INDEX
Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.
Abbott, [422]
Abdomen (= third chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell), [84]
Abdominal cirrhi, [139] f.
Aboral, blood-ring, of Asterias rubens, [452];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [490];
of Echinus esculentus, [529];
coelom, of Antedon rosacea, [585];
nervous system, of Antedon rosacea, [584];
sinus, of Asterias rubens, [449];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [490];
of Echinus esculentus, [528], [529]
Abortive nuclei, of Myxosporidiaceae, [107]
Abyla, [307]
Abylinae, [307]
Abyssal, Radiolaria, [76];
Sponges, [239] f.
Acamptogorgia, [356]
Acanella, [353];
A. simplex, [353]
Acantharia (Actipylaea), [76], [78], [78], [80];
myophrisks in, [80];
Zooxanthella in, [80];
reproduction of, [86] n.;
skeleton of, [82]
Acanthocephala, nutrition of, [38]
Acanthoconia barrandei, [207], [207]
Acanthocystis, [71];
budding of, [73];
habitat, [75]
Acanthogorgia, [355]
Acanthometrids (= Acantharia, q.v.), parasitic Amoebophrya in, [161]
Acanthonida, [78]
Acanthotrochus, [577]
Acarnus, [223]
Accumulative anabolism, growth, [9], [13], [15] f.;
in relation to brood-formation, [32] f.
Acephalinidae, [97]
Acinetina = Suctoria, [158] f.
Acontia, [369]
Acrasieae, [90] f.
Actine, [183]
Actinelida, [78]
Actinia, [381];
A. cari, [378];
A. equina, sense organ of larva of, [373];
A. mesembryanthemum, [379], [381];
longevity of, [375]
Actiniaria, [377] f.;
viviparity of, [373];
symbiosis of, [377];
colours of, [379]
Actiniidae, [381]
Actiniina, [380]
Actinobolus, [137];
tentacles and trichocysts of, [152]
Actinocrinus, [594]
Actinodendron, [384];
A. arboreum, [384];
A. glomeratum, [366];
Actinoloba (= Metridium), [371], [372], [381];
A. marginata, [378]
Actinolophus, [70];
habitat of, [75]
Actinometra, [588], [589], [594]
Actinomma, [77];
A. asteracanthion, skeleton of, [77]
Actinomonas, [70], [73], [75] n.
Actinomyxidiaceae, [98]
Actinophrys, [70] f., [96] n.;
A. sol, [71];
habitat of, [75]
Actinopoda, [570]
Actinosphaerium, [70], [72] f.;
regeneration of, [35];
A. eichornii, [72]
Actinostola (usually placed in Hertwig's family Paractidae, allied to Bunodidae, [382]), [379]
A. mussoides, [383]
Actinozoa = Anthozoa, [326] f.
Actipylaea (= Acantharia), [76]
Acystosporidae, [97], [102] f.;
active zygote of, [34]
Adambulacral, ossicle, of Asterias rubens, [434];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [479];
of Asteroidea compared to covering-plates of Crinoidea, [589];
spine, of Asterias rubens, [434]
Adamsia, [377];
A. rondeletii, [378]
Adaptation to fresh water, [176] f.
Adelea ovata, syngamy of, [101]
Adelocodonic, [265]
Adhesion of species, [174] n.
Adinidae, [130] n.
Adoral, band of cilia in Dipleurula larva, [605];
membranellae, [145];
trichocysts, [145];
wreath, [137] f.;
wreath of Vorticella, [156], [157]
Aegina, [296]
Aeginidae, [296]
Aeginopsis, [296]
Aeolis, nematocysts of, [248]
Aequorea, [278]
Aequoreidae, [278]
Aerotaxy, [23]
Aethalium septicum (= Fuligo varians), [92] f.
Afferent canal of contractile vacuole, of Stylonychia, [139], [140];
of Stentor, [156]
Africa, Tropical, antimalarial measures in, [106];
Trypanosomic diseases of, [120] f.
Agalminae, [307]
Agaricia, [403]
Agaricoides, [350]
on classification of Endocyclica, [533];
of Clypeastroidea, [548]
Aggregate, formation, in Microgromia, [59];
social, of Vorticella, [158];
(rosette) of Treponema, [120]
Aggregation of plasmodia into aethalium, [92] f.
Agitation, stimulus of, [19] f.
Aglaophenopsis (Plumulariidae, [279]), [277]
Aglaura, [294]
Aglauridae, [294]
Aiptasia couchii, [382]
Air, presence of Flagellate spores in dust of, [118]
Air-borne germs in relation to putrefaction, etc., [43]
Alate, [185]
Alcock, [268]
Alcyonacea, [346] f.
colour, [337];
dimorphism, [333];
food, [339];
mesenteric filaments, [333];
nematocysts, [247];
phosphorescence, [338];
reproduction, [340];
skeleton, [334];
spicules, [334];
zooids, [330]
Alcyoniidae, [349]
Alcyonium, [330] f., [332], [349];
nematocyst of, [247];
A. digitatum, [332], [338] f., [347], [349];
larva, [341];
A. glomeratum, [349];
A. palmatum, [340];
A. purpureum, [338]
Aleurone, [37]
Algae, related to holophytic colonial Flagellata, [109], [130]
Algeria, dourine disease in, [119]
Alicia mirabilis, [382]
Aliciidae, [382]
Alimentary canal, of Asterias rubens, [438];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [485];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546] f.;
of Echinocardium cordatum, [551];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
of Hyocrinus, [589];
of Actinometra, [589];
development of, in Eleutherozoa, [604], [605];
in Antedon rosacea, [618], [619]
Allen, on food of Echinus esculentus in Plymouth Sound, [516]
Allman, [246], [265], [267], [273], [274];
on Cystoflagellates, [135]
Allogromidiaceae, [58];
Allopora, [287];
A. nobilis, [287]
Alpheus, [351]
Alternating modes of brood-formation in Sporozoa, [48]
Alveolar, structure (fine) of cytoplasm, [6];
system (coarse) in relation to skeleton of Radiolaria, Dreyer's scheme of, [84]
Alveolate ectoplasm, of pelagic Foraminifera, [61];
of Heliozoa, [71] f.;
of Actinosphaerium, [72] f.;
of Radiolaria, [79];
pedicellaria of Leptogonaster, [456]
Alveole (= minute cavity in cytoplasm), [5] f.;
in Ciliata, [142];
in Stylonychia, [140];
(= large vacuole of Radiolaria, etc.), [76], [79], [84]
Alveolina, [59]
Alveolus, of Echinus esculentus, [526]
Alveopora, [397]
Amalthea (Fam. Corymorphidae, [273]), [266]
Ambulacral area, of Echinarachnius parma, [544];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550]
Ambulacral groove, of Asteroidea, [432];
representative in Ophiuroidea, [481];
representative in Echinoidea, [515];
of Pelmatozoa, [579];
of Antedon rosacea, [581], [582], [587];
of fossil Crinoidea, [595];
of Thecoidea, [596];
of Carpoidea, [596];
of young Ophiuroid, [613]
Ambulacral ossicle, of Asteroidea, [432];
of Asterias rubens, [434];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [481];
compared to auricula of Echinus esculentus, [526];
to inner plates of Palaeodiscus, [557];
to side-plates of Crinoidea, [589]
Ambulacral plate, of Echinus esculentus, [511];
of Cidaridae, [533];
of Sphaerechinus, [539];
of Strongylocentrotus, [539];
of Echinarachnius parma, [544]
Amines, [15]
Ammodiscus, [59]
Amnion, [613]
Amniotic cavity, [613]
Amoeba, [4] f.;
reactions of, [7] f.;
devouring
a plant cell, [9];
excretion of, [14] f.;
motion of, [17] f.;
respiration of, [17] f.;
taxies of, [22]
Amoeba, [51];
habitat of, [57];
posterior disc or sucker, [53];
A. coli, habitat, [57];
A. limax, [5];
form of amoebulae of Acrasieae, [90];
A. polypodia in fission, [10];
A. proteus, [5];
brood-divisions of, [56] n.
Amoeboid, motion, [5];
stages of Acystosporidae, [97], [103] f.;
zoospores of Trichosphaerium, [54], [56];
gametes of Flagellata, [116] n.
Amoebophrya, [86], [159], [161]
of Didymium, [92];
of fever parasites, [104]
Amphiaster (an aster in which the actines form a whorl at each extremity of the axis, which is straight), [222]
Amphibia, hosts of Opalinidae, [111], [123]
Amphiblastula, [226]
Amphicaryoninae, [306]
Amphidisc, [176], [177] f., [202]
Amphidiscophora, [203] f.
Amphihelia, [399]
Amphileptus, [137]
Amphimonadidae, [111]
Amphimonas, [111]
Amphinema, [273]
Amphiprion percula, [378]
Amphiura, [497];
A. squamata (= elegans), [485] n., [497], [601]
Amphiuridae, [497]
Amphizonella, [51];
test of, [53]
Amphoriscidae, [192]
Ampulla, of Millepora, [259], [260];
of Stylasterina, [284], [285];
of tube-foot of Asterias rubens, [441], [443];
synonym of axial sinus of Ophiothrix fragilis, [487];
of stone-canal of Echinus esculentus, [517];
of tube-foot of Echinus esculentus, [517];
of respiratory trees of Holothuria nigra, [563];
of podia of Holothuria nigra, [566];
of feelers of Aspidochirota, [568], [570];
of Pelagothuria, [568], [570];
of Molpadiida, [568];
of Synaptida, [568];
of Elasipoda, [571]
Anabolic, [12] f.
Anabolism, [12] f.;
modes of, [15] f.
Anal, cirrhi, [139] f.;
papilla (tube) of Antedon rosacea, [581], [583];
of Eucalyptocrinus, [596]
Anapta, [577]
Anatomy, of a starfish (Asterias rubens), [432] f.;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [479] f.;
of Echinus esculentus, [504] f.;
of Echinarachnius parma, [542] f.;
of Echinocardium cordatum, [549] f.;
of Holothuria nigra, [561] f.;
of Antedon rosacea, [581] f.
Anatriaene (a triaene of which the cladi or branches point backwards, in the same direction as the rhabdome or shaft), [224]
Anchoring flagella, [114];
of Dallingeria, [112];
of Bodo saltans, [117]
Ancistrum, [137]
Anemonia, [381];
A. sulcata, [381]
Animal-feeding Protista, [38]
Animals, defined, [39] f.;
and plants, discussion on, [35] f.;
Anisochela (a chela of which the two ends are unequally developed), [222], [234]
Anisonema, [110]
Anisospores of Radiolaria, [76], [85];
of Collozoum inerme, [76]
Anochanus, [554]
Anopheles, intermediate host of malarial parasite, [103] f.;
enemies of, [106];
precautions against, [106]
Antedon, [594];
external features, [581];
skeleton, [582];
alimentary canal, [583];
water-vascular system, [583];
nervous system, [583] f.;
coelom, [585];
genital organs, [586];
muscles, [587];
blood-system, [587];
development of, [617] f.;
A. eschrichtii, [594]
Antennularia, [279];
A. antennina, [279];
A. ramosa, [279]
Anterior, dorsal process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, [606];
of Auricularia, [608];
median process, of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, [606]
Antero-lateral process, of ciliated band of Echinopluteus, [607]
Anthea cereus, [381]
Antheneidae, [471]
Anthocaulus, [389]
Anthocodia, [330]
Anthomedusae, [262] f.
Anthophysa (Flagellata), [111], [112] f.;
(Siphonophora, Physophorinae), [308], [302]
Anthoptilidae, [362]
Anthoptilum grandiflorum, [362]
Anthozoa, [326] f.;
commercial importance, [328]
Antipatharia, [407] f.
Antipathella, [408];
A. gracilis, [408]
Antipathes, [408];
A. ternatensis, [409]
Antipathidea, [367], [371], [407] f.
Antiseptic properties of "aromatic" compounds, [36] n.
Anuncinataria, [203]
Anus, of Ciliates, [143] f.;
of Stylonychia, [139] f.;
of Carchesium, [147];
of Vorticella, [156];
of Asterias rubens, [434];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546];
of Pygastrides relictus, [548];
of Euclypeastroidea, [549];
of Echinolampas, [554];
of Neolampas, [554];
of Holothuria nigra, [560];
of Antedon rosacea, [582];
of Dipleurula larva, [604];
of Asterina gibbosa, [611]
Aphodal, [210]
Aphrothoraca, [70]
Aplanospore, [31]
Aplysilla, [196]
Aplysina, [225]
Apocytial, condition, [32];
forms among Myxosporidiaceae, [107] f.;
Rhizopoda, [52]
Apolemia, [308]
Apoleminae, [307]
Apopyle, [170]
Aporosa, [397]
Appendicularia, host of Gymnodinium pulvisculus, [132]
Aquatic organisms, minute, distribution of, [47] n.
A. albida, [411];
A. americana, [411];
A. lloydii, [411]
Arachnoides, [549]
Arbaciidae, [530], [531], [532], [538], [558]
Arbacioid type of ambulacral plate, [531], [538]
Arcadomyaria, [324]
A. vulgaris, [55]
Archaeocidaridae, [557], [558]
Archaeocyte, [171]
Archaster, [467];
A. bifrons, [467]
Archenteron, definition of, [604]
Archer, on Protozoa, [45];
on Heliozoa, [71]
Archicoel, [450]
Arcuothrix, [52];
transition between pseudopodium and flagellum in, [47] n.
Arenaceous Foraminifera, [58] f.;
Carpenter on, [63] f.;
labyrinthine structure in, [66]
Argas persica, [121]
Aristotle, [166]
Aristotle's lantern, of Echinus esculentus, [515], [516], [524], [525];
variations of, in Endocyclica, [531];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546], [547];
absent in Echinocardium cordatum, [550]
Arm, of Asteroidea, [431], [432], [453];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [479];
of Antedon rosacea, [581];
of Antedon (other species), [594];
of Hyocrinus, [590];
of Rhizocrinus, [591];
of Bathycrinus, [591];
of Pentacrinidae, [592];
of Holopus, [594];
of Eudiocrinus, [594];
of Inadunata, [595];
of Articulata, [595];
of Camerata, [595];
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, [611];
in Antedon rosacea, [620]
Arm-spines, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [479];
of Ophiuroidea, [491];
of Ophiothrix, [492];
of Ophiacantha, [492];
of Ophiopteron [492]
Aromatic compounds in relation to nutrition and antisepsis, [36]
Arthropods, hosts of Gregarines, [97] f.
Articulata, [595]
Ascitic dropsy, Leydenia associated with, [91]
Ascon, [185]
Asconema setubalense, [221]
Asexual reproduction of Asteroidea, [459];
of Linckia, [459];
of Asterina wega, [459]
Ashworth, [331] n.
Asiphonacea, [347]
Asphyxia, its effect on contractile vacuole, [143]
Aspidochirota, [568], [569], [570] f., [577], [578]
Aspidosoma, [476]
Aspirotrichaceae, [137], [148], [151], [153], [154]
Assimilation, assimilative anabolism, growth, [9], [13], [15] f.
Association, in Gregarines, [95], [98] f.;
in Lankesteria ascidiae, [95] f.
Aster (= centrosome of mitotically dividing cell and peripheral rays), [25], [27];
(a polyaxonid spicule), [184]
A. rubens, [432];
external features, [432];
pedicellariae, [433];
skeleton, [434];
coelom, [437];
alimentary canal, [438];
food, [439];
water-vascular system, [441];
nervous system, [444];
perihaemal spaces, [448];
blood-system, [449];
genital organs, [451];
A. glacialis, [473];
pedicellariae, [434];
A. hispida, [474];
A. muelleri, [473];
A. murrayi, [473];
A. ochracea, [474];
A. polaris, [474];
A. tenuispina, [453]
Asteriidae, [453], [458], [473]
Asterina, [454], [456], [459], [461], [463];
A. gibbosa, number of arms, [453];
eggs of, [463];
development of, [609], [610] f., [617];
A. wega, [459]
Asterinidae, [455], [458], [463]
Asternata, [554]
Asteroid stage in the development of Ophiuroidea and Echinoidea, [613], [622]
compared with Ophiuroidea, [477] f.;
compared with Echinoidea, [503], [558];
mesenchyme of larva of, [602];
development of, [605], [608], [609], [610] f.;
phylogeny of, [621]
Asteropsis, [471]
Asterosmilia, [401]
Asthenosoma, [536];
A. urens, [536]
Astraeopora, [390]
Astrangia, [400];
Astrocnida, [501]
Astrogonium, [472]
Astroides, [404]
Astronyx, [501]
Astropecten, [455], [459], [467];
fossil, [475];
A. irregularis, [468];
movements, [468];
burrowing habits, [469]
Astropectinidae, [454], [458], [459], [467], [470]
Astropyle, [81]
Astrorhiza, [59]
Astrorhizidaceae, [59]
Astroschema, [501];
vertebra, [481]
Astroschemidae, [501]
Astrosclera willeyana, [194], [194]
Astroscleridae, [194]
Astylus, [287]
Athoria (usually placed in a subfamily Athoriinae of the Physonectidae, [307]), [300]
Atolla, [322];
A. bairdi, [322];
A. gigantea, [322];
A. valdiviae, [322]
Atollidae, [322]
Atoll, [390] f.
Atrophy, of oral apparatus of Ciliata during conjugation, [151]
Attached, Foraminifera, [64];
Flagellata, [112] f.;
Ciliata, [152];
Attachment, temporary, of Stentor, [155];
permanent, of Rhizocrinus, [591];
of Bathycrinus, [591];
of young Pentacrinidae, [592];
of Thecoidea, [596];
of Cystoidea, [597];
— temporary, of larva of sterina gibbosa, [610];
of Brachiolaria larva, [612];
of larva of Antedon rosacea, [619]
Aulactinium, [79];
A. actinastrum, [82]
Aulena, [220]
Aulocystis grayi, [208]
A. aurita, [312]
Aureliania heterocera, [383]
Auricula, of Echinus esculentus, [526];
of Cidaridae, [531];
of Arbaciidae, [531];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546];
represented by radial pieces of calcareous ring of Holothuroidea, [566]
Auricularia, [607];
metamorphosis of, [614], [615]
Aurophore, [308]
Autodermin, [523]
Automatic processes, so-called, [12]
Autotrophic, [37]
Autozooids, [333]
Axial filament, of Heliozoan pseudopodia, [49], [71], [72], [74];
of Actinophrys sol, [71];
of Actinosphaerium eichornii, [72];
of Radiolaria Acantharia, [80]
Axial sinus, of Asterias rubens, [448];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [487];
of Echinus esculentus, [517], [528];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [552];
of Holothuroid larva, [564];
of larva of Antedon rosacea, [583];
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, [609]
Axifera, [353]
Axinella, [216], [222], [225];
A. erecta, [216]
Axinellidae, [217]
Axon, [444]
Axoniderma, [216]
Axopora, [262]
Azoosporeae, [89]
Babesia (= Piroplasma), [120]
Bacteria, food of Myxomycetes, [92] f.;
nutrition of, [36]
Bactronella, [193]
Baker, H., on organisms of putrefaction, [43];
on Protozoa, [45];
on Noctiluca, [134] f.
Balanoglossus, larva and affinities of, [616]
Balantidium, [137];
habitat of, [152]
Balbiani, on Protozoa, [45];
on regeneration, [35] n.;
on "Pébrine" (Nosema bombycis), [107]
Barbados, Miocene deposit of Radiolaria, [87]
Barotaxy, [20]
Barrier reef, [390] f.
Bary, A. de, on methods of culture of lower organisms, [44];
on nature of Myxomycetes, [91]
Basal granules, of cilia, etc., [138] n., [141]
—see also Blepharoplast
Basal plates, of Antedon rosacea, [584];
of Crinoidea, [588];
of Rhizocrinidae, [588], [590];
of Thaumatocrinus, [588], [594];
of Pentacrinidae, [591];
of Holopus, [592];
of Cystoidea, [598];
of Blastoidea, [599]
Bastian, H. Charlton, on spontaneous generation, [44] n.
Bateson, [174]
Bath sponge, [221]
Bather, on Sympterura, [502];
on classification of Crinoidea, [589];
on phylogeny of Echinodermata, [622]
Bathyactis, [404]
Bathyanthus, [411]
Bathypathes, [408]
Bebryce, [356]
Bell, F. J., [406] n.;
on classification of Ophiuroidea, [494];
of Endocyclica, [533]
on relationships of Holothuroidea, [430] n., [622]
Bell-animalcules, [155] f.;
feeding of, [145]
—see also Carchesium, Epistylis, Peritrichaceae, Vorticella, Zoothamnium
Beloidea, [77]
Beneden, E. van, on Sporozoa, [94];
on pelagic Anthozoa, [411]
Bernard, F., [241] n.
Bernard, H. M., [386] n., [397]
Berthold, on protoplasmic movements, [16] n.
Bezzenberger, list of species of Opalina, [124] n.;
on parasitic Ciliata, [152] n.
Bicoeca, [111]
Bicoecidae, [111]
Bidder, [168], [172] n., [186] n., [235] n.
Biemma, [224]
Bile, [13]
Biloculine, [66]
Binary sex (= syngamy with marked inequality between the pairing cells), [33] f.;
in Centropyxis, [57];
in Stylorhynchus, [99];
in Pterocephalus, [99];
in Coccidiaceae, [100] f.;
in Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.;
in Volvocidae, [127] f.;
in Eudorina, [129];
in Peritrichaceae, [151] f.
Biomyxa, [58]
Bionomics of Protistic life, [43]
metamorphoses of, [612]
Bipocillus (a microsclere consisting of a curved shaft, terminated by a cup-shaped expansion at each end, characteristic of the genus Iophon), [222]
Birds, hosts of Acystosporidae, [103]
Birth-pore, of brood-cavity of Suctoria, [161]
Bisexual differentiation—see Binary sex
Bivium, of Echinarachnius parma, [543];
of Holothuria nigra, [561]
Black Corals (= Gerardia, [406], and Antipatharia, [407])
Bladder, of Rotifers and Platyhelminthes, [14] n.
Blanchard, on Sporozoa, [94]
Blastocoel, [603]
Blastomere, [603]
Blastostyles, [265]
Blasts of Coccidiaceae, morphology of, [120];
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Blastula, definition of, [603]
Blepharoplast, [19];
of Heliozoa, [72];
of Trypanosoma, [121];
of nuclear origin in Trypanosoma, [109] n.;
of T. noctuae, [120] f.;
of Ciliata, [141]
Block-musculature, of spines of Echinus esculentus, [506]
Blood, Acystosporidae and Haemosporidae parasitic in, [97], [102] f.;
Protomastigaceae parasitic in, in fever, [119] f.
Blood-corpuscle, entered by Haemosporidae and Acystosporidae, [102] f., [104] f.;
by Treponema and Trypanosoma, [120]
Blood-system, of Asterias rubens, [449] f.;
of Echinus esculentus, [529];
of Holothuria nigra, [567];
of Antedon rosacea, [587]
Bloody rain, [125]
Blowflies, alleged spontaneous generation of, [42]
B. caudatus, [116] n.;
B. saltans, [114], [116] n., [117] f.
Bodonidae, [111];
movements of, [114] n.
Body-cavity—see Coelom
Bohemura, [502]
Bolina, [419];
B. infundibulum, [416]
Bolinidae, [419]
Bolinopsis, [419]
Bolocera tuediae, [381]
Borchgrevink, [310] n.
Borgert, on Dictyochidae, [87];
on fission in Aulacantha, [85];
on phaeodium in Radiolaria, [81] n.
Botanists, contributors to knowledge of Flagellates, [119]
Botryoidea, [79]
Bougainvillia, [263], [264], [266], [269];
B. ramosa, [269]
Bougainvilliidae, [269]
Boulenger, [294] n.
Bourne, G. C., [246], [337], [338] n., [347]
Bourrelet, [553]
Boveri, on functions of chromatin, [28] n.
Bowerbank, [168], [169], [234] n.
Brachial ossicle, of Antedon rosacea, [582];
of fossil Crinoidea, [595]
Brachionus, often found with Euglena viridis, [124]
Brachyenemic, [405]
Brachyeneminae, [405]
Brady, classification of Foraminifera, [58] f.
Brain-Coral, [401]
Branched, endoplasm, of Noctiluca, Trachelius, and Loxodes, [133], [153];
meganucleus, of Dendrosoma, [160];
theca, of Dinobryon, [112];
of Schizotricha, [152]
Branching colony, of Carchesium, Epistylis, Zoothamnium, [158]
Brandt, Karl, on commensals and parasites of Radiolaria, [87] n.;
on Radiolaria, [88]
Breeding temperature of Protozoa, [47]
Breeze Flies, intermediate hosts of Trypanosoma evansii, [119]
Briareidae, [350]
Brisinga, [474]
Brisingidae, [453], [454], [474]
Brissidae, [556]
Brissopsis, [556];
B. lyrifera, [556]
Brittle Star—see Ophiuroidea
Brood-cavity, in Suctoria, [160] f., [162]
Brood-cell, [31]
Brood-cyst, of Proteomyxa, [88] f.
Brood-division, brood-formation, [30] f.;
in Rhizopoda, [56] f.;
in Foraminifera, [67] f.;
in Radiolaria, [85] f.;
in Flagellata, [109], [115], [117] f.;
in Polytomeae, [115];
in Chlamydomonadidae, [115];
in Paramoeba eilhardii, [116] n.;
in Choanoflagellates, [122];
in Proterospongia, [122];
in Volvocidae, [127] f.;
in Ciliata, [147];
in Colpoda cucullus, [147], [153];
of male Peritrichaceae, [151] f., [157];
retarded, [31] f.
Brood-mother-cell, [31]
Brood-pouch, of Pteraster, [465], [466];
of Hemiaster philippi, [556], [602];
of Anochanus, [554];
of Cucumaria laevigata, [602];
of Psolus ephippifer, [602]
Brooks, [288], [290], [308] n.
Brown colour of lakes or ponds often due to Dinoflagellates, [131]
Browne, [273], [281] n., [291] n., [312]
Bruce, Col. and Mrs., on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, [120]
Bubbles of carbon dioxide formed in Arcella, etc., [53]
Buccal sinus of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Buccal tentacle—see Buccal tube-foot
Buccal tube-foot (and tentacle), of Ophiothrix fragilis, [486];
of Echinus esculentus, [518];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [551], [561];
of Holothuria nigra, [561];
of Spatangoidea, [577];
development of, in Holothuroid pupa, [615]
Budding, in Trichosphaerium, [54];
in Rhizopoda, [56];
in Acanthocystis, [73];
in Acantharia, [86] n.;
in Spirochona, [147];
in Sponges, [177] f., [228], [229], [230];
in Hydrozoa, [250] f., [263], [275];
in Scyphistoma, [317];
in Alcyonaria, [340];
in Zoantharia, [371]
Bud-fission in testaceous Rhizopoda, [55];
in Euglypha, [29]
Buffon, on organisms of putrefaction, [43]
Bulimina, [59]
Bulk and surface of organism, ratio between, [14]
Bunodactis gemmacea, [378]
Bunodeopsis, [382]
B. gemmacea, [382]
Bunodidae, [382]
Burrowing habits, of certain Asteroidea, [461];
of Astropecten, [469];
of Paxillosa, [469];
of Porcellanasteridae, [471];
of Strongylocentrotus lividus, [541];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [549];
of Spatangus purpureus, [555];
of Molpadiida, [575];
of Synaptida, [576];
of Synapta inhaerens, [577]
Burrowing Urchins, [529]
Bury, on primary axial sinus of Holothuroid larva, [564];
on change in position of mouth during metamorphosis of Auricularia, [614]
Bütschli, on protoplasm, [16] n.;
on paramylum, [95] n.;
on Protozoa, [46];
on Cystoflagellates, [135];
on classification of Ciliata, [137];
on Strombidium and Torquatella, [155] n.;
Caecum (diverticulum), of alimentary canal of Echinocardium cordatum, [551];
of alimentary canal of Elasipoda, [569], [571]
Caenomorpha, [137], [141] n., [154];
C. uniserialis, [155]
Cake-urchins = Clypeastroidea, q.v.
Calcaire Grossier, [70]
Calcarea, [184] f.
Calcareous ooze, [114]
Calcareous ring, of Holothuria nigra, [566];
of H. cinerascens, [567];
of Phyllophorus rugosus, [567]
Calcaromma calcarea, [83]
Calcituba, [59];
growth of, [64];
pylomes of, [64]
Calices of Madreporaria, [371]
Calicoblasts, [385]
Calkins, on nucleus in Protozoa, [25] n.;
on Protozoa, [46];
on rhythm in life-cycle of Ciliata, [148] n.
Calliactis (family Sagartiidae, [381]);
C. parasitica, [378]
Callianira, [418]
Callianiridae, [417]
Calthrop, [184];
of Radiolaria, [83]
Calymma, [420]
Calymmidae, [420]
Calyptoblastea, [275] f.
Calyx, of Echinus esculentus, [513];
of Echinarachnius parma, [545];
of Pelmatozoa, [579];
of Crinoidea, [580], [588] f.;
of Carpoidea, [580];
of Holopus, [592];
of fossil Crinoidea, [595]
Camerata, [595]
Campanularia, [280]
Campanulariidae, [280]
Campascus, [52];
test of, [55]
Camptolithus, [346]
Canalaria, [201]
Canals, "feeding," afferent, or replenishing of contractile vacuole system in Ciliata, [14], [143], [146];
of Stylonychia, [139] f.;
of Stentor, [156]
Cannopora, [283]
Cannopylaea (= Phaeodaria), [76]
Cannotidae, [278]
Capillitium of Myxomycetes, [90] f., [92]
Capnea sanguinea, [383]
Capria, [321]
Caravella, [308]
Carbohydrates, formation of, [33]
Carbon dioxide, attracts Paramecium, [23];
secreted by Arcella, etc., [53]
Carchesium, [138];
Carinal ossicle of Asteroidea, [436]
Carlgren, [378] n.
Carmarina, [295]
Carpenter, P. H., on the classification of the Crinoidea, [589]
Carpenter, W. B., classification of Foraminifera, [58];
on their true nature, [62];
on their structure, [63] f.;
on Arenacea, [65] f.;
on the nervous system of Antedon rosacea, [585]
Carter, on Protozoa, [45];
on Sponges, [167], [180], [208], [237] n.;
on fossil Hydrozoa, [270] n.
Cash, on Rhizopoda, [58] n.
Cassidulidae, [554]
Cassidulina, [59]
Cassiopea, [324]
Cassiopeidae, [324]
Castellani, on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, [120]
Catabolic, catabolism, [13] f., [24]
Cataclysmal metamorphosis of Dipleurula, [613]
Catallacta, [89]
Catostylidae, [325]
Cattle, Trypanosomic diseases of, [119] f.
Caudal cirrhi, [139] f.
Caudina, [575]
Caullery and Mesnil, on Actinomyxidiaceae, [98] n.
C. obesa, [364]
Cell, [3] f.;
definition of, [3];
nutrition of, [15] f., [35] f.;
-membrane of ovum of Sea-urchin, [7];
-wall, [3];
in Dinoflagellates, [130];
-boundary in Flagellates, [113];
-division, [24] f., [25], [27];
Spencerian division, [31] f.;
-unions in Volvox, [126], [127];
collar-, of Choanoflagellates, [121], [122];
of Sponges (= choanocytes), [171], [176], [186]
Cellular relationship explained, [10]
Cellulose, [37];
cell-wall of holophytic Flagellates, [113];
in Dinoflagellates, [130]
Central blood plexus—see Heart
Central capsule, [49], [76], [77], [82], [84];
its functions in regeneration, [35];
of Collozoum inerme, [76]
Centrifugal force, stimulus of, [19] f.
Centripetal canals, [289]
Centro-dorsal ossicle, of Crinoidea, [580];
of Antedon rosacea, [582];
of Atelecrinus, [594]
Centrogenous (used of spicules = meeting in a common centre and growing outwards), [76]
Centropyxis, [51];
test of, [55];
C. aculeata, reproduction of, [57]
of Heliozoa, [72];
(= blepharoplast) in Flagellates, [115]
Centrostephanus, [522], [539];
C. longispinosus, [522], [532], [539]
Cephalis (= uppermost chamber of monaxonic Radiolarian shells), [83]
Cephalodiscus, [617]
Cephalont of Gregarines, [98]
Cephalopoda, erroneous reference of Foraminifera to, [62]
Cephea, [325]
Cepheidae, [324]
C. fusca, [271]
Ceratellidae, [271]
Ceratium, [110];
habitat of, [131]
C. dujardini, gametes of, [116] n.
Cereactis (family Actiniidae, [381]);
C. aurantiaca, [378]
Cerianthidea, [367], [373], [377], [409]
Cerianthus, [328], [366], [409];
nematocyst of, [247];
C. americanus, [411];
C. bathymetricus, [411];
C. lloydii, [411];
C. membranaceus, [370], [410], [411];
C. oligopodus, [411];
C. vogti, [411]
Cestidae, [420]
Cestoidea, [413], [414], [416], [420]
Cestus, [420];
C. pectenalis, [420];
Chaetetidae, [346]
Chalarothoraca, [71]
Chalk, Foraminifera, etc., in, [69] f.
Challengeridae (a family of Phaeogromia, [79]);
shells, skeleton of, [84], [85]
Chambered organ, of Antedon rosacea, [584];
of Pentacrinidae, [592]
Chambers, of Foraminiferal shell, [62]
Chapman, on Foraminifera, [58] n., [70]
Charistephane, [417]
Charybdea, [311], [314], [319];
C. marsupialis, [319];
C. grandis, [319]
Charybdeidae, [318]
Cheilostomella, [59]
Cheilostomellaceae, [59]
Chela (a complex microsclere derived from a sigma and consisting of a curved shaft bearing recurved processes), [234]
Chemical, reactions, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, [13];
substances in solution, [19], [22] f.;
rays of spectrum in relation to plant pigments, [36] n.
Chemiotaxy, [23];
its rôle in syngamy, [34];
of Coccidians, [100]
Chirodropidae, [319]
Chirodropus, [319]
Chironephthya, [349];
C. variabilis, [338]
Chiropsalmus, [319]
Chitin, [37]
Chlamydomonadidae, [111], [125], [126];
brood-division of active, [115]
Chlamydomonas, [111], [125] f.;
barotaxy of, [20];
conjugation of, [115] f.;
Dill on, [119] n.
Chlamydophora, [71]
Chlamydophrys, [52];
C. stercorea, reproduction of, [57];
habitat of, [57] f.
Chloramoeba, [110]
Chloromonadaceae, [110];
trichocysts in, [113] n.
Chlorophyll, [36] n.;
in Flagellates, [115] n.;
bodies of Euglenaceae, [124] f.
Chloroplasts (= chlorophyll bodies), of Eutreptia viridis, [124] f.
Choanocytes, [171], [176], [186], [200], [237]
—see also Collar-cells
Choanoflagellata, Choanoflagellates (= Craspedomonadidae, [111]), [121], [122] f.;
in relation to Sponges, [41], [171], [181]
C. infundibulifera, [162]
Choanosome, [170]
Chondrilla, spicules of, [233]
Chondrioderma, [90];
C. diffusum, [93]
Chondrocladia, [216]
Choristida, [212]
Chromatin, [6] f.;
function of, in cell-division, [24] f.;
of ovum of Sea-urchin, [7];
of Radiolaria, [81];
Chromatophore, [13], [21], [36] f., [113], [115];
of Sphaerella, [126]
—see also Chromoplastid, Chlorophyll, Plastid
Chromidia, [30];
of Rhizopoda, [51];
of Foraminifera, [67] f.
of Zooxanthella, [86]
—see also Chromatophore
functions of, [28] f.
Chromulina, [110]
Chrysamoeba, [110]
Chrysaora, [312], [315], [316], [323];
C. isosceles, [311], [314], [323]
Chrysogorgia, [355]
Chrysogorgiidae, [355] (= Dasygorgiidae, [333])
Chrysomonadaceae, [110];
external plasmic layer of, [113];
Chun, [197] n., [300], [307] n., [308], [414] n.
Chytridieae, movements and affinities of, [114] n.;
relations of, [40], [48], [119]
Cidaridae, [530], [531], [532], [533], [558]
C. (Dorocidaris) papillata, [534]
Cienkowsky, on Monadineae (= Flagellates and Proteomyxa), [40], [89];
on Radiolaria, [88];
on Zooxanthella, [86];
on Cystoflagellates, [135]
of Protozoa, [47];
paroral, [156] n.;
preoral, [139];
of Trichonymphidae, [123];
of Opalina, [123];
of Maupasia, [124];
of Ciliata, [141];
organs formed of combined, [138], [141], [413];
sensory, of Stylonychia, [138];
Schuberg, A., on, [141] n.
Ciliary motion, [18];
mechanism of, [18] n.
Ciliata, [18], [41], [137] f., [181];
animal nutrition, [40];
conjugation, [149] f.;
contractile vacuole, [14] f., [143];
encystment, [147] f.;
feeding, [145];
fission, [147] f.;
form of body, [141];
galvanotaxy, [22];
infested by Suctorian parasites, [160] f.;
gut, [146];
mouth, [145];
nuclear apparatus, [144] f.;
parasitic, [152];
pharynx, [145];
pellicle, [141];
relations to Metazoa, [41];
rheotaxy, [21];
Suctoria allied to, [159];
thigmotaxy of, [20];
tubicolous, [152];
Zooxanthella symbiotic with, [125]
Ciliated, buds of Suctoria, [159], [160] f., [162];
epaulette, [607]
Cilioflagellata (= Dinoflagellata, given by misinterpretation of transverse flagellum), [130].
Cilium of Noctiluca, [133]
C. barbata, [212]
Cinclides, [369]
Cinetochilum, [137]
Ciocalypta, [225]
Cirripathes, [408];
C. spiralis, [408]
Cirrus, of Crinoidea, [430], [580];
of Antedon rosacea, [581], [585];
of Rhizocrinidae, [588], [590];
of Pentacrinidae, [588], [591], [592];
of Rhizocrinus, [591];
of Comatulidae, [594];
of Actinometra, [594];
of Antedon, [594];
development of, in A. rosacea, [620];
of fossil Crinoidea, [595]
Cladocarpus, [279]
Cladocoryne, [272]
Cladocrinoidea, [595]
C. radiatum, [267]
Cladonemidae, [270]
Cladopathes, [408]
Cladophiurae, [491], [494], [502]
Cladorhiza, [216]
Cladotyle (a rhabdus on which one actine is branched, the other tylote or knobbed at the extremity), [222]
Claparède and Lachmann on Protozoa, [45];
on Suctoria, [162]
Clark—see James-Clark
Classification, of Protozoa, [48] f., [50];
of Rhizopoda, [51] f.;
of Foraminifera, [58] f.;
of Heliozoa, [70] f.;
of Radiolaria, [76] f.;
of Proteomyxa, [90];
of Sporozoa, [97];
of Flagellata, [109] f.;
of Protomastigaceae, [111];
of Volvocaceae, [111];
of Infusoria, [136];
of Ciliata, [137];
of Suctoria, [159];
of Sponges, [183] f.;
of Coelenterata, [249] f.;
of Ctenophora, [417] f.;
of Eleutherozoa, [430] f.;
of Asteroidea, [459] f.;
of Ophiuroidea, [491] f.;
of Echinoidea, [529] f.;
of Endocyclica, [532];
of Clypeastroidea, [548] f.;
of Spatangoidea, [552];
of Holothuroidea, [567] f.;
of Pelmatozoa, [580];
of Crinoidea, [589] f.
Clathria, [225]
Clathrina, [186], [221], [231];
C. blanca, larva of, [227]
Clathrinidae, [185] f.
Clathrissa, [223]
C. wilsoni, [279]
Clava, [272];
C. squamata, [263]
Clavatellidae, [270]
Clavidae, [272]
Clavularia, [330], [334], [344];
C. viridis, [329], [337], [343] f., [344]
Clavulariidae, [344]
Clearing of tissues, physical explanation of, [11]
Climacograptus, [282]
Clionidae, [218]
Cloaca of Holothuria nigra, [563]
Clypeastridae (= Echinanthidae), [549]
Clypeastroidea, [529], [542] f., [556], [559], [566]
Clytia, [280];
Cnidocil, [248]
Cnidopod, [248]
Cnidosac, [300]
Coalescence of individual Rhizopods during bud-fission, [55]
relations to Trypanosoma, [120]
Coccidiidae, [97], [99] f., [101]
Coccidiosis, [102]
C. cuniculi, [102];
C. lacazei, syngamy of, [101];
Coccolithophora, [110]
Coccolithophoridae, in Chalk, [70];
wall of, [114]
Coccoliths, [83], [110], [114], [242]
Coccoseridae, [346]
Cockroach, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, [123]
Codaster, [599]
Codosiga, [111]
Coelenterata, [243] f.;
definition, [245];
almost all immune from Gregarines, [99]
Coeliac canal of Antedon rosacea, [586]
Coelogorgia, [349]
Coelogorgiidae, [349]
Coelom (including body-cavity), [428];
of Asterias rubens, [437];
of arm of Ophiothrix fragilis, [480];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Holothuria nigra, [562];
of Antedon rosacea, [585];
development of first rudiment in larva, [605];
subsequent development in Dipleurula, [608], [609];
in Asterina gibbosa, [611];
in Antedon rosacea, [618], [619]
Coelomic nervous system, of Asterias rubens, [448];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488];
of Echinus esculentus, [524];
of Holothuria nigra, [566];
of Antedon rosacea, [584], [585]
C. mitsukurii, [422]
Coeloplanidae, [422]
Coenocyte, [30]
Coenograptus, [282]
Coenopsammia, [404]
Coenothecalia, [344]
Cohn, Ferdinand, on cultures of Schizomycetes, etc., [44]
Cold-blooded Vertebrates, as hosts of Haemosporidae, [102]
Coleps, [137];
mail-like pellicle of, [141], [152];
C. hirtus, group feeding, [150]
Collar, of Choanoflagellates, [121] f., [122];
of peristome of Vorticella, etc., [156]
Collar-cells, in Choanoflagellates, [121] f., [122], [171], [237];
of Calcarea, [186];
—see also Choanocytes
Collencyte, [171]
Colletocystophores, [320]
Collida, [77] n.
Colloblasts, [414]
Collodaria, [77]
Colloidea, [77]
Collosphaera, [77];
symbiotic Diatoms in, [86]
Collosphaeridae, [85]
Collozoidae, [85]
Collozoum, [77];
C. inerme, [76]
Collyritidae, [559]
Colonial, cells, [31];
Protista, [31]
Colony, [31];
of Collozoum inerme, [76];
-formation in Polycyttarian Radiolaria, [84] f.;
in Flagellata, [113];
of Choanoflagellates, [121], [122];
in Vorticellidae, [158];
of Volvocidae, [126] f.;
of Pandorina, [128] f.;
of Eudorina, [129]
Colour, red, of lakes and ponds, often due to Dinoflagellata, [131]
Coloured vegetal nutrition, [36] f.
Colouring matter of chromatophores of Flagellates, [115] n.
Colpidium, [137];
C. colpoda, diagram of conjugation, [149];
nuclear relations in conjugation, [151]
Colpoda, [137];
C. cucullus, [153];
brood-fission in cyst, [147]
Columnals, [619] (= Stem-ossicles, q.v.)
Columnaria, [344]
Comatula = Antedon, q.v.
Comatulidae, [594]
Combs of Ctenophora, [141], [412]
Comitalia, [201]
Commensals, of Heliozoa, [73];
of Infusoria, [153] f.;
—see also Zoochlorella, Zooxanthella, and Symbiosis
Comminator muscles of Aristotle's lantern, [526]
Commissure of radial cords of aboral nervous system of Antedon rosacea, [585]
Compasses (or radii) of Aristotle's lantern, [526]
Conant, [319]
Conaria larva, [302]
Conchophtheirus, [137]
Conchula, [380]
Confervaceae, related to green Flagellates, [48]
Confervoid form of Hydrurus, [113]
Conjugatae, syngamy of, compared to certain Chlamydomonads, [126]
Conjugation, [33] f.;
of Trichosphaerium, [54], [56] f.;
exogamous, in Foraminifera, [68] f.;
of Sporozoa, [95] f.;
of Lankesteria, [95] f.;
of Monocystis, [96];
of Stylorhynchus, [99];
bisexual, of Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.;
of Flagellates, [115];
of Bodo saltans, [117];
of Trypanosoma, [120];
by a fertilising tube in Chlamydomonas, [125];
of Volvocaceae, [127] f.;
of Volvox, [127] f.;
isogamous and endogamous, of Stephanosphaera, [128];
in Dinoflagellates, [131] n.;
of Noctiluca, [133];
of Ciliata, [148] f.;
of Paramecium caudatum, [148];
of Colpidium colpoda, diagram, [149];
of Peritrichaceae, [151] f., [157];
of Vorticella, [157];
of Suctoria, [161];
of meganucleus in Dendrocometes, [161], [162]
—see also Syngamy, Fertilisation
Conoclypeus, [558]
Constancy of type in Protista, [42] f.
Conte, [292] n.
Contractile vacuole, [5], [10], [14] f.;
of Amoeba polypodia, [5], [10];
of fresh-water and brackish Protozoa, accessory spaces and canals, [47];
of Rhizopods, [52];
of fresh-water Allogromidiaceae, [60];
of Microgromia socialis, [60];
of Heliozoa, [71], [72], [74];
of zoospore of Clathrulina, [74];
of Myxomycetes, [92];
of Flagellata, [110], [112], [115];
of Cryptomonas, [112];
of Diplomita, [112];
of Oikomonas, [112];
of Tetramitus, [112];
of Trachelomonas, [112];
of Bodo saltans, [117];
of Choanoflagellates, [122];
absent from Opalinidae, [123];
of Euglenaceae, [125];
of Volvox, [126];
of Ciliata, [143] f.;
in fission, [147];
of Stylonychia, [139] f.
of Stentor, [156];
of Vorticella, [157];
muscular mechanism of, [14] f.
Contraction, of Amoeboid cell, [16] f.
Copepoda, infested by Epistylis, [158]
—see also Cyclops
Coppinia, [280];
C. arcta, [280]
Coprolites, Radiolaria in, [87]
Copromyxa, [90]
Organ-pipe, [343];
Precious (= Red), [326], [352];
Flexible (= various Alcyonaria), [326];
Stony (= Madreporaria), [326], [384] f.;
Brain-, [401];
Black (= Gerardia, [406], and Antipatharia, [407]);
-Reefs, [390] f.;
Reef-, [389] f.
commercial importance, [328]
Corallimorphidae, [383]
Corallimorphus, [383]
Corallium, [333], [350], [352];
C. boshuensis [352];
C. confusum, [352];
C. elatius, [352];
C. inutile, [352];
C. japonicum, [352];
C. johnsoni, [352];
C. konojoi, [352];
C. nobile, [340] n., [341], [352];
C. pusillum, [352];
C. reginae, [352];
C. stylasteroides [352];
C. sulcatum, [352]
Corbula, [276]
Cornulariidae, [344]
Cornuspira, [59];
shell of, [64]
Corona, of Echinus esculentus, [504], [511];
of Endocyclica, [530];
of Cidaridae, [530];
of Echinothuriidae, [530], [535];
of Temnopleurinae, [539]
Coronaster, [474]
gastral cortex, [188]
Corticata, [49] n.
Corydendrium (family Tiaridae, [273]);
C. parasiticum, [269]
Corymorpha, [263], [265], [266], [273];
C. nutans, [273]
Corymorphidae, [273]
C. viridis, [383]
Coryne, [272]
Corynidae, [272]
Cosmiolithus, [346]
of Ctenophora, [413], [416] n.
Costia, [111];
C. necatrix, produces epidemics in fresh-water fish, [119]
Cotte, [218] n.
Cotton-spinner, [564]
Cotylorhiza, [325]
in Flagellates, [116] f.
—see also Zygote
Covering-plates, of arms of Ophiuroidea, [491];
of arms of Crinoidea, [589];
of Rhizocrinidae, [589], [591];
of Pentacrinidae, [589];
of Thecoidea, [596];
of Blastoidea, [599]
Crambessa, [325]
Crambione, [325]
Craniella, [213], [213], [214];
C. cranium, [222]
Craspedomonadidae, [111], [115] n., [121] f., [122];
transverse division in, [115] n.
—see also Choanoflagellata
Crescent (gametocyte of Laverania), [104] f.
Cretaceous firestone of Delitzet contains Peridinium, [132]
C. (Henricia) sanguinolenta, [462], [463];
C. laeviuscula, [462]
Cribriform organs, [470]
Cricket, Mole-, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, [123]
development of, [617] f.
Cristellaria, [59]
Crotalocrinus, [595];
C. pulcher, [595]
Crustacea, small, rheotaxy of, [21]
Cryptabacia, [404]
Cryptogams, Higher, spermatozoa of, [38]
Cryptoglena, shell of, [113]
C. ramosa, [285]
Cryptomonadaceae, [110]
Cryptomonas, [110]
Cryptozonate, [454]
Crystals, in isospores of Collozoum inerme, [76];
proteid, [37]
Ctenocella, [357]
Ctenophora, [412] f.;
comb-plates of, [141]
Ctenophoral plates, [141], [412]
Ctenoplanidae, [421]
Cubomedusae, [310], [316], [318] f.
Cucumaria, [573];
C. laevigata, [602]
Cuénot, on Sporozoa, [94];
on reproduction of Monocystis, [96] n.
C. tetragona, [453]
Culex, host of Haemoproteus or Proteosoma, [103];
intermediate host of a Trypanosoma, [120]
Cultures, pure, [43]
Cunanthidae, [296]
Cunarcha, [296]
Cunina, [296];
C. proboscidea, [296];
C. rhododactyla, [296]
Cunoctantha, [296];
C. octonaria, [295]
Cup (= theca), of Flagellates, [113];
of Salpingoeca, [122];
—see also Theca, Tube
Cupulita, [307];
C. sarsii, [304]
Current, [169], [171], [234] f.;
electric, stimulus of, [19], [22];
in liquid, relation of protoplasmic movements to, [7], [19], [21]
Cuticle, of Dinoflagellata, [130];
of Gregarines, [96];
of Noctiluca, [133]
—see also Membrane, Pellicle
Cuticular shell of Flagellates, [113]
Cuvierian organs of Holothuria nigra, [564]
C. lamarcki, [324]
Cyanaeidae, [324]
Cyathaxoniidae, [394]
Cyatholiths, [114]
Cyathophyllidae, [394]
Cyathophyllum, [394]
Cycads, spermatozoa of, [38]
Cyclidium, [137]
Cyclocnemaria, [397]
Cyclomyaria, [325]
Cyclops, host of Choanophrya, [159];
of Rhyncheta and other Suctoria, [159] f., [162];
of Vorticellidæ, [158]
Cycloseridae, [404]
Cydippidea, [417]
Cydippiform stage of Lobata and Cestoidea, [414]
Cydonium milleri, [222]
Cymbonectes, [306]
Cymbonectinae, [306]
Cyphoderia, [52]
Cyrtoidea, [79]
Cyst (a closed membrane distinct from the cytoplasm around a resting-cell or apocyte), [37], [39];
cellulose-, [37];
chitinous, [37];
growth of vegetal cell in, [37];
of Protozoa present in dust, [47];
of Centropyxis aculeata, [57];
of Chlamydophrys stercorea, [57];
of Amoeba coli, [57];
of Actinophrys sol, [72];
of Actinosphaerium, [73] f.;
of Flagellata, [109], [117] f.;
brood-, of Paramoeba eilhardii, [116] n.;
of Bodo saltans, [117];
of Opalina, [123] f.;
of Volvocaceae, [128];
of Dinoflagellates, [131];
of Ciliata, [147];
of Colpoda cucullus, [147], [153];
temporary (hypnocyst) of Rhizopoda, [57];
of Proteomyxa, [88];
of Myxomycetes, [91];
-wall, of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Cystiactis, [382]
Cystid—see Cystoidea
Cystiphyllidae, [394]
Cystoflagellata, [110], [132] f.
Cytogamy, [33] f.
Cytoplasm, [6];
of ovum of Sea-urchin, [7];
granular, nutritive, of muscle cell, [19];
in cell-division by mitosis, [26] f.;
during syngamy, [34]
D. lactea, [312]
Dactylopores, [257]
Dactylozooids, [264];
of Hydractinia, [264];
of Millepora, [259];
of Siphonophora, [299]
Dale, on chemiotaxy, [22]
Dallinger, W. H., and Drysdale, C., on Protozoa, [44], [45];
on organisms of putrefaction, [44], [116] f.;
on life-histories of Flagellates, [116] f.
Dallingeria, [111], [112], [119];
anchoring flagella of, [114];
D. drysdali, gametes of, [116] n.
Dangeard, on brood-division in active Chlamydomonadidae, [115];
on Flagellata, [119] n.
Dantec, Le, on protoplasmic movements, [16] n.;
on peptic digestion in Protozoa, [16]
Darwin, [328] n., [360], [391]
Darwinella, [221]
Dasygorgiidae, [333] (= Chrysogorgiidae, [355])
Davenport on protoplasmic movements, [16] n., [19] n.
Dawydoff, [423]
Dead men's fingers (= Alcyonium digitatum, [349])
Death, [11];
by diffluence, granular disintegration or solution, [14] f.;
by desolution, [15];
necessary, of colonial cells of Volvox, [128];
in Volvox and in Metazoa, compared, [130]
Deep-sea deposits (Foraminifera), [70]
Degen, on functions of contractile vacuole, [15] n.
Degeneration, senile, among Ciliata, [148]
Deglutition in Podophrya trold, [159]
—see also Ingestion of food
Deiopea, [419]
Deiopeidae, [419]
Delage, on protoplasm, [3] n.;
on syngamy, [34] n.;
on motion of flagella, [114] n.;
on Sponges, [168], [174], [226];
and Hérouard, on Protozoa, [46]
Delap, M. J., [311] n.
Deltoid plate of Blastoidea, [599]
Dendoryx, [224]
Dendrite, [444]
Dendrobrachia, [409]
Dendrobrachiidae, [409]
Dendroceratina, [209], [220], [221]
Dendrochirota, [568], [569], [572], [577], [578]
Dendrocometes, [159], [160], [161] f.
Dendrograptidae, [281]
Dendrograptus, [281]
Dendrophyllia, [404]
Dendy, [188] n., [192], [274], [275]
Depastrella, [321]
Depastrum cyathiforme, [321]
Depressor muscles of compasses of Echinus esculentus, [527]
Dercitus bucklandi, [221]
Dermal, gill—see Papula;
membrane, [170]
Dermalia, [201]
Dermasterias, [471]
Desma (the megasclere which forms the characteristic skeletal network of the Lithistida, an irregular branched spicule), [215], [224]
Desmacella, [224]
Desmacidon, [222]
Desmophyes, [307]
Desmophyinae, [307]
Desmothoraca, [71]
Desolution of protoplasm, [11] f.
Deutomerite, [98]
Development, of Sponges, [226];
of Scyphozoa, [316];
of Alcyonaria, [341];
of Zoantharia, [373];
of Echinodermata, [601] f.
Dextrin, [15]
Diadematidae, [531], [532], [538] f., [558]
Diadematoid type of ambulacral plate, [531], [539]
Dialytinae, [192]
Diancistra (a spicule resembling a stout sigma, but the inner margin of both hook and shaft thins out to a knife edge and is notched), [222]
Diaphorodon, [59];
shell of, [60]
Diaseris, [404];
asexual reproduction, [388]
Diatomaceae, skeleton of, [84];
symbiotic with Collosphaera, [86]
Diatomin, [86];
(?) in coloured Flagellates, [115] n.
Dictyoceratina, [220]
Dictyocha, [110]
Dictyochida (= Silicoflagellata, [110]), [79];
in Phaeocystina, [86] f.
Dictyocystis, [137];
test of, [152]
Dictyonalia, [201]
Dictyonema, [281]
Dictyonina, [202]
Dictyostelium, [90]
Dicyclica, [594]
Dicymba, [308]
Dicystidae, [97]
Didinium, [137];
trichocysts of, [143]
Didymium, [90];
D. difforme, [92]
Didymograptus, [282]
Diffluence, [14] f.
Difflugia, [52];
D. pyriformis, [55];
test of, [55]
of reserves in brood-formation, [33];
in Carchesium, [147];
in Starfish, [440]
Digestive system—see Alimentary Canal
Dill, on Chlamydomonas, etc., [119] n.
Dimorpha, [70], [73], [75] n., [112]
Dimorphism of chambered Foraminifera, [67] f.
Dinamoeba, [51];
test of, [53]
undulating membranes of, [123]
Dinoflagellata, [110], [113], [130], [131], [132];
plastids of, [40];
nutrition of, [113]
Dinoflagellate condition of young Noctiluca, [134]
Diphyidae, [306]
Diphyopsinae, [307]
Diplacanthid, [457]
Dipleurula, definition, [605];
Diplocyathus, [277]
Diplodal, [210]
Diplodemia, [223]
Diploëpora, [346]
Diplomita, [111]
Diprionidae, [282]
Directives, [367]
Disc, of Vorticellidae, [155], [158];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [484]
Discalia, [309]
Discohexaster, [200]
Discoidea, [77]
Discoidea, [558]
Discomedusae (= Ephyropsidae, [322] + Atollidae, [322] + Discophora, [323])
Discomorpha, [137]
Discooctaster, [200]
Discophora, [310], [316], [323] f.
reproduction of, [69]
Discosomatidae, [383]
Diseases, produced by Coccidiidae, [102];
by Acystosporidae, [103] f.;
by Flagellates, [119] f.;
by Trypanosomes, [119] f.;
Protozoic organisms of, [43] f.
Dissogony, [419]
Distomatidae, [110]
Distribution of Protozoa, [47];
of Sponges, in space, [239] f.;
in time, [241]
Disyringa dissimilis, [209], [214], [215]
Diverticulum—see Caecum
Division, binary, [10];
reduction-, [75] n.
Dixon and Hartog on pepsin in Pelomyxa, [16]
Dobie, [167]
Doederlein, [193] n.
Doflein, [46];
on parasitic and morbitic Protozoa, [94] n.;
on syngamy of Cystoflagellates, [135]
Dohrn, on carnivorous habits of Sphaerechinus, [516]
Dolichosporidia (= Sarcosporidiaceae), [98], [108]
Doramasia, [306];
D. picta, [303]
Dorataspis, [78];
skeleton, [80]
Dorocidaris—see Cidaris
Dorsal elastic ligament of Antedon rosacea, [587]
Dorso-central plate of Echinarachnius parma, [543]
Dourine, disease of horses and dogs, [119]
Drepanidium (= Lankesterella), [97], [102]
Dreyer, on genera and species of Radiolaria, [87] f.;
on skeleton of Radiolaria, [82] n.
Dropsy, ascitic, associated with Leydenia, [91]
Drysdale and Dallinger, on organisms of putrefaction, [44] f., [116] f.
Dual force of dividing cell, [26] f.
Duboscq, Léger and, sexual process in Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.
Duerden, [261], [369] n., [371], [373], [374], [389], [397] n., [400] n., [403], [405], [406]
Dujardin, on sarcode (= protoplasm), [3];
on Protozoa, [45];
on true nature of Foraminifera, [62] f.;
on Sponges, [167]
Dust, containing cysts of Protozoa, [47];
of Flagellata, [118]
Dysentery, in Swiss cattle, caused by Coccidium, [102];
tropical, caused by Amoeba coli, [57]
oral apparatus, [145];
shell, [141]
Earthworm, Monocystis parasitic in, [95]
Echinanthidae, [549]
E. parma, [542] f., [543], [544], [545], [547];
shape, [542];
sphaeridia, [545];
internal skeleton, [545];
habits, [546];
alimentary canal, [546];
Aristotle's lantern, [546];
tube-feet, [547]
Echinasteridae, [455], [458], [462]
Echinating, [217]
Echininae, [539]
Echinocardium, [549];
E. cordatum, [549] f., [551], [552];
habitat, [549];
shape, [550];
spines, [550];
sphaeridia, [551];
alimentary canal, [551];
tube-feet, [551];
habits, [552];
stone-canal, [552];
E. flavescens, [555];
E. pennatifidum, [555]
Echinoconidae, [558]
E. pusillus, [549]
Echinocystites, [557]
Echinodermata, [425] f.
Echinoid stage in the development of a Holothuroid, [615]
compared with Holothuroidea, [560];
with Blastoidea, [580];
mesenchyme of larva, [604];
development of, [607], [608], [609], [613], [614];
phylogeny of, [622]
Echinolampas, [554]
Echinometra, [542]
Echinomuricea, [356]
Echinonidae, [553]
metamorphosis of, [613], [614]
Echinosphaerites, [598];
E. aurantium, [598]
Echinothuriidae, [530], [531], [532], [535], [558], [560]
E. esculentus, [504] f. [505], [507], [511]-[515];
locality, [504];
spines, [506];
pedicellariae, [506];
corona, [511];
periproct, [513];
peristome, [513];
alimentary canal, [516];
water-vascular system, [516] f.;
nervous system, [518] f.;
sphaeridia, [524];
perihaemal spaces, [524] f.;
genital system, [528];
blood-system, [529];
larva, [507];
E. acutus, [540];
pedicellariae, [509];
E. alexandri, pedicellaria, [510];
pedicellariae, [510];
E. microtuberculatus, [540];
E. miliaris, [540], [542], [549];
Economic uses of Foraminifera, [69] f.
Ectocoele, [367]
Ectoderm, [246]
Ectoplasm (= ectosarc), [6], [46] f., [50];
of Amoeba, [5];
of Rhizopoda, [51] f.;
of Heliozoa, [71] f.;
of Radiolaria, [79] f. (see also Extracapsular protoplasm);
regeneration of, in Radiolaria, [35];
of Collozoum inerme, [76];
of Gregarines, [96] f.;
of Ciliata, [141] f.;
of Stylonychia, [140];
of Suctoria, [159];
of Trachelius ovum, [153];
of Vorticella, [156]
Ectopleura, [268]
Ectosarc—see Ectoplasm
Ectosome, [170]
Ectyoninae, [217]
Edwardsia, [328], [366], [368], [376];
E. allmani, [377];
E. carnea, [377];
E. goodsiri, [377];
E. tecta, [377];
Edwardsia stage of Zoantharia, [367]
Edwardsiidae, [377]
Edwardsiidea, [367], [371], [375], [395]
Egg, fertilised, [31];
of Metazoa, [32] f.;
of bird, [32];
various meanings of, [34];
of affected Silkworm moths transmitters of pébrine, [107]
Ehrenberg, on Protozoa, [45] f.;
on skeletons of Radiolaria, [87] f.;
on Ciliata, [146];
on Suctoria, [162]
Eimer and Fickert, on classification of Foraminifera, [58] n.
Elasipoda, [569], [571], [577], [578]
Electric, currents, stimulus of, [19], [22];
shock, action on Amoeba, etc., [7]
Eleutheria, the medusa of Clavatella, [265]
Eleutheroblastea, [253]
Eleutheroplea, [279]
Eleutherozoa, [430], [560], [577], [579], [583];
development of, [602] f.;
larva of, [605];
Elevator muscles of compasses of Echinus esculentus, [527]
Ellipsactinia, [283]
Ellis, [167]
Embryonic type of development, [601]
of animal cells, [37];
growth during, [37];
of zygote, general in Protista, [34];
of Rhizopoda, [57];
temporary, of Rhizopoda, [57] (see also Hypnocyst);
of Heliozoa, [72] f.;
of Actinophrys, [72];
of Actinosphaerium, [73] f.;
of Myxomycete zoospores, [90] f.;
of Sporozoa, [96] f.;
of zygote of Sporozoa, [95] f.;
of Lankesteria, [95];
of Monocystis, [96];
of Coccidiidae, [97] f.;
of archespore or pansporoblast of Myxosporidiaceae, [107];
of Flagellates, [115], [117] f.;
of zygote of Bodo saltans, [117];
of Opalina, [123] f.;
of oosperm of Volvocaceae, [127] f., [129] f.;
of Dinoflagellates, [131];
of Ciliata, [147];
of Colpoda cucullus, [147], [153]
Endocyclica, [529], [530] f., [556], [559]
Endoderm, [246]
Endogamy, in Amoeba coli, [57];
in Actinosphaerium, [73] f., [75] (diagram);
in Stephanosphaera, [128]
Endogenous budding in Suctoria, [160] f., [162]
Endoparasitic Suctoria, [86], [160] f.
Endoplasm (= endosarc, q.v.), [6]
—see also Intracapsular protoplasm (Radiolaria)
Endoral, cilia, [139];
undulating membrane, [139]
Endosarc (= endoplasm), [6];
of Gregarines, [95] f.;
branching, of Noctiluca, [110], [133];
of Loxodes and Trachelius, [144], [153];
of Ciliata, [143] f.;
of Stylonychia, [140];
of Suctoria, [161]
Energy, changes of, in living organism, [8], [13];
sources of, [13] f.
Entocnemaria, [394]
Entocoele, [367]
Entosolenia, [66]
Entz, Geza, on Choanoflagellates, [121] n.;
on structure of Vorticella, [157] n.
Eocene Foraminifera, [70]
Eolis (= Aeolis), [248]
Eophiura, [501]
Eozoon, [70] n.
Epaulettes, [315]
Epenthesis, [281]
E. bütschliana, cytological study of, [162]
E. fluviatilis, structure, etc., [174] f., [176], [177], [178], [179]
Ephyra, [317]
Ephyropsidae, [322]
Epiactis (usually placed in the order Zoanthidea, [404]);
E. marsupialis, [379];
E. prolifera, [379]
Epibulia, [308]
Epidemic, of pébrine among Silkworms, [107];
among Fish, due to Costia necatrix, [119];
to Myxosporidiaceae, [107];
to Icthyophtheirius, [152]
—see also Diseases, Fever
Epigonactis fecunda, [379]
Epimerite of Gregarines, [97], [98] f.
Epineural canal, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [481];
of Echinus esculentus, [515]
Epiphysis, of jaw, of Echinus esculentus, [526];
of jaws of Diadematidae, [531];
absent in Cidaridae and Arbaciidae, [531]
Epiphytic Protozoa, [48]
Epiplasm (= cytoplasm of a brood-mother-cell remaining over unused in brood-formation), [96]
Epistrelophyllum, [403]
E. umbellaria, nematocysts of, [249]
Epitheca, [386]
Epizoanthus, [406];
on Hyalonema, [204];
E. glacialis, infested by Gregarines, [99];
E. incrustatus, [406];
E. paguriphilus, [406];
E. stellaris, [406]
Epizoic, Protozoa, [48];
Ciliata, [158];
—see also Symbiosis
Equatorial plate (= the collective chromosomes at the equator of the spindle in mitosis), [25], [27]
Equiangular, [185]
E. glabra, [286];
E. ramosa, [286]
Ersaea, [306];
E. picta, [303]
Esperiopsis, [225]
Euaster (a true aster in which the actines proceed from a centre, contrasting with the streptaster), [184]
Eucalyptocrinus, [596]
Eucharidae, [420]
Eucharis, [420];
E. multicornis, [416], [418] f., [420]
Enchlora, [417]
Eucladia, [502]
Euclypeastroidea, [549]
Eudiocrinus, [594]
Eudoxia, [306];
E. eschscholtzii, [303]
Euglena, [110];
barotaxy of, [20];
nutrition of, [113];
E. viridis, [124]
pellicle of, [113]
Euglenoid motion, [124];
of Sporozoa, [50]
Euglypha, [52];
in fission, [29];
Eunicea, [356];
Eunicella, [356];
E. cavolini, [356]
Eupagurus prideauxii, [378], [381];
E. bernhardus, [378]
Eupatagus, [553]
Euphyllia, [401]
Euplectella, [204];
E. aspergillum (Venus's Flower-Basket, [197]);
E. imperialis, [206];
E. suberea, [202], [204], [205], [221]
Euplexaura, [356]
Euplokamis, [418]
Euplotes, [138]
Eurhamphaea, [419]
Eurhamphaeidae, [419]
Euryalidae, [501]
Eurypylous, [210]
Euspongia, [221]
Eutreptia, [110];
E. viridis, [124]
Evacuation of faeces by mouth in Noctiluca, [133]
Excretion, [13] f.;
in Sponges, [172];
in Asterias rubens, [437];
in Echinus esculentus, [527], [528];
in Antedon rosacea, [587]
Excretory, granules, [6];
of Ciliata, [144];
pore of contractile vacuole of Flagellates, [110];
of Trachelius ovum, [153]
Exogametes of Trichosphaerium, [54]
Exogamy, [34] n.;
in Rhizopoda, [56] f.;
in Foraminifera, [68] f.
Expansion of Amoeboid cell, [16] f.
Extracapsular protoplasm, of Phaeodaria, [76];
of Radiolaria, [79] f. (see also Ectoplasm)
Eye of Asterias, [445] f., [446];
of Echinoidea, [512]
Eye-spot of coloured Protista, [21], [125] f.
Fascicularia, [348]
Fasciole, of Echinocardium, [550], [555];
of Spatangoidea, [553];
of Spatangus, [553];
of Eupatagus, [553];
of Spatangidae, [555]
Fats, fatty acids, [15];
formation of, [36]
Fauré-Fremiet, on attachment of Peritrichaceae, [141] n.
Faurot, [368]
Favosites, [344]
Favositidae, [344]
Feather-star, [581]
Feeding, of Noctiluca, [133], [144];
of Peritrichaceae, [145]
—see also Food
Feeler, of Holothuria nigra, [561] f., [566];
of Holothuroidea, [568];
of Dendrochirota, [568], [572];
Female gamete, [33];
of Pandorina, [128] f.;
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.;
of Peritrichaceae, [151], [157]
—see also Megagamete, Oosphere
Ferment, required for germination, brood-formation, etc., [32] f.
—see also Zymase
Fermentation, organisms of, [43] f.
Fertilisation, [33] f.;
"chemical," [32] n.
Fertilised egg, [31]
—see also Oosperm, Zygote
Fertilising tube of Chlamydomonas, [125]
Fever, intermittent, malarial, [103] f.;
relapsing, [121];
remittent, [105];
Texas-, Tick, [120];
Trypanosomic, [119] f.
Fewkes, [268] n.
Fibularidae, [549]
Fibularites, [559]
Fickert, Eimer and, on classification of Foraminifera, [58] n.
Ficulina, [219], [224], [230];
F. ficus, [219]
Filoplasmodieae, [90] f.
Filopodia, [47] n.
resemblance to Allogromidiaceae, [59]
Finger, [580];
of Cystoidea, [597];
Firestone of Delitzet contains fossil Peridinium, [132]
Fischer, on fixing reagents, [11];
on structure of flagellum, [114]
Fish, rheotaxy of, [21];
epidemics of, due to Myxosporidiaceae, [107];
to Costia necatrix, [119];
to Ichthyophtheirius, [152]
equal, [10];
Spencerian, [23];
multiple, [30] f. (see also Brood-division);
of Heliozoa, [72] f.;
of Radiolaria, [84] f.;
radial, in Volvocaceae, [110];
transverse, in Craspedomonadidae, [115] n.;
longitudinal and transverse, of Bodo saltans, [117];
of Opalina, [123];
of Euglenaceae, [124];
of Eutreptia viridis, [124];
of Noctiluca, [133];
of Ciliata, [147] f.;
of Stentor polymorphus, [156];
of Vorticellidae, [157] f.
—see also Bud-fission
Fixing protoplasm, [15]
Flabellum, [375], [386], [398];
protandry of, [370]
Flagella, flagellum, [17] f., [47];
of Protozoa, [47];
formed by altered pseudopodia in Microgromia, [60];
of Heliozoa, [73];
of sperms of Coccidiidae, [102];
of Acystosporidae, [105];
of Flagellata, [109], [114] f.;
of Trichonymphidae, [114];
Delage on mechanism of, [114] n.;
of Bodo saltans, [117];
of Trypanosoma, [121];
of Euglenaceae, [124] f.;
of Maupasia, [124];
of Eutreptia viridis, [124];
of Sphaerella, [126];
of Dinoflagellata, [130], [131];
of Peridinium, [131];
of Polykrikos, [132];
—see also Sarcoflagellum
Flagellar pit, in Flagellates, [110], [124] f.
Flagellata, [17] f., [40], [48] f., [50], [109] f.;
barotaxy of, [20];
galvanotaxy of, [22];
chemiotaxy of, [23];
of putrefying liquids, [44], [116] f.;
studied by botanists, [45];
as internal parasites, [48], [119] f.;
relations with Acystosporidae, [106];
shell of, [113];
stalk of, [113];
life-history of, [116] f.;
literature of, [119];
saprophytic, [119] f.
Flagellate stage, of Sarcodina, [56] f., [60], [109];
of Heliozoa, [74];
of Radiolaria, [85] f.
—see also Flagellula
Flagellated chamber, [170]
Flagellula, [31];
of Didymium, [92]
—see also Zoospores
Flagellum—see Flagella
Fleming, [168] n.
Flexible Corals, [326]
Floricome, [203]
Floscelle, of Echinocardium cordatum, [551];
of Cassidulidae, [554]
Flowering plants, male cells of, [38]
Flowers of tan (= Fuligo varians), [92] f.;
peptic ferment in, [16]
Foam structure, [6]
Folliculina, [137];
tube of, [152]
Food, [35] f. (see also Ingestion);
of Higher Animals, [38];
absorption of, by Plants, [38];
in relation to life-cycle of Ciliata, [147] f.;
of Sponges, [237];
of Hydra, [256] and n.;
of Millepora, [261];
of Siphonophora, [304];
of Charybdea, [319];
of Alcyonium, [339];
of Zoantharia, [373];
of Asterias rubens, [439];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [486];
of Ophiolepididae, [496];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [552];
of Holothuria nigra, [561];
of Dendrochirota, [572];
of Synapta inhaerens, [577];
of Antedon rosacea, [583]
Food-vacuole, of Actinosphaerium eichornii, [72];
of Ciliata, [145] f.;
of Carchesium, [146]
Foot-plate, of young Pentacrinidae, [592];
of larva of Antedon rosacea, [619]
Foraminifera, [40], [49], [50], [58] f.;
relations of, [49];
shell of, [49], [59] f., [60], [61], [63], [65];
habitat of, [59] f.;
literature of, [58] n.;
marine, [60] f.;
streaming of granules in, [17];
collection of, [62];
reproduction of, [67] f.;
economic uses of, [69] f.;
palaeontology of, [69] f.
Forbes, [338]
Force, dual, of dividing-cell, [26] n.
Forcepia, [223]
Forceps, [222]
Forcipulate pedicellaria, [456], [473]
Formative vacuole of contractile vacuole, in Flagellata, [110], [115];
in Ciliata, [143]
Fossil, Foraminifera, [69] f.;
Radiolaria, [87] f.;
Dinoflagellata, [132];
Peridinium, [132];
Sponges, [192] f., [207] f., [215], [241];
Coelenterates, [270], [281] f., [343] f., [346], [393] f., [406];
Asteroidea, [475] f.;
Ophiuroidea, [501] f.;
Echinoidea, [556] f.;
Crinoidea, [594] f.;
Thecoidea, [596];
Carpoidea, [596] f.;
Cystoidea, [597] f.;
Blastoidea, [599] f.
Fowler, [293] n., [382], [400], [404]
Framboesia, [121] n.
France, epidemic of pébrine in, [107]
Francé, on structure of funnel of Choanoflagellates, [115] n., [121] n.;
monograph of Choanoflagellates, [123], [182] n.;
on Polytomeae, [119] n.
Freetown, prophylaxis of malaria at, [106]
Fringing reef, [390] f.
Frog's blood, Lankesterella in, [102]
Fructification, of Mycetozoa, [90] f.;
of Acrasieae, [90];
Fry, E. and A., on Myxomycetes, [93] n.
Fuligo, [90];
F. varians, [92] f.;
pepsin in, [16]
Fungacea, [402]
Fungi, cell connexions in, [37] f.;
in relation to Protista, [40];
Gasteromycetous, [91]
Fungia, [403];
asexual reproduction of, [388], [389];
F. crassitentaculata, [403]
Fungiidae, [403]
F. quadrangularis, [362]
Funiculinidae, [362]
Funnel, of Craspedomonadidae or Choanoflagellates, [111], [121], [122], [182];
of Phalausteridae, [111];
of choanocytes of Sponges, [171]
Fusion of larval Sponges, [174]
Fusion-nucleus of Ciliata, [150]
—see also Reproduction, Syngamy, Zygotonucleus
Fusulina, [59]
Galaxea, [400];
G. esperi, [400]
Galeolaria, [307];
G. biloba, [304]
Galeolarinae, [307]
Galerites, [558]
Gamble, [312] n.;
and Keeble, [175] n.
Gametes, [33] f.;
of Trichosphaerium, [54];
of certain Protomastigaceae, [116] n.;
of Volvocidae, [127] f.;
of Pandorina (of three sizes), [128], [129]
Gametocyte of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Gametogonium (= parent-cell of gametes), male, of Acystosporidae, [105]
Gametonuclei (= nuclei capable of syngamous fusion), [34]
Ganeria, [464]
Gardiner, [345], [370], [375], [392] n., [404]
Garveia, [270]
Gasteromycetous fungi, [91]
Gastral layer, [171]
Gastralia, [201]
Gastrozooids, of Millepora, [259], [260];
of Hydractinia, [264];
of Siphonophora, [299];
of Antipatharia, [408]
Gastrula, definition of, [603]
Gaule, misinterpretation of nature of Haemosporidae, [102]
Gegenbaur, [302]
G. varius, development, [172] f., [173], [174]
Gemmantes, [400]
Gemmaria, [405]
Gemination = Budding, q.v.
Gemmiform, pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, [506];
of E. acutus, [509];
of E. elegans, [510];
of Cidaridae, [534];
of Echinarachnius parma, [544];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550]
Gemmule, [177], [178], [179], [230]
Generation, spontaneous, [42] f.
Generations, alternation of, [44], [250]
Genital base of Holothuria nigra, [567]
Genital bursa, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [485]
compared with hydrospires of Blastoidea, [600]
Genital canal of Antedon rosacea, [586]
Genital organs (including ducts), of Asterias rubens, [451] f.;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [490];
of Ophiarachna, [491];
of Ophiuroidea, [494];
of Amphiura squamata, [494];
of Echinus esculentus, [528];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [552];
of Hemiaster philippi, [552];
of Holothuria nigra, [567];
of Antedon rosacea, [586]
Genital plate, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [485];
of Echinus esculentus, [512], [513]
Genital rachis, of Asterias rubens, [452];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [490];
of Echinus esculentus, [528];
of Antedon rosacea, [586]
Genital scale of Ophiothrix fragilis, [485]
Genital stolon, of Asterias rubens, [451];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [489];
of Echinus esculentus, [528];
of Holothuria nigra, [567];
of Antedon rosacea, [585], [586];
of larva of A. rosacea, [619]
Geodia, [211]
Geographical distribution of Protozoa, [47]
Geotaxy (= barotaxy), [20]
Gephyrea, [577]
Gerarde, [167]
Gerardia savalia, [406]
Gerbillus indicus infested by a Haemosporidian, [102] n.
Germinal spot (= nucleole of ovum), [7]
Germinal vesicle (= nucleus of ovum), [7]
Germination, [32];
of Myxosporidian spores, [107]
Germ-plasm, [28] f.;
continuity of, [172]
Germ theory, [44]
Germs, invisible air-borne, [43]
Gilchrist, [338]
Gill-cleft, of Echinus, [514];
of Sphaerechinus, [540] f.;
of Strongylocentrotus, [541]
Ginkgo, spermatozoa of, [38]
G. scintillans, rate of fission of, [147] f.
Glauconite, [70]
Globiceps, [272]
Globiferae of Centrostephanus longispinosus, [532]
Globigerina, [59], [63], [242];
-ooze, [61] f.;
Glossina morsitans, intermediate host of Trypanosoma brucei, [119];
G. palpalis, intermediate host of T. gambiense, [120]
Glossograptus, [282]
Glycerin, [15]
Glycogen, of Ciliata, [144];
-vesicles of Pelomyxa palustris, [53]
Gnat (Anopheles), intermediate host of Haemamoeba and Laverania, [103] f.;
(Culex) intermediate host of Haemoproteus, [103];
of Trypanosoma, [120]
Golgi, on relation of Acystosporidian life-cycle and stages of intermittent fever, [103]
Gonactinia, [371], [372], [377]
Gonangium, [276]
Goniaster, [471];
fossil, [475]
Goniocidaris, [534];
G. canaliculata, [535]
G. murbachii, [232], [290], [291], [292]
Gonium, [111]
Gonophore, of Gymnoblastea, [265];
of Calyptoblastea, [277];
of Stylasterina, [284];
of Siphonophora, [302]
Gonozooids, of Siphonophora, [302];
of Antipatharia, [408]
Gorgonacea, [350] f.
Gorgonella, [357];
spicule, [336]
Gorgonia, [356];
G. cavolinii, [340];
G. flabellum, [357];
G. verrucosa, [356]
Gorgoniidae, [334], [337], [356]
Gosse, [273]
on development of Bipinnaria, [612]
Grammaria, [278]
Granatocrinus, [599];
G. norwoodi, [600]
Grant, [167]
Grantiidae, [192]
Grantiopsis, [191]
Granular disintegration of Protista, [14] f.
Granules, in protoplasm, [6];
aleurone, [37];
basal, of cilia, etc., [138] n., [141] (see also Blepharoplast);
proteid, of Suctoria, [161]
Graphiohexaster, [203]
Graptolitoidea, [281]
Grassi, on malarial parasites, [103]
Gravity, stimulus of, [19] f.
Greasy film, outer clear layer of protoplasm behaves like, [17]
Greeff, on Protozoa, [46]
Green Flagellates, relations of, [48]
Greensand, [70];
Cambridge, [208]
Green water often due to Euglena viridis, [124]
Greenwood, M., on peptic digestion in Protozoa, [16];
on feeding of Carchesium polypinum, [45] f., [146] f.
G. blattarum, [98]
Gregarines, habitat, [99];
syngamy, [99]
Gregarinidaceae, [95] f., [97] f.
Gregory, [346]
Grew, [166]
Grey chalk, [61]
Gromia, [52];
G. oviformis, [59] n.
—see also Allogromia
Grooves, longitudinal and transverse, of Dinoflagellata, [110], [130], [131], [132];
of Peridinium, [131];
of Polykrikos, [132];
oral, of Noctiluca, [133]
Grosvenor, [249] n.
Growth, [19] f.;
Spencer's limit of, [23], [31]
Gruber, on regeneration in Protozoa, [35] n.;
on diffused nucleus in marine Ciliata, [144] n.;
on tubicolous marine Ciliata, [152]
Gruppe, deposit of Radiolaria, [87]
Guinea Coast, [106]
Gullet (= pharynx) of Paramecium caudatum, [151]
Gut, supposed, of Ciliata, [145]
—see also Alimentary canal
Gutter, oral, of Vorticellidae, [156], [158]
Gymnamoebae, [51] n.
Gymnasteridae, [471]
Gymnoblastea, [262] f.
Gymnodinium, [110];
G. pulvisculus, parasitic in Appendicularia, [132]
Gymnomyxa, [49] n.
Gymnophrys, [58]
Gymnostomaceae, [137];
predaceous, trichocysts of, [143];
mouth and pharynx of, [145];
noteworthy members of, [152]
Gyractis, [380]
Häcker, on skeleton of Radiolaria, [82] n.
Haddon, [382]
Haeckel, [168], [185], [192], [237], [308];
on Protista, [40] f.;
on Protozoa, [46];
on Heliozoa, [71];
on classification of Radiolaria, [76];
on functions of porocone in Radiolaria, [81];
on enumeration of Radiolaria, [87] f.;
on Myxobrachia, [83];
on phylogeny of Echinodermata, [622]
H. malariae, parasite of quartan fever, [104] f.;
H. vivax, parasite of tertian fever, [104] f.
Haematochrome, [125]
Haematococcus (= Sphaerella, [111]), [125], [126]
Haemoflagellates (= Trypanosoma, etc., q.v.), [119] n.
Haemoglobin, [103];
in water-vascular system of Ophiactis virens, [499]
Haemogregarina, [97]
Haemomenas (Ross's name for parasite of pernicious fever = Laverania, [97]), [105]
Haemoproteus, [97];
parasitic in birds, [103]
Haimea hyalina, [342];
H. funebris, [342].
Haimeidae, [342]
H. chrysanthellum, [380]
Haleremita, [256]
Halicalyx, [291]
H. panicea, structure, etc., [168] f., [169], [170], [211]
H. auricula, [320]
Haliomma, [77]
Haliphysema, [59]
Halomitra, [404]
Halteridium, [97];
sexual fusion in, [103], [105];
regarded by Schaudinn as a state of Trypanosoma, [103] n., [120]
Hamacantha, [223]
Hamann, on supposed cavities in the body-wall of Asteroidea, [449];
on classification of Zygophiurae, [495] n.
Hanitsch, [168] n.
Hapalocarcinus, [402]
Hardy, on structure of protoplasm and clearing, [11], [12] n.
Hartea elegans, [342]
Hartlaub, [269] n., [274], [297] n.
Hartog, on Protozoa, [1] f.;
on structure of protoplasm, living and dead, [11];
on function of contractile vacuole, [15] n.;
on intracellular digestion, [16];
on brood-division (multiple cell-division), [16] n.;
on dual force of dividing cell, [26] n.;
on syngamy, etc., [34] n.;
and Dixon, on pepsin in Pelomyxa, [16]
Harvey, "omne vivum ex ovo," [42]
Hauerina, [59]
Heart, of Asterias rubens, [450]
Heart-urchins = Spatangoidea, q.v.
Heat—see Temperature
Heat-rigor, [22]
Heleopera, [52];
test of, [55]
Heliaster, [474]
Heliasteridae, [453], [454], [474]
Heliolites, [346]
Heliolitidae, [346]
Heliopora, [330], [334], [337], [345] f.
Helioporidae, [346]
streaming of granules, [17];
regeneration, [35];
habitat, [48];
locomotion, [73];
various forms of, [74];
marine, [75];
distribution of, [75];
resemblance of Suctoria to, [159]
Hemiaster, [556];
H. philippi, [552], [555], [602], [603]
Hemichordata, [616]
Henneguy, on protoplasm, [3] n.;
on syngamy, [34] n.
Henneguya, [98]
Henricia—see Cribrella
Hérouard, Delage and, on Protozoa, [46]
Herpetolitha, [404]
Herpetomonas, [115]
Hertwig, R., on Protozoa, [46];
on chromidia in Sarcodina, [52] n.;
on Heliozoa, [71];
on Radiolaria, [88];
Heteractinellida, [208]
Heterastridium, [283]
Heterocoela, [187] f.
Heterophrys, [71]
Heteropidae, [192]
Heterotrichaceae, [137], [153] f.;
fission of, [147]
Heteroxenia, [333], [335], [348]
Hexactine (a triaxon in which all six actines are developed), [184]
Hexactinellida, [194], [195], [197] f., [228], [240]
Hexadella, [196]
Hexamitus, [115]
Hexaster (a hexactine with secondary or terminal rays = Carter's "rosette"), [203]
Hexasterophora, [203] f.
Hickson, on interchange of cytoplasm in conjugating Infusoria, [149] n.;
on conjugation in Suctoria, [161] f.;
on Coelenterata, [243] f.;
on Millepora, [259] n.;
on Stylasterina, [286] n.;
on Alcyonaria, [329] n., [351] n., [352] n., [359] n.;
on Antipatharia, [408] n.;
on Ctenophora, [412] f.
Hieronymus on Chlamydomyxa, [90] n.
Hincks, [268] n.
Hippasterias, [471]
Hippopodius, [307]
Hippospongia, [221]
Holectypoidea, [558]
Holophytic, Algae and Fungi, zoospores of, [5];
nutrition, [37];
Flagellates, [113]
Holopodidae, [592]
Holothuria, [570];
H. nigra, [561] f.;
shape, [561];
feelers, [561];
body-wall, [562];
alimentary canal, [562];
respiratory trees, [563];
water-vascular system, [564];
nervous system, [566];
calcareous ring, [566];
blood system, [567];
genital organs, [567];
H. cinerascens, [567];
H. fusco-rubra, [567];
H. aspera, [570];
H. intestinalis, [570];
H. tremula, [570]
Holothuroidea, [431], [537], [560] f., [583];
mesenchyme of larva, [604];
development of, [609], [614], [615];
phylogeny of, [622]
Holotrypasta (= Porulosa), [76]
Holozoic, [35] f.;
Flagellates, [113];
Dinoflagellates, [131]
Holt, [311] n.;
on burrowing habits of Strongylocentrotus lividus, [541] n.
Homaxonic (= symmetrical about a centre along an indefinite number of equivalent axes), [76]
Homocoela, [185] f.
Homoeonema, [294]
Homostichanthus anemone, [383]
Honey-bees, alleged spontaneous generation of, [42]
Hormiphora, [418];
H. plumosa, [413]
Human diseases, produced by Coccidiaceae, [102] f.;
by Amoeba histolytica, [57];
by Trypanosomids, [119] f.
Huxley, on Protozoa, [45];
first description of a living Radiolarian, [88];
on Cystoflagellates, [135]
H. sieboldi, [206];
Hyalopus, [52];
H. dujardini, [59] n.
Hyalosphenia, [52];
H. lata, [55]
Hyboclypus, [558];
H. gibberulus, [558]
Hybocodon (Corymorphidae, [273]), [265]
Hydatina senta, often found with Euglena viridis, [124]
nematocysts of, [247];
species of, [256];
specific gravity of, [13] n.;
host of Kerona and Trichodina, [158];
Zoochlorella in, [126], [256];
H. oligactis (= fusca), [253], [256];
H. pallida, [256] n.;
H. vulgaris, (= grisea), [253], [256];
nematocyst, [247]
Hydractinia, [263], [265], [268], [270]
Hydrallmania falcata, [278]
Hydrichthys mirus, [268]
Hydroceratinidae, [279]
Hydrocladia, [276]
Hydrocoel (including left hydrocoel), [428];
of Antedon rosacea, [585];
development of, [608] f., [609];
development in Asterina gibbosa, [611];
in Auricularia, [615];
in Antedon rosacea, [619]
Hydroctena salenskii, [423], [424]
Hydrolaridae, [273]
Hydrorhiza, [262]
Hydrospire, of Blastoidea, [580], [599];
of Codaster, [599];
of Pentremites, [599];
of Granatocrinus, [599] f.
Hydrotheca, [275]
Hydrozoa, [249] f.;
hydrosome, [250];
life-history, [250];
sense-organs, [252]
Hydrurus, [110];
theca of, [113]
Hymedesmia, [222]
Hymenaster, [466];
H. pellucidus, [465]
Hymeniacidon, [224]
Hymeraphia, [223]
Hyocrinidae, [590]
Hyocrinus, [588], [589], [590], [590];
H. bethellianus, [590]
Hyperia (Amphipod), parasitic in Radiolaria, [87]
Hyphalaster, [471];
H. moseri, [459]
Hypnocyst, of Rhizopoda, [57];
of Proteomyxa, [88] f.;
of Pseudospora, [89];
of Myxomycetes, [90] f.
Hypolytus peregrinus, [262], [271] n.
Hypophare, [210]
Hypostome, [250]
Hypotrichaceae, [137], [138] f., [158] n.
Ianthella, [220]
Ichthyophtheirius, [137];
noxious parasite of fish, [152]
Iciligorgia, [351]
Idioplasm, [29]
Ijima, [199], [206], [231], [234]
Ilyanthus mitchellii, [380]
I. maculatus, [571]
Imperforate, Foraminifera, [58] f.;
Corals, [371]
Inadunata, [595]
Incurrent canal, [170]
India, diseases of Trypanosomic origin, [119] f.
Induction shocks, action on Protozoa, [7], [22]
Infero-marginal ossicle of Asteroidea, [436]
Inflammation, [8]
Infra-basal plate, of Crinoidea, [588];
of fossil Crinoidea, [594];
of larval Antedon rosacea, [619]
Infundibulum, [415]
Infusions, appearance of organisms in, [42] f.;
organisms of, [136]
Infusoria, [40], [48], [50], [136] f.;
specific gravity of, [13] n.;
zygote does not encyst, [34].
Ingestion, of food, by Amoeba limax, [9];
by Choanoflagellates, [122];
by Dinoflagellates, [131];
by Carchesium, [146];
by Coleps, [150]
—vacuole of, in Flagellates, [113];
in Oikomonas, [112];
in Choanoflagellates, [122]
Inner perihaemal ring-canal, of Asterias rubens, [448];
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, [612]
Inoculation of malarial fever in man through a mosquito, [105] f.
Insectivorous plants, [38]
Insects, metamorphoses of, [44];
as hosts of Trichonymphidae, [123]
Interambulacral area, of Echinarachnius parma, [544];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550]
Interambulacral plate, of Echinus esculentus, [511];
of Cidaridae, [533] f.;
of Echinarachnius parma, [544] f.
Interbrachial septa—see Interradial septa
Interchanges between cell and medium, [14]
Intermediate dorsal process of ciliated band of Auricularia, [608]
Intermediate (= supplemental) skeleton of Perforate Foraminiferal shell, [63], [66]
Intermittent fever, malarial, produced by Acystosporidae, [103] f.
Internal budding of Suctoria, [160] f., [162];
of Ephydatia, [177]
Internal gills—see Stewart's organs
Internal movements of protoplasm, [17]
Interradial plates, of calcareous ring of Holothuria nigra, [566];
of Holothuroidea, [569];
of Synaptida, [569];
of Dendrochirota, [569];
of calyx of Crinoidea, [589];
of Thaumatocrinus, [589];
of Hyocrinus, [590];
of Rhizocrinidae, [591];
of corona of Echinoidea—see Interambulacral plate
Interradial septa, of Asterias rubens, [437];
of Heliasteridae, [474];
absent in Brisingidae, [475]
Interradius, [428];
of Asterias rubens, [434];
of Echinus esculentus, [504];
of Holothuria nigra, [562]
Interstitial growth, [10]
Intestine, [415];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Holothuria nigra, [563];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
of Actinometra, [589];
of Dipleurula, [605];
of Protocoelomata, [616]
Intracapsular protoplasm of Radiolaria, [80] f.
Intramolecular respiration, [14] n.
Intranuclear spindle of Euylypha, [29]
Invertebrata, hosts of Gregarines, [97] f.
Iodine, [239]
Iophon, [223]
Iridogorgia, [355]
Isaurus, [405]
Ischadites, [207]
Ischikawa, on syngamy of Cystoflagellates, [135];
on structure of Ephelota, [162]
Isidella, [354]
Isis, [353]
Ismailia, prophylaxis of malaria at, [106]
Isochela (a chela divisible by each of two planes into two equal parts, the two ends being equally developed), [222]
Isocrinus—see Pentacrinus
Isogamy, [33] f.;
of Rhizopoda, [56] f.;
of Stephanosphaera, [128]
—see also Syngamy
Isospores, [85];
of Radiolaria, [76];
of Collozoum inerme, [76]
Jaekel, on Silurian Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea, [501];
on classification of Crinoidea, [589], [595];
on classification of Cystoidea, [598]
James-Clark, on Protozoa, [46];
on Choanoflagellates, [121], [123];
on Sponges, [167]
Jaw, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [482];
of fossil Ophiuroidea, [502];
of Echinus esculentus, [526]
Jelly, forming theca in Flagellates, [113]
Jelly-fish, [249], [297], [323]
Jennings, on protoplasmic movements, [4] n., [16] n.;
reaction of Protista to repellent stimuli, [20] n., [21] n.
Jensen, on density of living protoplasm, [13] n.;
on protoplasmic movements, [16] n.
Joblot, on organisms of putrefaction, [43];
on Protozoa, [45]
Joenia, [111]
Johnson, [352] n.
Jung, [253] n.
Jungersen, [359] n.
Karyogamy, [34] n.
—see also Syngamy of Ciliata
Karyokinesis, [25], [26], [27];
function of, [28] f.;
of micronuclei of Ciliata, [144] f.
—see also Mitosis
Karyolysus, [97]
Karyosome, [24]
Keeble, [175] n.
Keller, [233]
Kemna, on stylopodium of Foraminifera, [60]
Kent, Saville, on Choanoflagellates, [122] f., [182];
on Infusoria and Flagellates, [136] n.
Keroeides, [351]
Kerona, [138];
K. polyporum, [158] n.
Kieselguhr, [87]
Kirkpatrick, [215]
Kishinouye, [313] n., [321] n., [333], [352]
Klebs, on Flagellates, [119];
on Dinoflagellates, [130]
Koch, von, on methods of cultivation of lower organisms, [44];
on malarial parasites, [103]
Kölliker, on Sporozoa, [94] f.
Kophobelemnon, [362]
Kophobelemnonidae, [362]
Köppen, on Sticholonche and its parasite, Amoebophrya, [87] n.
Krukenberg, on pepsin in a Myxomycete, [16]
Kükenthal, [363]
Labbé, on Protozoa, [45];
monograph of Sporozoa, [102] n.
Labial plexus of Antedon rosacea, [587]
Labyrinthine shell-wall of arenaceous Foraminifera, [59], [66]
Labyrinthula, [90] f.
Lachmann, Claparède and, on Protozoa, [45];
on Suctoria, [162]
encystment, [147]
Lafoea, [280];
L. dumosa, [280]
Lafoëina (Campanulariidae, [280]), [277]
fossil, [70]
Lagenaceae, [59]
Lagoon, [390] f.
Lamblia, [111];
L. intestinalis, conjugation, [116] n.
Lampetia, [418]
Lancet-plate, [599]
Lang, on syngamy, etc., [34] n.;
on Protozoa, [46];
on distinctions of pseudopodia, [47] n.
Lankester, on Protozoa, [45] f.;
on classification of Protozoa, [49] n.;
on Proteomyxa, [89];
on Sporozoa, [94];
on Haemosporidae, [102];
on pigment of Stentor coeruleus, [154] n.;
on Torquatella, [155] n.;
on chlorophyll of Ephydatia, [175];
on Limnocodium, [292]
Lankesteria, [97];
L. ascidiae, life-cycle of, [95]
Lantern-coelom of Echinus esculentus, [524];
represented by buccal sinus of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Lanuginella pupa, [198]
Lar, [273];
L. sabellarum, [266], [267], [268]
Larcoidea, [77]
Larva, of sponges, [180], [226], [227];
"asexual," [228];
of Tubularia, [271];
of Stylasterina, [284];
of Trachomedusae, [290];
of Narcomedusae, [295];
of Velella, [302];
of Scyphozoa, [317];
of Alcyonaria, [341];
of Renilla, [360];
of Zoantharia, [373];
of Zoanthidae, [405];
of Cerianthidea, [411];
of Cribrella, [462];
of Luidia, [605];
of Asterina gibbosa, [463], [610], [611], [612];
of Ophiuroidea, [606];
of Echinus, [607];
of Synapta, [608];
of Antedon rosacea, [618], [619], [620]
Larval brain, of Echinopluteus, [607];
of Antedon rosacea, [619]
Larval type of development, [601]
Lateral mouth-shields of Ophiothrix fragilis, [485]
Lauterborn, on sapropelic organisms, [48];
on budding in Rhizopods, [56] n.
Laveran, on Sporozoa, [94];
on Acystosporidae, [102]
Laverania, [97];
parasite of bilious or pernicious fever, [104] f.
Lebrunia, [382];
L. coralligens, [373]
Lecqueureusia, [52];
L. spiralis, test of, [55]
Lee, A. Bolles, on action of clearing reagents, [11] n.
Leech, host of Haemogregarina, for sexual process, [102]
Leeuwenhoek, on organisms of putrefaction, [42] f.
Léger, on Protozoa, [45];
on Sporozoa, [94];
on sperms of Pterocephalus, [99] n.;
and Duboscq, on Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.
Leidy, on Protozoa, [46]
Leiopathidae, [409]
Leiosella, [225]
Leipoldt, on the madreporic vesicle of Echinoidea, [528]
Lelapia australis, [192]
Lembadion, [137];
caudal cilia of, [141] n.
Lembus, [137];
caudal cilia of, [141] n.
Lemnalia, [349]
Lendenfeld, von, [218], [220], [220] n.
Lepidogorgia, [355]
Leptobrachiidae, [325]
Leptodiscus, [110], [132], [134]
Leptopenus, [404]
Leptophyllia, [404]
Lesser, Hertwig and, on Heliozoa, [71]
Lesueuria, [419]
Lesueuriidae, [419]
Leucandra, [191], [192], [209], [221]
Leucin, [15]
Leuckart, [245]
Leucocyte, [4] f.;
movements of, [7] f.
Leucophrys, [137]
Leucosin, [115]
Leucosolenia, [221];
collar-cell, [186];
larva, [227] f.;
spicule, [232];
L. botryoides, buds, [228], [229]
Leucosoleniidae, [185] f.
Levander, on Caenomorpha, Metopus, etc., [154] n.
Leydenia, [90] f.
Liberation of sporozoites of Acystosporidian parasite in relation to fits of fever, [103]
Lice, supposed spontaneous generation of, [42]
Lichen compared to Radiolarian with symbiotic holophytic organisms, [86]
Lichnophora, [138];
adoral wreath, [138] n.
Lieb, Calkins and, on rhythm in life-cycle of Ciliata, [148] n.
Lieberkühn, [167], [178], [237] n.
Life-cycle, life-history, of Trichosphaerium sieboldi, [54], [56];
of Polythalamic Foraminifera, [67] f.;
of Lankesteria ascidiae, [95] f.;
of Coccidium schubergi, [99] f., [101];
of malarial parasites, [103], [104] f.;
of Flagellata, [116] f.;
of Ciliata, [147] f.
Light, stimulus of, [19], [21] f.;
function of, in carbohydrate formation, [36];
effect on Euglena, [125]
Lillie, on regeneration in Protozoa, [35] n.
Limicolous Protozoa, [48]
Limit of growth, Herbert Spencer's, [23] f., [31]
Limnocnida, [293];
L. tanganyicae, [293]
Limnocodium, [293];
L. sowerbyi, [292]
Linantha, [322]
Lindström, [346]
Linerges (allied to Atollidae, [322]), [316]
of ovum of Sea-urchin, [7]
Linuche, [322]
Lipochrome, [39]
Liriantha appendiculata, [291], [295]
L. rosacea, [289]
Lissodendoryx, [224]
Lissomyxilla, [225]
Lister, A., on Myxomycetes, [93] n.
Lister, J. J., on Foraminifera—reproduction, [67] f.;
dimorphism, [67];
palaeontology, [70];
classification, [58] f.;
on Astrosclera, [194] n.
Lithistida, [194], [212], [215]
Lithobius forficatus, host of Coccidium schubergi, [99]
Lithocercus, [78];
L. annularis, [82]
Lithoninae, [193] f.
Lithostrotion, [394]
Littoral Protozoa, [48]
Lituaria, [364]
Lituola, [59]
Lituolidaceae, [59]
Living beings, characters of, [16] f.;
criterion of, [11]
Lobata, [414], [416], [418] f.
Lobophytum, [333], [347], [349]
Lobopodia, [47] n.
Locomotion, in Heliozoa, [73]
Loeb, Jacques, on "chemical" fertilisation, [32] n.;
on polarity in regeneration, [229] f.
Lohmann, on Silicoflagellates, [114] n.
Longitudinal band of cilia of Dipleurula, [604];
of Tornaria, [616]
Longitudinal fission of Eutreptia viridis, [124];
of Bodo saltans, [117] f.;
of Craspedomonadidae, [122]
Longitudinal flagellum and groove in Dinoflagellata, [130], [131]
Longitudinal section, of a young Asteroid, [445];
of a young Ophiuroid, [486];
of a Holothuroid, [563];
of Antedon, [584];
of free-swimming larva of Antedon, [618]
Lophocalyx philippensis, [229]
Lophoctenia, [418]
Lophohelia, [399];
L. prolifera, [399]
Lophophore, [579]
Lophophyllum, [406] f.
Louse, host for sexual process, etc., of Haemosporidian, [102] n.
Loxodes, [137], [144], [152] n.
L. campanulata, [321]
Lucernariidae, [320]
Ludwig, on the blood-system of Asteroidea, [449];
on the axial sinus of Ophiuroidea, [487];
on the classification of Holothuroidea, [570]
Lühe, figures of Lankesteria, [95]
Luidia, [467] f., [471], [477];
fossil, [475];
larva of L. ciliaris, [605]
Luminosity or phosphorescence of sea, due to Cystoflagellata, [132], [134] f.;
to Dinoflagellata, [132]
Lunule, [548]
Lychnorhiza, [325]
Lychnorhizidae, [325]
Lytocarpus (Plumulariidae, [279]), [277]
Maas, [168], [189] n., [228] n., [230], [231] n., [232] n., [233], [324]
MacBride, E. W., on Echinodermata, [425] f.
MacBride, Massee, on Myxomycetes, [93] n.
MacCallum, on malarial parasites, [103]
M‘Dougall, on motile reaction of Protozoa, [19] n.
M‘Intosh, [370] n.
MacMunn, [169]
Macrocnemic, [405]
Macrocneminae, [405]
Macrogonidia of Volvox, [126], [127]
Macro-, prefix misused to mean "large," usually replaced here by "mega," q.v.
Madrepora, [368], [373], [387], [389], [395];
M. forma cervicornis, [395];
M. forma palmata, [395];
M. forma prolifera, [395]
Madreporaria, [369], [371], [384] f.
Madrepores, [326] = Madreporaria, q.v.
Madreporic vesicle (or right hydrocoel) of Asterias rubens, [448];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [490];
of Echinus esculentus, [528];
development in Dipleurula, [609]
Madreporidae, [395]
Madreporite, [428];
of Asterias rubens, [434];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [487];
of Ophiuroidea, [493];
of Cladophiurae, [493];
of Echinus esculentus, [512], [517];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [562];
of Holothuria tubulosa, [564];
of Elasipoda, [571];
of Pelagothuriida, [572];
in older fossil Pelmatozoa, [583];
in Thecocystis sacculus, [596]
Magosphaera, [89]
Maidenhair tree, spermatozoa of, [38]
Malarial fever produced by Acystosporidae, [103] f.
Mal de Caderas (= falling sickness of cattle), [119]
Male gamete, [33];
motile in Lower Plants, Higher Cryptogams, Cycads, and Ginkgo, [38];
of Pandorina, [128] f.;
of Eudorina, [129];
of Peritrichaceae, [151]
—see also Sperm, Spermatozoon
Malignant tumour, associated with Leydenia, [91]
Mammals, syngamy in, [34];
contain Sarcosporidiaceae in muscles, [108]
Man, host of Amoeba, [57];
of Coccidiaceae, [102] f.;
of Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.;
of Trichomonas vaginalis, [119];
of Trypanosomes, [119] f.;
of the Ciliata Nyctotherus and Balantidium, [152]
Manicina (Fam. Astraeidae, [399]), [373];
Mann, on function of nucleus, [24] n.
Manson, on relation of Filarial disease to gnats or mosquitos, [103]
Manson, the subject of inoculation experiments with malarial parasites, [106]
Manubrium, [251]
Margelis ramosa, [269]
Marginal, anchors, [320];
cirrhi, [139] f.
Marginaster, [464]
Marine, Foraminifera, [60] f.;
Heliozoa, [75]
Marrow, red, of bones, habitat of resting states of malarial parasites, [106] n.
Marshall, on amphidiscs, [179]
Marshall, on Pennatulacea, [359] n.;
on the physiology of the nervous system of Antedon rosacea, [585]
Marsigli, [167]
Marsupifer valdiviae, [379]
Marsupites, [588]
Maryna, [137];
M. socialis, tube, [152]
Massee, on Myxomycetes, [93] n.
Mastigophora (Bütschli's name for Flagellata), [109]
Maturation of schizont of Acystosporidian parasite in relation to fever-fit, [103]
Maupas, on Protozoa, [45];
on life-cycle of Ciliata, [147] f.
Mayer, [312]
M. labyrinthica, [370]
Mechanical stimuli, [19] f.
Median dorsal process of ciliated band of Bipinnaria, [606]
Medium gametes in Pandorina, [128] f.
Medusa, [250];
of Millepora, [259] f.;
of Gymnoblastea, [262] f.;
of Calyptoblastea, [277] f.;
in Trachomedusae, [288] f.;
in Narcomedusae, [295] f.;
fresh-water, [292] f.;
of Siphonophora, [302], [309];
in Scyphozoa, [310] f.
Megagamete, [33];
see also Female gamete, Oosphere
Megalactis griffithsi, [384]
Megalosphere, megalospheric, [67] f.
Megamastictora, [183], [184] f.
Meganucleus, [136], [139] f., [144], [149] f.;
degeneration of, in conjugation, [148] f.;
new formation of, in conjugation, [148], [151];
of Stylonychia mytilus, [139] f.;
of Carchesium, [146];
of Paramecium caudatum, [148], [151];
of Trachelius ovum, [153];
of Stentor, [154];
of S. polymorphus, [156];
conjugation of, in Dendrocometes, [161]
Megazooid of Vorticella, [157]
Megazoospores, [85]
Meissner, on classification of Spatangoidea, [554] n.
Melanin, [103]
Melitodes, [333], [351], [353];
M. chamaeleon, [338];
Melobesia, [422]
Melonitidae, [557]
Membrana reticularis, [199], [200]
Membrane, undulating, of Flagellata, [110], [115], [123];
of Trypanosoma, [115];
of Trichonymphidae, [123];
of Ciliata, [137], [139] f., [145], [156] f.;
of Stylonychia mytilus, [139];
of Pleuronema, [145];
of P. chrysalis, [153], [154];
of Caenomorpha uniserialis, [155];
Membranella, [137], [139] f., [145];
of Stylonychia mytilus, [139] f.;
of Metopus sigmoides, [154];
of Caenomorpha uniserialis, [155];
of Vorticella, [156]
Merozoite, [97];
of Coccidium schubergi, [99] f., [101];
of Haemosporidae, [102];
of Acystosporidae, [103], [104] f.
Mertensia, [417];
M. ovum, [417];
stage of Lobata and Cestoidea, [414]
Mertensiidae, [417]
Mesenchyme, [604]
Mesenteric filaments, Alcyonaria, [331], [333];
Zoantharia, [369]
Mesenteries, of Alcyonaria, [329], [334];
of Zoantharia, [329], [366] f., [368];
of Asterias rubens, [439];
of Holothuria nigra, [562];
of Antedon rosacea, [585], [586]
Mesnil, on Sporozoa, [94];
Caullery and, on Actinomyxidiaceae, [98] n.
Mesogloea, [246];
of Alcyonaria, [330]
Metabolic, metabolism, [13]
Metacnemes, [367]
Metallogorgia, [355]
Metamorphosis, of Insects, [44];
of Dipleurula, [610] f.
Metaphytes, [41]
—see also Plants, Higher
Metazoa, [40] f.;
rheotaxy of, [21];
origin of, from Protozoa, [40] f.;
flagellate sperms of, [109];
hosts of Polymastigidae, [111]
—see also Animals, Higher
Method of study of the life-cycle, of organisms of putrefaction, etc., [44];
of Flagellata, [116];
of Ciliata, [147]
Metopus, [137];
M. pyriformis, [154];
M. sigmoides, [154]
Metridium, [381] (= Actinoloba, q.v.)
Metschnikoff, [167], [178], [237] n., [296]
Microbes, [44]
Microciona, [225]
Microgamete, [33];
of certain Coccidiaceae, [101]
—see also Sperm, Spermatozoon
Microgromia socialis, [59] f., [60]
Microhydra, [256]
Micromastictora, [183], [195] f.
Micronuclei, micronucleus, [136], [139], [144] f., [148] f., [151] f., [155], [157], [159], [160] f.;
of certain Flagellata, a blepharoplast, [109] n.;
relations of Trypanosomic blepharoplast to, [121];
of Stylonychia mytilus, [139];
of Paramecium caudatum, [148], [151];
in conjugation, [148] f.;
numerous, of Stentor, [154];
of Vorticella, [157];
of Suctoria, [160] f.;
of Podophrya, [160];
of Acineta jolyi, [160]
Micropyle, [230]
Microscleres, [176]
Microsolena, [404]
Microsphere, microspheric, [67] f.
Microzooid of Vorticella, [157]
Microzoospores, [85]
Miescher's tubes, [108]
Migratory pairing nucleus, [149] f.;
of Peritrichaceae, [151] f.
Miliola (Quinqueloculina), [65]
Miliolidaceae, [59]
Milleporina, [257] f., [258], [260], [282];
Milleporina, [257]
Mimicry among Gymnostomaceous Ciliata, [152] n.
Minchin, on Sporozoa, [94] f.;
on Sponges, [168], [172] n., [185], [186] n., [227] n., [232], [316] n.
Minnows prey on Anopheles, [106]
Minous inermis, [268]
Minyadidae, [328], [366], [377], [383]
Miserly cells, [32] f.
Mithrodia, [464]
Mithrodiidae, [464]
functions of, [28] f.;
of micronuclei in Ciliata, [144]
Mitrophanow, on trichocysts, [142] n.
Mitrophyes, [306]
Miyajima, [273]
Mnemia, [420]
Mnemiidae, [420]
Mnemiopsis, [420]
Mnestra (position undetermined), [269]
Mohl, von, on protoplasm, [3]
Mole-cricket, host of Lophomonas, [123]
Molluscs, hosts of Gregarines, [98]
Molluscum contagiosum, [102]
Molpadiida, [568], [569], [575], [576], [577], [578]
Monacanthid, [457]
Monadidae, [111]
Monadineae, applied to Proteomyxa by Cienkowsky and Zopf, [89]
Monads, a name for the lowest, simplest Flagellata, [109], [116] n.
M. dallingeri, gametes of, [116] n.
Monaxonic (= symmetrical about one single axis), [76]
Moniliform meganucleus of Stentor, [156]
Monobrachiidae, [274]
Monobrachium, [274]
Monocyclica, [594]
Monocystis, [97] f.
Monograptus, [282]
Monophyidae, [306]
Monoprionidae, [282]
Monopylaea (= Nassellaria), [76]
Monorhaphis, [197]
Monosiphonic, [275]
Monotrypasta (= Osculosa), [76]
Monoxenia darwinii, [342]
Monstrous Foraminiferal shells, possible formation of, [69]
Moore, [293]
Mopsea, [353]
Morgan, on regeneration, [35] n.
Morphological contrast of Animals and Plants, [38] f.
Mortensen, on classificatory value of pedicellariae, [532];
on classification of Cidaridae, [534];
of Echinothuriidae, [536]
Moseley, [258], [333], [338], [345], [411]
Mosquito (= gnat), [103] f.;
dappled-wing-, intermediate hosts of Acystosporidae, [103]
Mosquito-netting, a prophylactic against malarial fever, [103]
Moss-dwelling Protozoa, [48]
Mosser, F., [418] n.
Motile organs, [17] f.
Motile reactions of Protozoa, [19] f.
Motility, [9]
Motion, ciliary, [18];
gliding, of protoplasm, [47] n.
Moulting of cuticle or cell-wall in Dinoflagellata, [130];
of Dendrocometes, [161]
Mouth, of Flagellata, [113];
absent from Opalinidae, [123];
of Maupasia, [124];
excreta expelled by, in Noctiluca, [133];
of Gymnostomaceae, [137], [143], [145], [152];
of Stylonychia mytilus, [139] f.;
of Dysteria, [145];
of Pleuronema, [145];
of P. chrysalis, [153];
of Paramecium caudatum, [148], [151];
trichocysts of, in Gymnostomaceae, [143];
of Trachelius ovum, [153]
Mouth-angle of Ophiothrix fragilis, [482]
Mouth-frame, of Asteroidea, [436], [483];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [482];
of Ophiuroidea, [483], [492] f.;
of Ophiarachna incrassata, [484];
of Ophiacantha, [492];
of Ophioscolex, [492];
of Ophiothrix, [492]
Mouth-papilla, of Ophiuroidea, [483], [492];
of Ophiocoma, [493]
Movements, amoeboid, [5] f., [125] n.;
of Protista, [16] f.;
of Higher Plants, how produced, [38];
springing, of Bodo saltans, [114];
of Euglena, [124] f.;
euglenoid, [125] f.;
metabolic, [125] n.;
of Sporozoa, [125] n.;
of Stylonychia, [138];
springing, of tailed Ciliata, [141] n.;
of Halteria, [155];
of Suctorian tentacles, [159] f.
Muggiaea, [306];
M. atlantica, [304];
M. kochii, [303]
Müller, J., on recognition of Echinoid larva, [518];
on the name Pluteus, [607]
Müller, O. F., on Protozoa, [45]
Multicilia, [109]
Multinucleate Amoeba (Pelomyxa), [16];
Protozoa, regeneration of, [35]
Multiple budding, in Suctoria, [160] f.
Multiple fission, [30] f.
—see also Brood-division
Muricea, [356]
Muscle of Vorticella, [157]
Muscle-cell, [19]
Muscular contraction, physical explanation of, [19]
—see also Myonemes
Mussa, [401]
Mycetozoa (= Myxomycetes, q.v.), [50], [90] f.;
in relation to Fungi, [40];
studied by botanists, [45];
relations of, [49]
of Trypanosoma, [120] f.
of Stylonychia, [140];
of Ciliata, [142];
of Vorticella, [157]
Myophrisks, [80]
Myriophrys, [71]
Myriothelidae, [274]
Myxaster, [466]
Myxasteridae, [464]
Myxidium, [98];
M. lieberkühnii, [107]
Myxilla, [225]
Myxobolus, [98];
spores of, [107]
Myxobrachia, [83]
Myxogasteres, Myxogastres, [90] f.
Myxoidea, [89]
Myxomycetes, [90] f.;
rheotaxy of plasmodium in, [21]
—see also Mycetozoa
Myxospongiae, [196]
Myxosporidiaceae, [98], [106] f.;
spores, [107]
Nagana disease of hoofed quadrupeds, [119]
Naked Protozoa, [51] n.
skeleton of, [83];
geological occurrence of, [88]
Nassoidea, [78]
Nausithoe, [322];
Scyphistoma of (= Spongicola fistularis), [317];
N. punctate, [322];
N. rubra, [322]
Nectocalyces, [297], [298], [305]
Needham on spontaneous generation, [43]
of Actinomyxidiaceae, [98];
of Myxosporidiaceae, [98], [107];
of Myxobolus mülleri, [107];
of Epistylis, [249];
of Aeolis, [248];
of Hydra, [247];
of Siphonophora, [300];
of Scyphozoa, [312];
of Alcyonium, [247];
of Sarcophytum, [248];
of Cerianthus, [247]
Nematodes parasitic in blood, [103]
Nematophores, [277]
Nemocera (= gnats or mosquitos), [103] n.
Neohelia, [399]
Neolampas, [554]
Nephthyidae, [349]
Neresheimer, on neurophane fibrils in Ciliata, [143] n.
Nerve-ring, of Asterias rubens, [444], [447];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488];
of Echinus esculentus, [518], [521], [527];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
outer, of A. rosacea, [585]
Nervous fibrils in Ciliata, [143]
Nervous system, in Animals, not in Plants, [39] f.;
of Asterias rubens, [444] f.;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488];
of Echinus esculentus, [518] f.;
of Holothuria nigra, [566];
of Antedon rosacea, [583] f.
Neuron, [444]
Neurophane (= supposed nervous fibrils in Ciliata), [143] n.
Newts, Trichodina parasitic in, [158]
Nitriles in relation to nutrition, [36]
endosarc, [144];
N. miliaris, [133]
Nodosaria, [59], [63], [66] f.
Nosema, [98];
N. bombycis, [107];
organism of pébrine, [107]
Nubecularia, [59]
Nuclear apparatus, of Infusoria, [48], [136];
of Ciliata, [139] f., [144] f.;
of diffused granules, in marine Ciliata, [144] n.;
of Suctoria, [159]
—bipartition in Trichosphaerium, [54]
—reduction of Actinosphaerium, [75] n.;
of Monocystis, [96];
of Coccidiaceae, [100], [104] f.;
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.;
of Myxosporidiaceae, [107];
of Flagellates, [116] n.
—divisions, in spores of Lankesteria, [95]
—see also Mitosis, Karyokinesis
Nuclearia, [70]
Nuclein mass (= karyosome), [24]
Nucleinic acid, [7] n.
Nucleole, nucleolus, [7], [24], [25] f., [27];
of Sea-urchin ovum, [7];
of Sphaerella, [126]
Nucleolidae, [554]
Nudeolites, [554]
Nucleoplasm, [6]
Nucleoproteids, [12]
Nucleus, [6];
of cell, [6] f.;
of Amoeba, [5] f.;
of A. polypodia, [10];
resting, function of, [24] n
—in mitosis, [25] f., [27] f.;
—of Euglypha, [29];
of Paramecium caudatum, [148]
—pairing state of, [34];
of Ciliata, [150] f.;
of Paramecium caudatum, [148]
—of Rhizopods, [52];
of Pelomyxa, [52];
of Microgromia socialis, [60];
of Foraminifera, [62];
of mega- and microspheric forms of Foraminifera, [68] f.;
of Heliozoa, [71], [72], [74];
of Clathrulina, [74];
of Radiolaria, [76];
of Collozoum inerme, [76];
of Myxomycetes, [92];
of Sporozoa, [95] f.;
of Gregarines, [95] f., [98] f.;
of Bodo saltans, [117];
kineto-, of Trypanosoma noctuae, [120], [121];
trophic, of T. noctuae, [120];
of Choanoflagellates, [122];
of Opalina, [123];
of Maupasia, [124];
of Sphaerella, [126];
of Volvox, [126];
of Noctiluca, [133]
—fusion- or zygote-, [150];
of Paramecium caudatum, [148]
—see also Meganucleus, Micronucleus, Gametonuclei, Nuclear apparatus
Nuda, [423]
Nummulitaceae, [59]
Nussbaum, on regeneration in Protozoa, [35] n.;
on Hydra, [254]
Nutrition, [9];
animal and vegetal, [35] f.;
of Flagellates, [110] f., [113];
of Dinoflagellates, [130] f.—see Holozoic, Holophytic, Saprophytic
—of Alcyonaria, [339]
Nutritive function of granular cytoplasm of muscle-cell, [19]
Nuttall, history of discoveries on Acystosporidae, [103]
Nyctotherus, [137];
habitat of, [152]
Obelia, [280]
Oceanapia, [223]
Ocellus, [252]
Octactine, [200]
Octactinellida, [208]
Octotremacis, [346]
Ocular plate of Echinus esculentus, [512]
Oculina, [399]
Oculinidae, [399]
Ocyroe, [420];
O. crystallina, [419]
Ocyroidae, [420]
Oecology of Protista, [43]
Oesophagus, of Asterias rubens, [438];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Holothuria nigra, [562];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
of Dipleurula, [605]
Ogilvie, M., [401] n.
Oikomonadidae, [111]
Oil-drops, of Radiolaria, [79] f.;
luminous, [80]
Oil-globules, [37];
of Ciliata, [144]
Oleocyst, [305]
Olindias, [291];
O. mülleri, [291]
Olindioides, [291];
O. formosa, [291]
Olynthus, [185]
Omne vivum, ex ovo, [42];
ex vivo, [44]
Onychaster, [203]
Onychaster, [502]
Oocyte (a cell which by unequal divisions or mere nuclear divisions becomes converted into an oosphere), [100]
Oogamete of Coccidiaceae, [100] f.
Ookinete (active zygote) or oosperm, of Acystosporidae, [104] f.;
of Trypanosoma noctuae, [120]
Oolitic limestones, nucleus of concretions of, [70]
Oosperm, [34];
of Sporozoa, [96] f.;
of Volvox globator, [127] f.
Oosphere, [31];
formation of, in Metazoa, [75] n.;
of Gregarinidaceae, [99], [100];
of Coccidiaceae, [100] f.;
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Oospore (= zygotospore), from bisexual syngamy, [100];
of Volvox globator, [127] f.
Ooze, Globigerina, [61];
Radiolarian, [87]
Oozooid, [358]
Opalina, [111];
galvanotaxy, [22];
ciliiform flagella, [114];
species, [124] n.;
nuclei, [144] n.;
systematic position of, [144] n., [145] n.;
O. ranarum, [123]
Opalinopsidae, [145] n.
Operculum of central capsule of Phaeodaria, [76], [82]
mouth-frame, [492];
O. chelys, [499]
Ophiactis, [498];
O. balli, [498];
Ophicephalous pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, [508];
of E. acutus, [509];
of E. elegans, [510];
absent in Cidaridae, [534];
of Echinarachnius parma, [544]
Ophidiaster, [471]
O. nigra, [499]
Ophiocomidae, [499]
Ophiodermatidae, [495] n.
Ophiogeron, [494]
Ophioglypha—see Ophiura
Ophiohelus, [481], [491], [494];
O. umbella, skeleton, [493]
Ophiolepididae, [495]
Ophiomusium, [497];
O. pentagona, [494]
O. aculeata, [499]
metamorphosis of, [613]
Ophiopsila, [499]
Ophioscolex, mouth-frame, [492]
Ophioteresis, [481], [491], [494]
mouth-frame, [492];
O. fragilis (pentaphyllum), [478], [479];
arm of, [479];
podia, [479];
mouth-frame, [482];
disc, [484];
genital bursa and respiratory movements, [485];
alimentary canal, [485];
water-vascular system, [486];
axial sinus, [487];
perihaemal spaces, [488];
nervous system, [488];
genital organs, [489]
Ophiura (Ophioglypha), [496];
O. albida, [497];
Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars), [431], [477] f., [561];
mesenchyme of larva, [604];
development of, [606], [606], [608], [613];
phylogeny, [622]
Ophlitaspongia, [225]
Ophryocystis, [97]
Oplorhiza (Campanulariidae, [280]), [277]
Oractis, [377]
Oral apparatus, of Ciliata, its atrophy and regeneration during conjugation, [151]
Oral blood-ring, of Asterias rubens, [450];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488];
of Holothuria nigra, [567]
Oral cleft or groove of Noctiluca, [132] f.
Oral coelom of Antedon rosacea, [585]
Oral plates, of Crinoidea, [588];
of Thaumatocrinus, [589];
absent in adult Antedon, [589];
of Rhizocrinidae, [590], [591];
of Bathycrinus, [591];
of Cystoidea, [598];
of Blastoidea, [599];
of young Antedon rosacea, [619]
Oral spots of Protomastigaceae, [110]
Oral valves, of Antedon rosacea, [581];
of young A. rosacea, [619]
Orbicella, [373], [375], [400]
Orbigny, A. d', on Foraminifera, [62]
Orbitoides, [59]
pylomes, [64];
dimorphism, [67];
monstrous shell, [69]
O. universa, [68]
Orbulinella, habitat, [75]
Organ-pipe Coral, [343]
Organella, [44] n.
Organic compounds, their function in nutrition, [35] f.
Organoid, [44] n.
Oriental sore, [121]
Ornamentation of shell-wall in Foraminifera, [66]
Oscarella, [196], [213], [225];
A. lobularis, [230]
Osculosa (Monotrypasta), [76]
Osculum, of Radiolaria, [76];
of Sponges, [169], [171], [174], [188], [189]
Ossicles of Holothuroidea, [569]
Ostium, [169]
Otocysts, of Elasipoda, [571];
of Synaptida, [576]
Outer perihaemal ring, of Asterias rubens, [448];
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, [612];
represented by lantern-coelom of Echinus esculentus, [524];
by buccal sinus of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Ovary of gnat infected by Trypanosoma germs, [120]
Ovoid gland of Ophiothrix fragilis, [489]
Ovum of Sea-urchin, [7];
of Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.;
of Volvox globator, [127] f.
—see also Oosphere, Oosperm, Egg
Owl, blood parasites of, [120]
Oxyaster (an aster with a small centrum and oxeate actines), [222]
Oxytricha, [138]
Oxytylote (a rhabdus of which one actine is oxeate, the other tylote or knobbed, the latter directed towards the surface of the Sponge), [224]
Pachychalina, [223]
Pachymatisma, [215];
P. normani, [215]
Pairing in Trichosphaerium, [54]
in Lankesteria, [95]
—see also Gametes, Syngamy
Pairing nuclei, state of, [34];
of Ciliata, [150];
of Paramecium, [148]
Palaeaster, [476]
Palaeocoma, [476]
Palaeodiscus, [557]
Palaeoechinoidea, [556]
Palaeoechinus, [557]
Palephyra, [322]
Palmella state of Zooxanthella, [86]
P. membranaceus, [464]
Pamphagus, test of, [59] f.
Panceri, [339]
Pansporoblast of Myxosporidiaceae, [107]
Pantostomata, [109]
Papula (including dermal gill), [432], [457];
compared to diplopore of Cystoidea, [599]
Paractinopoda, [570]
Paragaster, [187]
Paragastric canals, [416]
Paraglycogen (= paramylum), [95]
Paragorgia, [333], [336], [351]
Paralcyonium, [349]
Paramecium, [137], [143] n., [151], [153];
specific gravity of, [13] n.;
thigmotaxy of, [20];
reaction to repellent stimuli, [21] n.;
thermotaxy of, [22];
galvanotaxy of, [22];
chemiotaxy of, [23];
contractile vacuoles of, [143] n., [151];
P. bursaria, [153];
P. caudatum, [151];
in conjugation, [148]
nutrition of, [113];
formation and regeneration of chromatophores in, [115];
P. eilhardii, [116] n.;
reproduction of, [116] n.
Paramuricea, [356];
spicule, [336]
Paramylum (= paraglycogen), [37], [95], [115];
in Gregarines, [95];
in Flagellates, [115];
in Ciliata, [144]
Parangi, [121] n.
Parapyle, [81]
Pararchaster, [466]
Parasites, in relation to brood-formation, [33];
internal, belonging to Metazoa, nutrition of, [38];
of man, [57], [103] f., [108] n., [119] f., [152];
of Radiolaria, [86] f.;
of plants, [88] f.;
of Crucifers, [89];
of Crustacea, [89];
of earthworm, [95];
of centipedes, [99];
of Epizoanthus glacialis, [99];
of Lithobius forficatus, [99];
of cold-blooded Vertebrates, [102];
of rabbit, [102];
of birds, [103];
of fish, [107];
of silkworm, [107];
of sheep, [108] n.;
of Amphibia, [111], [123] f., [158];
of dog, [119];
of horse, [119];
of ox, [119];
of Rodents, [119];
of owl, [120] f.;
of cockroach, [123];
of mole-cricket, [123];
of Termites, [123];
of Metazoa, [152];
of Ruminants, [152];
of Heliozoa, [155];
of Raphidiophrys, [155];
of Hydra, [158];
of newts, [158];
of Ciliata, [159]
Parasitic, Proteomyxa, [48], [88] f.;
Flagellata, [48], [111], [119] f., [123];
Rhizopoda, [57];
Suctoria, [161];
Hydrozoa, [268] f.
Parasmilia, [401]
Parazoa, [181]
Parazoanthus, [406];
P. anguicomus, [406];
P. separatus, [406];
P. tunicans, [406]
Parenchymalia, [201]
Parenchymula, [227]
Parisis, [351]
Parker, [371]
Parkeria, [283]
Paroral cilia, [139];
of Vorticella, [156] n.
Parthenogenesis, of malarial parasites, conjectured, [106] n.
Pasteur, on organisms of fermentation and putrefaction, [43];
on nature of pébrine (Nosema bombycis), [107]
Patellina, [59];
reproduction of, [69]
Patina, [580];
of Antedon rosacea, [582];
of Thaumatocrinus, [589];
of Hyocrinus, [590];
of Rhizocrinidae, [590];
of Pentacrinidae, [591]
Paulinella, [52];
test of, [54];
pylome of, [54]
Pavonia (Fungiidae, [403]), [390]
Paxilla, [455];
evolution of, [466];
relation to granules of Valvata, [471]
restriction of papulae to dorsal surface, [469]
P. hastata, [370]
Pébrine, [107]
Pectinate pedicellariae, [456], [466]
Pectyllidae, [294]
Pectyllis, [294]
Pedal laceration, [372]
Pedal nerve, of Asterias rubens, [455];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488];
of Echinus esculentus, [518];
of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Pedicellaria, of Asterias rubens, [432];
of A. glacialis, [434];
of Asteroidea, [456];
alveolate, [456];
pectinate, [456];
pincer-shaped, [456];
valvate, [456];
forcipulate, [433], [434], [456], [462];
representatives in Ophiuroidea, [492];
in Ophiothrix fragilis, [492];
of Echinus acutus, [509];
of E. esculentus, [506] f., [507];
tridactyle, [506], [509], [510];
gemmiform, [506], [509], [510];
trifoliate, [508], [509], [510];
ophicephalous, [508], [509], [510];
function of, [508] f.;
of Endocyclica, [532];
of Cidaridae, [532];
of Echinothuriidae, [532], [535];
of Centrostephanus longispinosus, [532];
of Echinarachnius parma, [544], [545];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550];
absent in Pelmatozoa, [582]
Pedicellaster, [474]
Pedicellasteridae, [456], [474]
Pegantha, [296]
Peganthidae, [296]
Pekelharing, [187] n., [234] n., [237]
Pelagia, [311], [312], [315], [316], [323];
P. noctiluca, [311];
P. perla, [323];
Pelagic, Foraminifera, [61], [66], [69];
Radiolaria, [76];
Dinoflagellates, [131]
Pelagiidae, [323]
P. mirabilis, [274]
Pelagohydridae, [274]
Pelagothuria, [568], [569], [572];
P. natans, [572]
Pelagothuriida, [572], [577], [578]
Pellicle, of Protozoa, [46];
of Flagellates, [109] f., [113];
of Noctiluca, [133];
of Ciliata, [139], [141], [142];
of Dysteria, [153];
of Vorticella, [157];
of Suctoria, [159];
of tentacles of Suctoria, [161]
—see also Cuticle
phylogeny of, [621]
Pelomyxa, [51];
P. palustris, [52] f.;
pepsin in, [16]
Penard, on Heliozoa, [71];
on Rhizopoda, [58] n.
pylomes of, [64]
Peniagone, [572]
Pennaria, [272]
Pennariidae, [272]
Pennatula, [361];
P. grandis, [361];
P. naresi, [362];
Pennatulacea, [333], [335], [337], [358], [358], [359], [363] f.
Pentaceros, [472]
Pentacerotidae, [457], [458], [459], [471]
Pentachogon, [294]
Pentacrinidae, [588], [589], [591] f.
Pentacrinoidea, [595]
Pentacrinus (Isocrinus), [591] f.;
P. asteria, [592];
P. maclearanus, [593]
Pentagonaster, [471];
P. japonicus, [472]
Pentagonasteridae, [455], [471]
Pentremites, [599]
Pepsin, [16]
Peptic, digestion, [16];
juice in Carchesium, [147]
Peptones, [15]
Perforate, Corals, [371];
Foraminifera, [58] f.
Peribranchial spaces of Asterias rubens, [449]
Pericolpa, [322]
Peridiniales, synonym of Dinoflagellata used by Schütt, [119], [132]
Peridinium, [110];
fossil, [132];
P. divergens, [131]
Perigonimus, [265], [266], [269]
Perihaemal spaces (or canals), of Asterias rubens, [448];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [481], [488];
of Echinus esculentus, [524];
of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Peripatus, segmentation of, [32] n.
Periphylla, [311], [314], [322];
P. regina, [322]
Periproct, of Echinus esculentus, [504], [507], [512], [513], [534];
of Endocyclica, [530], [534], [538];
of Cidaridae, [530], [533], [534];
of Arbaciidae, [530];
of Echinothuriidae, [535];
development of, in young Echinoid, [613]
Peripylaea (= Spumellaria), [76]
Peristalsis of intestine of Holothuria nigra, [563]
Peristome, of Ciliata, [137] f.;
in fission, [147];
of Peritrichaceae, [155] f.;
of Vorticellidae, [155] f., [157];
of Asterias rubens, [434];
of Echinus esculentus, [505], [513], [514];
of Asteroidea, [514];
of Cidaridae, [514], [530], [533];
of Endocyclica, [530];
of Echinothuriidae, [535];
of Asthenosoma hystrix, [537];
of Saleniidae, [537];
of Arbaciidae, [538];
of Diadematidae, [538];
of Echinidae, [539];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550];
of Spatangoidea, [553];
of Palaeostomatidae, [554]
Peristomial area, [139];
of Caenomorpha and Metopus, [154];
of Bursaria, [155]
Peristomial collar, [142], [156], [157]
Peristomial plate, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [483];
of Endocyclica, [530];
of Echinothuriidae, [530], [535];
of Saleniidae, [537];
of Arbaciidae, [538];
of Echinus microtuberculatus, [540]
Peritoneum, of Asterias rubens, [437];
of Holothuria nigra, [567]
Peritrichaceae, [138];
pellicle, [141];
myonemes, [142];
trichocysts, [143];
contractile vacuole and reservoir, [145];
pharynx, vestibule, mode of feeding, [145];
fission, [147];
conjugation, [151];
peristomial collar, [156], [157]
Peronella, [549]
Peronium, [295]
Perrier, on classification of Asteroidea, [461]
Persian Tick, [121]
Petal, of Echinarachnius parma, [545];
of Fibularidae, [549];
of Echinanthidae, [549];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [551]
Petalocrinus, [595]
Petasidae, [294]
Petasus, [294]
Peters, [414] n.
Petrostroma, [193];
P. schulzei, [193]
Pfeiffer, on Sporozoa, [94]
Phacella, [314]
Phacotus, [111];
shell, [113]
Phaeocystina, [79], [82], [87]
Phaeodaria (Cannopylaea, Tripylaea), [76], [79];
fission, [85]
Phaeogromia, [79]
Phaeosphaeria, [79]
Phakellia, [224]
Phalansteridae, [111]
Phalansterium, [113]
Phanerozonate, [454]
Pharetronidae, [192]
Pharynx, of Stylonychia mytilus, [139];
of Ciliata, [145];
of Gymnostomaceae, [145];
of Paramecium caudatum, [151];
of Caenomorpha uniserialis, [155];
of Peritrichaceae, [145];
of Carchesium polypinum, [146] f.;
Pharynx-tube of Euglenaceae, [124] f.
—see also Flagellar Pit
Pheronema, [204];
P. carpenteri, [204], [205], [221]
Phialidium temporarium, [281]
Pholidaster, [474]
Phoriospongia, [220]
Phosphorescence, of Dinoflagellata, [132];
of Cystoflagellata, [132], [134];
of Scyphozoa, [311];
of Alcyonaria, [338];
of Pennatulids, [361];
of Ctenophores, [414]
Phosphorescent oil-drops in Radiolaria, [80]
Photopathy, [21]
Phototaxy, [21];
of Euglena, [125]
Phycochromaceae, [39]
Phycomycetes Zoosporeae related to Flagellata, [109]
Phycomycetous Fungi, relations of, [48]
Phylactocarp, [276]
Phyllactidae, [382]
Phyllangia, [400];
P. americana, [374]
Phyllode, [553]
Phyllograptus, [282]
Phyllophorus, [573];
P. rugosus, [567];
P. urna, [574]
Physalia, [300], [302], [304], [308]
Physiological contrast of Animals and Plants, [38]
Physiology, of cell and protoplasm, [3] f.;
of Sponges, [234] f.;
of nervous system of Echinoidea, [519] f.
P. borealis, [304]
Physophorae, [307]
Physophorinae, [308]
Pigment, of Stentor, [154];
-granules, of Phaeodaria, [76], [80] f.
Pinacocyte, [170], [213], [237]
Pincer-shaped pedicellariae, [456]
Pineau, on spontaneous generation, [43]
Pinnule, of Antedon rosacea, [581], [583];
of A. eschrichtii, [594];
of Hyocrinus, [590];
of Metacrinus, [592];
of fossil Crinoidea, [595]
Pinulus (a pentactine triaxon in which the unpaired actine bears lateral spines and projects beyond the bounding surface), [204]
Piroplasma, [120] f.
Placosmilia, [401]
Placospongia, spicules of, [233]
P. monolopha, [210], [212], [213]
Plankton, Protozoa of, [48];
Foraminifera of, [61];
Radiolaria of, [75]
Plant(s), definition, [39];
Animals and, discussion on, [35] f.;
Higher, movements of, [38];
insectivorous, [38];
-Protists, relations of, [48];
-cells, wall of, [37];
protoplasmic connexions of, [37]
—see also Metaphytes
Planula, [341]
Plasmodiophora, [89]
Plasmodium, [30];
rheotaxy, [21];
of Myxomycetes, [50], [90] f.;
of Proteomyxa, [88];
of Didymium, [92]
Plasmodium, a generic name given to Acystosporid Coccidiaceae producing malarial fever, [103] f.—see Haemamoeba, Laverania
of Paulinella, [54] n.;
of Flagellates, [110], [112] f.;
of Trachelomonas, [112]
—see also Chromoplasts, Chromatophore, Chromoplastid
of Rhizopods, [56];
of Foraminifera, Discorbina and Patellina, [69];
temporary, in Actinophrys sol, [72];
of Myxomycetes, [90] f.
Plastron, of Echinocardium cordatum, [550];
of Sternata, [554]
Plate, on Dendrocometes, [162]
Plates, siliceous, of shell of Rhizopods, [29], [53] f.;
Platt, Julia B., on density of living protoplasm, [13] n.
Platybrissus, [554]
Platyctenea, [413], [416], [421]
Platyhelminthes, bladder of, [14] n.
Plectinia, [193]
Plectoidea, [78]
P. halli, [193]
Plesiofungiidae, [403]
Plesioporitidae, [404]
Pleurobrachia, [418];
P. pileus, [416], [417], [418];
P. rhodopis, [418]
Pleurobrachiidae, [418]
Pleurocorallium, [352]
Pleurocoralloides, [352]
Pleurogorgia, [355]
Pleuronema, [137];
Plexaura, [356]
Plexauridae, [356]
Plimmer and Rose Bradford, on Trypanosoma, [121]
Plocamia, [223]
Plumohalichondria, [225]
Plumularia, [279];
P. echinulata, [276];
P. halecioides, [276];
P. profunda, [275];
P. setacea, [276]
Pluteus, [607]
Pneumatophore, [300] f., [307] f.
Pneumatopyles, [309]
Pneumotaxy, [23]
Pocillon, [223]
Pocillopora, [375], [402], [402];
P. septata, [402]
Pocilloporidae, [401]
Podium, [428];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [479] f., [487];
of Holothuria nigra, [561];
of Elasipoda, [571] f.;
of Molpadiida, [575];
of Antedon rosacea, [582]
Podocoryne, [270]
Podocorynidae, [270]
Podoplast, [19] n.
—see also Blepharoplast
Podostoma, [52];
transition between pseudopodium and flagellum in, [47] n.
Poecillastra compressa, [213], [222]
Polar body, in Heliozoan syngamy, [72], [74]
Polar fields, [415]
Polian vesicle, of Asteroidea, [458];
of Ctenodiscus, [458];
of Solasteridae, [463];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [487];
of Echinus esculentus, [525];
of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Polyaxon, [184]
Polycanna, [278]
Polycystineae (= Radiolarian skeletons), [87]
Polycyttaria (= colonial Radiolaria), [76], [84] f.
Polygastrica (Ehrenberg's name for Ciliata), [146]
Polykrikos, [110], [113] n., [131] f.
Polymastia, [224]
Polymastigidae, [111]
Polymitus form of male gametogonium of Acystosporidae liberating sperms, [104] f.
Polymorphina, [59]
Polyoeca, [111];
stalk of, [113]
Polyorchis, [278]
Polyphyes, [307]
Polyphyidae, [307]
Polypodium, [257]
alternation of generations in, [44], [250]
Polysiphonic, [276]
Polystomella, [59];
dimorphism and life-history of, [67] f.
Polythalamia (= Foraminifera with more than one chamber to shell), [64]
Polytoma, [111];
brood-division of active, [115];
P. uvella, gametes of, [116] n.
Polytomeae, Francé on, [119] n.
Polytrema, [59];
shell substance of, [62]
Polytremacis, [346]
Entoprocta, [621]
Pontosphaera, [110]
P. pulvillus, [464]
Poraniidae, [464]
Porcellanaster, [471];
P. pacificus, [459];
P. caeruleus, [470]
Porcellanasteridae, [455], [459], [470]
Porcellanous Foraminifera, [58], [59], [62]
Pore(s), in test of Foraminifera, [64];
in central capsule of Radiolaria, [76];
of contractile vacuole, [14];
of Ciliata, [143];
of Trachelius ovum, [153];
of embryonic cavity of Suctoria, not seen in Choanophrya, [161] n.;
of Sponges, [186], [187], [188], [189], [198]
Pore-canal, of Asterias rubens, [441];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [486], [487];
of Echinus esculentus, [517];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [552];
of a larval Holothuroid, [564];
of Elasipoda, [571];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
of its larva, [619];
of Dipleurula, [608];
of larva of Asterina gibbosa, [612];
of Balanoglossus, [617]
Pore-plate, of Echinus esculentus, [512];
of Strongylocentrotus droëbachiensis, [512];
of Endocyclica, [530] f.;
of petals of Echinarachnius parma, [544]
Porifera, [163] f.;
definition, [180];
systematic position, [181]
—see also Sponges
Porites, [368] f., [373], [387], [388], [397]
Poritidae, [396]
Porocone, [81]
Porpita, [309]
Porta, on reproduction of Radiolaria Acantharia, [86] n.
Porulosa (Holotrypasta), [76] f.
Portuguese Man-of-War, [300], [308]
Post-abdomen = fourth chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell, [84]
Posterior dorsal process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, [606];
of Echinopluteus, [607];
of Auricularia, [608]
Posterior lateral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria, Ophiopluteus, and Ophiothrix fragilis, [606];
of Echinopluteus, [607]
Posterior wreath, of Peritrichaceae, [138];
of Trichodina, [158]
Post-oral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, [606];
of Echinopluteus, [607]
Potato, rest and germination of, [32]
Poteriodendron, [111]
Potts, [180]
Pouchet (the elder), on spontaneous generation, [43]
Pouchet, Georges, on Protozoa, [45]
Pouchetia, [110]
Pourtalesia, [554];
P. jeffreysi, [554]
Pourtalesiidae, [554] n.
Prae-oral process, of ciliated band, of Bipinnaria and Ophiopluteus, [606];
of Echinopluteus, [607]
—see also Pre-oral
Pratt, E. M., [339], [348] n., [399] n.
Prayinae, [306]
Pre-Cambrian Echinodermata, [623]
Pre-oral, cilia, [139];
ridge, [139];
undulating membrane, [139]
—see also Prae-oral
Preyer, on the response of Asteroidea to stimuli, [446] f.;
on the intelligence of Ophiuroidea, [488] f.
Primary spine, of Echinus esculentus, [506];
of Cidaridae, [532];
of Arbaciidae, [532];
of Echinothuriidae, [532], [535];
of Colobocentrotus, [532];
of Heterocentrotus, [532];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550]
Primnoa, [354];
P. lepadifera, [338]
Primnoidae, [330], [335], [354]
Pringsheim, on exogamy in Pandorina, [34] n.
Prionastraea (Astraeidae, [399]), [375]
Proboscis, of central capsule of Phaeodaria, [76]
Progamic brood-division (= a brood-division to produce gametes), [96], [100]
Proheliolites, [346]
Promachocrinus, [594]
Proper wall of Perforate Foraminiferal shell, [59], [63], [66]
Prophylaxis, against mosquitos and malarial fever, [103], [106];
against pébrine in silkworms, [107]
Prosodus, [210]
Prosopyle, [170]
Prostalia, [201]
Protanthea, [377]
Protantheidae, [377]
Protaspidochirota, [578]
Protechinoidea, [623]
Proteid(s), [12];
digestion of, [15];
formation of, [36];
crystals, [37];
reserves in Flagellates, [110];
granules or spherules of Ciliata, [144];
of Suctoria, [161]
Proteleia, [218]
Proteomyxa, [48] f., [50], [88], [89] f.;
relations of, [40];
studied by botanists, [45];
parasitic in plant-cells, [48];
distinctions from Flagellates, [109]
Proteoses, [15]
Proterospongia, [111], [113], [122], [181] f.;
P. haeckeli, [182]
Protista, [3] f.—see Protozoa
Protoclypeastroidea, [548]
Protocnemes, [367]
Protodendrochirota, [578]
Protoholothuroid, [577]
Protoholothuroidea, [578]
Protohydra, [256]
Protomastigaceae, [110] f., [112];
external plasmatic layer of, [113]
Protomerite, of Gregarines, [97], [98]
Protomyxa, [89]
Protopelmatozoa, [623]
Protophytes, [3] n.
Protoplasm, [3] f.;
structure of, [6];
refractive index of, [6], [11] n.;
movements of, [7];
specific gravity of, [13] n.;
of Protozoa, [46] f.;
of Radiolaria, [79] f.;
of Stylonychia, [140]
Protospongia fenestrata, [207], [207]
characters, [40];
literature, [45] f.;
geographical distribution, [47] f.;
habitat, [47];
classification, [50]
Protractor muscles of Aristotle's lantern, [526]
Protriaene (a triaene in which the cladi [branches] point forwards or in the opposite direction to the rhabdome or shaft), [224]
Prouho, on transverse fission in Gonactinia, [371] n.;
on gemmiform pedicellariae of Echinoidea, [509];
on habits of Dorocidaris papillata, [535]
Prunoidea, [77]
Prunophracta, [78]
Psammocora (Fungiidae, [403]), [390]
Pseudambulacrum, [599]
Pseudomonocyclic, [594]
Pseudonavicella, [96]
Pseudophellia arctica, [379]
Pseudopodia (um), [4] f., [17], [47], [49], [50] f.;
streaming of granules in, [17];
Lang's classification of, [47] n.;
transition to flagella, [47] n.;
of Rhizopoda, [49], [50] f., [52];
of Foraminifera, [49], [50], [60], [61], [65];
of Lieberkühnia, [61];
of Allogromia, [65];
of Miliola, [65];
of Rotalia, [65];
of Squamulina, [65];
of Heliozoa, [49], [50], [71], [72] f.;
of Radiolaria, [49], [50], [79], [80];
of Lankesteria, [96] n.;
transitory, in Flagellates, [109];
of young Gellius varius, [173], [174]
Pseudopodiospores, [68] f.
Pseudospora, [89];
P. lindstedtii, [89]
Psilaster, [470];
P. acuminatus, [469]
P. ephippifer, [574], [575], [602]
Psychropotes, [572]
P. stellifer, [465];
P. militaris, [466]
Pterocephalus, [97]
Pteroeididae, [361]
Puffballs, [91]
Pulsatile vacuole, [14];
= Contractile vacuole, q.v.
Punjab, dourine disease in, [119]
Pupa, of Holothuroidea, [615]
Pure cultures, [43]
Putrefaction, organisms of, [42] f., [116] f.
Pycnolithus, [346]
P. relictus, [548]
Pylome, [53];
of Rhizopods, [53] f.;
double, in monstrous Rhizopods, [55];
of Diaphorodon, [60];
of Foraminifera, [64];
of Radiolaria, [83];
of Sphaeropylida, [77] n.;
of Nassellaria, [83]
Pyloric caeca (and duct), of Asterias rubens, [439];
of Porcellanaster pacificus, [459];
absent in Hyphalaster moseri, [459]
Pyloric sac of Asterias rubens, [438]
Pyramids, building-stone of, [70]
of Sphaerella, [126]
Pyrocystis, [110];
P. fusiformis, [132]
Pyrsonympha, [111];
flagella of, [114]
Pytheas, [223]
Pythonaster, [464]
Pythonasteridae, [464]
Quadrula, [52];
Q. symmetrica, [55];
test of, [54]
Quartan fever, a parasitic disease, [104] f.
Quartzites, Radiolarian, [87]
Quasillina, [224]
Quatrefages, de, [376]
Quelch, [280]
Quinqueloculina, [59], [65] f.
Quinqueloculine type, [67]
Radial blood-strand (or vessel), of Asterias rubens, [450];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488]
Radial canal, of water-vascular system, [428];
of Asterias rubens, [441];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [480], [486];
of Echinus esculentus, [517];
of Echinarachnius parma, [547];
of Holothuria nigra, [560];
of Pelagothuria, [572];
of Carpoidea, [580];
of Thecoidea, [580];
of Crinoidea, [580];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, [611];
in Holothuroidea, [615];
in Antedon rosacea, [619]
Radial fission in Volvocaceae, [110] f.
Radial nerve-cord, of Asterias rubens, [444], [445], [446], [447];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488];
of Echinus esculentus, [518], [519], [522];
of Holothuria nigra, [566];
of oral system of Antedon rosacea, [584];
of coelomic system of A. rosacea, [584], [585]
Radial ossicle—see Radial Plate
Radial perihaemal canal, of Asterias rubens, [448];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [488];
of Echinus esculentus, [518], [524];
of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Radial plate, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [484];
of Cladophiurae, [500];
of calcareous ring in Holothuria nigra, [566];
in Holothuroidea, [567], [569];
in Elasipoda, [569];
in Molpadiida, [569];
in Dendrochirota, [569];
of calyx in Antedon rosacea, [582], [584], [585];
in Crinoidea, [588];
in Rhizocrinidae, [588], [590];
in Holopus, [592];
in Blastoidea, [599];
development, in Antedon rosacea, [619] f.
Radiolaria, [49], [50], [75] f.;
streaming of granules, [17];
brood-formation, [33], [85] f.;
regeneration, [35];
animal nutrition of, [40];
relations of, [49];
freshwater (= Heliozoa), [71];
shells and skeletons of, [77], [78], [80], [82] f., [84], [85];
symbiosis of Diatoms and yellow cells (= Zooxanthella) in, [82], [86] f., [125];
Dreyer's scheme of skeletal forms in meshes of an alveolar system, [84];
habitat, [87];
census of, [87];
palaeontology, [87];
students of, [88]
Radiolarian ooze, [87]
Radiomyaria, [324]
Radius, of Echinus esculentus, [503];
synonym of compass, [526];
of a Holothuroid, [562];
of Spatangoidea, [553];
of Antedon rosacea, [582];
of Promachocrinus, [594]
Rain, bloody, [125]
Rainey's tubes, [108]
Ramulina, [59]
Raspailia, [225]
Rastrites, [282]
Ratarula larva, [302]
Ratio (Spencer's) between bulk and surface of organism, [14], [23] f., [31] f.
Reactions, chemical, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, [13];
motile, of Protozoa, [19] f.
Receptaculites, [207]
Receptaculitidae, [207]
Rectal caeca, of Asterias rubens, [439];
of Asteroidea, [459];
of Astropecten, [459];
of Asterias, [459];
of Asterina, [459];
of Echinasteridae, [459];
of Astropectinidae, [459]
Rectum, of Asterias rubens, [439];
of Holothuria nigra, [563]
Red colour of sea, due to Dinoflagellata, [132]
Red Corals (= Coralliidae, [352])
Red marrow of bones, habitat of resting states of malarial parasites, [106] n.
Red snow, [125]
Redi, on reproduction of Blowflies, [42]
Reduction divisions, [75] n.;
of nucleus, [116] n.;
in Monocystis, [96];
in Coccidium, [100];
in Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Reef Corals, distribution of, [389]
Reefs, Coral-, [390];
barrier-, [390] f.;
fringing, [390] f.;
atolls, [390] f.
Regeneration, [35];
of Stentor, [35];
of Thalassicolla nucleata, [79] n.;
of Infusoria after division, [145];
of oral apparatus of Ciliata during conjugation, [151]
Regular Urchins, [529], [530] = Endocyclica, q.v.
Relapses of malarial fevers explained, [106]
Relapsing fever, inoculated by Zambezian Tick, [121] n.
Relationship, cellular, explained, [10]
Renilla, [340], [359], [360], [363];
R. reniformis, [363]
Renilleae, [363]
Renillidae, [363]
Reophax, [59]
Repellent stimuli, response to, [20] f.
of Actinophrys sol, [72];
of Radiolaria, [84] f.;
of Flagellata, [107];
of Choanoflagellates, [122];
of Opalina, [123] f.;
of Volvocidae, [126], [127] f., [129] f.
—see also Brood-division, Spore, Syngamy
Reproductive cells, [31]
—see also Gametes, Brood-cell
Reproductive organs—see Genital organs
accumulation of, [9], [13], [32] f.;
digestion of, [16];
consumption of, in brood-formation, [24], [32] f.;
-products, of brood-mother-cell, [32]
Reservoir of contractile vacuole, of Flagellates, [110], [115];
in Euglenaceae, [125];
of Vorticella, [157]
intramolecular, [14] n.;
in Asteroidea, [432];
in Asterias rubens, [437];
in Astropecten, [469];
in Porcellanasteridae, [470];
in Ophiothrix fragilis, [485];
in Echinus esculentus, [517], [527];
in Echinarachnius parma, [544], [547];
in Echinocardium cordatum, [551];
in Holothuria nigra, [563], [564], [566];
in Molpadiida, [575];
in Synaptida, [576];
in Antedon rosacea, [582];
in Cystoidea, [597] f.;
in Blastoidea, [600]
Respiratory tree, of Holothuria nigra, [563];
of Holothuroidea, [569];
of Aspidochirota, [569];
of Dendrochirota, [569], [572];
of Molpadiida, [569];
represented by caecum of Elasipoda, [569];
absent in Synaptida, [576];
in Pelagothuria, [572]
Response, [8]
Rest, of cell, [32];
vegetative and absolute contrasted, [37]
—see also Cyst, Encystment, Hypnocyst
Resting state of malarial parasites, [106] n.
Reticulate, structure of protoplasm, [6];
endoplasm of Cystoflagellates, [110];
of Loxodes and Trachelius, [144], [153] f.
Retiograptus, [282]
Retiolites, [282]
Retiolitidae, [282]
Retractor muscles, of Aristotle's lantern, [526];
of anterior part of body of Holothuroidea, [568];
of Dendrochirota, [568], [572]
Reusenapparat, [145]
Rhabdocrepid, [215], [224] (Crepis is the term applied to the fundamental spicule by deposition of silica upon which a desma is formed. A desma of which the crepis is uniaxial is called a rhabdocrepid desma)
Rhabdopleura, [617]
Rhabdosphaera, [110]
Rhabdospheres, [114]
Rheotaxy, [20] f.;
its rôle in syngamy of Mammals and Sauropsida, [34]
Rhipidodendron, [111], [112] f.
Rhizocrinidae, [588], [589], [590] f.
Rhizophysaliidae, [302], [308]
formation of chromidia, [29] f.;
relations, [48] f.;
literature, [58]
Rhizostoma, [325];
Rhizostomata, [310], [323], [324]
Rhizostomatidae, [325]
Rhodactidae, [383]
Rhodactis (Rhodactidae, [383]);
R. sancti-thomae, [373]
Rhodalia, [308]
Rhodophysa (sub-family Physophorinae, [308]), [300]
Rhodophyton, [349]
Rhodopsammia, [404]
Rhopilema, [325];
R. esculenta, [312];
R. verrucosa, [312]
Rhumbler, on Foraminifera, classification, [58] n.;
shell, [66] f.;
monstrous shells, [69] n.
Rhyncheta, [159] f., [160], [162]
Rhythm, of cell-life and reproduction, [30] f.;
of contractile vacuoles in Paramecium, [143] n.;
in life-cycle of Infusoria, [148] n.
Ricordea, [371]
Riisea, [355]
Ring-canal, of water-vascular system, [428];
of Asterias rubens, [441];
of Echinus esculentus, [517];
of Holothuria nigra, [566]
Robertson, on the habits of Echinocardium cordatum, [552]
Rock-urchins, [529]
Rodents, hosts of Trypanosoma lewisii, [119]
Roemer, [199] n.
Romanes, on physiology of Echinoidea, [519], [521]
Rompel, on Spirochona, [144] n.
Rosette, -aggregate, of Treponema, [120];
of Antedon rosacea, [584]
Ross, on intermediate host of malarial parasites, [103]
Rotaliaceae, [59]
Rotifers, bladder of, [14] n.;
rheotaxy of, [21];
distribution of, [48];
associated with Euglena viridis, [124];
formerly included under Infusoria, [136];
vibratile styles of, [141]
Rotula of Echinus esculentus, [526]
Rotula muscles of Aristotle's lantern, [526]
Roule, [408]
Royal Society, early publications on Protozoa, [45]
Ruminants, infested by Trypanosoma evansii, [119];
parasitic Ciliata in paunch of, [152]
Rumphius, [360]
Sacculus, of Antedon rosacea, [587];
of other species of Antedon, [588]
Sagartia, [372], [375], [381];
S. troglodytes, [378]
Sagartiidae, [381]
Sagittal, [185]
plane, [414];
costae, [416] n.
Salenia, [538];
S. varispina, [538]
Saleniidae, [530], [537], [558]
Salivary gland of gnat in relation to malarial parasites, [105]
Sand from sponges, a source of Foraminiferal tests, [62]
Sand, René, on Suctoria, [162]
Sand-dollar, [542]
Sand-urchin, [529]
Sanidaster (a modified euaster in which a slender rod-like axis bears spines at intervals along its length), [222]
Sapropelic Protozoa, [48]
Saprophyte, [33], [37], [90], [113], [119];
relation to brood-formation, [33]
Saprophytic, nutrition, [33], [37];
Sarasin, C. F. and P. B., on the madreporic vesicle and axial sinus of Echinoidea, [528];
on the relationships of the Echinothuriidae and Holothuroidea, [537]
Sarcocystis, [98];
S. tenella, [108] n.
Sarcode (Dujardin's term for protoplasm), [3] f.
Sarcodictyon, [344];
S. catenatum, [342]
Sarcodictyum, [79]
Sarcodina, relations of, [48] f., [49], [50] f.;
distinction from Flagellata, [109]
Sarcoflagellum, [80]
Sarcolemma of stalk-muscle of Vorticella, [157] n.
Sarcophyllum (Pennatulidae, [361]), [360]
Sarcophytum, [248], [330], [333], [347], [349]
Sarcosporidiaceae, [98], [108]
S. prolifera, [272];
S. siphonophora, [272]
Sauropsida, egg of, [34]
Schäfer, on mechanism of ciliary action, [18] n.
Schaudinn, on exogamy in Foraminifera and Trichosphaerium, [34] n.;
on Protozoa, [46];
Archiv für Protistenkunde, [46];
on chromidia in Sarcodina, [52] n.;
on Trichosphaerium sieboldi, [54], [56] f.;
on bud-fission in Rhizopoda, [55];
on syngamic processes of Rhizopoda, [57];
on reproduction in Foraminifera, [67], [69] n.;
on Heliozoa, [71];
on Sporozoa, [94];
on life-cycle of Coccidiidae, [99], [101];
on relations of Halteridium and Trypanosoma, [103] n., [116] n., [120];
on relations of Acystosporidae, [106];
on conjugation in Flagellates, [116] n.;
on Trypanosoma, [120];
on Treponema, [120];
Fauna Arctica, [199] n.;
on Haleremita, [257]
Schaudinnia arctica, [200]
Scheel, on brood-formation in Amoeba proteus, [56] n.
Schewiakoff, on protoplasmic granules, [6] n.;
on geographical distribution of fresh-water Protozoa, [47] n.
Schiemenz, on the way in which Starfish open bivalves, [440]
Schizaster, [556]
Schizogony, of Coccidiaceae, [99] f., [101] f.;
of Haemosporidae, [102];
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Schizogregarinidae, [97]
Schizont, [99];
of Acystosporidae, [103], [104] f.
Schizopathes, [408]
Schizophytes, relations of, [48]
Schizotricha (Ciliata), [138];
S. socialis, branched tube of, [152];
S. dichotoma (Plumulariidae, [279]), [276]
Schlumberger, on dimorphism of Foraminifera, [67]
Schneider, on Sporozoa, [94]
Schrammen, [215] n.
Schröter, on Myxomycetes, [93] n.
Schuberg, on cilia and ciliary motion, [18] n., [141] n.
Schultze, Max, on Protozoa and on protoplasm, [46];
on structure of Foraminifera, [62]
Schulze, F. E., on Heliozoa, [71];
on Sponges, [167], [197] n., [199], [200];
on Spongicola, [318]
Schütt, on Dinoflagellata ("Peridiniales"), [119], [132]
Scleroderm, [371]
Sclerogorgiidae, [351]
Sclerophytum, [330], [336], [348], [349];
S. querciforme, [348]
Scopula, [141] n.
Scuta buccalia, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [485]
Scutellidae, [549]
S. scorpaenae, Zooxanthella symbiotic in, [125]
Scyphistoma, [317]
Scyphomedusae, [310] f.
Scyphozoa, [310] f.;
colour, [310];
food, [311];
phosphorescence, [311];
reproduction, [316];
size, [310];
structure, [312];
symbiosis, [311]
Scytophorus, [380]
Sea, luminosity or phosphorescence, produced by Cystoflagellata, [132], [134];
by Dinoflagellata, [132];
red colour of, due to Dinoflagellata, [132]
Sea-anemones, [326], [365], [377]
Sea-cucumbers (= Holothuroidea), [561]
Sea-fans (= species of Gorgonacea), [350]
Sea-lilies (= Crinoidea), [580] f.
Sea-pansy, [364]
Sea-urchins(= Echinoidea), [503];
ovum of, [7]
Secondary body-cavity (= Coelom, q.v.)
Secondary spines, of Echinus esculentus, [506];
of Cidaridae, [532];
of Colobocentrotus, [532];
of Heterocentrotus, [532];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550]
Secretion, [13]
Segmentation, [32] n.;
of schizont of Acystosporidae, [104];
of oosperm, [104] f.;
of zygotomeres, [104] f.;
of reproductive cells of Volvox, [126], [127];
telolecithal, [133] n.
Semaeostomata, [323]
Semon, on the phylogeny of Echinodermata, [622]
Semper's larva, [405]
Senility in life-cycle of Ciliata, [148]
Senn, on Flagellates, [119]
Sense-organs of Metazoa, [40]
Sensory cilia, [141]
Septum, protoplasmic, in Dicystic Gregarines, [97], [98] f.;
calcareous, of Madreporaria, [370]
Seriatopora, [401]
Sertularia, [278];
S. abietina, [278]
Sertulariidae, [278]
Serumsporidium, [89]
Sex, binary (= syngamy with marked inequality between the pairing-cells), [33] f.;
of Pterocephalus, [99];
of Stylorhynchus, [99], [100];
of Coccidiaceae, [97] f., [99] f.;
of Haemosporidae, [102] f.;
of Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.;
of Volvocaceae, [128] f.;
of Eudorina, [129];
of Peritrichaceae, [151] f.
Sex, ternary, of Pandorina, [128] f.
Sexual fusion of Halteridium, [103], [105]
Sheath, tentacular, of Suctoria, [159]
Sheep, host of Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.
Shell, of Diatomaceae, [84];
of Foraminifera and of Rhizopoda—see Test;
of Radiolaria—see Skeleton;
cuticular, of Flagellates, [113]—see Theca;
siliceous reticulate, of Silicoflagellates, [110];
-substance of Foraminifera, [62];
of Polytrema, [62]
Shipley, [197] n.
Sickle-cells, sickle-germs, [48], [94] f., [97], [101];
of Lankesteria, [95];
of Sarcosporidiaceae, [108]
Side-plates, of arms of Crinoidea, [589];
of Pentacrinidae, [591];
of Comatulidae, [594]
Siderastraea, [373], [375], [403];
S. sideraea, [403]
Siebold, v., on Sporozoa, [94]
Siedlecki, on Sporozoa, [94];
on reproduction of Lankesteria, [96] n.;
on life-cycle of Coccidiidae, [99]
Sierra Leone, prophylaxis of malaria at, [106]
Sigma (a slender rod-like spicule curved in the shape of the letter C), [220], [222]
Sigmaspire (a slender rod-like spicule twisted through about a single revolution of a spiral, and consequently having the form of a C or an S according to the direction in which it is viewed), [222]
Siliceous plates, of test of Rhizopods, [29], [53] f.
Siliceous skeleton of Heliozoa, [71], [74];
of Radiolaria, [76] f.;
of Silicoflagellata, [110];
of Sponges, [171] f., [175] f., [195] f.
Silicified cell-wall of some Dinoflagellates, [130]
Silicoflagellata, [86], [110], [114]
Silkworm infested by disease pébrine, due to Nosema bombycis, [107]
Simpson, on life-cycle of Ciliata, [148] n.
Siphon, of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546], [547]
Siphonia, [215]
Siphonoglyph, [334], [334], [369], [410]
Siphonogorgia, [349]
Siphonogorgiidae, [349]
Siphonophora, [297] f.;
dactylozooids, [299];
food, [304];
gastrozooids, [299];
gonozooids, [302];
hydrophyllia, [300];
life-history, [302];
nectocalyces, [298];
pneumatophore, [300], [307] f.;
stolon, [301]
Siphonozooids, [332];
of Pennatulacea, [359]
Sipunculidae, [576]
Sipunculus, [563]
Skeleton, intermediate or supplemental of Perforate Foraminifera, [59], [63], [66];
of Raphidiophrys, [74];
of Radiolaria, [76] f., [77] f., [81] f., [84];
of Spumellaria, [77], [77], [83];
of Actinomma asteracanthion, [77];
of Acantharia, [76] f., [78], [80], [82];
of Xiphacantha, [78];
of Dorataspis, [80];
of Nassellaria, [76], [78], [82], [83];
of Lithocercus annularis, [82];
of Theoconus, [80];
of Phaeodaria, [76], [79], [82], [84], [85];
of Aulactinium actinastrum, [82];
of Challengeridae, [85];
of Pharyngella, [85];
of Haeckeliana, [85];
of Tuscarora, [85];
of Diatomaceae, [84];
gelatinous, of Volvox, [126];
—see also Shell, Test, Theca
—of Asterias rubens, [434] f.;
of disc of Ophiuroidea, [493];
internal, of Echinarachnius parma, [545], [548];
of Clypeastroidea, [548];
of Laganum, [548];
of Clypeaster, [548];
of Echinocyamus, [548];
of Echinanthidae, [549];
of Laganidae, [549];
of Holothuria nigra, [560];
of Holothuroidea, [569];
of Aspidochirota, [569];
of Dendrochirota, [569];
of Elasipoda, [569];
of Molpadiida, [569];
of Synaptida, [569];
calyx and arm in Crinoidea, [588]
Sladen, on classification of Asteroidea, [460]
Sleeping-sickness, [120]
Snow, red, [125]
Solaster, [453], [455], [463];
fossil, [475];
S. endeca, [463];
S. papposus, [463]
Solasteridae, [453], [455], [458], [462], [466]
Solenocaulon, [350]
Sollas, I. B. J., on Sponges, [163] f.
Sollas, W. J., on Sponges, [165] n., [168], [172] n., [176] n., [183] n., [207] n., [208], [212] n., [215] n., [216], [219] n., [233] n., [234] n., [238] n.;
on Palaeodiscus, [557]
Solmaridae, [296]
Soluble substances in greater or less concentration, effect on protoplasm, [7] f., [22] f.
Sore, Oriental, [121]
Spallanzani, on origin of organisms of putrefaction, [43]
Spanioplon, [223]
Sparshall's discovery of Noctiluca, [135]
Spatangoidea, [529], [549] f., [556], [559], [561], [577]
S. purpureus, [555];
S. raschi, [555]
Specialisation in Metazoa and Volvox compared, [129] f.
Specific gravity of living protoplasm, [13] n.
Spencer, Herbert, on limit of growth, [23]
Spencer, W. B., on Hydroids, [271] n., [279]
Spencerian, fission at limit of growth, [23];
rhythm, [30] f.
Sperm, Spermatozoon, [17], [31], [33] f.;
= spermogametes, [33];
penetration of ovum by, [34];
rheotaxy of, in Mammals and Sauropsida, [34];
of Sporozoa, [18];
of Pterocephalus, [99], [108] n.;
of Stylorhynchus, [99], [100];
of Coccidium, [100], [101] f.;
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.;
of Sarcocystis tenella, [108] n.;
of bisexual Protozoa and most Metazoa comparable with Flagellata, [109];
of Volvox globator, [127] f.;
of Eudorina, [129]
Spermatogone (= a brood-mother-cell, whose offspring are sperms) of Coccidiaceae, [100] f.;
of Volvox globator, [127] f.;
of Eudorina, [129];
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
—see also Sperm
Sperosoma, [536]
Sphaeractinia, [283]
Sphaerechinus, [539], [540], [541];
S. granularis, [541]
Sphaerella, [111];
S. lacustris, [126];
S. nivalis, [125];
geological occurrence of, [88]
Sphaeridium, of Strongylocentrotus, [523];
of Echinus esculentus, [524];
of Echinarachnius parma, [545];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [551]
Sphaeronectes, [306]
Sphaeronectinae, [306]
Sphaerozoea, [77] n.
Sphaerozoidae, [85]
Sphenopus, [404]
Spheraster (an aster in which the centrum is large, with a diameter equal to or greater than one-third the length of the actines), [233]
Sphere, [184]
Spicatae, [362]
Spicules, calcareous, of Coccolithophoridae, [114];
siliceous, of Heliozoa, [71], [74];
of Radiolaria, [83];
of Silicoflagellata, [110];
of Sponges, [170] f.;
composition, [170];
classification, [183];
forms of, [184], [222], [224];
development, [232];
of Alcyonaria, [334] f., [336]
Spindle, in cell-division by mitosis, [25] f.;
intranuclear, of Euglypha, [29]
Spines, of pelagic Foraminiferal shell, [66], [69];
of Globigerina bulloides, [69];
of Asteroidea, [454];
of arms of Ophiothrix fragilis, [479];
of arms of Ophiuroidea, [491];
of Echinus esculentus, [505] f.;
of Endocyclica, [531] f.;
of Cidaridae, [532];
of Arbaciidae, [532];
of Echinothuriidae, [532];
of Colobocentrotus, [532];
of Heterocentrotus, [532];
of Echinarachnius parma, [543];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550]
Spintharophora, [216], [217] f.
Spiral, of stalk and stalk-muscle in Vorticella, [156] f.;
ridge on tentacles of Suctoria, [160] f., [162]
Spiraster (a spire of one or more turns, produced on the outside into several spines), [222]
Spirochaeta (= Treponema, [111]), [120] f.;
"S." zeemannii, [120] f.;
S. obermeieri, [121]
Spirochona, [138];
adoral wreath of, [138] n.;
bud-fission of, [147]
supposed nervous fibrils in, [143]
Spongelia, [225]
Spongelidae, [220]
Sponges (= Porifera), [163] f.;
spicules, [170], [171], [172], [177] f., [183], [184], [187] f., [198] f., [222], [224], [231] f., [232];
canal system, [170], [171], [191], [198], [210], [235] f.;
physiology, [234] f.;
distribution, in space, [239];
in time, [241];
history, [166];
reproduction, [172], [226] f.;
nervous system, [39];
immune from Gregarines, [99];
relations to Protista, [41];
to Choanoflagellates, [122] f., [168], [181]
Sponge-sand, a source of Foraminiferal tests, [62]
Sponge-spicules, in arenaceous shell of Foraminifera, [64]
—see also Spicules
Spongicola (= Nausithoe), [206], [318];
S. fistularis, [317];
(a Decapod Crustacean), [206];
S. venusta, [206]
Spongidae, [220]
Spongilla, [217], [225], [230], [232], [237], [238];
S. lacustris, spicule, [232]
Spongioderma, [351]
Spongocardium gilchristi, [215]
Spongodes, [330], [335], [348], [349]
Spongophare, [210]
Spontaneous, generation, [42] f.;
rendered improbable by life-histories of Flagellates, [118];
—movements of Protista, [23]
Sporange (= a sac containing spores), of Myxomycetes, [91] f.;
of Didymium, [92];
of Actinomyxidiaceae, [98]
Spore, [31];
of Actinophrys, [72];
of Actinosphaerium, [73] f.;
of Acantharia, [86] n.;
of Myxomycetes, [90] f.;
of Didymium difforme, [92];
of Sporozoa, [94] f.;
of Gregarinidaceae, [97] f.;
of Lankesteria, [95];
of Gregarina blattarum, [98];
of Stylorhynchus, [100];
of Coccidiaceae, [97];
of Coccidiidae, [97];
of Coccidium schubergi, [101];
of malarial parasites, [104];
of Acystosporidae, [97];
of Myxosporidiaceae, [98], [107];
of Myxobolus mülleri, [107];
of Actinomyxidiaceae, [98];
of Sarcosporidiaceae, [98], [108];
of Bodo saltans, [117];
of Flagellates highly resistant to heat, [118]
—see also Oospore, Zoospores, Zygotospore
of Proteomyxa, [88];
of Bodo saltans, [117] f.
Sporoducts of Gregarina blattarum, [98] f.
Sporogony, [296]
Sporont of Gregarines, [98] f.
Sporozoa, [31], [33], [40], [48], [50], [94] f.;
formation of chromidia, [29] f.;
habitat, [48];
relations, [48] f.;
Acystosporidae most primitive group of, [106];
distinction from Flagellata, [109]
Sporozoite, [95] f.;
of Lankesteria, [95];
of Coccidiaceae, [99] f., [101];
of Haemosporidae, [102];
of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Sporulation, [31];
in Noctiluca, [133] f.;
= Brood-formation, q.v.
Springer, on classification of Crinoidea, [589]
Springing movements, of Flagellates Dallingeria, [114], and Bodo saltans, [114], [117];
of tailed Ciliata, [141] n.;
of Pleuronema, [154]
Spumellaria (Peripylaea), [76], [76] f., [77];
Spyroidea, [78]
Stalk or stem, of Clathrulina, [74];
of Flagellates, [112] f.;
of Anthophysa, [112];
of Diplomita, [112];
of Choanoflagellates, [121], [122];
of Monosiga, [122];
of Peritrichaceae, [141] n.;
of Schizotricha socialis, [152];
of Vorticella, [157];
of Carchesium, [158];
of Epistylis, [158];
of Zoothamnium, [158];
of Suctoria, [159], [160], [162];
of Crinoidea, [580];
of Antedon rosacea, [581], [585];
of Actinometra, [588];
of Rhizocrinidae, [588], [590];
of Pentacrinidae, [588], [591], [592];
of larva of Asterina gibbosa, [610];
of Brachiolaria, [612];
of larva of Antedon rosacea, [619];
of ancestral Crinoidea, [600];
of ancestral Echinodermata, [621]
in Zooxanthella, [86];
Starfish = Asteroidea, q.v.
Stationary pairing-nucleus, [150]
Statoplea, [279]
Statorhab in Geryonia, [252]
Stauractin, [234]
Stauromedusae, [310], [316], [320]
Steganophthalmata, [314]
Stein, von, on Protozoa, [45] f.;
misinterpretation of parasitic Suctoria in Ciliata, [161];
on Suctoria, [162]
Stelechotokea, [347]
Stelletta, [213], [214], [222]
Stem—see Stalk
Stem-ossicles, of Pentacrinidae, [588], [591];
of Rhizocrinidae, [588], [590];
of larva of Antedon rosacea, [619]
Stenoscyphidae, [321]
Stenoscyphus inabai, [321]
regeneration, [35];
supposed nervous fibrils, [143];
meganucleus, [144];
conjugation, [149];
attachment, [152];
S. coeruleus, [154];
S. igneus, [154];
S. polymorphus, young, and adult in fission, [156]
Stentorin, blue, [154] n.
Stephalia, [308]
S. superba, [307]
Stephanophyinae, [307]
Stephanophyllia, [404]
Stephanoscyphus, [318];
S. mirabilis, [206]
Stephoidea, [78] f.
Stereoplasm, [394]
Stereosoma, [331], [334], [337], [344]
Stereotaxy, [20]
Sterilisation of colonial cells in Volvox, [129]
Sternata, [554]
Sternum = Plastron, q.v.
Sterraster (an aster with very numerous actines soldered together by subsequently deposited silica, which extends almost to their extremities), [224]
Sterrula, [341]
Stewart's organs, of Cidaridae, [531];
of Echinothuriidae, [531];
of Diadematidae, [538]
Stichaster, [474]
Sticholonche, [86];
host of Amoebophrya, [161]
Stichopus, [570]
Stichotricha, [138]
Sticklebacks, prey on Anopheles, [106]
Stimuli, [8] f.;
inducing responsive movements, [19] f.
Stoichactis kenti, [378], [383]
Stolč, on Pelomyxa, [53] n.
Stolon, [301]
Stolonifera, [342]
Stomach, present in Metazoa, [38];
of gnats, seat of syngamy of Acystosporidae, [103], [104] f.;
of Asterias rubens, [438];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Holothuria nigra, [562];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
of Dipleurula, [605];
absent in Hyocrinus, [589]
Stomatoca (Tiaridae, [273]), [415]
Stomatograptus, [282]
Stomodaeum, of Anthozoa, [327];
of Ctenophora, [415];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Dipleurula, [605];
of metamorphosing Auricularia, [615];
of larva of Antedon, [619]
Stomolophus, [325]
Stony Corals, [326]
Strain-figure of cell dividing by mitosis, [25], [26], [27]
Strained condition of cytoplasm during syngamy, [34]
Streaming of granules in protoplasm, [17]
Streptocaulus, [277]
Streptophiurae, [491], [494], [500], [502]
Strobila, [317]
Stromacystis, [596]
Stromatopora, [283]
Stromatoporidae, [283]
Strombidium (Torquatella), [137], [155] n.
Strongylocentrotus, [512], [522], [533], [540];
S. droëbachiensis, [512], [523], [541];
S. lividus, [541];
S. purpuratus, [542]
Stryphnus ponderosus, [222]
Studer, [340]
S. abyssicola, [268];
S. minoi, [268];
S. spongicola, [268]
Stylasteridae, [285]
Stylasterina, [283]
Stylatula darwinii (Virgulariidae, [362]), [360]
Style, [284]
Stylocordyla stipitata, [216]
Stylonychia, [138] f.;
meganucleus of, [144];
syngamy of, [100]
Stylostichon, [225]
Sub-costal canals, [415]
Sub-tentacular canal of Antedon rosacea, [586]
Suberites, [219], [224], [230];
S. domuncula, [219]
Suberogorgia, [351]
Sucker(s), of Mesodinium, [152];
of Trachelius, [153] n.
Suction mechanism in Choanophrya, [159], [161]
Suctoria, [158] f., [160], [162];
animal nutrition of, [40]
Sugar, [15]
Sulculus, [369]
Sulcus, [369]
Supero-marginal ossicle of Asteroidea, [436]
Supplemental skeleton of Foraminifera, [63], [66]
Surface, protoplasmic movements in relation to a, [20]—see Thigmotaxy, Stereotaxy;
ratio of mass to, [14], [23] f.;
-tension in relation to protoplasmic movements, [17];
to penetration of ovum by sperm, [34]
Surra disease, [119]
Swarmers of Foraminifera, [67] f.;
of Dinoflagellates, [131]
—see also Zoospores
Sycettidae, [187]
S. carteri, [187];
S. coronatum, [187];
S. setosum, development, [188], [189], [231];
S. raphanus, development, [190], [226]
Symbiosis, [86], [125], [219];
Pelomyxa, [53];
Heliozoa, [73];
Acantharia, [80];
Ophrydium, [158];
Paramecium bursaria, [153];
Scyphidia scorpaenae, [125];
Stentor polymorphus, [154];
Vorticella sertulariae, [125];
Ephydatia fluviatilis, [175];
Convoluta, [73];
Millepora and Zooxanthellae, [261];
in Gymnoblastea, [268];
Lar and Sabella, [273];
Cannopora and Aulopora, [283];
in Scyphozoa, [311];
Alcyonaria and Zooxanthellae, [339];
Solenocaulon and Alpheus, [350];
Eunicella and Cirripede, [356];
Verrucella and Ophiurid, [357];
Pteroeides and Crab, [361];
Ptilosarcus and Hydroid, [361];
Zoantharia and Zooxanthellae, [373] f.;
Adamsia and hermit crabs, [377], [381];
Melia and Sea-anemone, [378];
Stoichactis and Amphiprion, [378];
Pocilloporidae and Hapalocarcinus, [402];
in Zoanthidae, [405]
—see also Zoochlorella, Zooxanthella
Sympodium, [583]
Sympodium, [344];
S. coralloides, [341]
Sympterura, [502]
Synalcyonacea, [342]
Synapta, [577];
S. similis, [429];
S. digitata, [576];
its larva, [608];
its pupa, [615];
S. inhaerens, [577]
Synapticula, [402];
of Eupsammiidae, [404]
Synaptida, [568], [569], [577], [578]
Syncoryne, [265], [272], [297]
Syngamy (= Conjugation), [33] f.;
Rhizopoda, [56] f.;
Radiolaria, [85];
Flagellates, [115] f.;
Chlamydomonadidae, [115] f., [125];
between resting-cells, [115] f.;
by a fertilising tube, [125];
Volvocaceae, [128] f.;
Suctoria, [161]
—Equal, exogamous, Trichosphaerium sieboldii, [54], [56];
Chlamydophrys stercorea, [57];
Foraminifera, [68] f.;
Actinophrys sol, [72];
Gregarines, [97] f.;
Lankesteria, [95];
Monocystis, [96];
Cercomonas dujardinii, [116] n.;
Lamblia, [116] n.;
Polytoma uvella, [116] n.;
Tetramitus rostratus, [116] n.;
Trichomonas, [116] n.;
Chlamydomonadidae, [125];
Dinoflagellates, [131];
Noctiluca, [133];
Ciliata, [148] f.
—Equal, endogamous, Amoeba coli, [57];
Actinosphaerium, [73] f.;
Stephanosphaera, [128]
—Unequal (binary, bisexual), Centropyxis aculeata, [57];
Radiolaria (?), [85];
Pterocephalus, [99];
Adelea ovata, [101];
Acystosporidae, [97], [104] f.;
Sarcosporidiaceae, [108];
Dallingeria drysdali, [116] n.;
Monas dallingeri, [116] n.;
Bodo saltans, [116] n., [117] f.;
B. caudatus, [116] n.;
Halteridium, [120];
Chlamydomonadidae, [125];
Volvox, [127] f.;
Pandorina morum (ternary), [128], [129];
Eudorina, [129];
Vorticella, [157]
Syphilis in relation to Treponema pallidum, [121]
Syringolites, [344]
Syringopora, [283], [329], [343], [344]
Syzygy (= association) of Gregarines, [99];
Tabulae, [257], [345], [385], [387]
Tail-like appendages, of certain Ciliata, [141] n.;
(spine) of Caenomorpha uniserialis, [154], [155]
Tamoya punctata, [319]
Tan-pits infested by Fuligo varians, [92]
Tapeworms, nutrition of, [38];
alternation of generations in, [44]
Tarsaster, [474]
Tealia = Urticina, q.v.
Tedania, [223]
Tegmen, of Crinoidea, [580];
of Antedon rosacea, [581], [585];
of Hyocrinus, [590];
of Articulata, [595];
of Camerata, [595]
Telestidae, [348]
T. prolifera, [347];
Telolecithal (= segmentation limited to one region of the oosperm owing to excess of yolk), [133] n.
Telosporidia, [97] f.
Temnopleurinae, [539]
Temperature, in relation to protoplasmic movements, [7];
to breeding, [47];
to fission of Ciliates, [148];
changes of, stimulus of, [19], [22];
maximum (Dallinger and Drysdale's experiments), [118]
Tentacles, of Actinobolus and Ileonema, [152];
of Suctoria, [158] f., [160], [162];
of Hydrozoa, [251] f.;
of Scyphozoa, [311] f.;
of Anthozoa, [327];
of Alcyonaria, [331] f.;
of Zoantharia, [366] f.;
of Ctenophora, [414] f.;
of Holothuroidea, [561] f.;
of Pelmatozoa (= podia), [579] f.
Tentacle-scale, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [480]
Tentacular (= transverse) plane, [414]
Tentaculata, [417]
Tentaculifera (= Suctoria), [159] f., [160], [162]
Tentaculozooids, [265]
Tentilla, [299]
Termites, Trichonymphidae parasitic in, [123]
Terrestrial Protozoa, [48]
Tertian fever, a parasitic disease, [104] f.
Test, classificatory value of, [51] n.;
of Euglypha, [29];
of Rhizopoda, [29], [53], [54], [55];
of Trichosphaerium sieboldii, [54];
of Arcella vulgaris, [55];
of Diffugia pyriformis, [55];
of Hyalosphenia lata, [55];
of Quadrula symmetrica, [55];
of Foraminifera, [58] f., [61], [63], [65], [67], [68], [69];
of Allogromidiaceae, [60];
of Microgromia socialis, [60];
of Lieberkühnia, [61];
of marine Foraminifera, [62] f.;
of Discorbina, [63];
of Frondicularia, [63];
of Globigerina, [63];
of Lagena, [63];
of Nodosaria, [63];
of Nummulites, [63];
of Planorbulina, [63];
of Saccammina, [63];
of Spiroloculina, [63];
of Allogromia, [65];
of Miliola, [65];
of Quinqueloculina, [65], [67];
of Rotalia, [65];
of Squamulina, [65];
of Biloculina, [67];
(gelatinous) of Nuclearia, [74];
of Chrysomonadaceae, [110], [113] f.;
(chitinous) of Tintinnidae, [152], [155]
—see also Shell, Skeleton, Theca
gemmule, [230];
T. lyncurium, [218]
Tetilla, [212], [213], [218], [233];
T. casula, [212];
Tetracoralla, [394]
Tetracrepid, [215]—see Rhabdocrepid
Tetractinellida, [211] f., [218], [231]
T. rostratus, gametes of, [116] n.
Texas fever, [120] f.
Textularia, [59];
Textulariaceae, [59]
Thalassianthidae, [383]
T. nucleata, regeneration, [79] n.
Thalassophysa, [77];
reproduction, [86] n.
Thamnograptus, [281]
Thamnostylus, [270]
Thaumactis, [382]
Thaumantias, [278]
Thaumantiidae, [278]
Thaumatocrinus, [588], [589], [594]
Thaumatomastix, [110]
Theca, of Flagellata, [112] f.;
of Dinobryon, [112];
(branched) of Rhipidodendron, [112];
(stalked) of Diplomita, [112];
of Salpingoeca, [122];
of Corals, [370]
—see also Shell, Skeleton, Test
Thecamoebae, [51] n.
Thecidae, [346]
Thecocarpus (Plumulariidae, [279]), [276]
Thélohan, on Sporozoa, [94]
Thenea wyvillei, [212]
Thermotaxy, [22]
Thigmotaxy, [20]
Thomson, Wyville, on Calcaromma, [83]
Thorax = second chamber of Monaxonic Radiolarian shell, [84]
Thyone, [573]
Tiara, [273]
Tiarechinidae, [557]
Tiarechinus, [557]
Tiaridae, [273]
Tick, intermediate host of Karyolysus, [102];
of Piroplasma, [120];
of Treponema, [121] n.;
Persian, [120];
Zambezian, [121] n.
Tick fever, [120]
Tiedemann's bodies, [442], [444], [458];
represented by so-called Polian vesicles of Echinus esculentus, [516]
Tinctin bodies, [161]
Tinerfe, [417]
Tintinnidae, [155];
tests of, [152]
Tintinnus, [137]
Tissues (definition), [3]
Tolerance, induced, of a higher temperature, [118]
Tone, [519]
Tooth, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [482];
of Echinus esculentus, [505], [524], [525];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546]
Tooth-papilla, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [482];
of Ophiocoma, [493];
of Ophiocomidae, [499]
Tornaria, [616]
Torquatella typica (= Strombidium), [155] n.
Torus angularis, of Ophiothrix fragilis, [482]
Toxa (= a bow-shaped spicule without spiral twist), [222]
Toxaspire (a spiral rod in which the twist a little exceeds a single revolution. The pitch of the spiral being great the spicule appears bow-shaped), [222]
Trabeculae, traversing ampullae of tube-feet of Echinus esculentus, [517];
traversing coelom of Echinarachnius parma, [545];
traversing coelom of Antedon rosacea, [585]
Tracheae of Chondrophoridae, [309]
T. ovum, [153];
endosarc of, [144]
galvanotaxy of, [22]
Trachomedusae, [288] f.
Trachynema, [294];
T. funerarium, [294]
Trachynemidae, [294]
Tragosia, [224]
Transverse fission, of Flagellata, [109] f.;
of Dinoflagellata, [110], [131];
of Polykrikos, [131];
of Ciliata, [147];
of Suctoria, [161]
Transverse flagellum and groove, in Dinoflagellata, [110], [130] f.;
multiple, in Polykrikos, [132]
Transverse (= tentacular) plane, [414]
Transverse section, of the arm of an Asteroid, [443];
of the arm of an Ophiuroid, [480];
of the radius of an Echinoid, [518];
of the radius of a Holothuroid, [562];
of body of a Holothuroid, [563];
of arm of Antedon, [586]
Trepang, [571]
T. obermeieri, [121];
T. pallidum, [121];
T. zeemannii, [120]
Triaxon, [184]
Trichaster, [501]
Trichasteridae, [501]
Trichites (hair-like spicules often occurring in sheaves or clusters), [234]
Trichocysts, [142] f.;
of Chloromonadaceae, [113] n.;
Mitrophanow on, [142] n.;
adoral, of Gymnostomaceae, [145]
Trichodragmata (a sheaf of straight spicules of hair-like fineness), [222]
Trichogorgia, [355]
conjugation, [116] n.;
T. vaginalis, [119]
Trichonympha, [111]
Trichonymphidae, [111], [123] f.;
flagella, [114]
Trichosphaerium, [51], [53] f.;
test, [53];
Trichostemma, [216]
Trichostomata, [137]
Tridactyle pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, [506], [507];
of E. acutus, [509];
of E. elegans, [510];
of Echinarachnius parma, [544]
Trifoliate pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, [507], [508];
of E. acutus, [509];
of E. alexandri, [510];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [550];
absent in Cidaridae, [534]
Trigonocidaris arbacina, [539]
Tripedalia cystophora, [319]
Tripedaliidae, [319]
Triplechinoid type of ambulacral plate, [531], [539]
Tripod, [83];
-shaped spicule of Radiolaria, [76]
Tripolis, [87]
Tripylaea, [76]
Trivium, of Echinarachnius parma, [543];
of Holothuria nigra, [561]
Trochammina, [59]
Trochocyathus, [399];
T. hastatus, [398]
Trochocystis, [597];
T. bohemicus, [597]
Trochoderma, [577]
Trochodota, [577]
Trochosmilia, [401]
Trochostoma, [575];
T. violaceum, [575]
Trophodisc, [284]
Trophozooid, [388]
Tropical Africa, Trypanosomic diseases of, [119] f.
Trout, black-spotted, destroyed by Hydra, [256] n.
Trypanosoma, [111], [115] f., [119] f., [120];
podoplast or blepharoplast of, [19] n., [109] n.;
undulating membrane of, [115];
Halteridium, a supposed state of, [103] n., [120];
affinities to Acystosporidae, [106];
T. brucei infests hoofed quadrupeds, [119];
T. evansii causes Surra disease in Ruminants, [119];
T. gambiense, cause of sleeping-sickness, [120];
T. lewisii, infests Rodents, [119];
T. noctuae, [120];
conjugation in, [116] n.
Trypanosomoid character of blasts of Acystosporidae, [106]
Tsetse Flies, intermediate hosts of Trypanosomes of Nagana and sleeping-sickness, [119] f.
Tube, of Phalansterium, [113];
of certain Ciliates, [152];
of Maryna socialis, [152];
of Schizotricha socialis, [152];
of Stentor, [154];
of Vorticellidae, [158];
fertilising in Chlamydomonas, [125]
Tube-foot, [428];
of Asterias rubens, [441] f.;
of Echinus esculentus, [517] f.;
of Endocyclica, [532];
of Arbaciidae, [532];
of Cidaridae, [532];
of Diadematidae, [532];
of Echinothuriidae, [532];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [551];
of Echinarachnius parma, [545], [546], [547];
of Palaeodiscus, [557];
of Holothuria nigra, [561]
Tubipora, [329], [336], [343], [344];
Tubiporidae, [344]
T. larynx, [263];
T. parasitica, [268]
Tubulariidae, [271]
Tumour, malignant, associated with Leydenia, [91]
Tunicata, [621]
Turbellaria, fresh-water, distribution of, [48];
symbiotic with Zoochlorella, [126]
Turbinaria, [396]
Turbinolia, [399]
Turbinoliidae, [398]
Tylostyle (a style in which a knob surrounds the origin), [224]
Tylotoxea (a rhabdus of which one actine is tylote or knobbed, the other oxeate, the latter directed towards the surface of the Sponge), [224]
Tyrosin, [15]
Uexküll, on function of pedicellariae of Echinus, [508];
on physiology of nervous system of Echinoidea, [519];
on vision of Echinoidea, [522];
on respiratory function of Aristotle's lantern, [527];
on pedicellariae of Sphaerechinus, [541]
Uintacrinus, [588]
Ulmaridae, [324]
Umbellula, [331], [359], [360], [363];
U. gracilis, [359]
Umbellulidae, [362]
Umbrella of Medusae, [251]
Uncinataria, [203]
Under arm-plate of Ophiuroidea, [491]
Under basal-plate of Crinoidea—see Infra-basal plate
Undulating membrane, of Flagellata, [111], [115], [123];
of Trypanosoma, [121];
of Dinenympha, [123];
of Stylonychia mytilus, [139] f.;
of Ciliata Trichostomata, [137] f., [145];
of Glaucoma, [153];
of Pleuronema chrysalis, [153], [154];
of Caenomorpha uniserialis, [155];
Unequal fission in Spirochona, [147]
Upper arm-plate, of Ophiuroidea, [491];
of Ophioteresis, [491];
absent in Cladophiurae, [491], [500]
Urechinidae, [554] n.
Urine, [13]
Ussov, [257] n.
Ute, [189], [190], [192], [221]
Vacuole, [5] f.;
of Collozoum inerme, [76];
of Oikomonas, [112];
contractile or pulsatile, [14] f.—see Contractile vacuole;
formative, [14] f.—see Alveole, Food-vacuole, Formative vacuole, Ingestion, vacuole of
Valvate, pedicellariae, of Antheneidae, [456], [471]
Vampyrella, [89]
Vaney, [292] n.
Variation in character of Foraminiferal shell at different stages of growth, [66]
Vegetative, growth, in coloured Flagellates, [115];
rest, [37]
Velata, [461], [464] f., [466]
V. spirans, [304]
Veley, Lilian, on Pelomyxa, [53] n.
Venus's Flower-basket (= Euplectella aspergillum), [197]
Venus's girdle, [420]
Veretilleae, [364]
Veretillum, [364]
Vermicles, of Gaule, a name for Lankesterella, [102]
Verrucae, [331]
Verrucella, [357];
V. guadaloupensis, [357]
Vertebra, of Ophiuroidea, [481], [491];
of Streptophiurae, [491], [494];
of Ophioteresis, [481], [491];
of Zygophiurae, [491];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [480];
of Ophiarachna, [481];
of Cladophiurae, [491], [500];
of Astroschema, [481];
of Gorgonocephalus, [491];
of Astrophyton, [491];
of fossil Ophiuroidea, [501], [502]
Vertebrates, cold-blooded, hosts of Haemosporidae, [102]
Verticilladeae, [363]
Verworn, on general physiology and protoplasm, [3] n.;
on protoplasmic movements, [16] n., [17];
on regeneration, [35] n.;
of Thalassicolla nucleata, [79] n.
Vesicular nucleus, [25]
Vestibule, of Peritrichaceae, [145];
of Carchesium, [146];
Vexillum, [421]
Vibratile styles of Rotifers, [141]
Villogorgia, [356]
V. juncea, [360];
V. mirabilis, [362];
Virgulariidae, [362]
Vision, of Asteroidea, [446];
of Echinoidea, [522]
Vital forces, [12] f.;
processes, [11] f.
Vitreous Foraminifera, [58], [62]
Voluntary muscles of Mammals infested by Sarcosporidiaceae, [108]
Volvocaceae, [110], [111], [125] f.;
literature of, [119]
Volvocidae, [111], [126] f., [127], [129];
theca, [113]
Volvox, plasmic cell connexions of, [37] n.;
a true vegetable Protist, [130];
V. globator, [127] f.
Vorticella, [138], [155] f., [157];
V. sertulariae, symbiotic Zooxanthella in, [125]
Vorticellidae, [157] f.;
fission, [158];
colonies, [158]
Vosmaer, [187] n., [212], [234] n., [237]
Wager, on Euglenaceae, [125]
Wagner, [256] n.
Wallich, on Protozoa, [45]
W. flemmingi, [206];
W. leuckarti, [206]
Wasielewski, on Sporozoa, [94] n.
Water in protoplasm, [12]
Water-Fleas, Vorticellidae found on, [158];
rheotaxy of (small Crustacea), [21]
Water-vascular system, [428];
of Asterias rubens, [441];
of Asteroidea, [457];
of Ophiothrix fragilis, [486];
of Echinus esculentus, [516];
of Echinarachnius parma, [546];
of Echinocardium cordatum, [551];
of Holothuria nigra, [564];
of Holothuroidea, [568];
of Synaptida, [568];
of Molpadiida, [568];
of Elasipoda, [568];
of Psolus, [569];
of Antedon rosacea, [583];
of Carpoidea, [597]
White Ants, hosts of Trichonymphidae, [123]
White Man's Grave, [106]
Wille, on Volvocaceae, [119]
Willey, [194] n., [248], [421], [422]
Williams, on density of living protoplasm, [13] n.
Williamson, on structure of Foraminifera, [62]
Wilson, on protoplasm, [3] n.;
on syngamy, [34] n.
Wilson, on Sponges, [171], [231]
Woltereck, [302]
Wolters, on reproduction of Monocystis, [96] n.
Woodcock, on association and conjugation in Gregarines, [99] n.;
on Haemoflagellates (= Trypanosomidae), [119] n.
Worms, Earth-, hosts of Monocystis, [95]
Wreath, adoral, peristomial, of cilia or membranellae of Ciliata Trichostomata, [137] f.;
of Stylonychia mytilus, [139] f.;
of Metopus, [154];
of Caenomorpha uniserialis, [155];
posterior, of Vorticella, [156], [157]
Wrightella, [351]
Wrisburg, on organisms of putrefaction, [43]
Würmchen, of Gaule, a name for Lankesterella, [102]
Xenaster, [476]
Xenia, [331], [335], [346], [348]
Xeniidae, [348]
Xenospongia patelliformis, [216]
Xiphigorgia, [357]
Yaws, [121] n.
Yellow-cells (= Zooxanthella), [80], [86], [125], [261], [373], [396]
Yolk-granules of ovum of Sea-urchin, [7]
Young state of one pairing-nucleus essential, [34]
Yvesia, [224]
Zambezian Tick, infects man with Treponema, [121] n.
Zaphrentidae, [406]
Zaphrentis, [407]
Zederbauer, on syngamy in Dinoflagellates, [131] n.
Zittel, [241] n.
age, [375];
food, [373];
form, [366];
gonads, [369];
mesenteric filaments, [369];
reproduction, [371];
skeleton, [370];
stomodaeum, [369];
tentacles, [366]
Zoanthidae, [404]
Zoanthus, [405];
Z. macgillivrayi, [406];
Z. sulcatus, [406]
Zonarial Radiolaria, [75]
Zoochlorella, [111];
a Chlamydomonad, [126];
symbiotic, in Heliozoa, [73];
in Paramecium bursaria, [153];
in Stentor polymorphus, [154];
in Ophrydium, [158];
in Ephydatia, [175];
in Hydra viridis (= chlorophyll corpuscles), [256]
Zooids of Volvox globator, [127]
Zoosporeae, [89]
Zoospores, of Algae and Fungi, possess contractile vacuole, [15];
of Lower Plants, [17] f.;
of Sarcodina, [49];
of Trichosphaerium, [54];
of Microgromia socialis, [60];
of Foraminifera, [67] f.;
of Clathrulina, [73];
of Radiolaria, [85] f.;
of Zooxanthella, [86];
of Acrasieae, [90];
of Didymium, [92];
of Paramoeba eilhardii, [116] n.
Zooxanthella, [110];
a Chrysomonad, [125];
in Vorticella sertulariae, [125];
in Millepora, [261];
in Zoantharia, [373] f.;
in Madrepores, [396]
Zopf, on Monadineae (Flagellates and Proteomyxa), [40]
Zoroaster, [474]
Zostera, [422]
Zygophiurae, [491], [494], [495] f., [502]
Zygophylax, [280]
Zygote, [37] f.;
Amoeba coli, [57];
Centropyxis aculeata, [57];
Chlamydophrys stercorea, [57];
Foraminifera, [69];
Actinophrys sol, [72];
Actinosphaerium, [75];
Gregarinidaceae, [95] f., [97];
Acystosporidae, [97], [104] f.;
Flagellata, [116] n., [117] f.;
Bodo saltans, [117] f.;
Dinoflagellata, [131] n.;
Ciliata, [148] f.
—see also Coupled cell, Fertilised egg, Ookinete, Oosperm, Oospore, Zygotospore
Zygotoblasts of Acystosporidae, [104] f.
Zygotomeres (= naked spores of Acystosporidae), [104] f.
Zygotonucleus (= Fusion-nucleus, a nucleus formed by fusion of two gametonuclei), [33] f.
Zygotospore (= resting zygote), [97]
Zykoff, [178]
Zymase (= chemical ferment), [15];
in relation to brood-division, [32] f.
END OF VOL. I
Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.
For detailed studies of protoplasm see Delage, Hérédité, 2nd ed. 1903; Henneguy, Leçons sur la Cellule, 1896; Verworn, General Physiology, English ed. 1899; Wilson, The Cell in Development and Inheritance, 2nd ed. 1900. All these books contain full bibliographies.
As we shall see later, it is by no means easy to separate sharply Protozoa and Protophyta, the lowest animals and the lowest plants; and therefore in our preliminary survey to designate lowly forms of life, not formed of the aggregation of differentiated cells, we shall employ the useful term "Protista," introduced by Haeckel to designate such beings at large, without reference to this difficult problem of separation into animals and plants (see also p. [35] f.).
The "micron," represented by the Greek letter µ, is 1⁄1000 mm., very nearly 1⁄25,000 of an inch, and is the unit of length commonly adopted for microscopic measurements.
A solid substratum is required, to which the lower surface adheres slightly: that movement is complicated by a sort of rolling over of the upper surface, constantly prolonging the front of the pseudopodium, while the material of the lower surface is brought up behind. H. S. Jennings, Contr. to the Study and Behaviour of the Lower Organisms, 1904, pt. vi. p. 129 f., "The Movements and Reactions of Amoeba."
If the protoplasm contains visible granules, as it usually does, within a clear external layer, we see that these stream constantly forwards along the central axis of each process as it forms, and backwards just within the clear layer all round, like a fountain playing in a bell-jar. This motion is most marked when a new pseudopodium is put forth, and ceases when it has attained full dimensions.
We use as a corresponding adjective the term "plasmic."
For the study of the structure of protoplasm under the microscope it is necessary to examine it in very thin layers, such as can for the most part be obtained only by mechanical methods (section-cutting, etc.). These methods, again, can only be applied to fixed specimens, for natural death is followed by rapid changes, and notably by softening, which makes the tissue less suitable for our methods. We further bring out and make obvious pre-existing differentiations of our specimens by various methods of staining with such dyes as logwood and cochineal and their derivatives, and coal-tar pigments (see also p. [11] n.).
In many Protista these granules have been shown by Schewiakoff, in Z. wiss. Zool. lvii. 1893, p. 32, to consist of a calcium phosphate, probably Ca3P2O8.
It is not always possible to tell how much of these structures represents what existed in life (see p. [11]).
The chromatin and nucleoles are especially rich in phosphorus, probably in the combination nucleinic acid.
In chemical phrase the process is "exothermic."
The growth of crystals is a mere superficial deposit, and cannot at all be identified with protoplasmic growth.
A. Bolles Lee, in his Microtomist's Vade Mecum, 1st ed. (1885), pointed out that "Clearing reagents are liquids whose primary function is to make microscopic preparations transparent by penetrating amongst the highly refractive elements of which the tissues are composed, having an index of refraction not greatly inferior to that of the tissues to be cleared" (p. [213]). We showed later ("The State in which Water exists in Live Protoplasm," in Rep. Brit. Ass. 1889, p. 645, and Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1890, p. 441) that since the refractivity of living protoplasm is only 1.363-1.368, it follows that the water in the living protoplasm is in a state of perfect physical combination, like the water of a solution of gum [read a "mucilage">[ or of a jelly. Now the phenomena of protoplasmic motions as studied in the Rhizopoda and in the vegetable cell, seem absolutely to preclude the jelly supposition, and for these cases we must admit that living protoplasm is a viscid liquid whose refractivity is probably the mean of the two constituents separated by death, the one solid, the other a watery solution: and death is for us essentially a process of precipitation (or better, "desolution"). For further work on these lines see Hardy in Journ. Physiol. vol. xxiv. 1899, p. 158, and Fischer, Fixirung u. Färbung, 1900.
In its original use "automatism" designates the continuous sequence and combination of actions, without external interference, performed by complex machines designed and made for specific ends by intelligent beings: thus we speak correctly of "automatic ball bearings" that tighten of themselves when they become loose; but even these cannot take up fresh steel and redeposit it, either to replace the worn parts or to strengthen a tube that is bending under a stress.
Proteids are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, of which white of egg (albumen) is a familiar type. Nucleo-proteids are compounds of proteids with nucleinic acid, which in addition to the above elements contain phosphorus.
The specific gravity of living protoplasm has been estimated by determining the density of a solution of gum in which certain Infusoria float freely at any depth. It was found by the concurrent results of Julia B. Platt and Stephen R. Williams (see Amer. Natural. xxxiii. 1899, p. 31, xxxiv. 1900, p. 95) to be from 1.014 to 1.019, while the Metazoon Hydra was found to give a density of only 1.0095 to 1.0115. The difference of about 0.006, it is easy to show, is of the correct "order of magnitude," if we admit that the actual substance of the Hydra has about the same specific gravity as the Infusorian, while the density of the whole is lightened by the watery contents of the internal cavity, etc. Jensen obtained a much higher result for Paramecium, using a solution of the crystalloid substance, potassium carbonate; but it is almost certain that this would be readily absorbed by the organism, and so raise its density in the course of the experiment.
Energy may be derived from the mere splitting up of complex substances within the cell: when such a splitting involves the liberation of CO2 the process is (mis-)called "intramolecular respiration."
A similar organ, but with cellular walls, is the bladder of the Rotifers and certain Platyhelminthes, in connexion with their renal system (vol. ii. pp. 53, 199, and especially pp. 213-5).
In Rep. Brit. Ass. 1888, p. 714; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), iii. 1889, p. 64. This view has been fully worked out, mainly on Ciliates, by Degen in Bot. Zeit. lxiii. Abt. 1. 1905.
See Hartog, "On Multiple Cell-division, as compared with Bi-partition as Herbert Spencer's limit of growth," in Rep. Brit. Ass. 1896, p. 833; "On a Peptic Zymase in Young Embryos," ibid. 1900, p. 786; "Some Problems of Reproduction," ii. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvii. 1904, p. 583.
"On the Digestive Ferment of a large Protozoon." Rep. Brit. Ass. 1893, p. 801.
See for studies of the movements of Protoplasm, Berthold, Protoplasmamechanik (1886); Bütschli, Investigations on Microscopic Foams and on Protoplasm, English ed. 1894; Verworn, General Physiology, 1899; Le Dantec, La Matière Vivante, 1893?; and Jensen, "Unters. ueb. Protoplasmamechanik," in Arch. Ges. Phys. lxxxvii. 1901, p. 361; Davenport, Experimental Morphology, i. 1897; H. S. Jennings, Contr. etc. 1904.
The terms "expansion" and "contraction" refer only to the superficial area: it is very doubtful whether the volume alters during these changes.
For discussions on the mechanism of ciliary action, see Schäfer, Anat. Anz. xxiv. 1904, p. 497, xxvi. 1905, p. 517; Schuberg, Arch. Protist. vi. 1905, p. 85.
Like the line of most rapid growth in a circumnutating plant-stem.
A similar body lies at the centre to which the axial filaments of the radiating pseudopodia of the Heliozoa converge, and might be termed by parity a "podoplast"; but "centrosome" is a convenient general term to include all such bodies. It is clearly of nuclear origin in Trypanosoma (Fig. 39, p. [120]).
See for development of this view W. M‘Dougall in Journ. Anal. Physiol. xxxi. 1897, pp. 410, 539. I put it forward in the first draft of this essay in 1894.
The best general account is to be found in Davenport, Experimental Morphology, 1897.
See Jennings in Woods Holl. Biol. Lect. 1899, p. 93.
It is not always easy to distinguish these two classes of phenomena.
Jennings, in his studies on Reactions to Stimuli in Unicellular Organisms (1899-1900), has shown that whatever be the nature of the repellent stimulus, chemical or mechanical or thermal, the reaction of Paramecium and many other Protista is always the same. It swims backward a short distance, turns towards the aboral surface, and then having thus reversed swims on again in the new direction, front foremost as before. Apparent "positive taxies" are often really negative ones; for if the Paramecium be placed in water containing CO2 it shows the reaction not on entering the part charged with this acid, but on passing away from it into purer water, so that it continually tends to turn back into the acid part, while within it or in the water at a distance not yet charged it swims about irregularly. It appears due to this that the individuals become aggregated together, as they excrete this gas into the water. If a repellent substance diffuse towards the hinder end of a Paramecium, the response, instead of carrying it away, brings it into the region of greater concentration, and may thus kill it.
"Galvanotaxis and Chemotaxis," Journ. of Physiol. vol. xxvi. 1900-1901, p. 291.
Let us take the case of a 1-centimetre cube, growing to the size of a 2-centimetre cube. The superficial area of the 1 cm. cube measures 6 square centimetres, and its bulk is 1 cubic centimetre. The superficial area of the 2-centimetre cube measures 24 square centimetres, while its volume measures 8 cubic centimetres. Thus the larger cube has only 3 cm. sq. of surface to every cubic cm. of volume, instead of 6; in other words, the ratio of surface to volume has been halved by growth. Three successive bipartitions of the larger cube will divide it into eight separate 1-centimetre cubes, each now possessing the original ratio of surface to volume.
The nucleus is regarded by some as equivalent to a central nervous organ for the cell; by others, such as G. Mann and Verworn, as the chief chemical centre of the cell, and notably the seat of the secretion of the zymases or ferments that play so important a part in its life-work; for it is found that a Protist deprived of its nucleus can execute its wonted movements, but can neither digest nor grow. This conclusion may appear to be rather sweeping and premature, but we have seen that the changes of surface tension are the direct antecedents of the motions of the cytoplasm, we know that such changes are induced by chemical changes; and thus the nucleus—if it be the central laboratory to which such changes are ultimately due—would really in a certain sense be a directive centre.
The term "resting" is very ill-chosen, for even superficial observation shows that the relative position and characters of the internal structures of such a nucleus are constantly changing with the vital activities and functions of the cell.
For a detailed study of the nucleus in Protista, see Calkins in Arch. Protistenk. vol. ii. 1903.
The "centriole" is a minute granule sometimes recognisable in the centre of the centrosphere, and undergoing fission in advance. But centrosomes are often found without a distinction into centrosphere and centriole, and there is much confusion in the use of the terms.
The origin of the centrosomes is a problem not yet certainly solved, if indeed it be susceptible of any universal solution. They are certainly absent in many plants; and, on the other hand, structures which correspond to them often appear in mitotic divisions of Protista. In some cases the centrosomes are undoubtedly of nuclear origin, and pass out through the nuclear wall into the cytoplasm.
Though the forces at work in the dividing cell are similar in their effects to such physical forces as magnetism, static electricity, and even capillarity, and models utilising such physical forces have been devised to represent the strain-figures of the cell, the cell forces are distinct from any known physical force. For discussions of the nature of the forces at work, with bibliographies, see Angel Gallardo, Interpretatión Dinámica de la División Celular, 1902; Rhumbler, in Arch. Entw. xvi. 1903, p. 476; Hartog, C.R. cxxxviii. 1904, p. 1525, and "On the Dual Force of the Dividing-cell," pt. i. Proc. Roy. Soc. 1905 B, lxxvi. p. 548.
See Th. Boveri, Ergebnisse ueb. d. Konstitution d. chromatischen Substanz des Zellkerns (1903), for the most recent defence of this view. He lays, however (p. 2), far more stress on the individuality of the segments themselves than on the actual chromatin material they contain.
The fact that it is by mitotic division that the undifferentiated germ-cells produce the "differentiated" tissue-cells of the body of the highest animals, is again irreconcilable with such theories, whose chief advocates have been A. Weismann and his disciples.
Temporary plastogamy is a process found in some Foraminifera, where two organisms unite by their cytoplasms so that there can be complete blending of these, while the nuclei remain distinct: they ultimately separate again. In the conjugation of the Infusoria, the union of the cytoplasms is a temporary plastogamy (see p. [148] f.).
See Figs. 9, 29, 31, 34, etc., pp. [54], [89], [95], [101].
One obvious effect of brood-formation is to augment rapidly the ratio of superficial area to bulk: after only three divisions (p. [23], note) the ratio is doubled; if the divisions be nine in succession so as to produce a brood of 512, the ratio is increased eightfold, on the supposition that the figure is preserved. However, the brood-mother-cell is usually spherical, while zoospores are mostly elongated, thus giving an additional increase to the surface, which we may correlate with that increased activity; so that they disseminate the species, spreading far and wide, and justifying the name of "spore" in its primitive sense (from the Greek σπείρω—I scatter [seed]).
This condition may be protracted in the segmentation of the egg of certain Higher Animals, such as Peripatus (Vol. V. p. 20). It is clearly only a secondary and derived condition.
The usual antecedent of change in the condition of the egg is "fertilisation"—its conjugation with the sperm; but this is not invariable; and a transitory sojourn of certain marine eggs in a liquid containing other substances than sea-water may induce the egg on its return to its native habitat to segment and develop. This has been mistermed "Chemical fertilisation," discovered within the last six years by Jacques Loeb, and already the subject of an enormous literature.
See Hartog in Rep. Brit. Ass. 1896, p. 933, 1900, p. 786.
Commonly called "fertilisation," or "sexual union," inadequate and misleading terms.
For details see Hartog, "Some Problems of Reproduction," Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. p. 1, xlvii. p. 583; and Ann. Biol. vol. iv. (1895) 1897; E. B. Wilson, Yves Delage, and Henneguy (references on p. [3], note); and for a singularly clear and full treatment of the processes in Protozoa, Arnold Lang, Lehrb. d. Vergl. Anat. 2nd ed. Lief. 2, "Protozoa," 1900.
This phenomenon, which we have termed "exogamy," is common in Protophyta; it has been clearly demonstrated by Schaudinn in Foraminifera and the Lobose Rhizopod Trichosphaerium (p. [53] f. Fig. 9), and by Pringsheim in the Volvocine Pandorina (p. [128] f. Fig. 45). It is quite independent of the differentiation of binary sex.
Other modes of syngamy, such as karyogamy and plastogamy, we shall discuss below, pp. [69], [148]; see also p. [30].
See Gruber in Biol. Centralb. iv. p. 710, v. p. 137 (1884-6), in Ber. Ges. Freiburg, i. ii. 1886-7; Verworn (reference on p. 16); F. R. Lillie in Journ. Morph. xii. 1896, p. 239; Nussbaum in Arch. mikr. Anat. xxvi. 1886, p. 485; Balbiani in Recueil Zool. Suisse, v. 1888, in Zool. Anz. 1891, pp. 312, 323, in Arch. Microgr. iv. v. 1892-3. For Higher Organisms especially see T. H. Morgan, Regeneration, 1901.
Whence the antiseptic powers of such aromatic alcohols as phenol and thymol, and acids as salicylic acid, etc., and their salts and esters.
The portion of the spectrum that is operative in "holophytic" nutrition is the red or less refrangible half, and notably those rays in the true red, which are absorbed by the green pigment chlorophyll, and so give a dark band in the red of its absorption spectrum. The more refrangible half of the spectrum, so active on silver salts, that it is usually said to consist of "chemical rays," is not only inoperative, but has a destructive action on the pigments themselves, and even on the protoplasm. Chlorophyll is present in all cases even when more or less modified or masked by the accompaniment of other pigments.
Similarly, threads unite the cells of the colonial plant—Flagellate Volvox, passing through the thick gelatinous cell-wall (pp. [126-127], Fig. 44).
Pigments soluble in the ordinary solvents of fats, such as ether, benzol, chloroform, etc.
We have ourselves had hard work to persuade intelligent men of fair general education, even belonging to a learned profession, that this is not the case.
Dr. H. Charlton Bastian has recently maintained a contrary thesis (The Nature and Origin of Living Matter, 1905), but has adduced no evidence likely to convince any one familiar with the continuous life-study of the lower organisms.
The terms "organoid," "organella," have been introduced to designate a definite portion of a Protist specialised for a definite function; the term "organ" being reserved for a similarly specialised group of cells or tissues in a Metazoon or Metaphyte. We do not consider that this distinction warrants the introduction of new words into the terminology of general Zoology, however convenient these may be in an essay on the particular question involved.
This has been especially the case with the Flagellata, the Proteomyxa, and the Mycetozoa.
Lang distinguishes "lobopodia," "filopodia," and "pseudopodia" according to their form,—blunt, thread-like, or anastomosing. In some cases the protoplasm shows a gliding motion as a whole without any distinct pseudopodium, as in Amoeba limax (Fig. 1, p. [5]), and a pseudopodium may pass into a thin, active flagellum, which is, however, glutinous and serves for the capture of prey: such often occurs in the Lobosa Podostoma and Arcuothrix, which are possibly two names for one species or at least one genus; and in many cases a slender pseudopodium may be waved freely.
See Schewiakoff, "Ueb. d. Geograph. Verbreitung d. Süsswasserprotozoen," in Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. ser. 7, xli. 1893, No. 8. His views apply to most minute aquatic organisms—Animal, Vegetable, or Protistic.
See E. R. Lankester, art. "Protozoa" in Encycl. Brit. 9th ed. (1885), reprinted with additions in "Zoological Articles." We cannot accept his primary division into Corticata and Gymnomyxa, which would split up the Flagellata and mark off the Gregarines from the other Sporozoa.
On this ground I have referred Paramoeba, Greeff, to the Cryptomonadineae.
Differences (1) from Foraminifera; (2) from Heliozoa; (3) from Proteomyxa and Sporozoa; (4) from Myxomycetes; (5) from many Foraminifera.
I have not followed the usual classification into Gymnamoebae and Thecamoebae, according to the absence or presence of a test (perforated by one or more openings) in the active state, as such a test occurs in isolated genera of Flagellata and Infusoria, and does not appear to have any great systematic importance.
The significance of chromidia in Sarcodina (first noted by Schaudinn in Foraminifera) was fully recognised and generalised by R. Hertwig in Arch. Protist. i. 1902, p. 1.
Stolč in Z. wiss. Zool. lxviii. 1900, p. 625. Lilian Veley, however, gives reasons for regarding them as of proteid composition, J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) xxix. 1905, p. 374 f. They disappear when the Pelomyxa is starved or supplied with only proteid food.
This genus contains two sausage-shaped, blueish-green plastids, possibly symbiotic Cyanophyceous Algae.
See Lauterborn in Z. wiss. Zool. lix. 1895, pp. 167, 537.
C. Scheel has seen Amoeba proteus produce a brood of 500-600 young amoebulae, which he reared to full size (in Festschr. f. Kupffer, 1899).
Arb. Kais. Gesundheitsamte Berlin, xix. 1903.
Faune Rhizopodique du Bassin du Léman, 1902. See also Cash, The British Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa, vol. i., Ray Society, 1905.
Chapman, The Foraminifera, London, 1902; Lister, "Foraminifera" in Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, pt. i. fasc. 2, 1903.
Challenger Reports (Zool.), vol. ix. 1884.
In Lankester's Treat. Zool. pt. i. fasc. 1. For other classifications see Eimer and Fickert in Z. wiss. Zool. lxv. 1899; Rhumbler in Lang's Protozoa, 1901; and for a full synopsis of genera and species, "Systematische Zusammenstellung der recenten Reticulosae" (pt. i. only), in Arch. Prot. iii. 1903-4, p. 181.
The type of Dujardin's genus Gromia is G. oviformis = Hyalopus dujardinii, M. Sch., which is one of the Filosa.
This convenient name is due to my friend Dr. A. Kemna of Antwerp.
The name Foraminifera was used to express the fact that the chambers communicated by pores, not by a tubular siphon as in Nautiloidea and Ammonoidea (Vol. III. pp. 393, 396).
Which probably accounts for the earlier failure of Lister and of Schaudinn himself to note their conjugation.
Rhumbler, "Die Doppelschalen v. Orbitolites u. and. Foraminiferen," in Arch. Protist. i. 1902, p. 193.
The alleged Archaean genus Eozoon, founded by Carpenter and Dawson on structures found in the Lower Laurentian serpentines (ophicalcites), and referred to the close proximity of Nummulites, has been claimed as of purely mineral structure by the petrologists; and recent biologists have admitted this claim.
Possibly composed of the same proteid, "acanthin," that forms spicules of greater permanence in the Acantharia among the Radiolaria (p. [75] f. Figs. 24, 25, A).
Such divisions into functional and abortive sister nuclei are termed "reducing divisions," and are not infrequent in the formation of pairing-cells, especially oospheres of Metazoa, where the process is termed the maturation of the ovum.
Besides these genera enumerated by Schaudinn, we include Dimorpha Gruber (Fig. 37 5, p. [112]), Mastigophrys Frenzel, Ciliophrys Cienk., and Actinomonas usually referred to Flagellates.
K. Brandt, in Arch. Prot. i. 1902, p. 59, regards the presence of spicules as not even of generic moment, and subdivides the Collodaria into two families—Collida (solitary), and Sphaerozoea, colonial, i.e. with numerous central capsules.
Dreyer adds an additional order—Sphaeropylida, distinguished by a basal (or a basal and an apical) pylome.
Verworn has shown that Thalassicolla nucleata can, when the exoplasm is removed from the central capsule, regenerate it completely. First a delicate exoplasm gives off numerous fine radiating pseudopodia, and the jelly is re-formed at their bases, and carries them farther out from the central capsule. See General Physiology (Engl. ed. 1899), p. 379.
The pigment is singularly resistant and insoluble, and shows no proteid reaction. Borgert states that it appears to be formed in the oral part of the endoplasm, and to pass through the astropyle into the ectoplasm, where it accumulates. It is probably a product of excretion, and may serve, by its retention, indirectly to augment the surface. See Borgert, "Ueb. die Fortpflanzung der tripyleen Radiolarien" in Zool. Jahrb. Anat. xiv. 1900, p. 203.
Dreyer has shown that in many cases it may be explained by geometrical considerations. V. Häcker has written a most valuable account of the Biological relations of the skeleton of Radiolaria in Jen. Zeitschr. xxxix. 1904, p. 297.
Zool. Jahrb. Anat. xiv. 1900, p. 203.
Porta has described reproduction by spores and by budding in Acantharia, Rend. R. Ist. Lomb. xxxiv. 1901 (ex Journ. R. Micr. Soc. 1903, p. 45). In Thalassophysa and its allies zoospore reproduction appears to be replaced by a process in which the central capsule loses its membrane, elongates, becomes multinuclear, and ultimately breaks up into the nucleate portions, each annexing an envelope of ectoplasm to become a new individual (see Arch. Prot. vol. i. 1902).
Brandt, "Die Koloniebildenden Radiolarien," in Fauna u. Flora des Golfes v. Neapel, xiii. 1885, gives a full account of the Zooxanthellae and Diatoms, and notes the parasitism of Hyperia.
See Köppen in Zool. Anz. xvii. 1894, p. 417. For Sticholonche, see R. Hertwig in Jena. Zeitsch. xi. 1877, p. 324; and Korotneff in Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. li. 1891, p. 613. Borgert's paper on Dictyochidae is in the same volume, p. 629.
Most of Haeckel's Monera, described as non-nucleate, belong here. Several have been proved to be nucleate, and to be rightly placed here; and all require renewed study.
Even the Acystosporidiae have sickle-germs (blasts) in the insect host.
See Zopf, Beitr. Nied. Org. ii. 1892, p. 36, iv. 1894, p. 60, for the doubtful genus Chlamydomyxa; Hieronymus, abstracted by Jenkinson, in Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xiii. 1899; Penard, Arch. Protist. iv. 1904, p. 296.
The name "aethalium" is now always used in this sense.
The group was monographed by Schröter in Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, I. Teil, Abt. 1, 1897. See also A. Lister's Monograph of the Mycetozoa, 1894; Massee, Monog. of the Myxogastres, 1893; Sir Edward and Agnes Fry, The Mycetozoa, 1899; and Massee MacBride, The North American Slime Moulds, 1899.
Several monographs of the group have been published recently dealing with the group from a systematic point of view, including their relation to their hosts. Wasielewski, "Sporozoenkunde" (1896); Labbé, "Sporozoa" (in Tierreich, 1899). Doflein's "Protozoen als Parasiten und Krankheitserreger" (1901) contains most valuable information of the diseases produced by these and other Protozoic hosts. Minchin's Monograph in Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, pt. i. fasc. 2 (1903), is a full account of the class, and admirable in every way.
For its reactions see Bütschli, Arch. Protist. vii. 1906, p. 197.
The cuticle in the allied genus Lankesteria, which is the form we figure on p. [95], is perforated by a terminal pore, through which the clear plasma of the sarcocyte may protrude as a pseudopodium.
This account is taken from Cuénot (in Arch. de Biol. 1900, p. 49), which confirms Siedlecki's account of the process in the allied genus Lankesteria in Bull. Acad. Cracow, 1899. Wolters's previous description, assimilating the processes to those of Actinophrys, is by these authors explained as the result of imperfect preservation of his material.
See p. [120].
See Caullery and Mesnil, "Rech. sur les Actinomyxidies," Arch. Bot. vi. 1905, p. 272 f.
Léger, Arch. Zool. Exp. sér. 3, x. and sér. 4, v. (1902-3); for a full discussion of the relations of association and conjugation in Gregarines, see Woodcock in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. l. 1906, p. 61 f.
A Lithobius is figured in Vol. V. p. 45.
The schizont forms of some species, before the invariable alternation of schizogony and sporogony had been made out clearly, were regarded as "monogenic" genera, under the names of Eimeria, A. Schn., and Pfeifferella, Labbé; while those in which the formation of spores containing sickles had been clearly seen were termed "digenic." Labbé's monograph, "Die Sporozoen," in the Tierreich, is unfortunately written from this point of view, which had already become doubtful, and is now demonstrated to be erroneous, chiefly by the labours of Schaudinn and Siedlecki.
A species has been described, however, in the blood of the Indian Gerbille (Gerbillus indicus), completing the sexual process in the Louse of its host. A figure of G. aegyptius will be found in Vol. X. (1902) p. 475.
There is no difference between a mosquito (little fly) and a gnat, both names are applied indiscriminately to thin-bodied Diptera of the group Nemocera which attack man; only the females bite (see Vol. VI. pp. 466-468).
Regarded by Schaudinn as a state of the Flagellate Trypanosoma (p. [119] f.).
In Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xliv. 1901, p. 429.
It would seem that resting-cells, i.e. the crescents and corresponding spheres, of Laverania and Haemamoeba may linger during months of apparent health in the spleen and red marrow of the bones; and that these by parthenogenesis produce sporozoites and determine relapses when, owing to a lowering of the general health, conditions favourable to new sporulation occur.
Léger and Duboscq have found that Sarcocystis tenella, a parasite common in the muscles of the sheep (and rarely found in man), has a conjugation and sexual process recalling that of Stylorhynchus, save that the sperms are much smaller than the ova (C.R. 1902, i. p. 1148).
The alleged micronucleus of certain forms appears to be merely a "blepharoplast" (see p. [19]); even when of nuclear origin, as in Trypanosoma, it has no function in reproduction like the micronucleus of Infusoria (see pp. [115], [120] f.).
Dimorpha is now referred to Heliozoa (p. [70]).
I.e. resembling the thread-like water Algae.
Trichocysts (see p. [142]) occur in some Chloromonadaceae; and the Dinoflagellate Polykrikos possesses true nematocysts (see p. [131]).
For a full monograph of this family see H. Lohmann, in Arch. f. Protistenkunde, vol. i. 1902, p. 89.
Delage has well explained the action of the single anterior flagellum which waves in a continuous spiral like a loaded string whirled round one's head; it thus induces a movement of the water, beyond its actual range, backwards and outwards, maintained by a constant influx from behind, which carries the cell onward at the same time that it necessarily rotates round its axis. If there is a pair of symmetrically placed flagella they co-operate like the arms of a swimmer; when the second flagellum is unilateral the motion is most erratic, as seen in the Bodonidae (and the zoospores of many Chytridieae, which have most of the characters of the Flagellates, though habitually removed to the Fungi).
The colouring matter is chlorophyll or some allied colouring matter. In the yellow and brown forms the additional pigment is termed loosely "diatomin," but its identity with that of Diatoms is in no case proved.
Notably in the Craspedomonadidae, where transverse division also occurs. See Raoul Francé, Die Craspedomonadineen (Buda-Pesth, 1897).
And also in the "Monads," described by Dallinger and Drysdale, see above.
In Cercomonas dujardinii, Polytoma uvella, and Tetramitus rostratus the gametes resemble the ordinary forms and are isogamous. In Monas dallingeri and Bodo caudatus conjugation takes place between one of the ordinary form and size and another similar but smaller. In Dallingeria drysdali the one has the ordinary size and form, the other is equal in size, but has only one flagellum, not three; in Bodo saltans they are unequal, the larger gamete arising in the ordinary way by longitudinal fission, the smaller by transverse division. Doubt has been thrown on the validity of our authors' results by subsequent observers abroad; but I can find no evidence that these have even attempted to repeat the English observations under the same severely critical conditions, and therefore consider the attacks so far unjustified. Schaudinn has observed conjugation between Trichomonas individuals which have lost their flagella and become amoeboid; also in Lamblia intestinalis and in Trypanosoma (Halteridium?) noctuae (Fig. 39) "Reduction-divisions" (see p. [75], note 1) of the nuclei take place before fusion, and the nuclear phenomena are described as "complicated" (Arb. Kais. Gesundheitsamte, xx. 1904, p. 387). Paramoeba eilhardii in its adult state is colourless, amoeboid, multiciliate. It forms a brood cyst, from which are liberated flagellate zoospores, with a chromatophore, which reproduce by longitudinal fission in this state. They may also conjugate.
In P.R.S. xxvii. 1878, p. 332.
In Z. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 353.
1. Teil, Abt. 1. a, 1900.
In the Chlorophyceae, 1. Teil, Abt. 2, 1897.
1. Teil, Abt. 1. b, 1896.
Besides the above, Dangeard, in various papers in his periodical Le Botaniste, has treated of most of the groups, and Raoul Francé has monographed the Polytomeae in the Jahrb. wiss. Bot. xxvi. 1894, p. 295, and Dill the genus Chlamydomonas, etc., its closest allies, in op. cit. xxviii. 1895, p. 323.
For a detailed abstract of our knowledge of Trypanosoma and its allies up to Feb. 1, 1906, see Woodcock, "The Haemoflagellates," in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. 1. 1906, p. 151.
Doubts still subsist as to the interpretation of Schaudinn's observations.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvi. 1902.
A Zambezian Tick infects man with a Treponema, producing relapsing-fever; another species is found in the tropical disease "framboesia" ("yaws" or "parangi").
Stated by Geza Entz and Raoul Francé to be due to the spiral twisting of a plasmic membrane, and to be like a cone formed by twisting paper, with the free edges overlapping.
Discovered by Leidy. For the most recent description of this group see Grassi and Sandias in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxix. (figures) and xl. p. 1 (text), 1897.
Bezzenberger has given an analytical table of the eleven known species of the genus Opalina in Arch. Protist. iii. 1903, p. 138.
Such movements, permissible by the perfectly flexible but firm pellicle, are termed "metabolic" or "euglenoid" in contradistinction to "amoeboid." They also occur in many Sporozoa.
Within which is often harboured the Rotifer, Proales parasita, Vol. II. p. 227.
In the Adinidae there is no groove; the two lashes arise close together, and the one is coiled round the base of the other.
In Unt. Inst. Tübingen, i. 1883, p. 233.
Conjugation of adults has been observed by Zederbauer (Ber. Deutsch. Ges. xxii. 1904). A short connecting tube is formed by the meeting of outgrowths from either mate; their protoplasmic contents meet and fuse herein to form a spherical resting-spore, as in the Conjugate Algae.
According to Bergh, Polykrikos has as many nuclei as grooves, each accompanied by one or more "micronuclei." Possibly these latter bodies are merely blepharoplasts, in connexion with the transverse flagella.
Engler and Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, 1. Teil, Abt. 1, 1896.
The luminous genus, Pyrocystis (Fig. 47), regarded as a Cystoflagellate by Wyville Thomson, has a cellulose wall, no mouth, and in the zoospore state has the two flagella in longitudinal and transverse grooves of the Dinoflagellata.
This process has the character of telolecithal segmentation in a Metazoan egg.
See Doflein, in Zool. Jahrb. Anat. xiv. 1900, p. 1.
London, 1753, 402-403.
On this account Hickson has termed the group "Heterokaryota" in Lankester's Treat. Zool. i. fasc. 1, 1903.
See Baker, Employment for the Microscope, ed. 2, 1758.
Saville Kent's valuable Manual of the Infusoria (1880-1882), which gives figures of every genus and descriptions of every species known at that date, includes the Flagellates in its scope.
Orders 1 and 2 constitute together the Holotricha of Stein; Bütschli regards 3 to 6 as sections of Spirotrocha.
Dextrorse in all but Lichnophora and Spirochona.
Each membranella is a transversely elongated oval in reality, and below it is a double row of basal granules, corresponding to the individual cilia that constitute it. Similarly, the undulating membranes have a single row of basal granules.
Tail-like appendages are found in Scaphiodon and in Dysteria and its allies (Gymnostomaceae), Urocentrum (Aspirotrichaceae), Discomorpha and Caenomorpha (Heterotrichaceae). In the first two and last two cases they are prolongations of the body; in the third an aggregate of cilia. One or more long caudal setiform cilia are present in the genera Lembadion, Pleuronema, Cyclidium, Lembus, Cinetochilum, Ancistrum, and Uronema; all these are addicted to making springing darts. Tufts of cilia of exceptional character often serve for temporary attachment. The stalk (or at least its external tube) of the Peritrichaceae appears to be the chitinous excretion of a zone of such cilia. Fauré-Fremiet terms such a zone or annular brush a "scopula" ("Struct. de l'app. fixateur chez les Vorticellides," Arch. Protist. vi. 1905, p. 207). For a discussion of the finer structure of the cilia in Ciliata, and the mechanism of their action, see Schuberg, Arch. Protist. vi. 1905, p. 61.
See Mitrophanow "Sur les Trichocystes ... du Paramoecium," Arch. Protist. v. 1904, p. 78.
The "neurophane" fibrils of Neresheimer, Arch. Protist. ii. 1903, p. 305 f.
Sometimes the number of afferent canals is limited to five (Paramecium), or even one. There may be one or more contractile vacuoles, and in the latter case the different ones have an independent rhythm.
It is from such conclusive cases that the universal character of a discharge to the surface has been inferred in the rest of Protista possessing this organ.
Gruber (Ber. Ges. Freib. 1888) has shown that in several marine Ciliata the meganucleus is represented by an enormous number of minute granules disseminated through the endosarc, which, on the approach of fission, unite into a single meganucleus. As an adjacent micronucleus makes its appearance at this stage, he infers that the micronucleus must be also resolved in the intermediate life of the cell into granules too small for recognition under the highest magnification attainable, and that they must then coalesce.
In the peculiar Peritrichan Spirochona the division of the meganucleus is a much more complex process than usual, and recalls that of the undifferentiated nuclei of many Rhizopods (see Rompel in Z. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 618). Opalina has neither mouth nor anus, nor contractile vacuole, but a large number of similar nuclei, that divide by a true mitotic process, like micronuclei. We have referred it (pp. [114], [123]) to the Flagellates, next to the Trichonymphidae.
Save the Opalinopsidae, which are usually termed "Opalinidae"; but which cannot retain the latter name on the removal of the genus Opalina to the Flagellates.
Phil. Trans. clxxxv. 1895, pp. 355 f.
Arch. Zool. Exp. (2) vi. vii. 1888-1889.
Calkins has recently found that the vitality within a cycle is rhythmical, with alternations of more and of less frequent fissions, under the same set of conditions; and that minute doses of beef-tea or various mineral salts will not only keep up the higher rate, but even stave off senescence. Minute doses of alcohol will keep up the higher rate, but not avert senescence. He considers that Maupas' generalisations are in most respects too sweeping (Arch. Entw. xv. 1902, p. 139). But Dr. James Y. Simpson informs me that the possibility of stimulative regeneration has been found to be limited. See also Calkins and Lieb, Arch. Prot. i. 1902, p. 355.
As inferred by Hickson from the prolongation of the union.
When there are at the outset two or more micronuclei all undergo the first two fissions, but only one undergoes the third.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxiii. 1880, p. 439.
Bezzenberger has given a key to the species of these two genera in Arch. Prot. iii. 1903, pp. 149, 157.
We note that Lacrymaria is prolonged in front into a long, slender flexible "neck," with the mouth terminal. This swan-like conformation is "mimicked" by Dileptus and Lionotus, where the neck, like the prostomium of worms, is a mere extension of the front of the body above and beyond the mouth; all three swim with peculiar grace. Trachelius (Fig. 56) has a distinct cup-shaped sucker behind the mouth, and is remarkable, like Loxodes, for the branching disposition of its endosarc.
The pigment of this species has been examined and described by Lankester under the name of "blue stentorin" (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xii. 1873).
For a full account of Caenomorpha, Metopus, and allied forms, see Levander, Beitr. z. Kenntn. einiger Ciliaten, Dissert. Helsingfors, 1894.
Torquatella typica, described by Lankester as possessing a continuous undulating membrane for its peristomial wreath, is identified by Bütschli as a Strombidium, possessing exceptionally large membranellae.
Outside the principal wreath is another of fine cilia ("paroral"), standing out at an angle.
Covered with a rather lax structureless membrane (sarcolemma), which is spirally wrinkled when the muscle contracts. I am unable to verify Geza Entz's observations, adopted by Calkins and Delage.
Of the composition of cellulose (Halliburton, in Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxv. 1885, p. 445).
As does the Hypotrichan Kerona polyporum.
Permanently ciliate in Hypocoma and Suctorella.
In this case the débris of the live prey torn up by the Cyclops on which they live.
The spiral ridge figured by Hertwig (Fig. 61, 1. c) is probably an incorrect representation of this structure, exceedingly minute in all genera but Choanophrya.
In Choanophrya I have failed to find any pore, and believe the bud-formation to be strictly endogenous.
See Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. xlv. 1902, p. 325.
In Journ. Coll. Sc. Japan, x. 1896.
Étude monographique sur le groupe des Tentaculifères, Ann. Soc. Belge Micr. xxiv.-xxvi. 1901.
To Professor W. J. Sollas, Sc.D., F.R.S., who undertook to write the chapters on Porifera when the work was first planned, the Author and the Editors are indebted for his kind assistance in reading and criticising this article.
Rarities belonging to the Royal Society preserved at Gresham College, 1686.
Gerarde's Herbal, enlarged and revised by Thomas Johnson, 1636, p. 1587.
Phil. Trans. lv. p. 280.
Histoire Phys. de la Mer, 1725.
Mem. Boston Soc. i. 1867, p. 305.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxi. 1878, p. 262.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii. 1884, p. 381.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 612.
The name was coined by Dr. Fleming from χάλιξ "silex" and χόνδρος "cartilage," and as these roots could only give Chalic-chondria it is not surprising that those who have not referred to Dr. Fleming's statements give the derivation as ἅλς "sea" and χόνδρος.
Monograph of British Sponges, vol. iii. pl. xxxix.-xl. For revision of nomenclature in this Monograph, see Hanitsch, Tr. Liverp. Biol. Soc. viii. 1894, p. 173.
Journ. Physiol. ix. 1888, p. 1.
Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xx. 1877, p. 285; Bütschli, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xix. 1901, p. 236.
Minchin, "Sponges" in Treatise on Zoology, edited by E. Ray Lankester, p. 87. See also Bidder, Proc. Roy. Soc. li. 1892, p. 474.
Zool. Jahrb. Anat. vii. 1894.
Materials for the Study of Variation, 1894, p. 30.
Arch. de Zool. Exp. (2) x. 1892, pp. 345-498. On the general subject of adhesion of species, see Bowerbank, Brit. Ass. Rep. 1857, p. 11, who quotes Grant as the first to observe the phenomenon.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxii. 1882, p. 229.
But see Gamble and Keeble, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvii. 1904, p. 363, who show that various green animals really owe their colour to "algae," though the infection with the "alga" is difficult to detect because it takes place by means of a colourless cell. See also Zoochlorella, on p. [126].
Sollas, Tr. Dublin Soc. (2) iii. 1884, p. 87.
Arch. Naturg. lix. 1893, p. 246.
Weltner, Blatt. Aquar. Fr. vii. 1896, p. 277, and "Spongillidenstudien," Arch. Naturg. ii. 1893, p. 271.
Evans, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xliv. 1900, p. 72.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), x. 1882, p. 365.
P. Ac. Philad. 1887, pp. 158-278.
Evans, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 363.
Francé, Organismus der Craspedomonaden, Budapest, 1897, p. 217.
Sollas, Encyclopædia Britannica, art. "Sponges," 1887.
Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iii. 1879, p. 23; Challenger Report, vol. xxv. pt. lxiii. 1888, p. lii.
Minchin, Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, pt. ii. 1900.
Minchin, loc. cit. p. 110.
Bidder, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxii. 1891, p. 631, and Minchin, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892, p. 266.
Minchin, Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, p. 30.
Vosmaer and Pekelharing, Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, (2) vi. 3, 1898, p. 1.
Dendy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxv. 1894, p. 230.
Maas, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxvii. 1899-1900, p. 215.
"Die Kalkschwämme," 1871.
Dendy. loc. cit. p. 159.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 127.
Doederlein, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat. x. 1896, p. 15, pl. ii. and iii.
Hinde, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. lvi. 1900, p. 50.
Hinde, Tr. R. Micr. Soc. 1904, p. 3.
Počta, Bull. Acad. Bohème, 1903.
J. J. Lister in Willey's Zoological Results, pt. iv. 1900, p. 459.
Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1896, p. 119.
Arch. Zool. Exp. (3) iii. 1895, p. 561, pl. xxiii.
F. E. Schulze, Challenger Monograph, xxi.
Chun, "Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres," 1900, p. 481.
Shipley, "Fauna of the Antarctic Regions." See also p. [216].
J. Coll. Japan, xv. 1901, pp. 128, 147, 190.
Fauna Arctica (Roemer and Schaudinn), i. 1900, p. 84; and Sitzb. Akad. Berlin, 1899, p. 98.
Sollas, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1880, p. 362.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xl. 1884, p. 795.
"Monograph British Fossil Sponges," Palaeont. Soc. xl. and xli. 1887 and 1888.
Sollas, Challenger Monograph, xxv. 1888.
Marine Investigations in South Africa, i. 1902, p. 224.
Cf. Sollas, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1887, art. "Sponges," and Schrammen, Mitth. Mus. Hildesheim, 14, 1901.
Sollas, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxiii. 1877, p. 790.
Ridley and Dendy, Challenger Monograph, lix. 1887.
Ibid. p. 262; cf. also p. [197].
Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xli. 1901, p. 477.
Loisel, J. de l'Anat. et Phys. xxxiv. 1898, p. 1.
R. v. Lendenfeld, Acta Ac. German. lxix. 1896, p. 22.
Challenger Report, lix. 1887, p. 214.
Topsent, Zoologie Descriptive, i.; also Cotte, C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1902, pp. 638-639.
Topsent, Arch. Zool. Exp. (3) viii. 1900, p. 36.
Sollas, Challenger Monograph, xxv. pt. lxiii. 1888, p. lxxxix.
Topsent, Arch. Zool. Exp. (3) viii. 1900, p. 226. For an account of certain very remarkable structures termed diaphragms in Cliona mucronata and C. ensifera, see Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. 1878, p. 54.
R. von Lendenfeld, Monograph of Horny Sponges, 1889, p. 831.
Cf. Minchin in E. Ray Lankester's Treatise, p. 77.
Maas, Zool. Centralbl. v. 1898, p. 581.
Arch. Zool. Exp. viii. 1879, p. 59.
"Biological Lectures, Wood's Holl," 1894, p. 43.
F. E. Schulze, Zool. Anz. ii. 1879, p. 636.
Maas, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxx. 1901, p. 263.
Maas, loc. cit. p. 284.
J. Coll. Japan, xv. 1901, p. 180.
Perkins, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. xxi. 1902, p. 87.
For details of this interesting process see Minchin, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xl. 1898, p. 469.
Maas, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxvii. 1900, p. 225.
Maas, SB. Ak. München, xxx. 1900, p. 553, and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxx. 1901, p. 265; see also Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) ix. 1880, p. 401.
Sollas, Challenger Monograph, xxv. 1888, p. xlv.
Sollas, ibid. pp. 13 and 34, pl. v.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lii. 1891, p. 294.
I. Sollas, P. Zool. Soc. London, ii. 1902, p. 215.
Sollas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) ix. 1880, p. 402.
Bowerbank, and also Vosmaer and Pekelharing, Verh. Ak. Amsterdam (2) vi. 3, 1898.
J. Coll. Japan, xv. 1901, p. 193.
Vosmaer and Pekelharing, Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, 1898.
See Bidder, P. Camb. Soc. vi. 1888, p. 183; Sollas, Challenger Monograph, xxv. 1883, pp. xviii.-xxi.; and Vosmaer and Pekelharing, loc. cit.
Carter and Lieberkühn in 1856, Haeckel in 1872, Metschnikoff in 1879, and many later workers.
Die Kalkschwämme, 1872, i. p. 372.
J. Anat. Physiol. 1898, pp. 1, 6, 234.
Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (7) xxvi. 1878, p. 10.
Sollas, Challenger Report, xxv. pt. lxiii. p. lxxxviii.
Vergl. Physiologie d. niederen Thiere, 1903, p. 441.
For further details see Zittel, Lehrbuch der Palaeontologie, and Felix Bernard, Eléments de Palaeontologie, 1894.
For further details see Sollas, "The Formation of Flints," in The Age of the Earth, 1905, p. 131.
Willey's Zool. Results, pt. ii. 1899, p. 127.
Murbach, Archiv f. Naturg. lx. Bd. i. 1894, p. 217.
G. H. Grosvenor, Proc. Roy. Soc. lxxii. 1903, p. 462.
H. Jung, Morph. Jahrb. viii. 1881, p. 339.
Verh. Ver. Rheinland, xlix. 1893, pp. 13, 14, 40, 41.
For an account of the development and of the chitinous membrane see A. Brauer, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lii. 1891, p. 9.
Trembley, Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire d'un genre de Polypes d'eau douce, 1744.
G. Wagner, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlviii. 1905, p. 589.
See p. [126].
Hydra pallida, Beardsley, has been found to be very destructive to the fry of the Black-spotted Trout in Colorado, U.S. Fish. Rep. Bull. 1902, p. 158.
For figures of Protohydra see Chun, Bronn's Thier-Reich, "Coelenterata," 1894, Bd. ii. pl. ii.
Sitzber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin, ix. 1894, p. 226.
M. Ussov, Morph. Jahrb. xii. 1887, p. 137.
This organism is usually described as a fungus (Achlya), but it is probably a green Alga. See J. E. Duerden, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. xvi. 1902, p. 323.
Bibl. Univ. de Genève, Arch. des Sciences, v. 1859, p. 80.
Phil. Trans. cxlvii. 1876, p. 117.
S. J. Hickson, Willey's Zool. Results, pt. ii. 1899, p. 127.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlii. 1899, p. 341.
"Gymnoblastic Hydroids," Ray Society, 1871, p. 359.
Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 74.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) x. 1892, p. 207.
Fewkes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xiii. 1887, p. 224.
Hartlaub, Wiss. Meeresunt. deutsch. Meere in Kiel N.F.I. 1894, p. 1.
Carter, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xix. 1877, p. 44; (5) i. 1878, p. 298.
The aberrant genus Hypolytus (p. [262]) may belong to this family.
Spencer, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. 1892, p. 8.
Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, xiii. 1900, p. 235 (with a beautiful coloured illustration).
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 818.
Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lxiii. 1898, p. 489.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlvi. 1902, p. 1.
Zool. Zentralbl. x. 1903, p. 27.
For a discussion of the origin of the polysiphonic stem in Calyptoblastea see Nutting, "American Hydroids," Smithsonian Institution Special Bulletin, pt. i. 1900, p. 4.
Loc. cit. p. 33.
The term "sarcostyle" is usually applied to the dactylozooid of the Calyptoblastea.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1890, p. 121.
See C. C. Nutting, Proc. U.S. National Museum, xxi. 1899, p. 747.
E. T. Browne, Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1903, iv. p. 18.
Cf. Schepotieff, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineralogie, 1905, ii. pp. 79-98.
S. J. Hickson and H. England, Siboga Exped. viii. 1904, p. 26.
"Life-History of the Hydromedusae," Mem. Boston Soc. iii. 1885, p. 359.
Journ. Morph. xi. 1895, p. 493.
H. F. Perkins, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. Nov. 1902, p. 773.
E. T. Browne, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 495.
Mark Anniversary Volume, New York, 1903, p. 1.
C. Vaney et A. Conte, Zool. Anz. xxiv. 1901, p. 533.
S. Goto, l.c.
G. H. Fowler, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxx. 1890, p. 507.
Limnocnida has recently been discovered by Budgett in the river Niger. See Browne, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvii. 1906, p. 304.
"The Tanganyika Problem," 1903, p. 298.
Cf. Boulenger, Presidential Address to Section D of the British Association (Cape Town, 1905).
C. Hartlaub, Verhandl. Deutsch. Zool. Ges. 1896, p. 3.
Abh. Senckenb. Ges. xvi. 1891, p. 44.
This gas is frequently called air. The gas contained in the pneumatophore of Physalia was analysed by Schloessing and Richard, C. R. cxxii. 1896, p. 615, and found to consist of CO2, 1.7 parts, O 15.1, nitrogen and argon, 83.2.
The chemical composition of the substance here called "chitin" has not been accurately determined. An analysis of two specimens of Velella bladders gave 9.71 and 10.35 per cent of nitrogen, which is higher than that of chitin and nearer to that of mucin.
Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 1904, p. 347.
Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. x. 1891, p. 91.
C. Chun, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges. Frankfort, xvi. 1891.
Brooks and Conklin, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. x. 1891, No. 88.
C. E. Borchgrevink, "First on the Antarctic Continent," 1901, p. 227.
M. J. Delap, Irish Naturalist, x. 1901, p. 27.
E. W. L. Holt, Report on the Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland for 1902, pt. ii. 1903, p. xvi.
F. W. Gamble. See E. T. Browne, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 1900, p. 735.
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxxii. 1, 1898.
ἀκαλήφη = a nettle.
Biometrika, i. 1901, p. 90.
K. Kishinouye, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xii. 1899, p. 206.
For the discussion of this relationship the reader is referred to Goette, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lxiii. 1897, p. 360, and Carlgren, Zool. Anz. xxii. 1899, p. 31.
See note [347], above.
E. A. Minchin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 583.
For good illustrations of this see Sir J. Dalyell, "Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland," vol. i. 1847, pll. 13, 14, 18, 19, 20.
Archiv. Mikr. Anat. xiii. 1877, p. 795.
Agassiz and Mayer, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxvi. 3, 1902, p. 153.
F. S. Conant, Mem. Johns Hopkins Univ. iv. 1, 1898.
Kishinouye, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, xvii. 7, 1902.
A discussion of the classification of this order occurs in Vanhöffen, "Acrasped. Med. d. deutschen Tiefsee Expedition," iii. 1902, p. 49.
The Periphyllidae constitute Haeckel's order Peromedusae.
A stage in development before the formation of the sub-umbrellar cavity, but subsequent to the formation of the first tentacles, is regarded as homologous with the Scyphistoma stage of other Scyphozoa.
"Siboga" Exped. Mon. xi. 1903.
Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 3rd ser. v. 1900, p. 735.
Cf. Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, chap. v.
Hickson, K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, 1905.
J. H. Ashworth, Proc. Roy. Soc. lxiii. 1898, p. 443.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xli. 1899, p. 521.
Quoted by Hickson, Marine Investigations, S. Africa, iii. 1904, p. 215.
G. C. Bourne, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. clxxxvi. 1895, B. p. 464.
Quoted by Marshall, Oban Pennatulida, 1882, p. 49.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xlix. 1905, p. 327.
Corallium nobile appears to be the exception to this rule, as it is stated that colonies and even individual zooids are occasionally hermaphrodite. Lacaze Duthiers, "Hist. Nat. du Corail," 1864, p. 127.
G. Lindström, Handl. k. Svensk. Vet. Akad. xxxii. 1899.
J. W. Gregory, Proc. Roy. Soc. lxvi. 1899, p. 291.
G. C. Bourne, Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, pt. ii. 1900, "Anthozoa," p. 26.
E. M. Pratt, Fauna and Geogr. Maldive Archip. ii. pt. i. 1903, p. 516.
Zool. Anz. xxix. 1905, p. 263.
S. J. Hickson, Fauna and Geog. Maldive Archip. ii. pt. i. 1903, p. 495.
Hickson, K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, 1905.
Journ. Imp. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, xiv. 1, 1904.
Kitahara, Journ. Imp. Fish. Bureau, Tokyo, xiii. 3, 1904.
Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 57.
Hickson, Nature, lxxiii. 1905, p. 5.
Moroff, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. xvii. 1902, p. 404.
Ridley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 231.
For a revision of this family, see Versluys, Siboga Expeditie, xii. 1902.
Jungersen (Danish Ingolf Expedition, Pennatulida, 1904) has shown that this is the correct nomenclature of the regions of the rachis. Nearly all other authors describe the dorsal side as ventral and the ventral as dorsal.
S. J. Hickson, Report British Association (Southport Meeting), 1903, p. 688.
Marshall, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxii. 1883, p. 143.
Rumphius, Amboinsche Rariteitkamer, 1741, p. 64.
Darwin, Naturalist's Voyage round the World, 1845, p. 99.
To be described in the forthcoming Report on the Pennatulidae of the "Siboga" Expedition.
Zool. Anz. xxv. 1902, p. 302.
Faurot, Arch. Zool. Expér. 3rd ser. iii. 1895, p. 71.
Duerden, Mem. Acad. Washington, 3rd Ser. viii. 1902.
Duerden, l.c. p. 436.
M‘Intosh, "The Marine Invertebrates and Fishes of St. Andrews," 1875, pp. 37, 38.
M‘Intosh, "The Resources of the Sea," 1899, pp. 10, 129.
H. Prouho, Arch. Zool. Expér. 2nd ser. ix. 1891, p. 247.
Duerden, Mem. Acad. Washington, viii. 1902, p. 437.
Ashworth and Annandale, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxv. 1904, p. 11.
For recent experiments on this case, see a forthcoming paper by J. E. Duerden (P.Z.S.).
Saville Kent, "Great Barrier Reef," London, 1893, p. 145.
O. Carlgren, Biolog. Centralbl. xxi. 1901, p. 480.
Saville Kent, "The Great Barrier Reef," 1893, p. 144.
A. C. Haddon, Trans. Roy. Dubl. Soc. iv. 1889, p. 325.
G. H. Fowler, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxix. 1888, p. 143.
For a general account of the Madreporarian skeleton, cf. Ogilvie, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. clxxxvii. B. 1896.
H. M. Bernard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiii. 1904, p. 1.
"Report on the Results of Dredging on the Macclesfield Bank," Admiralty Report, 1894.
C. Darwin, Coral Reefs, 3rd edition, 1889, p. 125.
For the details of these borings, see "The Atoll of Funafuti," Royal Society of London, 1904.
For further information, see J. Stanley Gardiner, The Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and Laccadive-Archipelagoes, vol. i. pt. ii. 1902, p. 172.
Saville Kent, "Great Barrier Reef," 1893, p. 185.
Duerden, Mem. Ac. Washington, viii. 1902, p. 550.
H. M. Bernard, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. xxvi. 1897, p. 495.
E. M. Pratt, Willey's Zoological Results, pt. v. 1900, p. 591.
G. H. Fowler, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxx. 1890, p. 410.
J. E. Duerden, Mem. Ac. Washington, viii. 1902, p. 553.
M. Ogilvie, Trans. Roy. Soc. clxxxvii. B. 1896.
"The Coral Siderastraea," Carnegie Inst. No. 20, Washington, 1904.
The reader is referred to the excellent photographs of living Fungias in Saville Kent's "Great Barrier Reef," 1893, pl. xxiv. p. 160.
Trans. Roy. Soc. Dubl. (2) vi. 1898, p. 331.
F. J. Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. pt. ii. 1891, p. 87.
J. E. Duerden, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) ix. 1902, p. 381.
Hickson, Nature, lxxiii. 1905, p. 5.
L. Roule, Bull. Mus. Océanogr. Monaco, 1904, p. 3.
E. van Beneden, Les Anthozoaires de la Plankton Expédition, Kiel, 1898.
A. W. Peters, Journ. Exper. Zool. ii. (1) 1905, p. 103.
Cnidoblasts are stated by Chun to occur on the tentacles of Euchlora; and batteries of "nettle cells" by Abbott on the tentacles of Coeloplana.
The two costae that are seen in the middle when the Ctenophore is viewed in the transverse plane, as in Figs. 180 and 181, and the corresponding costae on the opposite side are called the "transverse" costae; the other four are called the "sagittal" costae.
F. Mosser, "Ctenophoren de Siboga Expedition," Leiden, 1903.
H. B. Bigelow, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxxix. 1904, p. 267.
Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxix. 1897, p. 323.
Annot. Zoolog. Japon. iv. pt. iv. 1902, p. 103.
Abbott, l.c. p. 106.
Zool. Anz. xxvii. 1904, p. 223.
The name seems first to have been used by Klein in 1734, "Naturalis dispositio Echinodermatum" (Danzig). Leuckart about 1850 first established Echinodermata as a primary division of the animal kingdom.
In the Synaptidae the radial canals although present in the young are lost in the adult (Ludwig, 1892, in Bronn's Thier-Reich, Bd. ii. Abt. 3, Buch i. p. 460).
Ludwig, loc. cit. p. 357.
This classification is substantially that suggested by Jeffrey Bell, Catalogue of British Echinoderms in the British Museum, 1892, except that Bell separates Holothuroidea from all others. Reasons will be given later for regarding Holothuroidea as modified Echinoidea.
Gr. ἀστήρ, a "star"; εἶδος, "form." Linnaeus established the genus Asterias in 1766. Johannes Müller in 1842 used the name "Asteriden," and in System der Asteriden, 1842, by Müller and Troschel, the foundation of our knowledge of the group was laid.
Uexküll, "Die Physiologie der Pedicellarien," Zeitschr. f. Biol. xxxvii. 1899, p. 356.
Durham, "Wandering Cells in Echinodermata," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1891, pp. 81 et seq.
Starfish are most destructive on oyster-beds, and hence possess considerable negative economic value.
Mitth. des deutschen Seefischervereins, xii. 1896, p. 102, and J. Mar. Biol. Ass. iv. 1895-97, p. 266.
Romanes, "Jellyfish, Starfish, and Sea Urchins," Intern. Scientific Series, 1885, pp. 320, 321; Preyer, "Bewegungen von Stelleriden," Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1886-87, p. 22.
Preyer, loc. cit. p. 49.
Bronn's Thier-Reich, Bd. ii. Abt. 3, Buch ii. Seesterne, p. 617.
Beiträge zur Histologie der Echinodermen, Jena, 1889. Such spaces are always to be seen in Asterina gibbosa when preserved with corrosive sublimate or other acid reagents, but are absent when it is preserved with osmic acid and Mueller's fluid. Though corrosive sublimate is usually regarded as a neutral salt, its aqueous solution decomposes with the production of a certain amount of free hydrochloric acid.
"Beiträge zur Anatomie der Asteriden," Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxx. 1877, pp. 122 et seq.
"Cont. à l'Étude anat. des Astérides," Arch. Zool. Exp. (2) v. bis, 1887, p. 104.
The analogy of Echinoidea (see p. [529]) might suggest that, like the lacteals in man, these strands were channels along which the products of digestion diffused outward. No connexion, however, between the oral ring and the alimentary canal has been made out, nor do there appear to be such strands developed in the proximity of the wall of the digestive tube. A connexion between the aboral ring and the rectum through a mesenteric cord has been asserted, but this is doubtful.
"Die Echinodermen des Golfes von Neapel," Fauna u. Flora G. von Neapel, xxiv. Monogr. 1897, pp. 349-351.
Ludwig, "Die Echinodermen des Golfes von Neapel," pp. 68, 69.
Ludwig, "Scientific Results of the Expedition of the 'Albatross' to the Tropical Pacific"—"Asteroidea," 1905, pp. 91, 103.
Rés. sci. Expéd. Travailleur et Talisman, "Échinodermes," 1894, pp. 10-15.
Schiemenz (reference on p. [440] n.).
This fact was discovered by Dr. E. J. Allen, Director of the Plymouth Biological Station, who pointed it out to the author during the latter's sojourn at the station in 1899.
This figure does not show the animal's attitude during forward progression quite correctly. The tips of the two anterior arms should be bent outwards, not inwards as in the figure.
In the more primitive Ophiuroidea (Streptophiurae) it persists all over the body; in Cladophiurae it is found on the central part of the disc.
How far this form of respiratory mechanism is distributed amongst Ophiurids it is impossible to say. It was first observed by me in the case of Ophiothrix fragilis at Plymouth in 1905, but since then I have found it in Ophiura ciliaris and in Amphiura squamata.
"Neue Beitr. zur Anat. d. Ophiuriden," Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxxiv. 1880, p. 340.
"Bewegungen d. Seesternen," Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1886-87, p. 123.
Bell, "Contribution to the Classification of Ophiuroids," Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 175.
Hamann, Bronn's Thier-Reich, Bd. ii. Abt. 3, Ophiuroidea, 1900, p. 910 f., discriminates a family Ophiodermatidae, but gives no character by which it can be distinguished from Ophiolepididae.
Forbes, "A History of British Starfishes and other animals of the class Echinodermata," 1841, p. 23.
Simroth, "Anatomie und Schizogonie der Ophiactis virens," Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxvii. 1876, p. 452.
Cuénot, "Études Morphologiques sur les Echinodermes," Arch. Biologie, xi. 1891, pp. 568 et seq.
This type of mouth-frame is represented in Fig. 215, A, by a figure of Ophioscolex, which belongs to the Streptophiurae.
"Asteriden und Ophiuriden aus dem Silur Böhmens," Zeitschr. der deutschen geol. Ges. lv. 1903, pp. 106-113 (Protokolle).
Geol. Magazine, No. 490, April 1905, pp. 161-168.
"Die Physiologie des Seeigelstachels," Zeitschr. für Biol. xxxix. 1900, pp. 73 et seq.
Uexküll, "Die Physiologie der Pedicellarien," Zeitschr. für Biol. xxxvii. 1899, p. 334.
"Du rôle des pédicellaires gemmiformes des Oursins," Compt. Rend. Acad. de Paris, cxi. 1890, pp. 62-64.
"The Fauna and Bottom Deposits near the thirty-fathom line from the Eddystone grounds to Startpoint," Journ. Marine Biol. Ass. v. 1899, p. 472.
"Mitth. über die zool. Stat. v. Neapel," Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxv. 1875, p. 471.
Cuénot, "Études Morphologiques sur les Échinodermes," Arch. Biol. xi. 1891, p. 544.
"Jellyfish, Starfish, and Sea-urchins," Intern. Sci. Series, 1885, p. 302 et seq.
"Die Physiologie des Seeigelstachels," Zeitschr. für Biol. xxxix. p. 73.
"Bewegungen von Stelleriden," Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1886-7, p. 22.
Loc. cit.
See note on p. [541].
"Die Wirkung von Licht und Schatten auf die Seeigel," Zeitschr. für Biol. xl. 1900, p. 447.
In the aberrant genus Asthenosoma, where there are internal radial muscles, there is also an internal series of nerve-cells on the radial cord.
We prefer the term "compasses," to avoid confusion with the other meanings of the word "radius."
"Ueber die Function der Polischen Blasen am Kauapparat der regulären Seeigel," Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, xii. 1897, p. 464.
Ergebnisse naturwissenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon, 1887-1888, Bd. i. Heft 3, pp. 105 et seq.
"Das angebliche Excretionsorgan der Seeigel," Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 585.
In this case the fluid flows from the lantern coelom into Stewart's organs and vice versa. Oxygen must be absorbed through the peristome. The Cidaridae are not as sensitive to want of oxygen as the other families (Uexküll, loc. cit.).
Danish Ingolf Expedition, "Echinoidea," pt. i. 1903.
Prouho, "Recherches sur le Dorocidaris papillata et quelques autres Échinides de la Méditerranée," Arch. Zool. Exp. (2) v. 1887, p. 308.
"Revision of the Echini," Illustrated Catalogue of Museum of Comp. Zool. Harvard, No. 7, 1874, p. 423.
British Museum Catalogue, "British Echinoderms," 1892, p. 30.
Loc. cit.
Loc. cit.
Reference on p. [528] n.
This account of the periproct is different from that ordinarily given. It is based on the most recent examination of this family—Agassiz, "Panamic Deep-sea Echini," Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. xxxi. 1904, p. 36.
"Der Schatten als Reiz für Centrostephanus longispinus," Zeitschr. für Biol. xxxiv. 1896, p. 319.
Reference on p. [532], note [489].
Mr. E. W. L. Holt, Scientific Adviser to the Irish Board of Fisheries, casts doubt (in litt.) on much of this supposed excavation. While disclaiming any novelty in this observation, he points out that in many cases one side of the cavity is formed by calcareous algae, and it seems as if the animal wanders into a crevice, in which it is imprisoned by the growth of this plant.
These statements are based on the author's observations of the animal in the Bay of Fundy in 1900.
Lovén, "On a recent Form of Echinoconidae," Bih. Svenska Akad. Hand. xiii. Af. 4, No. 10, 1889.
Details were given to the author in conversation with Dr. Robertson in 1896.
This family includes three families discriminated by Meissner (Bronn's Thier-Reich, vol. ii. Abt. 3, Buch iv. "Die Seeigel," 1904, p. [402]), viz.: Ananchytidae, Pourtalesiidae, and Urechinidae. They only differ in the pores for the tube-feet, which are paired in the first, slit-like and single in the second, and single in the third.
"On Silurian Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea," Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. lv. 1899, pp. 701 et seq.
"The Metamorphosis of Echinoderms," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxviii. 1896, p. 53.
Pelagothuria is said to have no calcifications.
Hjalmar Théel, "On a singular Case of Hermaphroditism in Holothurids," Bih. Svenska Vet. Akad. Hand. xxvii. Af. 4, No. 6, 1901.
Bronn's Thier-Reich, vol. ii. Abt. 3, Buch i. "Die Seewalzen," 1891, pp. 327 et seq.
Genuine suckers appear never to be developed; but the ends of the ventral podia are sometimes rounded, sometimes slightly flattened.
"Mémoire sur l'Elpidia nouveau genre d'Holothuries," K. Sv. Vet. Akad. xiv. No. 8, 1877.
Gerould, "The Anatomy and Histology of Caudina armata," Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. No. 56, 1895, p. 124.
"Structure, Physiology, and Development of Antedon rosaceus," Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1866, pp. 671-756.
"On the Nervous System of Antedon rosaceus," Q.J.M.S. xxiv. 1884, p. 507.
Bather calls the side-plates "adambulacral." The name is unfortunate, as it suggests that the side-plates correspond to the adambulacrals of Asteroidea; but when the groove is closed the position and function of adambulacrals and covering plates is the same (Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, iii. "Echinodermata," 1900).
Challenger Reports (Stalked Crinoids), vol. xi. pt. xxxii. 1884.
Stammesgeschichte der Pelmatozoen, pt. i. 1899.
"Die Echinodermenlarven der Plankton Expedition," Ergebn. Plankton Exp. Bd. ii. J, 1898.
"Über die Larvenzustande und die Metamorphose der Ophiuren und Seeigel," Abh. K. Akad. wiss. Berlin, 1846, and other papers in the same publication in subsequent years.
This is clearly seen by comparing the larva of Asterina gibbosa with a young Bipinnaria in which the longitudinal band is as yet undivided. The shape of the prae-oral lobe is practically the same in both.
"The Fate of the Body-cavities in the Metamorphosis of Asterias pallida," J. Coll. Japan, x. 1898, p. 239.
Yves Delage, "Elevage des Larves parthénogénétiques d'Asterias glacialis," Arch. Zool. Exp. (4) ii. 1904, p. 27.
"The Metamorphosis of Echinoderms," Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. xxxviii. 1895, p. 45.
In the type figured (larva of Synapta digitata) the feelers are budded off directly from the ring-canal and alternate with the rudiments of the radial canal.
Observed in Plymouth, 1905.
"Die Entwicklung der Synapta digitata," Jen. Zeitschr. xxii. 1888, p. 175.
"Die Cambrische Stammgruppe der Echinodermen," Jen. Zeitschr. xxx. 1895.
Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, "Echinodermata," pt. iii. 1900, p. 33.
Brit. Mus. Cat. "British Echinodermata," 1892, p. 14.