Cambridge

by M. A. R. Tuker

CAMBRIDGE

BY
M. A. R. TUKER
AUTHOR OF PARTS II. AND III. AND JOINT-AUTHOR OF PARTS I. AND IV. OF THE
HANDBOOK TO CHRISTIAN AND ECCLESIASTICAL ROME, AND
JOINT-AUTHOR OF ‘ROME’ IN THIS SERIES
PAINTED BY
WILLIAM MATTHISON

LONDON
ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
1907

Published May 1907

Preface

“OF making many books there is no end.” When I set about writing this book I was ready to believe that the University had not its fair share of the literary output. Cambridge indeed does not appear to suggest, does not lend itself to, the numberless little brochures or hymns of praise which accompany the honoured years of the sister university; in weighty tomes and valuable collectanea of MSS., however, it possesses works (such as Cooper’s Annals, the Cole and Baker MSS., and Willis and Clark’s Architectural History) not possessed by Oxford and unrivalled, perhaps, by any English town.

In the middle of last century the invaluable Fuller was the most readily accessible authority, but the last thirty years have seen the publication of the monumental work of Messieurs Willis and Clark, and of the History of the University by Mr. J. Bass Mullinger, while at the same time the slighter literature of the subject has not been neglected.

Nevertheless there is room, I hope, for a short book on the present lines.

It is, I believe, the first time that a chapter on the women’s colleges has anywhere appeared, and certainly the first time that such a chapter forms part of an account of the University. I have taken pains to authenticate the description here given, for events which occurred thirty—even twenty—years back are now fading out of remembrance and some of those who took part in them are no longer with us.

A first and last chapter on the origin of universities and on the sister universities have been omitted for the purposes of this volume.

The pleasantest part of my task still remains to be performed—to thank all those, both in and out of Cambridge, who have kindly afforded me facilities, have obtained information on innumerable points, or lightened my labours by lending books. In addition to this welcome assistance my thanks are specially due to Mr. J. Willis Clark, late fellow of Trinity, and Registrary of the University, for sparing time to read the proof sheets of Chapters I. and II.—for sparing time and not sparing trouble; to the Master of Peterhouse and to Dr. A. W. Verrall (fellow and late tutor of Trinity) for reading the proof sheets of portions of Chapter II. and portions of Chapter III.; to Mr. C. W. Moule fellow and librarian of Corpus Christi, Mr. Ellis H. Minns assistant-librarian, and late fellow, of Pembroke, to Miss M. G. Kennedy, and to the Mistress of Girton; to the Assistant Keeper of MSS. at the British Museum, and the Librarian at Lambeth; to Lord Francis Hervey and Sir Ernest Clarke who kindly supplied some annotated references to the school at Bury from the Curteys Register, and last but not least to the Rev. H. F. Stewart (chaplain of Trinity) and Mrs. Stewart, the former of whom has been good enough to read portions of the proof sheets of Chapter IV.

For any opinions expressed I am, of course, alone responsible.

M. A. R. T.

February 1907.

Contents

[CHAPTER I] THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The northern schools—legends—the town—the river—the fen monasteries—theschool of glomery—the religious orders—the jurisdiction ofEly—the clerk and the religious. School and university—Stourbridge fair—the university in thexiii century—foundation of endowed scholars—hostels	[1-51]
[CHAPTER II] THE COLLEGES
The university and the colleges—the collegiate system—eras of collegebuilding—Peterhouse—Michaelhouse—collegium and aula—Clare—collegestatutes—architectural scheme of a college—Pembroke—foundersof colleges—Gonville—Trinity Hall—Corpus Christi—Cambridgein 1353—Chaucer at Cambridge—the schools, library, theuniversity printers and the Pitt Press, the senate house—King’s—King’sCollege chapel—Cambridge college chapels—Queens’—Englishsovereigns at Cambridge—S. Catherine’s—Jesus—Christ’s—LadyMargaret and Bishop Fisher—S. John’s—Magdalene—King’s Halland Trinity College—college libraries—gateways—Caius—monks inCambridge—Emmanuel—Sidney Sussex—Downing—public hostels—nationalityof founders and general scope of their foundations—universityand college revenues	[52-156]
[CHAPTER III] THE UNIVERSITY AS A DEGREE-GIVING BODY
Meaning of a degree—the kinds of degrees—the bachelor—the ancientexercises of the schools called acts, opponencies, and responsions—thesophister—questionist—determiner—master—regent master—thedegree of M.A.—introduction of written examinations—the tripos. The subjects of study and examination: the trivium and quadrivium—grammar—Aristotle’slogic—rhetoric—the three learned faculties—thedoctorate—development in university studies—the developmentof the mathematical tripos—the senior wrangler—the classical tripos—Greekat Cambridge—the moral sciences tripos—philosophy atCambridge—the natural sciences tripos—science at Cambridge—thelanguage triposes—lists of the triposes—changing value of the examinationtests—the double tripos—present conditions for the B.A. degree—modernchanges in the examinations—standard of the ordinaryand honour degree, examples. Method of tuition at Cambridge—the lecture—the class—the weekly paper—theprofessorial chairs—readerships—lectureships—Lambeth degrees—degreesby royal mandate—honorary degrees—the “modernsubjects”—and the idea of a university	[157-201]
[CHAPTER IV] COLLEGIATE AND SOCIAL LIFE AT THE UNIVERSITY
University and college officers:—chancellor and vice-chancellor—the senate—graces—proctors—bedells—themaster of a college—the vice-masteror president—the fellows—unmarried and married fellows—the combinationroom—dons’ clubs—‘Hobson’s choice’—the dons of lastcentury—classes of students:—scholar—pensioner—fellow-commoner—sizar—ageof scholars—privileges of peers—position of the sizar—collegequarters and expenses—‘non-colls’—early discipline—jurisdictionof the university in the town—present discipline:—the proctors—fines—‘halls’—‘chapels’—townlodgings—expulsion—rustication—‘gates’—thetutor—academical dress—cap and gown—the undergraduates’day—the gyp—the college kitchen—‘hall’—‘wines’—teas—theMay term—idleness—rioting—modern studies and tripos entries—athletics—theUnion Society—Sunday at Cambridge—scarlet days—academicterms and the long vacation—multiplication of scholarships—classfrom which the academic population has been drawn andcareers of university men:—the Church—the rise of an opulentmiddle class—the aristocratic era—English conception of the benefitsof a university—examples of the classes from which the men havecome—recruiting grounds of the university—popularity of colleges—numbersin the colleges—religion at Cambridge—Cambridge politics—universitysettlement at Camberwell—married dons and futurechanges	[202-249]
[CHAPTER V] UNIVERSITY MEN AND NATIONAL MOVEMENTS
Men who owe nothing to a university—40 great Englishmen—Cambridgemen: the scientists, the poets, the dramatists, other literary men, thephilosophers, the churchmen, lawyers, and physicians, the statesmen. National movements: King John and the barons—the peasants’revolt—York and Lancaster—the new world—Charles and theParliament—James II. and the University—the Declaration of Indulgence—theNonjurors—William and Mary and Cambridgewhiggery—Jacobitism and Toryism at Cambridge in the reign ofAnne—George I. and Cambridge—modern political movements. Religious movements: Lollards, the early reformers, the questionof the divorce, Lutheranism at Cambridge, later reformers and theReformation, the English bible, and service books, the Cambridgemartyrs, the Puritans, the Presbyterians, the Independents, theLatitudinarians, the Deists, the evangelical movement, the Tractarianmovement, anti-calvinism. Intellectual movements: the New Learning and the age ofElizabeth—the Royal Society—the Cambridge Platonists—modernscience. Connexion of Cambridge founders and eminent men with theuniversity—early Cambridge names—a group of great names in thexiii and xiv centuries—Cambridge men in the historical plays ofShakespeare—genealogical tables of founders—Cantabrigians from thexv century to the present day—Cambridge men who have taken nodegree	[250-309]
[CHAPTER VI] GIRTON AND NEWNHAM
Etheldreda of Ely and Hild of Whitby connect the school of York withthe monastery of Ely—English women and education—the four“noble and devoute countesses” and two queens at Cambridge—therise of the movement for university education—two separate movements—Girton—Newnham—riseof the university lecture movement—AnneClough—the Newnham Halls and Newnham College—the firsttriposes—the “Graces” of 1881—social life at the women’s colleges—characterand choice of work among women—the degree—statusof women’s colleges at Cambridge and Oxford—and status elsewhere	[310-360]

List of Illustrations

[1.]	The Bridge of Sighs, S. John’s College	[Frontispiece]
		FACING PAGE
[2.]	Norman Church of the Holy Sepulchre	[4]
[3.]	Market Square	[10]
[4.]	The Old Gateway of King’s College	[16]
[5.]	S. John’s College Gateway and Tower from TrinityStreet	[24]
[6.]	Oriel Window of the Hall, Trinity Great Court	[34]
[7.]	The Old Castle Inn	[50]
[8.]	Peterhouse from the Street	[56]
[9.]	Peterhouse—The First Court	[58]
[10.]	Peterhouse from the Fellows’ Garden	[62]
[11.]	Clare College and Bridge from the Cam—AutumnEvening	[64]
[12.]	Clare College and Bridge from the Avenue	[66]
[13.]	The Hall of Clare College	[68]
[14.]	The Old Court, Pembroke College	[72]
[15.]	A Court and Cloisters in Pembroke College	[74]
[16.]	Trinity Hall	[78]
[17.]	S. Botolph’s Church and Corpus College from the Steps of the Pitt Press, Trumpington Street	[80]
[18.]	The Old Court, Corpus Christi College	[82]
[19.]	S. Benedict’s Church from Free School Lane	[84]
[20.]	King’s College Gateway and Chapel—Twilight Effect	[90]
[21.]	Gateway of King’s College, King’s Parade	[98]
[22.]	King’s College Chapel and the Entrance Court, fromthe Fellows’ Buildings	[100]
[23.]	King’s College Chapel and the Fellows’ Buildings	[102]
[24.]	King’s College Chapel Interior from the Choir	[104]
[25.]	The Hall of King’s College	[106]
[26.]	Entrance Gateway, Queens’ College	[108]
[27.]	An Old Court in Queens’ College	[110]
[28.]	Queens’ College from the River Front	[112]
[29.]	Gateway of S. Catherine’s College	[114]
[30.]	Gateway of Jesus College	[116]
[31.]	The Gateway of Christ’s College from S. Andrew’sStreet	[118]
[32.]	The Fellows’ Building in Christ’s College	[120]
[33.]	Milton’s Mulberry Tree in the Fellows’ Garden, Christ’sCollege	[122]
[34.]	The Gateway and Tower of S. John’s College	[124]
[35.]	Entrance to S. John’s College Chapel from the FirstCourt	[126]
[36.]	The Second Court of S. John’s College	[128]
[37.]	The Combination Room, S. John’s College	[130]
[38.]	The Library Window, S. John’s College, from theBridge of Sighs	[132]
[39.]	Old Gateway and Bridge	[134]
[40.]	Pepys’ Library, Magdalene College	[136]
[41.]	The Gateway of Trinity College	[138]
[42.]	The Great Court, Trinity College	[140]
[43.]	The Hall of Trinity College from Nevile’s Court	[142]
[44.]	Nevile’s Gate, Trinity College	[144]
[45.]	Trinity College Bridge and Avenue, with Gate leadinginto the New Court	[146]
[46.]	Caius College and the Senate House from S. Mary’sPassage	[148]
[47.]	The Gate of Virtue, Gonville and Caius College	[150]
[48.]	The Gate of Honour, Caius College	[152]
[49.]	The First Court of Emmanuel College	[154]
[50.]	The Old Court in Emmanuel College	[156]
[51.]	The Lake and New Buildings, Emmanuel College	[158]
[52.]	The Cloister Court, Sidney Sussex College	[160]
[53.]	Downing College from the Entrance in Regent Street	[162]
[54.]	Trumpington Street from Peterhouse	[172]
[55.]	Peashill	[180]
[56.]	Old Houses near S. Edward’s Church and S. Edward’sPassage	[184]
[57.]	Market Street and Holy Trinity Church	[192]
[58.]	Great S. Mary’s, from Trinity Street	[196]
[59.]	The Lake in Botanic Gardens	[210]
[60.]	Parker’s Piece	[216]
[61.]	Trinity Bridge, King’s College Chapel in the Distance	[224]
[62.]	The Tower of S. John’s College Chapel from theRiver	[238]
[63.]	University Boat-houses on the Cam—Sunset	[244]
[64.]	Ditton Corner, on the Cam	[248]
[65.]	The Fitzwilliam Museum—Evening	[256]
[66.]	University Church of Great S. Mary	[270]
[67.]	Addenbrooke’s Hospital in Trumpington Street	[290]
[68.]	The Great Bridge—Bridge Street	[312]
[69.]	View of Cambridge from the Castle Hill	[316]
[70.]	Girton College—Evening	[320]
[71.]	The Boathouse on Robinson Crusoe’s Island	[324]
[72.]	Queens’ Lane—the Site of the old Mill Street	[326]
[73.]	Merton Hall	[328]
[74.]	Newnham College, Gateway	[338]
[75.]	The Granary on the Cam	[342]
[76.]	Grantchester Mill	[346]
[77.]	Madingley Windmill	[352]
[Map at end of Volume.]

A Bibliography

Ackermann.—— History of the University of Cambridge. 2 vols.

1815.

Anstey, H.—— Munimenta Academica. Rolls Series.

London 1868.

Atkinson, Thomas Dinham.—— Cambridge Described & Illustrated, with an introduction by John Willis Clark, M.A.

1897.

Baker MSS.

42 vols. collected & compiled by Thomas Baker fellow of S. John’s College, 19 of which are preserved at the University, the others at the Brit. Mus.

Baker—Mayor.—— History of the College of S. John the Evangelist.

Cambridge 1869.

The Baker MSS. (Harl. MS. 1039) relating to S. John’s edited by J. E. B. Mayor.

Ball, W. W. Rouse.—— Trinity College, Cambridge.

London 1906.

In the College Monograph series.

Barnwell Chartulary.—— Brit. Mus. Harl. MSS. No. 3601.

Bentham, James.—— History & Antiquities of Ely.

Norwich 1812.

Bentham, James.—— Stevenson.—— A supplement to the 2nd ed. of Mr. Bentham’s History & Antiquities of Ely.

Norwich 1817.

Caius, John.—— De Antiquitate Cantebrigiensis Academiae.

Londini, in aedibus Johannis Day 1574.

Cambridge Antiquarian Society’s publications.

Cambridge Portfolio.—— Edited by Rev. J. J. Smith, fellow & tutor of Gonville & Caius.

1840.

Carter, Edmund.—— History of the University of Cambridge to 1753. 2 vols.

London 1753.

With MS. notes by Cole, in the Bodleian Library. (Containing the list of the chancellors.)

Clark, John Willis.—— Cambridge. Brief historical & descriptive Notes. Illustrated.

1890.

Clark, John Willis.—— The Observances in use at the Augustinian Priory of S. Giles & S. Andrew at Barnwell, Cambridgeshire. Edited with a translation & glossary.

Cambridge 1897.

Cole MSS.—— (Harleian MSS.)

60 vols., bequeathed by William Cole of King’s College to the British Museum.

Cooper, Charles Henry.—— Annals of Cambridge. 4 vols.

Cambridge 1843.

An additional pamphlet gives the Statutes of Victoria.

Cooper, Charles Henry.—— Memorials of Cambridge. 3 vols.

Cambridge 1860-66.

The edition of 1880 is enlarged from the work of Le Keux.

Cooper, Charles Henry.—— Memoir of Margaret Countess of Richmond & Derby.

Cambridge 1874.

Cooper, Charles Henry. & Thompson Cooper.—— Athenae Cantabrigienses.

Cambridge 1858-1861.

Vol. i. 1500-1585. Vol. ii. 1586-1609.

Dyer, George.—— The Privileges of the University of Cambridge. 2 vols.

London 1824.

The Statutes of Elizabeth are printed in vol. i. 1559.

Dyer, George.—— History of the University & Colleges of Cambridge. 2 vols.

1814.

Everett, William.—— On the Cam.

London, S. O. Beeton, 1866.

Fuller, Thomas, D.D.—— The History of the University of Cambridge (to the year 1634). Edited by Marmaduke Prickett, chaplain of Trinity, & Thomas Wright, of Trinity.

Cambridge 1840.

Hare, Robert, of Gonville & Caius.—— Register of Charters, Liberties, & Privileges of the University & the Town.

The nucleus of Dyer’s Privileges. The original is in the public chest of the University, & there is a copy, made by Hare, in the Registry.

Hobhouse, Edmund, Bishop of Nelson, N.Z.—— Sketch of the Life of Walter de Merton.

Oxford 1859.

Humphry, G. M., M.D., F.R.S. (late Professor of Anatomy).—— Guide to Cambridge, the Town, University, & Colleges.

Cambridge 1883.

Hundred Rolls (for Cambridge).—— Rotuli Hundredorum, temp. Hen. III. et Edw. I. in Turr. Lond. &c. asservati.

Record Commission. 1812-1818.

Loggan, David, S.P.D.—— Cantabrigia Illustrata.

1690.

Containing the University costumes of the xvii century.

Masters—Lamb.—— History of the College of Corpus Christi in the University of Cambridge. (With additional matter & a continuation to the present time, by John Lamb.)

Cambridge 1831.

“Mind,” a quarterly review of Psychology & Philosophy. Vol. i.

Williams & Norgate 1876.

Mullinger, J. Bass.—— History of the University of Cambridge from the earliest times to the Royal Injunctions of 1535.

University Press 1874.

Mullinger, J. Bass.—— History of the University of Cambridge from the Royal Injunctions of 1535 to the Accession of Charles I.

University Press 1884.

Parker, Matthew.—— Academiae Historia Cantabrigiensis.

Parker, Richard, B.D., fellow of Caius (1622).—— History & Antiquities of the University of Cambridge.

London, printed at the Hat & Star, 1721.

Peacock, George, D.D., Dean of Ely, V.P.R.S.—— Observations on the Statutes of the University of Cambridge.

London & Cambridge 1841.

Peacock, George, D.D., Dean of Ely, V.P.R.S.—— Appendix to Observations on the University Statutes.

1841.

Searle, W. G.—— Ingulf & the Historia Croylandensis—an investigation attempted. Camb. Ant. Soc. Pub. xxvii.

Cambridge 1894.

Stokys, Matthew, & John Buck.—— The Bedells’ Books.

In Cole MSS. & in Peacock.

Taylor, Richard.—— Index Monasticus. The Abbeys & other Monasteries formerly established in the diocese of Norwich & kingdom of East Anglia.

London 1821.

Thompson, Alexander Hamilton.—— Cambridge & its Colleges. Illustrated by E. H. New. (Little Library.)

1898.

Tulloch, Principal.—— Rational Theology in England in the xvii Century. 2 vols.

1872.

Venn, John, Sc.D., F.R.S.—— Biographical History of Gonville & Caius College (1349-1897). 3 vols.

Cambridge 1897-1902.

Willis, Robert, and Clark, J. W.—— The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge & of the Colleges of Cambridge & Eton. 4 vols.

University Press 1886.

Wordsworth, Christopher, fellow of Peterhouse.—— Scholae Academicae.

University Press 1877.

Wordsworth, Christopher—— Social Life at the English Universities in the xviii Century.

Cambridge 1874.

To the above must be added the College Histories, published by F. E. Robinson London.

Peterhouse (Walker) 1906. Clare (Wardale) 1899. Gonville and Caius (Venn) 1901. Trinity Hall (Malden) 1902. Corpus Christi (Stokes) 1898. King’s (Austen Leigh) 1899. Queens’ (J. H. Gray) 1899.

S. Catherine’s (Bp. of Bristol) 1902. Jesus (A. Gray) 1902. Christ’s (Peile) 1900. S. John’s (Mullinger) 1901. Magdalene (Preston) 1904. Emmanuel (Shuckburgh) 1904. Sidney (Edwards) 1899. Downing (Pettit Stevens) 1899.

No complete bibliography of the subject—of the MSS. or printed matter—has been attempted. The above is a list of some Cambridge documents and books most of which have been consulted personally by the writer of the present volume.