THE

CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge; Superintendent of the University Museum of Zoology

AND

A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge; University Lecturer on the Morphology of Invertebrates

VOLUME I

PROTOZOA

By Marcus Hartog, M.A., Trinity College (D.Sc. Lond.), Professor of Natural History in the Queen's College, Cork

PORIFERA (SPONGES)

By Igerna B. J. Sollas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Lecturer on Zoology at Newnham College, Cambridge

COELENTERATA & CTENOPHORA

By S. J. Hickson, M.A., F.R.S., formerly Fellow and now Honorary Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge; Beyer Professor of Zoology in the Victoria University of Manchester

ECHINODERMATA

By E. W. Macbride, M.A., F.R.S., formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge; Professor of Zoology in McGill University, Montreal

London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1906

All rights reserved

And pitch down his basket before us,

All trembling alive

With pink and grey jellies, your sea-fruit;

You touch the strange lumps,

And mouths gape there, eyes open, all manner

Of horns and of humps.

Browning, The Englishman in Italy

CONTENTS

PAGE
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book [ix]
PROTOZOA
CHAPTER I
Protozoa—Introduction—Functions of Protoplasm—Cell-division—Animals and Plants [3]
CHAPTER II
Protozoa (continued): Spontaneous Generation—Characters of Protozoa—Classification [42]
CHAPTER III
Protozoa (continued): Sarcodina [51]
CHAPTER IV
Protozoa (continued): Sporozoa [94]
CHAPTER V
Protozoa (continued): Flagellata [109]
CHAPTER VI
Protozoa (continued): Infusoria (Ciliata and Suctoria) [136]

PORIFERA (SPONGES)
CHAPTER VII
Porifera (Sponges)—Introduction—History—Description of Halichondria Panicea as an Example of British marine Sponges and of Ephydatia Fluviatilis from Fresh Water—Definition—Position in the Animal Kingdom [165]
CHAPTER VIII
Porifera (continued): Forms of Spicules—Calcarea—Homocoela—Heterocoela—Hexactinellida—Demospongiae—Tetractinellida—Monaxonida—Ceratosa—Key to British Genera of Sponges [183]
CHAPTER IX
Porifera (continued): Reproduction, Sexual and Asexual—Physiology—Distribution—Flints [226]
COELENTERATA
CHAPTER X
Coelenterata—Introduction—Classification—Hydrozoa—Eleutheroblastea—Milleporina—Gymnoblastea—Calyptoblastea—Graptolitoidea—Stylasterina [245]
CHAPTER XI
Hydrozoa (continued): Trachomedusae—Narcomedusae—Siphonophora [288]
CHAPTER XII
Coelenterata (continued): Scyphozoa = Scyphomedusae [310]
CHAPTER XIII
Coelenterata (continued): Anthozoa = Actinozoa—General Characters—Alcyonaria [326]
CHAPTER XIV
Anthozoa (continued): Zoantharia [365]

CTENOPHORA
CHAPTER XV
Ctenophora [412]
ECHINODERMATA
CHAPTER XVI
Echinodermata—Introduction—Classification—Anatomy of a Starfish—Systematic Account of Asteroidea [427]
CHAPTER XVII
Echinodermata (continued): Ophiuroidea = Brittle Stars [477]
CHAPTER XVIII
Echinodermata (continued): Echinoidea = Sea-Urchins [503]
CHAPTER XIX
Echinodermata (continued): Holothuroidea = Sea-Cucumbers [560]
CHAPTER XX
Echinodermata (continued): Pelmatozoa—Crinoidea = Sea-Lilies—Thecoidea—Carpoidea—Cystoidea—Blastoidea [579]
CHAPTER XXI
Echinodermata (continued): Development and Phylogeny [601]
INDEX [625]

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

The names of extinct groups are printed in italics.

PROTOZOA (pp. [1], [48]).
SARCODINA (p. [51]) Rhizopoda (p. [51])

Lobosa (p. [51]).

Filosa (p. [52]).
Foraminifera (p. [58])

Allogromidiaceae (p. [58]).

Astrorhizidaceae (p. [59]).

Lituolidaceae (p. [59]).

Miliolidaceae (p. [59]).

Textulariaceae (p. [59]).

Cheilostomellaceae (p. [59]).

Lagenaceae (p. [59]).

Globigerinidae (p. [59]).

Rotaliaceae (p. [59]).

Nummulitaceae (p. [59]).
Heliozoa (p. [70])

Aphrothoraca (p. [70]).

Chlamydophora (p. [71]).

Chalarothoraca (p. [71]).

Desmothoraca (p. [71]).
Radiolaria (p. [75]) Porulosa = Holotrypasta (p. [76]) Spumellaria = Peripylaea (pp. [76], [77]) Collodaria (p. [77])

Colloidea (p. [77]).

Beloidea (p. [77]).
Sphaerellaria (p. [77])

Sphaeroidea (p. [77]).

Prunoidea (p. [77]).

Discoidea (p. [77]).

Larcoidea (p. [77]).
Acantharia = Actipylaea (pp. [76], [78])

Actinelida (p. [78]).

Acanthonida (p. [78]).

Sphaerophracta (p. [78]).

Prunophracta (p. [78]).
Osculosa = Monotrypasta (p. [76]) Nassellaria = Monopylaea (pp. [76], [78])

Nassoidea (p. [78]).

Plectoidea (p. [78]).

Stephoidea (p. [78]).

Spyroidea (p. [78]).

Botryoidea (p. [79]).

Cyrtoidea (p. [79]).
Phaeodaria = Cannopylaea = Tripylaea (pp. [76], [79])

Phaeocystina (p. [79]).

Phaeosphaeria (p. [79]).

Phaeogromia (p. [79]).

Phaeoconchia (p. [79]).
Proteomyxa (p. [88]) Myxoidea (p. [89])

Zoosporeae (p. [89]).

Azoosporeae (p. [89]).
Catallacta (p. [89]).
Mycetozoa (p. [90])

Acrasieae (p. [90]).

Filoplasmodieae (p. [90]).

Myxomycetes (pp. [90], [91]).
SPOROZOA (p. [94]) Telosporidia (p. [97]) Gregarinidaceae (pp. [97], [98])

Schizogregarinidae (p. [97]).

Acephalinidae (p. [97]).

Dicystidae (p. [97]).
Coccidiaceae (pp. [97], [99])

Coccidiidae (pp. [97], [99]).

Haemosporidae (pp. [97], [102]).

Acystosporidae (pp. [97], [102]).
Neosporidia (p. [97])

Myxosporidiaceae (pp. [98], [106]).

Actinomyxidiaceae (p. [98]).

Sarcosporidiaceae (pp. [98], [108]).
FLAGELLATA (p. [109]) Pantostomata (p. [109]).
Protomastigaceae (p. [110])

Distomatidae (p. [110]).

Oikomonadidae (p. [111]).

Bicoecidae (p. [111]).

Craspedomonadidae (pp. [111], [121]).

Phalansteridae (p. [111]).

Monadidae (p. [111]).

Bodonidae (p. [111]).

Amphimonadidae (p. [111]).

Trimastigidae (p. [111]).

Polymastigidae (p. [111]).

Trichonymphidae (pp. [111], [123]).

Opalinidae (pp. [111], [123]).
Chrysomonadaceae (pp. [110], [125]) Coccolithophoridae (p. [114]).
Cryptomonadaceae (p. [110]).
Volvocaceae (pp. [110], [111])

Chlamydomonadidae (pp. [111], [125]).

Volvocidae (pp. [111], [126]).

Chloromonadaceae (p. [110]).

Euglenaceae (pp. [110], [124]).

Silicoflagellata (pp. [110], [114]).

Cystoflagellata (pp. [110], [132]).

Dinoflagellata (pp. [110], [130]).

INFUSORIA (p. [136])

 Ciliata (p. [137])

Gymnostomaceae (pp. [137], [152]).

Aspirotrichaceae (pp. [137], [153]).

Heterotrichaceae (pp. [137], [153]).

Oligotrichaceae (pp. [137], [155]).

Hypotrichaceae (pp. [137], [138]).

Peritrichaceae (pp. [138], [155]).
Suctoria = Tentaculifera (p. [158]).
PORIFERA (p. [163]).
Class. Sub-Class. Order. Family. Sub-Family.
MEGAMASTICTORA (pp. [183], [184]) Calcarea (p. [184]) Homocoela (p. [185])

Leucosoleniidae (p. [185]).

Clathrinidae (p. [185]).
Heterocoela (p. [187])

Sycettidae (p. [187]).

Grantiidae (p. [192]).

Heteropidae (p. [192]).

Amphoriscidae (p. [192]).
Pharetronidae (p. [192])

Dialytinae (p. [192]).

Lithoninae (p. [193]).
Astroscleridae (p. [194]).
MICROMASTICTORA (pp. [183], [195]) Myxospongiae (p. [196]).
Hexactinellida (p. [197])

Amphidiscophora (p. [203]).

Hexasterophora (p. [203]).
Receptaculitidae (p. [207]).

Octactinellida (p. [208]).

Heteractinellida (p. [208]).
Demospongiae (p. [209]) Tetractinellida (pp. [211], [212])

Choristida (p. [212]).

Lithistida (pp. [212], [215]).
Monaxonida (pp. [211], [216])

Halichondrina (p. [217]).

Spintharophora (p. [217]).
Ceratosa (pp. [211], [220]) Dictyoceratina (p. [220])

Spongidae (p. [220]).

Spongelidae (p. [220]).
Dendroceratina (pp. [220], [221]).
COELENTERATA (p. [243]).
Class. Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.
HYDROZOA (p. [249])

Eleutheroblastea (p. [253]).

Milleporina (p. [257]).
Gymnoblastea (Anthomedusae) (p. [262])

Bougainvilliidae (p. [269]).

Podocorynidae (p. [270]).

Clavatellidae (p. [270]).

Cladonemidae (p. [270]).

Tubulariidae (p. [271]).

Ceratellidae (p. [271]).

Pennariidae (p. [272]).

Corynidae (p. [272]).

Clavidae (p. [272]).

Tiaridae (p. [273]).

Corymorphidae (p. [273]).

Hydrolaridae (p. [273]).

Monobrachiidae (p. [274]).

Myriothelidae (p. [274]).

Pelagohydridae (p. [274]).
Calyptoblastea (Leptomedusae) (p. [275])

Aequoreidae (p. [278]).

Thaumantiidae (p. [278]).

Cannotidae (p. [278]).

Sertulariidae (p. [278]).
Plumulariidae (p. [279])

Eleutheroplea (p. [279]).

Statoplea (p. [279]).

Hydroceratinidae (p. [279]).

Campanulariidae (p. [280]).

Eucopidae (p. [280]).

Dendrograptidae (p. [281]).
Graptolitoidea (p. [281])

Monoprionidae (p. [282]).

Diprionidae (p. [282]).

Retiolitidae (p. [282]).
Stromatoporidae (p. [283]).
Stylasterina (p. [283]) Stylasteridae (p. [285]).
Trachomedusae (p. [288])

Olindiidae (p. [291]).

Petasidae (p. [294]).

Trachynemidae (p. [294]).

Pectyllidae (p. [294]).

Aglauridae (p. [294]).

Geryoniidae (p. [295]).
Narcomedusae (p. [295])

Cunanthidae (p. [296]).

Peganthidae (p. [296]).

Aeginidae (p. [296]).

Solmaridae (p. [296]).
Siphonophora (p. [297]) Calycophorae (p. [305]) Monophyidae (p. [306])

Sphaeronectinae (p. [306]).

Cymbonectinae (p. [306]).

Diphyidae (p. [306])

Amphicaryoninae (p. [306])

Prayinae (p. [306])

Desmophyinae (p. [307])

Stephanophyinae (p. [307])

 Oppositae (p. [306])

Galeolarinae (p. [307])

Diphyopsinae (p. [307])

Abylinae (p. [307])

 Superpositae (p. [307])
Polyphyidae (p. [307]).
Physophorae (p. [307]) Physonectidae (p. [307])

Agalminae (p. [307]).

Apoleminae (p. [307]).

Physophorinae (p. [308]).

Auronectidae (p. [308]).

Rhizophysaliidae (p. [308]).

Chondrophoridae (p. [308]).
SCYPHOZOA = SCYPHOMEDUSAE (pp. [249], [310]) Cubomedusae (p. [318])

Charybdeidae (p. [318]).

Chirodropidae (p. [319]).

Tripedaliidae (p. [319]).
Stauromedusae (p. [320])

Lucernariidae (p. [320]).

Depastridae (p. [321]).

Stenoscyphidae (p. [321]).
Coronata (p. [321])

Periphyllidae (p. [322]).

Ephyropsidae (p. [322]).

Atollidae (p. [322]).
Discophora (p. [323]) Semaeostomata (p. [323])

Pelagiidae (p. [323]).

Cyanaeidae (p. [324]).

Ulmaridae (p. [324]).
Rhizostomata (p. [324]) Cassiopeidae (p. [324]) = Arcadomyaria (p. [324]).
Cepheidae (p. [324]) = Radiomyaria (p. [324]).

Rhizostomatidae (p. [325])

Lychnorhizidae (p. [325])

Leptobrachiidae (p. [325])

Catostylidae (p. [325])

 = Cyclomyaria (p. [325]).
Class. Sub-Class. Grade. Order. Sub-Order. Family.
ANTHOZOA = ACTINOZOA (pp. [249], [326]) Alcyonaria (p. [329]) Protoalcyonacea (p. [342]) Haimeidae (p. [342]).
Synalcyonacea (p. [342]) Stolonifera (p. [342])

Cornulariidae (p. [344]).

Clavulariidae (p. [344]).

Tubiporidae (p. [344]).

Favositidae (p. [344]).
Coenothecalia (p. [344])

Heliolitidae (p. [346]).

Helioporidae (p. [346]).

Coccoseridae (p. [346]).

Thecidae (p. [346]).

Chaetetidae (p. [346]).

Alcyonacea (p. [346])

Xeniidae (p. [348]).

Telestidae (p. [348]).

Coelogorgiidae (p. [349]).

Alcyoniidae (p. [349]).

Nephthyidae (p. [349]).

Siphonogorgiidae (p. [349]).
Gorgonacea (p. [350]) Pseudaxonia (p. [350])

Briareidae (p. [350]).

Sclerogorgiidae (p. [351]).

Melitodidae (p. [351]).

Coralliidae (p. [352]).
Axifera (p. [353])

Isidae (p. [353]).

Primnoidae (p. [354]).

Chrysogorgiidae (p. [355]).

Muriceidae (p. [355]).

Plexauridae (p. [356]).

Gorgoniidae (p. [356]).

Gorgonellidae (p. [357]).
Pennatulacea (p. [358]) Pennatuleae (p. [361])

Pteroeididae (p. [361]).

Pennatulidae (p. [361]).

Virgulariidae (p. [362]).
Spicatae (p. [362])

Funiculinidae (p. [362]).

Anthoptilidae (p. [362]).

Kophobelemnonidae (p. [362]).

Umbellulidae (p. [362]).
Verticilladeae (p. [363])
Renilleae (p. [363]) Renillidae (p. [363]).
Veretilleae (p. [364])
Zoantharia (pp. [329], [365]) Edwardsiidea (p. [375])

Edwardsiidae (p. [377]).

Protantheidae (p. [377]).
Actiniaria (p. [377]) Actiniina (p. [380])

Halcampidae (p. [380]).

Actiniidae (p. [381]).

Sagartiidae (p. [381]).

Aliciidae (p. [382]).

Phyllactidae (p. [382]).

Bunodidae (p. [382]).

Minyadidae (p. [383]).

Stichodactylina (p. [383])

Corallimorphidae (p. [383]).

Discosomatidae (p. [383]).

Rhodactidae (p. [383]).

Thalassianthidae (p. [383]).
Madreporaria (p. [384])

Cyathophyllidae (p. [394]).

Cyathaxoniidae (p. [394]).

Cystiphyllidae (p. [394]).
Entocnemaria (p. [394])

Madreporidae (p. [395]).

Poritidae (p. [396]).
Cyclocnemaria (p. [397])

Aporosa (p. [397]).

Turbinoliidae (p. [398])

Oculinidae (p. [399])

Astraeidae (p. [399])

A. Gemmantes (p. [400])

A. Fissiparantes (p. [400])

Trochosmiliacea [Sub-Fam.] (p. [401])

Pocilloporidae (p. [401])

Fungacea (p. [402]).

Plesiofungiidae (p. [403])

Fungiidae (p. [403])

Cycloseridae (p. [404])

Plesioporitidae (p. [404])

Eupsammiidae (p. [404])
Zoanthidea (p. [404])

Zoanthidae (p. [404]).

Zaphrentidae (p. [406]).
Antipathidea = Antipatharia (p. [407])

Antipathidae (p. [408]).

Leiopathidae (p. [409]).

Dendrobrachiidae (p. [409]).
Cerianthidea (p. [409]).
CTENOPHORA (p. [412]).
Class. Order. Family.
TENTACULATA (p. [417]) Cydippidea (p. [417])

Mertensiidae (p. [417]).

Callianiridae (p. [417]).

Pleurobrachiidae (p. [418]).
Lobata (p. [418])

Lesueuriidae (p. [419]).

Bolinidae (p. [419]).

Deiopeidae (p. [419]).

Eurhamphaeidae (p. [419]).

Eucharidae (p. [420]).

Mnemiidae (p. [420]).

Calymmidae (p. [420]).

Ocyroidae (p. [420]).
Cestoidea (p. [420]) Cestidae (p. [420]).
Platyctenea (p. [421])

Ctenoplanidae (p. [421]).

Coeloplanidae (p. [422]).
NUDA (p. [423]) Beroidae (p. [423]).
ECHINODERMATA (p. [425]).
Sub-Phylum. Class. Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.
ELEUTHEROZOA (p. [430]) Asteroidea (pp. [430], [431]) Spinulosa (pp. [461], [462])

Echinasteridae (p. [462]).

Solasteridae (p. [462]).

Asterinidae (p. [463]).

Poraniidae (p. [464]).

Ganeriidae (p. [464]).

Mithrodiidae (p. [464]).
Velata (pp. [461], [464])

Pythonasteridae (p. [464]).

Myxasteridae (p. [464]).

Pterasteridae (p. [466]).
Paxillosa (pp. [461], [466])

Archasteridae (p. [466]).

Astropectinidae (p. [467]).

Porcellanasteridae (p. [470]).
Valvata (pp. [461], [471])

Linckiidae (p. [471]).

Pentagonasteridae (p. [471]).

Gymnasteridae (p. [471]).

Antheneidae (p. [471]).

Pentacerotidae (p. [471]).
Forcipulata (pp. [462], [473])

Asteriidae (p. [473]).

Heliasteridae (p. [474]).

Zoroasteridae (p. [474]).

Stichasteridae (p. [474]).

Pedicellasteridae (p. [474]).

Brisingidae (p. [474]).
Ophiuroidea (pp. [431], [477]) Streptophiurae (p. [494])
Zygophiurae (pp. [494], [495])

Ophiolepididae (p. [495]).

Amphiuridae (p. [497]).

Ophiocomidae (p. [499]).

Ophiothricidae (p. [499]).
Cladophiurae (pp. [494], [500])

Astroschemidae (p. [501]).

Trichasteridae (p. [501]).

Euryalidae (p. [501]).
Echinoidea (pp. [431], [503]) Endocyclica (pp. [529], [530])

Cidaridae (p. [533]).

Echinothuriidae (p. [535]).

Saleniidae (p. [537]).

Arbaciidae (p. [538]).

Diadematidae (p. [538]).
Echinidae (p. [539])

Temnopleurinae (p. [539]).

Echininae (p. [539]).
Clypeastroidea (pp. [529], [542]) Protoclypeastroidea (p. [548]).
Euclypeastroidea (p. [549])

Fibularidae (p. [549]).

Echinanthidae = Clypeastridae (p. [549]).

Laganidae (p. [549]).

Scutellidae (p. [549]).

Spatangoidea (pp. [529], [549])

Echinonidae (p. [553])

Nucleolidae (p. [554])

Cassidulidae (p. [554])

 Asternata (p. [554]).

Ananchytidae (p. [554])

Palaeostomatidae (p. [554])

Spatangidae (p. [554])

Brissidae (p. [556])

 Sternata (p. [554]).

Archaeocidaridae (p. [557]).

Melonitidae (p. [557]).

Tiarechinidae (p. [557]).

Holectypoidea (p. [558]).

Echinoconidae (p. [558]).

Collyritidae (p. [559]).
Holothuroidea (pp. [431], [560])

Aspidochirota (p. [570]).

Elasipoda (p. [571]).

Pelagothuriida (p. [572]).

Dendrochirota (p. [572]).

Molpadiida (p. [575]).

Synaptida (p. [575]).
PELMATOZOA (pp. [430], [579]) Crinoidea (p. [580])

Hyocrinidae (p. [590]).

Rhizocrinidae (p. [590]).

Pentacrinidae (p. [591]).

Holopodidae (p. [592]).

Comatulidae (p. [594]).

Inadunata (p. [595]).

Articulata (p. [595]).

Camerata (p. [595]).

Thecoidea = Edrioasteroidea (pp. [580], [596]).

Carpoidea (pp. [580], [596]).

Cystoidea (pp. [580], [597]).

Blastoidea (pp. [580], [599]).