FOOTNOTES
[1] The official designation of the Macedonian force was “Allied Armies in the Orient,” but it was often abbreviated to “Army of the Orient.”
[2] I use the expression “Old Greece” to indicate the territory of the Greek Kingdom as it was before the acquisition of Southern Macedonia in consequence of the Balkan War of 1912–13.
[3] It is not true, as is generally believed, that Bulgarian units were employed on other fronts except in Roumania.
[4] From private sources of information. See also in this connexion, Une Episode de Drame Serbe, by Senator M. Sarraut and Lieut.-Colonel Revol (Paris, Hachette 1919), passim.
[5] The final withdrawal took place later.
[6] Mermeix, Le commandement unique, second part, pp. 23–24.
[7] Story of the British Salonica Army, p. 97.
[8] See Documents Diplomatiques, published by the Greek Foreign Office, Athens 1917, pp. 60, 61, etc., and R. Recouly Jonnart, p. 37.
[9] Ultimatum of June 21, 1916.
[10] An Italian infantry brigade, commanded by a Brigadier-General or sometimes by a Colonel, comprises two regiments of three battalions each, each battalion of about 1,000 men.
[11] An Italian regiment comprises 12 companies (4 per battalion).
[12] It should be borne in mind that there was as yet no contact between the Italian forces in Albania and the Allies in Macedonia. Between the two there was a vast mountain area, sparsely inhabited by Albanians, and almost without roads.
[13] These names had been given to the positions by the French troops who were first in this area, from supposed resemblance to places in France.
[14] Quoted in the Corziere della Sera, July 20, 1920.
[15] Archibald Hurd: Italian Sea Power in the Great War (Constable, 1918), p. 65.
[16] Hurd, ibid.
[17] By rifles I mean soldiers who habitually use their rifles, viz. the infantry, excluding machine-gunners, men attached to the transport service, etc., who are also armed with rifles.
[18] See [Appendix A].
[19] Military tribunals in the Italian Army are organized on a permanent basis.
[20] On the front in Italy the average sector held by a division of two brigades (the 35th had three) was 10,900 metres, but on the Western sectors of that front the troops were spread out very thin, whereas on the Asiago plateau and on the Carso the front of each division was much shorter. After Caporetto the average was reduced to 3,800 metres.
[21] Sarrail, op. cit. p. 219.
[22] Pages 206–7.
[23] General Sarrail in his memoirs tries to defend himself by publishing the orders of the French Government, which enjoined on him now an action in Greece, now an offensive on the front; but he does not appear to have put the question in clear language—either one thing or the other; if one was to be carried out he must have no arrière pensée for the other.
[24] Sarrail, “La Grèce Vénizéliste,” Revue de Paris, December 15, 1919.
[25] The regiments of this force were numbered from 1 to 9, but they were always described as National Defence Regiments, to distinguish them from regiments of the regular army having the same numbers.
[26] The authorities in the island of Samos were instructed to promise land in Asia Minor to all volunteers, and if that was not enough “a reign of terror must be established.” (Sarrail, ibid.).
[27] Sarrail, Mon Commandement en Orient, p. 194.
[28] Telegrams sent by General Sarrail between January and May, 1917 (Sarrail, op. cit. pp. 231–32).
[29] Although the Monarchy was maintained in Greece, the word “Royalist” came to be applied exclusively to followers of the ex-King; his opponents were described as Venizelists or Liberals.
[30] By the terms of the Treaty of London (April 26, 1915), Italy undertook, if a small neutral Albanian State were created, not to oppose Greek claims over South Albania and those of Serbia and Montenegro over the northern districts, if she was given Valona and all the Adriatic territories which she claimed, including Northern Dalmatia. Italy was to direct Albania’s foreign policy. But the general trend of public opinion was in favour of a completely independent Albania, and the clauses of the Treaty providing for the partition of Albania were eventually dropped. The general object of Italian policy had been to prevent the Albanian coast from being occupied by a potentially hostile Power.
[31] Sarrail, “La Grèce Vénizéliste,” Revue de Paris, December 15, 1919.
[32] The Nearer East, by D. G. Hogarth, pp. 238–39.
[33] Contemporary Review, August, 1920.
[34] Mermeix, Le Commandement Unique, Part II, pp. 114 and following.
[35] They were supplementary battalions, one to each brigade.
[36] Sarrail, Mon Commandement en Orient.
[37] The name appears in this odd semi-Italian form in the Austrian 1/200000 staff map.
[38] By line in the Albanian sector, whether Italian or French, I do not mean a continuous line of trenches, but merely a series of isolated posts.
[39] Constantin Photindes, “La Victoire des Alliés en Orient,” Revue de Paris, September 15, 1919.
[40] General F. d’Espérey himself, in reply to a question from his Government as to the strength of Essad’s army, telegraphed that it consisted of 13 men.
[41] These had nothing to do with Essad Pasha, but were local levies raised and trained by the French or under leaders friendly to the Allies.
[42] Brod to the north of Monastir, not to be confused with the other Brod in the Cerna loop.
[43] It must be remembered that Strumitza station is in Serbian territory, whereas the town was then in Bulgaria. Now the town too has been assigned to Serbia.
[44] Photiades, op. cit.
[45] See complete text in [Appendix].
[46] The capital was, however, actually occupied.
[47] I use the expression “Old Serbia” to designate the Serbian State as it was before the Balkan Wars, i.e. exclusive of Macedonia.
[48] The British first broke through the enemy lines on September 19th.
[49] The Caucasus divisions, created during the war for the campaign in that area, were numbered apart.