FUNGI:

THEIR
NATURE AND USES.
BY
M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D.
EDITED BY
The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S.
NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
549 AND 551 BROADWAY.
1875.

PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.

As my name appears on the title-page of this volume, it is necessary that I should exactly state what part I had in its preparation. I had no doubt originally engaged to undertake the work myself; but finding, from multiplicity of engagements and my uncertain health, that I could not accomplish it satisfactorily, I thought the best course I could take was to recommend Mr. Cooke to the publishers; a gentleman well known, not only in this country, but in the United States. The whole of the work has therefore been prepared by himself, the manuscript and proof sheets being submitted to me from time to time, in which I merely suggested such additions as seemed needful, subjoining occasionally a few notes. As the work is intended for students, the author has had no hesitation in repeating what has been stated in former chapters where it has been thought to prove useful. I have no doubt that the same high character will justly apply to this as to Mr. Cooke’s former publications, and especially to his “Handbook of British Fungi.”

M. J. BERKELEY.

Sibbertoft,

November 23, 1874.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
I.Nature of Fungi.[1]
II.Structure.[17]
IIIClassification[64]
IV.Uses.[82]
V.Notable Phenomena.[105]
VI.The Spore and Its Dissemination.[119]
VII.Germination and Growth.[137]
VIII.Sexual Reproduction.[163]
IX.Polymorphism.[182]
X.Influences and Effects.[209]
XI.Habitats.[233]
XII.Cultivation.[253]
XIII.Geographical Distribution.[266]
XIV.Collection and Preservation.[287]
Index.[295]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.PAGE
1.Agaric in Process of Growth.[18]
2.Section of Common Mushroom.[19]
3.Sterile cells, Basidia, Cystidium, from Gomphidius.[21]
4.Polyporus giganteus (reduced).[23]
5.Hydnum repandum.[24]
6.Calocera viscosa.[25]
7.Tremella mesenterica.[25]
8.Basidia and spores of Phallus.[28]
9.Basidia and spores of Lycoperdon.[30]
10.Threads of Trichia.[32]
11.Arcyria incarnata, with portion of threads and spore.[33]
12.Diachæa elegans.[34]
13.Cyathus vernicosus.[34]
14.Cyathus, Sporangia and spores.[35]
15.Asterosporium Hoffmanni.[36]
16.Barren Cysts and Pseudospores of Lecythea.[37]
17.Coleosporium Tussilaginis.[37]
18.Melampsora salicina, pseudospores of[37]
19.Cystopus candidus, conidia of[38]
20.Xenodochus carbonarius, pseudospore.[39]
21.Phragmidium bulbosum, pseudospores.[39]
22.Pseudospores of Puccinia.[40]
23.Thecaphora hyalina, pseudospores.[41]
24.Æcidium Berberidis, peridia of[41]
25.Helminthosporium molle, threads and spores.[43]
26.Acrothecium simplex.[44]
27.Peronospora Arenariæ.[44]
28.Polyactis cinerea.[45]
29.Peziza Fuckeliana, with ascus and sporidia.[48]
30.Penicillium chartarum.[50]
31.Mucor mucedo, with sporangia.[51]
32.Small portion of Botrytis Jonesii.[53]
33.Section of cup of Ascobolus.[57]
34.Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus.[59]
35.Perithecium of Sphæria.[61]
36.Uncinula adunca, conceptacle with appendages.[62]
37.Agaricus nudus.[66]
38.Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.[69]
39.Ceuthospora phacidioides.[70]
40.Rhopalomyces candidus.[74]
41.Mucor caninus.[75]
42.Sphæria aquila, cluster of perithecia.[78]
43.Morchella gigaspora, from Kashmir.[99]
44.Cyttaria Gunnii[101]
45.Spores of Agarics[121]
46.Spores of Lactarius[121]
46a.Spores of Gomphidius[122]
47.Spores of Polyporus, Boletus, and Hydnum.[122]
48.Diachea elegans, capellitium of[123]
49.Spore of Hendersonia polycystis.[124]
50.Spores of Dilophospora graminis.[124]
51.Spores of Discosia.[124]
52.Spore of Prosthemium betulinum.[124]
53.Spore of Stegonosporium cellulosum.[125]
54.Stylospores of Coryneum disciforme.[125]
55.Spores of Asterosporium Hoffmanni.[125]
56.Spores of Pestalozzia.[126]
57.Bispora monilioides, concatenate spores[126]
58.Pseudospores of Thecaphora hyalina.[127]
59.Pseudospores of Puccinia.[127]
60.Pseudospores of Triphragmium.[127]
61.Pseudospores of Phragmidium bulbosum.[127]
62.Winter spores of Melampsora salicina.[127]
63.Spores of Helicocoryne.[129]
64.Sporidium of Genea verrucosa.[130]
65.Alveolate sporidium of Tuber.[130]
66.Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus.[131]
67.Sporidium of Ostreichnion Americanum.[132]
68.Ascus and sporidia of Hypocrea.[133]
69.Sporidium of Sphæria ulnaspora.[133]
70.Sporidia of Valsa profusa.[133]
71.Sporidia of Massaria fœdans.[134]
72.Sporidium of Melanconis bicornis.[134]
73.Caudate sporidia of Sphæria fimiseda.[134]
74.Sporidia of Valsa thelebola.[134]
75.Sporidia of Valsa taleola.[135]
76.Sporidium of Sporormia intermedia.[135]
77.Asci and sporidia of Sphæria (Pleospora) herbarum.[135]
78.Sporidium of Sphæria putaminum.[135]
79.Basidia and spores of Exidia spiculosa.[139]
80.Germinating spore and corpuscles of Dacrymyces.[140]
81.Germination of Æcidium Euphorbia.[142]
82.Germinating pseudospores of Coleosporium Sonchi.[144]
83.Germinating pseudospore of Melampsora betulina.[144]
84.Germinating pseudospore of Uromyce appendiculatus.[145]
85.Germinating pseudospore of Puccinia Moliniæ.[146]
86.Germinating pseudospore of Triphragmium Ulmariæ.[146]
87.Germinating pseudospore of Phragmidium bulbosum.[147]
88.Germinating pseudospores of Podisoma Juniperi.[148]
89.Germinating pseudospore of Tilletia caries.[150]
90.Pseudospore of Ustilago receptaculorum in germination, and secondary spores in conjugation.[151]
91.Conidia and zoospores of Cystopus candidus.[151]
92.Resting spore of Cystopus candidus with zoospores.[152]
93.Zygospores of Mucor phycomyces.[158]
94.Sporidium of Ascobolus germinating.[161]
95.Zygospore of Mucor.[165]
96.Zygospore of Rhizopus in different stages.[167]
97.Conjugation in Achlya racemosa.[169]
98.Conjugation in Peronospora.[171]
99.Antheridia and oogonium of Peronospora.[172]
100.Conjugation in Peziza omphalodes.[175]
100a.Formation of conceptacle in Erysiphe.[176]
101.Tilletia caries with conjugating cells.[178]
102.Aspergillus glaucus and Eurotium.[189]
103.Erysiphe cichoracearum, receptacle and mycelium.[191]
104.Twig with Tubercularia and Nectria.[193]
105.Section of Tubercularia with conidia.[194]
106.D. Nectria with Tubercularia, ascus and paraphyses.[195]
107.Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium berberidis.[201]
108.Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium graveolens.[201]
109.Torrubia militaris on pupa of a moth.[243]