], [299], [327], [333];
- — ‘History of,’ by Sprat, [95]
- Ryswick, peace of (1697), [271]
- Ryves, Dr., Bruno, Dean of Chichester, and of Windsor, and Registrar of the Garter, [123]
- — Alban’s, Wood St., rebuilt by Wren, [248]
- — Andrew’s-by-the-Wardrobe, rebuilt by Wren, [271]
- SS. Anne and Agnes’ Church, rebuilt by Wren, [218]
- S. Anne’s, Soho, [300]
- — Augustine’s Church, [234]
- — Bartholomew’s, Bartholomew Lane, rebuilt by Wren, [218];
- destroyed to give site for the Sun Fire-office, [219]
- — Bartholomew’s Day (1662), [122]
- — Bennet’s, Paul’s Wharf, rebuilt by Wren, [243]
- — Christopher-le-Stocks, repaired by Wren, [185]
- — Clement Danes, rebuilt by Wren, [233]
- — — Eastcheap, rebuilt by Wren, [252]
- — Edmund the King, rebuilt by Wren, [267]
- — Faith (crypt of S. Paul’s), built by Wren, [262]
- — George’s, Botolph Lane, rebuilt by Wren, [194]
- — James’s, Garlickhithe, rebuilt by Wren, [243]
- — Lawrence, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, [206]
- — Margaret’s, Fish St., [5]
- — — Lothbury, rebuilt by Wren, [267]
- — — Pattens, rebuilt by Wren, [259]
- — Martin’s, Ludgate Hill, rebuilt by Wren, [248]
- — Mary’s, Abchurch, rebuilt by Wren, [252]
- — — Aldermanbury, rebuilt by Wren, [207]
- — — -at-Hill, [191]
- — — -le-Bow, rebuilt by Wren, [183]
- — — Somerset, rebuilt by Wren, [273]
- — — Woolnoth, repaired by Wren, rebuilt by Hawksmore, [206]
- — — Magdalene, Fish St., rebuilt by Wren, [248]
- — Matthew’s, Friday St., rebuilt by Wren, [250]
- — Michael’s, Bassishaw, rebuilt by Wren, [219]
- — — Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, [191]
- — — Queenhithe, repaired by Wren, [207]
- — Mary’s, Royal College Hill, rebuilt by Strong, Wren’s master-mason, [272]
- — Mildred’s, Bread St., rebuilt by Wren, [240]
- — Nicholas, Cole Abbey, rebuilt by Wren, [206]
- — Olave’s, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, [194]
- — Paul’s Cathedral, old, repairs of, [41], [42];
- attacked by the Puritan mob (1640), [46]–47;
- meeting of the Convocation of Canterbury at (1661), [119];
- Wren’s proposed repairs of, [139], [140], [154];
- burning of, in the Great Fire (1666), [156], [158];
- removing the ruins of, [165];
- Sancroft’s letters to Wren respecting, [166], [168];
- Wren’s account of the effect of the fire upon, [169], [170], [171];
- sale of the ruins of, for the rebuilding of parochial churches, [186], [187];
- ruins of, blown up with gunpowder, [187], [188];
- New or present building, different designs for, and Wren’s model of, [196], [197];
- first stone of, laid by Wren, [200];
- Wren’s care in laying the foundations of, [201];
- Bishop Compton’s address to obtain contributions for, [220];
- quarries of Portland stone set apart for, [221];
- the crypt of, finished, [261], [262];
- part of the money for, taken by Parliament for the expenses of King William’s wars, [273];
- placing of the organ in, [273], [274], [275];
- opening of the choir of, [279];
- Wren’s order against swearing among the workmen in, [285];
- morning-prayer chapel of, opened, [288];
- burial of Jane Wren in, [300];
- thanksgiving for the victory of Blenheim at, [301];
- covering of the dome of, with lead, [303];
- last stone of, laid by Wren’s son, [318], [319];
- the iron gates set up in, [324];
- Wren’s design for east end of, [324], [325];
- iron fence round, [326];
- design of the commissioners to put up a balustrade, in, [328];
- late improvements in, [334]
- — Stephen’s, Coleman St., rebuilt by Wren, [205]
- — Swithin’s, Cannon St., rebuilt by Wren, [219]
- — Vedast’s, Foster Lane, steeple of, added by Wren, [273]
- Salisbury Cathedral, Wren’s work at, [17]
- Sancroft, Dr., Dean of S. Paul’s and Archbishop of Canterbury, appointed a S. Paul’s commissioner, [154];
- Savoy conference, the, [120]
- Scudamore, Lord, [19]
- Seward, ‘Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons,’ [222]
- Sherlock, Dean of S. Paul’s, [281]
- Simpson, Dr. Sparrow, ‘Documents illustrating the History of S. Paul’s,’ [27], [274], [280], [288], [323]
- ‘Spectator, the,’ [179]
- Sprat, Dr., Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Rochester, his account of the meetings of the Royal Society, [95];
- Steele, Sir R., ‘The Tatler,’ [239]
- — Thomas, brother of Edward, [200]
- Tangiers, fortifications of, [132]
- Tenison, Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Canterbury, his secret ordination by Bishop Duppa, [123];
- Temple Bar, built by Wren, [179]
- Tilbury Fort, [216]
- Tower of London, the, [44], [58], [59], [69], [71], [87], [114], [115], [187], [210], [211], [260], [261]
- Tradescant, John, collector of the objects of natural history in the Oxford Museum, [217]
- Trelawney, Bishop of Winchester, [235]
- Trinity College, Cambridge, [146]
- Turner, Bishop of Ely, [260]
- Van Vianen, Christian, [37]
- Ven, Colonel, [68]
- Verrio, painter, his work at Whitehall and Windsor, [252]
- Walworth, Sir William, his tomb, [262]
- Weather-clock, the invention of, by Wren, [89]
- Weavers, the, at Norwich, [23]
- Whittington, Sir Richard, [272]
- William, Prince of Orange, [49]
- Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man, [220]
- Wiseman, attack of the mob on Westminster Abbey, led by, [57]
- Wood, ‘Athenæ Oxonienses,’ [153]
- — ‘Fasti,’ [223]
- Wood, Philip, carvings of, [253–255]
- ‘Workman, the British,’ [253]
- — Charles, son of Bishop Wren, [161]
- Wren, Christopher, Dr., birth of, [5];
- education of, [31];
- given the living of Fonthill Bishops, [31];
- of East Knoyle, [31];
- made Dean of Windsor and Registrar of the Garter, [34];
- made rector of Great Haseley, [38];
- building at Windsor for Charles I. designed by, [40];
- his care for the treasures of the Order of the Garter, [67];
- letter of, to the Knights of the Garter, [80], [81];
- death of, [96]
- Wren, Sir Christopher, birth of, [32];
- sent to school at Westminster, [41];
- his Latin letter to his father, [42], [43];
- goes to Oxford, [73], [74];
- his life there, [77], [78];
- his translation of the ‘Clavis Aurea,’ [78], [79];
- his early Inventions, [88], [89], [90];
- friendship of, with Evelyn, [93], [94];
- made Gresham professor of astronomy, [97];
- his first lecture, [97], [98];
- discovery of the barometer by, [101];
- origin of the Royal Society in meetings in his rooms, [124];
- is made Savilian professor, [125];
- and doctor of civil laws at Oxford and Cambridge, [126];
- his letter to Lord Brouncker on Experiments, [126], [127];
- writes the preamble to the Charter of the Royal Society, [129];
- declines the commission to direct the fortifications of Tangiers, [132];
- his designs for the chapel at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, [134];
- his letter to Dr. Bathurst, [144];
- his journey abroad, [146];
- his journal, [149–152];
- his return to London and inspection of S. Paul’s, [154];
- his plan for rebuilding the city after the fire, [157], [158], [172], [173];
- Sancroft’s letters to him as to the patching of S. Paul’s, [166–171];
- his work at Salisbury Cathedral, [171];
- letter of, to Faith Coghill, [177];
- his marriage, [178];
- rebuilding of the Exchange by, [178];
- building of Temple Bar by, [178];
- petition of, to Charles II., [180–182];
- rebuilding of Bow Church by, [183–184];
- of S. Christopher-le-Stocks, [184];
- is made a member of the Honourable Artillery Company, [185];
- resigns the Savilian astronomy professorship, [186];
- appointed architect of S. Paul’s, [187];
- clears away the ruins of old S. Paul’s, [187];
- his experiment in blowing up the tower with gunpowder, [188];
- his use of a battering ram, [188];
- birth of his eldest son, [191];
- repair of S. Mary-at-Hill by, [191];
- building of S. Stephen’s, Walbrook, by, [192], [225];
- knighted by Charles II., [194];
- rebuilding of Drury Lane by, [196];
- salary as architect of S. Paul’s, [196];
- his model for S. Paul’s, [196–198];
- lays the first stone of S. Paul’s, [200];
- death of his wife, [203];
- his second marriage, [203];
- rebuilding of eight city churches by, [204–207];
- building of the Monument by, [207];
- his designs for a monument to Charles I., [209];
- building of the chapel at Emmanuel College by, [216];
- of the Observatory at Greenwich, [216];
- birth of his daughter Jane, [217];
- rebuilding of five more city churches by, [218], [219];
- the marking out of the dome of S. Paul’s by, [222];
- death of his second wife, [226];
- elected President of the Royal Society, [228];
- Christ Church gateway built by, [232];
- All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt by, [232];
- S. Peter’s, Cornhill, and S. Clement Danes rebuilt by, [233];
- his design for a palace at Winchester, [234], 235;
- Chelsea Hospital built by, [240];
- S. James’s, Westminster, built by, [241];
- Chichester Cathedral repaired by, [245];
- Fawley Court built by, [245];
- made Controller of the Works, [246];
- elected member for Plympton, [247];
- eight more city churches built by, [248–252];
- death of his sister Susan, [261];
- buildings by, erected at Windsor, [264], [265];
- College of Physicians built by, [265];
- halls of city companies rebuilt by, [266];
- Hampton Court palace rebuilt by, [257], [268];
- scheme of, for Greenwich Palace, [269];
- his difficulties in placing the organ of S. Paul’s, [273];
- invention by, of a pulpit on wheels, [280];
- letter of, to his son in Paris, [282], [283];
- chosen Grand Master of the Freemasons, [285];
- Marlborough House built by, [286];
- S. Dunstan’s-in-the-East repaired by, [287], [288];
- statement of, as to repairs of Westminster Abbey, [289–293];
- elected member for Weymouth, [298];
- death of his daughter Jane, [300];
- second letter of, to his son, [302], [303];
- letter of, on church building, [305–313];
- private houses built by, [317];
- last stone of S. Paul’s laid by his son, [318];
- attack on, by S. Paul’s Commissioners, [320];
- his petition to Queen Anne, [320], [322];
- his unfulfilled design for east end of S. Paul’s, [324], [325];
- dismissal of, by George I., from the post of surveyor-general, [329];
- purchase of Wroxhall Abbey by, [330];
- his studies and papers in cipher respecting the longitude at sea, [331], [332];
- his death 333;
- his burial and monument, [334]
- Wren Christopher, son of Sir C. Wren, [200], [265], [269], [281], [282], [283], [302], [303], [304], [318], [330]
- Wren, Francis, [5]
- — Matthew, birth and education of, [6];
- sent with the Prince to Spain, [7], [8];
- return and statement of, to three Bishops respecting the Prince of Wales, [10–13];
- elected Master of Peterhouse, [15];
- made Dean of Windsor, [16];
- his marriage, [16];
- made Bishop of Hereford, [17];
- Clerk of the Closet, [17];
- service composed by, for the Reconciliation of Renegados, [19], [20];
- made Bishop of Norwich, [23];
- translated to Ely, [44];
- his care for his diocese, [45], [46];
- Sir Harbottle Grimston’s and Hampden’s attack upon him, [48], [49];
- officiates at the marriage of Princess Mary, [49];
- resigns the Deanery of the Chapels Royal, [51];
- articles of accusation drawn up against him in the Commons, [55];
- his imprisonment, [58];
- his defence, [61–66];
- death of his wife, [85];
- his life in the Tower, [86];
- refuses freedom on Cromwell’s terms, [100];
- his conferences with Dr. Barwick, [110–113];
- released from prison, [115], [116];
- revision of the Prayer Book by, [120];
- consecration and dedication of Pembroke Chapel by, [152];
- second visitation, [153];
- death and funeral of, [159], [160], [161]
- Wren, Matthew, son of Bishop
- — Stephen, grandson of Sir C. Wren, [224]
- Wrenne, ancient form of spelling Wren, [4]
- Wrenne, John, [4]
- Wroxhall Abbey, purchase of, by Sir C. Wren, [330]
- York, Duke of, [160], [185], [228], [234].
- See [James II.]
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Transcriber’s Note
Each chapter begins with a separate chapter page and summary, followed by a separate epigraph page, and an additional chapter heading. The redundant headings have been removed.
Quoted matter was printed with a reverse, or hanging indentation, with the first line of each quotation on the normal margin and the remaining lines indented. This indentation was repeated on each new page. These quotations are rendered here by simply indenting all the quoted matter.
The reference made in Archbishop Laud’s diary, quoted on p. 48, would seem to be to Isaiah 50(i e., ‘l.’).
Words found only when hyphenated across lines were handled according to modern usage. A number of words are found both with and without hyphens in mid-line, and are left as printed.
Irregularities in the punctuation of the Index have been corrected. The entry for Nicholas Hawksmore was incorrectly placed, and has been moved to its proper position. An incorrect page reference for the Tower of London (pp. 211, 212) was changed to pp. 210, 211 where the White Tower is discussed.
The following corrections, most of them sins of omission, presumably by the printer, are corrected, except as noted. There is a discrepancy in the quotation marks on p. 64 which is not readily resolved, and has been left as printed.
Corrections:
| p. 32 | March 1631[.] (O.S.) | Removed. |
| p. 43 | foveasque sinu.[’] | Removed. |
| p. 64 | of Popish recusants.[’] ... not to say | sic?. |
| p. 76 | propriety of our goods[.] | Removed. |
| p. 89 n. 56 | an interesting [a]ccount | Added. |
| p. 127 | made as bi[g] as a tennis-ball | Added. |
| p. 149 n.102 | in the fire[ ]at Whitehall | Space added. |
| p. 153 n. 105 | repeated at [t]he consecration | Added. |
| p. 167 | [‘]Sir,—Yesterday my Lords of Canterbury | Added. |
| p. 245 n. 190 | Memorials of the See of Chichester, p. 306[.] | Added. |