SPEECHES AGAINST CATILINA
WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
BY
E. A. UPCOTT, M.A.
LATE SCHOLAR OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD ASSISTANT MASTER IN WELLINGTON COLLEGE
PART II.—NOTES
THIRD EDITION, REVISED
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1900
[NOTES.]
[N.B.—The references are to the sections.]
ORATION I.
[§1].
tandem often strengthens interrogatives. 'How long, pray?' or 'How long, I ask?' Cf. [1. 16] 'quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas?' and [2. 2] 'quanto tandem maerore?' So also with imperatives, as in [1. 8] 'Recognosce tandem.'
abutere, future, as is shown by 'eludet,' 'iactabit.'
quam diu, etc. 'How long will your madness yet have full play?' Connect 'etiam' with 'quamdiu,' as in Sall. Cat. 61 'Catilina repertus est paullulum etiam spirans.' For 'eludet' used absolutely cf. Livy 2. 45 'adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat.' But some editors read 'nos eludet' ('make sport of us').
nocturnum praesidium Palatii. The Palatium, or 'Mons Palatinus,' was one of the seven hills, occupying a central position S. E. of the Capitoline. It was now protected at night by a guard against any sudden attempt of the conspirators to seize it. Augustus and his successors had their residence there; hence, in later times, 'palatium' came to mean 'a palace.'
urbis vigiliae, 'the patrols of the city.'
bonorum, perhaps in a general sense 'respectable citizens,' but with special reference to the senatorial party at Rome, who called themselves boni cives or optimates; just as the aristocratic party at Athens called themselves καλοκἀγαθοί.
hic munitissimus, etc. They were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter Stator on the Palatine, which was protected by the Equites in arms. The ordinary place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia, on the north side of the Forum.
horum, the senators.
constrictam . . . coniurationem tuam, 'that your conspiracy is fast held and bound in the knowledge of all here present,' (i.e. it is powerless, because everybody knows of it).
Quid proxima . . . arbitraris? 'Quem' is the direct interrogative; 'quid egeris,' 'ubi fueris,' etc., indirect questions depending upon 'ignorare'; they are put first in the sentence for the sake of emphasis.
proxima nocte, 'last night,' on which the attempt on Cicero's life was made, superiore, 'the night before last,' when the meeting in the house of Laeca was held. See [Introduction, pp. 11], [12], and [note].
[§2].
immo vero is used when the speaker wishes to correct, either by addition or qualification, something that has been said, like the Greek μὲν οὖν. 'Lives, did I say? Nay, he actually comes into the senate.' Cf. [4. 17] 'maxima pars . . . immo vero genus universum.'
publici consilii. Consilium properly = 'deliberation,' 'counsel.' Hence, as here, 'the deliberating body,' a sense which more properly belongs to concilium. Any state-constituted assemblage of persons for deliberation was called 'consilium publicum' (e.g. a board of iudices assembled to try a case at law).
unum quemque nostrum, not 'each one of us,' but 'us, one by one,' 'individually.'
viri fortes, ironical.
si vitemus. The subj. is used in the protasis, because the idea of contingency is contained in 'satisfacere videmur,' which is substituted for the more regular 'satisfaciamus.' Cf. [4. 7] 'habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si imperare velis,' and [2. 25] 'si contendere velimus, intelligere possumus.'
iussu consulis. The Lex Valeria (see [note on 1. 28]) secured to every citizen the right of appeal to the people against the sentence of a magistrate. On the question whether Cicero was on this occasion legally entitled to put Catilina to death on his own authority, see [Intr. Note B].
[§3].
An vero, etc. Tiberius Gracchus was tribune 133 b.c.. His law for the distribution of the public land roused against him the hatred of the aristocratic party. On the day of the tribunician election for the next year he was attacked and killed with 300 of his adherents by a body of senators headed by Scipio Nasica. Privatus is strongly opposed to consules in the next clause. It appears that Nasica was not actually Pontifex Maximus at the time, but in any case the office was not regarded as a magistracy.
mediocriter labefactantem is similarly contrasted with the more serious designs of Catilina. Cicero here mentions the violent proceedings against the Gracchi and their successors with approval, because he wished to plead for similar measures against Catilina. In another speech delivered during this year (de Lege Agraria 2. 5. 10) he calls them 'amantissimi plebis Romanae viri,' and says, 'Non sum autem is consul, qui, ut plerique, nefas esse arbitrer Gracchos laudare.'
C. Servilius, etc. Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian, sold corn to the populace at low rates during a famine in 440 b.c. He was accused of aiming at the supreme power. Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, with C. Servilius Ahala as his master of the horse; the latter killed Sp. Maelius with his own hand.
quod . . . occidit, 'the fact that,' in apposition to illa, which, as often, refers to what follows, like ἐκεῖνος in Greek.
Habemus senatus consultum, i.e. the ultimum decretum, passed Oct. 21. See [Introduction, p. 11].
non deest, etc. The senate, as the deliberative and authorizing body, have done their part; the consuls, as the executive, fail.
[§4].
Decrevit quondam, etc. This was in 121 b.c. Gaius Gracchus (tribune 123, 122) had carried a series of measures tending to overthrow the authority of the senate. They took the opportunity of a tumult to pass the ultimum decretum, whereupon L. Opimius the consul, with an armed force, attacked the Aventine, where the adherents of Gracchus were assembled. Gracchus himself and his supporter M. Fulvius were killed.
propter quasdam, etc., a mild expression, intended once more to point the contrast between the Gracchi and Catilina.
patre. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, who was twice consul and twice triumphed.
avo. His mother was Cornelia, daughter of Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal.
Simili senatus consulto, etc. In 100 b.c. revolutionary measures were proposed by L. Appuleius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia. In their fear of violence, the senate passed the ultimum decretum and called upon the consul Marius to protect them, though he had been a supporter of Saturninus. In the tumult which followed, the latter and his adherents were shut up in the senate house, where their opponents, taking off the tiles, stoned them to death.
mors ac reipublicae poena. 'Ac' is explanatory, 'death, (which was) the penalty inflicted by the state.'
remorata est, literally, 'Did death keep them waiting a day longer?' i.e. 'Had they to wait a single day longer for their death?' He means that they were put to death on the same day as that on which the ultimum decretum was passed.
vicesimum diem. He speaks in round numbers. The exact time since Oct. 21 (by the Roman reckoning) was eighteen or nineteen days, according as we fix the date of this speech to Nov. 7 or Nov. 8. See [Introduction, p. 12, note].
interfectum te esse convenit, 'you might well have been put to death.'
patres conscripti. The regular title used in addressing the senate. The traditional explanation of it is as follows. The original senators were called patres (patricians); after the expulsion of the kings 160 new senators were enrolled (partly plebeians); these were called conscripti. Hence the whole body were addressed as patres et conscripti and by abbreviation patres conscripti. But this would seem to require adscripti rather than conscripti, and 'it is possible the senators were originally called patres conscripti to distinguish them from those patres who were not senators.' [Gow's Companion to School Classics, p. 192.]
[§5].
in Etruriae faucibus, at Faesulae (now Fiesole), on the south-west slope of the Apennines, commanding one of the passes into Cisalpine Gaul.
adeo, 'even,' 'actually.' Cf. [1. 9] 'atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio.'
si te iam, etc. 'Credo,' as usual, marks the sentence as ironical. He might conceivably fear two opposite criticisms on his conduct—
(a) 'ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant,'
(b) 'ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat.'
He really fears (a); hence speaking ironically he reverses the case, and says, I shall have to fear, I suppose, not rather (a) than (b) (i.e. not so much (a) as (b)). Translate the whole—'I shall have to fear I suppose—not that all good citizens may call my action tardy—but that some one may say it was excessively cruel.'
[§6].
quisquam, besides its regular use in negative sentences and questions implying a negative, is used in affirmative sentences, in the sense of 'any one at all,' where it is implied that there can be none, or at most but one or two.
mihi crede, 'trust to me,' 'take my advice.'
[§7].
me . . . dicere. The pres. inf. is often used after memini when the speaker refers to his own experience. The past event is for the moment actually present to his mind. So in English 'do you remember my saying?' Cf. Virg. Ecl. 1. 17 'de caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus.'
a. d. xii Kal. Nov. Oct. 21. See [Intr. page 11].
futurus esset, subj. as part of what Cicero said in the senate.
a. d. vi Kal. Nov. Oct. 27. The reading is not certain, the MSS. varying between vi and ix.
audaciae satellitem, etc., 'servant and helper.' 'Satelles' implies a lower, less free relation than 'administer.' Cf. in Verr. 3. 21 'ministri ac satellites cupiditatum.'
Num me fefellit, 'Was I not right, not only as to the gravity of the design, savage and incredible as it was, but—what is more remarkable—in the date?'
optimatium. See note on 'bonorum' [1. 1].
sui, neut. gen. sing. from 'suus,' used to supply the place of gen. pl. of 'se.' Cf. the similar use of 'nostri,' 'vestri.'
cum . . . profugerunt. When cum simply means 'at the time when' (quo tempore) and does not contain any idea of consequence or cause, it is usually (though by no means invariably) followed by the indicative; especially when, as here, the time is fixed by the preceding demonstrative tum. Cf. below 'cum . . . dicebas,' and [1. 21] 'cum quiescunt, probant,' [2. 1] 'loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est expulsus.' Nothing is known of this exodus.
qui remansissemus. The antecedent to 'qui' must be understood from 'nostra.' Subj. because part of the Oratio Obliqua. Catilina said, 'caede illorum qui remanserunt contentus sum.'
[§8].
Quid? a particle of transition, frequent in rhetorical passages. 'Again.' 'Nay more.' Cf. 'Quid vero?' [1. 14].
cum, 'although.'
Praeneste, twenty miles S. E. of Rome, occupying a strong position in the Hernican mountains. It had been the last stronghold of the younger Marius in 82 b.c.; on its capitulation Sulla put most of the citizens to death, and subsequently established one of his colonies on the site. Catilina hoped to use it as a fortified post.
quod non ego, etc. 'Quod' is consecutive, = 'tale ut.' 'Non' negatives the whole clause 'ego . . . sentiam.' Others for 'quod non' read 'quin' [= 'qui-ne,' lit. 'in such a way that not'], i.e. 'you can do nothing without my hearing it.'
tandem. See [on 1. 1].
noctem illam superiorem, 'the night before last'; 'last night' would be 'hanc noctem' or 'proximam noctem.' Below he says 'priore nocte,' to avoid repeating the same word. See [Introduction, p. 12, note].
ad, 'with a view to.' Cf. [1. 26] 'ad hoc studium meditati.'
inter falcarios, 'in the street of the scythemakers.' Cf. 'inter lignarios,' 'in the street of the carpenters.' Livy 35. 41.
[§9].
ubinam gentium, 'Where in the world?' A genitive is sometimes joined to an adverb of place or time to define it more exactly. Cf. 'ibidem loci' = 'in the same place'; 'nusquam gentium' = 'nowhere in the world;' 'postea loci' (Sallust, Jug. 102. 1), 'afterwards,' and the Greek ποῦ γῆς;
de re publica sententiam rogo. The consul collected the opinion of the senate by asking each senator successively for his vote (sententia) on the question before the house. The senator might either give it without comment or make a speech in support of his views.
illa ipsa nocte. See [Introduction, p. 12, note].
duo equites Romani. On equites see [Introduction, p. 9, note]. Their names were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius (Sallust, Cat. 28).
salutatum, supine. The early morning was the usual time for complimentary calls. Cf. Martial 4. 8. 1 'Prima salutantes atque altera conterit hora.'
id temporis, adverbial phrase, 'at that particular time.' Cf. Cic. Pro Roscio Amerino 97 'ut id temporis Roma proficisceretur'; Tac. Ann. 5. 9 'oblisis faucibus id aetatis corpora in Gemonias abjecta.' For this use of the accusative, cf. phrases like 'ceterum,' 'suam vicem,' etc.
aliquando often strengthens imperatives, implying that now at length the time has come for doing what is requested. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. 46.118 'Respice, quaeso, aliquando'; and in Verrem 2. 1. 28 'audite, quaeso, et aliquando miseremini sociorum.' So in Greek μέθες ποτέ (Soph. Phil. 816). Cf. also 'tandem aliquando' [1. 18], [2. 1].
Iovi Statori. The senate were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter Stator on the Palatine. See [on 1. 33].
in uno homine, 'in the person of a single man.'
consuli designato. He was 'designatus' during the latter part of 64. We do not know that Catilina then made any attempt on his life.
proximis comitiis consularibus, 'at the late assembly for the election of the consuls.'
campo. The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the consuls, met in the Campus Martius; the Comitia Tributa in the Forum.
nullo tumultu publice concitato, 'without any official summons to arms.'
per me, 'by myself,' i.e. by my own exertions without calling in other help. Cf. [1. 28] 'hominem per te cognitum,' [4. 24] 'per se ipsum praestare.'
quod est primum, etc. 'Since I cannot yet venture to take the course which is the most obvious, and the most suited to the authority I hold and the strict traditions of our ancestors.' Imperium is the consular authority (not 'empire'). Cf. [2. 3] 'huius imperii severitas.'
ad. Greek πρός. 'With respect to.' Cf. [2. 18] 'adquirere ad fidem.'
sentina rei publicae, ('the refuse of the state'), forms a single expression upon which the explanatory genitive 'tuorum comitum' ('consisting of your comrades') depends.
faciebas, 'were just doing,' 'ready to do.'
exilium. See [on §20] below.
domesticae turpitudinis refers especially to family scandals, such as the story of his wife and son ([§14]). privatarum rerum dedecus, to offences extending beyond the family, but still confined to private life, i.e. having no political object.
inretisses. Subjunctive, because the antecedent to 'quem' does not refer to any particular individual, but stands for a class.
ad audaciam, etc. The sword and the torch are the instruments by which 'audacia' and 'libido' attain their objects; the former to strike the blow, the latter to show the way in the darkness.
alio incredibili scelere. Sallust (Cat. 15) says that Catilina, wishing to marry the profligate Orestilla, poisoned his son because she objected to his presence. The further charge, that he had killed his first wife, is mentioned by Cicero alone.
aut non vindicata esse, understand 'si exstiterit.'
proximis Idibus. The Kalends, Nones, and Ides were the 'settling-days' at Rome. Cicero means that Catilina will realize his failure on the next settling-day, when his creditors will demand their money. Cf. Hor. Sat. 1. 3. 87 'Cum misero tristes venere Kalendae,' and Epodes 2. 69 'Omnem redegit Idibus pecuniam, Curat Kalendis ponere,' where the money-lender calls in his money on the Ides of one month, and on the Kalends of the next lends it out again.
te pridie Kalendas, etc., i.e. December 31, 66 b.c. This refers to the so-called 'first conspiracy,' on which see [Introduction, page 8].
comitio. The singular comitium denotes the place of assembly; the plural comitia the assembly itself.
mentem, 'reflection.'
fortunam, because the plot only failed through his accidentally giving the signal too soon.
neque enim, etc. 'Neque' negatives the whole sentence, and 'non' goes closely with 'multa'; 'for they are no secret, nor have your later offences been few.'
parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore. Hendiadys, 'by a mere turn of the body, so to speak.' The metaphor is taken from fencing, ('ut aiunt' being introduced, like the Greek ὡς εἰπεῖν, to soften the abruptness). Cf. Virg. Aen. 5. 437 (of boxing)
'Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem
Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit.'
initiata ac devota. 'Consecrated and vowed'; alluding to the common practice of assassins, of dedicating the weapon to some patron deity, in case of the attempt being successful. 'Quae' is the connecting relative, and 'quibus . . . sit,' an indirect question depending on 'nescio.'
nulla, adverbial, 'which you do not deserve at all.'
tibi persaepe. In prose (except after the gerundive) the dative of the agent is only used with personal pronouns, and when the thing is done for the interest of as well as by the person. In poetry there is no such restriction. Other instances are [1. 24] 'cui sciam pactam cum Manlio diem,' [2. 13] 'quem ad modum esset ei ratio belli descripta,' [2. 26] 'mihi consultum ac provisum est.'
tandem. See [on 1. 1].
pacto, used adverbially like 'modo.' Cf. 'quo pacto' = 'how?'
metuerent. See on 'loquatur' [1. 19 below].
urbem. Sc. 'relinquendam esse.'
iniuria, 'undeservedly.'
aliquo, 'to some spot or other,' 'somewhither'; cf. 'in aliquas terras' [1. 20]. Cf. Ter. And. 339 'dum proficiscor aliquo.'
nunc, 'as it is.' So νῦν in Greek.
tacita loquitur. Oxymoron, lit. 'speaks without voice,' 'silently appeals to you.'
multorum civium neces, alluding to his share in carrying out the proscriptions of Sulla.
vexatio direptioque sociorum. He had been propraetor of Africa 67 b.c., brought to trial for extortion, but acquitted in spite of strong evidence of guilt. The term socii had been originally confined to those Italians who were not cives; but since the franchise had been given to all Italians (90-89 b.c.) it had been extended to the provincials.
quaestiones, 'law-courts' (quaestio from quaero, lit. 'an investigation'). Criminal jurisdiction belonged legally to the people assembled in the Comitia Centuriata. As it soon became impossible for the whole body of citizens to try every case, trials were delegated from time to time to commissions (quaestiones) specially appointed. Hence arose the idea of establishing standing commissions (quaestiones perpetuae) to try particular classes of offences. The earliest of these was the quaestio perpetua de repetundis (149 b.c.), which had cognizance of all cases of extortion. Catilina would have been indicted before it. Other quaestiones perpetuae were subsequently added, and the whole system was regulated and extended by Sulla.
tandem aliquando. See [on 1. 10].
si loquatur . . . debeat. Contrast this with the conditional sentence in [§17 above], 'si metuerent . . . putarem.' Both the imperf. and the pres. subj. make an imaginary supposition; but the imperfect, throwing it into the past, marks it as impossible; the present regards it as still conceivable. Thus 'si metuerent' (εἰ ἐφοβοῦντο) = 'if they feared' (which they do not); but 'si loquatur' (εἰ λέγοι) = 'if it were to speak' (now or at any future time).
custodiam. A citizen was not imprisoned pending his trial on a criminal charge. As a rule, he simply gave bail for his appearance; sometimes however he was placed in the charge of some citizen of reputation, who became responsible for his safe keeping (libera custodia). Catilina had offered to place himself under some such restraint on his indictment for inciting to riot (de vi) by L. Paullus. See [Introduction, page 11]. The trial never took place, owing to the subsequent events.
parietibus . . . moenibus. Paries is the wall of a house; moenia the walls of a town; murus the general term.
videlicet, ironical ('videre licet,' like 'scilicet' = 'scire licet').
aliquas, cf. 'aliquo,' [1. 17] and [note] there.
ad senatum referre, the technical term for bringing a matter before the senate for discussion. This could only be done by the consul (or other magistrate) who summoned and presided over the meeting.
non referam. The real reason of his refusal was that the senate, not being a judicial court, had no power to pass sentence upon any individual. Moreover exile was not technically a punishment known to Roman law; it was merely a recognized means of anticipating a sentence. See [on §28 below].
hi, the senators.
After proficiscere Cicero pauses, to give time for an expression of opinion from the senators. As they are silent he resumes, 'Quid est,' etc. Cf. the rhetorical artifice in Demosth. de Cor. §52.
auctoritatem, expressed request; voluntatem, unexpressed desire.
Sestio. Now quaestor; tribune in 57 b.c. when he was active in promoting Cicero's return from exile. In 56 Cicero defended him on a charge of riot.
M. Marcello, consul 51 b.c. Opposed Caesar; but was recalled from exile by him and pardoned 46 b.c.
vim et manus, hendiadys.
cum, with indicative, [see note on 1. 7]. 'By their silence, they approve.'
cara, because he professed himself ready to submit to a decree of the senate ordering his exile.
iam pridem studes, 'have long been desiring.' Cf. the Greek πάλαι ἐπιθυμεῖ.
te ut ulla res frangat? 'What? anything break your resolution?' This is exactly like the exclamatory use of the acc. and inf. in phrases like 'Mene incepto desistere victam?' (Virg. Aen. 1. 37) only here 'ut' with subj. takes the place of the more usual acc. and infin. (i.e. he might have said, 'Tene ullam rem frangere?') Cf. [below §24] 'tu ut illa diutius carere possis?' 'Hoccine ut ego nomine appellem eversores huius imperii?' (pro Sestio §17), 'Utne tegam spurco Damae latus?' (Hor. Sat. 2. 5. 18).
duint. Subj. from 'duo' (perhaps an older form of 'do') with i as the characteristic vowel, in the place of the more usual a, as in 'sim,' 'velim,' 'possim,' 'edim,' etc. The form is found frequently in Plautus, Terence, and old legal phrases. See Roby's Lat. Gr. vol. i. §589.
sed est tanti, 'but it is worth while' (to risk the unpopularity).
privata, i.e. affects me only as a private citizen.
legum poenas, 'the punishment prescribed by the laws.' Cf. 'rei publicae poena' 1. 4.
temporibus rei publicae cedas, 'yield to the exigencies of the state'; 'tempora,' as often, of a political crisis. Catilina is to yield to these in the sense that he is to sacrifice his personal convenience for the public advantage.
ratio, 'sound reasoning,' 'reflection.' The consecutive sentence is best translated by turning 'revocaverit' into a passive, 'you are not the man to have been recalled,' etc.
exsulta, 'revel.' Lit. 'leap about,' 'gambol.' Cf. [§26 below].
latrocinio, 'brigandage' opposed to 'bellum,' [§27]. 'Latro,' originally 'a mercenary,' connected with λατρεύω; hence a brigand, because mercenary troops were addicted to indiscriminate plundering.
sciam, subjunctive, as giving a reason, 'seeing that I know you have sent on,' etc.
Forum Aurelium, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles from Rome.
cui. See [note on 1. 16].
aquilam. Marius introduced the silver eagle as the standard of the legion. The one in question had been used (according to Sallust) in the war against the Cimbri.
cui domi tuae, etc. The place where the eagles were set up in the camp was regarded as sacred. Catilina prepares a similar sacred spot for his in his own house. Sacrarium means (1) a shrine, (2) any secret place; it is here used in both senses; hence trans. 'for which you have consecrated at your house the secret chamber of your crimes.' But Halm would omit 'scelerum tuorum' as an interpolation.
tu ut illa, etc. See [above on §22].
altaribus, 'the altar'; the singular form is not found in classical Latin.
haec res, i.e. making war upon your country.
tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem, etc. As the two clauses have the same verb ('concupisti') the negative is expressed only in the second which contains the verb, and must be understood from it to the first, i.e. 'non concupisti' must be understood after 'non modo.' Literally, 'you not only (did not want) peace, but did not even want a war unless it were wicked.' Observe that the negation in these two clauses does not cancel but repeats the original negative 'nunquam.' This is the regular usage where a negative proposition branches out into two clauses. Cf. 'Ea Caesar nunquam neque fecit neque fecisset' (Cic. ad Fam. 14. 13), 'Caesar never did nor would have done those things.' See Kennedy's Public Sch. Lat. Gr. §84. In English we may avoid the repetition of negatives and say, 'you have never desired—I will not say peace—but even war that was anything but criminal.' Exactly parallel is 2. 8 'Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae fuit' Cf. also [2. 20] 'ut iam,' etc.; [2. 21] 'ut non modo,' etc.
conflatam. Metaphor from working metals, 'fused,' 'welded together.' Cf. Virg. Georg. 1. 508 'falces conflantur in ensem,' and pro Roscio §1 'iniuriam novo scelere conflatam.' So συμφυσᾶν in Greek; cf. Ar. Knights 468
καὶ ταῦτ' ἐφ' οἷσίν ἐστι συμφυσώμενα
ἐγᾦδα.
meditati, in passive sense, as the participles of many other deponents; e.g. 'ultus,' 'complexus,' 'testatus,' 'adeptus,' etc. Cf. Phil. 2. 34. 85 'meditatum et cogitatum scelus.'
qui feruntur labores, οἱ λεγόμενοι πόνοι, 'those exertions of yours they talk of.'
iacere, vigilare, infinitives in apposition to labores.
a consulatu. At the election of consuls for 62, held a few weeks before, Cicero had used his influence to defeat Catilina. See [Introduction, page 10]. On 'cum' with indic. see [1. 7].
est. Generally a verb dependent on a subjunctive is itself subjunctive. Here however the relative clause is not really part of the consecutive sentence, but a mere epithet explanatory of 'id,' added by the speaker, hence est not esset. Cf. [3. 21] '(quis est) qui neget haec omnia quae videmus,' etc.
latrocinium. See [on §23 above].
detester, 'detestari' = 'to avert by entreaty.'
si loquatur. The apodosis is not expressed, owing to the length of the following address. On pres. subj. see [note on 1. 19].
mactari. Cicero and Caesar only use the acc. and inf. after 'impero' with passive verbs; in other cases 'ut' and subj.
persaepe etiam privati, an exaggeration. The only case of a 'privatus' putting an offender to death which Cicero quotes is that of Scipio Nasica and Ti. Gracchus. See [note on 1. 3].
An leges, etc. The earliest of these was the Lex Valeria (509 b.c.), which secured the right of appeal to the people from the magistrate ('ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provocationem necaret neve verberaret'). This was re-enacted, and the penalty for violating it strengthened by the Lex Porcia (197 b.c.) and the Lex Sempronia (122 b.c., Gaius Gracchus). Notice that these laws only forbade the magistrate to inflict death or scourging on his own authority. The power to do so, after trial and condemnation, remained with the people; but it was seldom or never exercised, because the right of the accused to anticipate the sentence by voluntary exile was universally recognized, and even according to Sallust secured by law. See Cat. 51 'aliae leges condemnatis civibus non animam eripi sed exilium permitti iubent.'
at nunquam, etc. Cf. [4. 10]; on the validity of this argument see [Intr. Note B].
invidiam posteritatis. Subjective genitive, 'hatred of (felt by) posterity.' fortitudinis, just below, is objective, 'unpopularity of (attaching to) firmness.'
per te cognitum, 'known by your own exertions only'; cf. [1. 11] 'per me tibi obstiti.' Cicero was a novus homo; i.e. none of his ancestors had held a curule office.
tam mature. The age which a citizen must attain before becoming a candidate for the several offices was fixed by the Lex Villia Annalis (180 b.c.). Cicero appears to have been chosen for each magistracy suo anno, i.e. as soon as he was legally eligible. He was now 43.
per omnes honorum gradus, 'through all the degrees of office.' By the Leges Annales of Sulla, the offices of quaestor, praetor, consul, had to be filled successively in the order named.
si summi viri, etc. See [notes on 1. 3], [4].
parricida, because he is attacking the 'patria' which is 'omnium nostrum communis parens.' But the word is sometimes used in a more extended sense of wilful murder or sacrilege.
redundaret. Metaphor from the overflowing of a stream: 'lest any flood of unpopularity should overwhelm me in the future.' (Cf. the English phrase 'to redound to one's credit.')
Quamquam, etc. The first 'qui' is consecutive ('tales ut'), the second is the connecting relative ('hi autem'), hence followed by indic. 'aluerunt.'
dissimulent, sc. 'se videre.'
sententiis, 'votes' (in the senate). See [on 1. 9].
regie, 'tyrannically,' i.e. like a despot, not like the magistrate of a free state. Gk. τυραννικῶς. Cf. [2. 14] 'crudelissimum tyrannum.'
naufragos, 'castaways.' Cf. [2. 24] 'illam naufragorum manum.'
nescio quo pacto, 'somehow.' 'Nescio quis' is treated as a single word, hence erupit not eruperit.
latrocinio, abstract for concrete; 'band of brigands.'
aestu febrique, hendiadys, 'in the burning heat of fever.'
biberunt, v.l. 'biberint.'
relevatus represents the protasis, 'si relevatus erit.'
praetoris urbani. The business of the praetors during their year of office was mainly judicial. They were now eight in number; two presided in the civil court; of these the praetor urbanus tried suits between citizens at a fixed tribunal in the Forum; the praetor peregrinus suits between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six (without distinctive name) acted as judges in criminal cases. Cicero means that Catilina and his friends tried to intimidate the praetor in the discharge of his duties.
malleolos. The 'malleolus' was a missile used in sieges. It was filled with tow, which was ignited before it was thrown, and had an arrow affixed. The name seems to be derived from the shape, which resembled a mallet.
tantam in vobis, etc., i.e. he would as consul secure the execution of whatever the senate might decree.
cum. Used of the attendant circumstances of an action. In English, 'to the salvation of the state, the destruction of yourself,' etc.
Iuppiter. The temple of Iuppiter Stator (the 'Stayer of flight,' the 'Stablisher,') was vowed by Romulus during the fight with the Sabines (Livy 1. 12); it was not, however, built till 294 b.c. (Livy 10. 37).
auspicia, augury from the flight of birds, which always preceded any important undertaking. As the auspices were taken by the chief, 'to do a thing under a person's auspices' came to mean 'to act under his leadership and protection.'
ORATION II.
[§1].
Quirites, the regular title by which citizens were addressed when assembled in their civil capacity. Cf. the opening of the third speech, also addressed to the people. The derivation is uncertain; some suppose the word to be a form of 'Curetes,' i.e. inhabitants of the Sabine town 'Cures,' others derive it from 'Quiris,' a Sabine word meaning 'spear.'
ferro flammaque, another reading is 'ferrum flammamque.' We can say either 'minitari alicui aliquid,' or 'minitari alicui aliqua re.'
vel . . . vel . . . vel. Each 'vel' substitutes a milder form of expression for the preceding. 'We have driven him out,—let him go, if you will,—at least bidden him good speed on his voluntary departure.' ipsum = 'sua sponte.' verbis prosecuti is of course ironical.
abiit, etc. Note the absence of connecting particles (asyndeton) and the increased force of each word rising to a climax in 'erupit.'
versabitur, 'will play around.'
campo, the Campus Martius.
loco, 'post,' 'vantage-ground.'
cum (= 'quo tempore'), 'at the very moment when.' The two actions were simultaneous, there is no idea of cause or consequence; hence indicative. See [on 1. 7], and cf. below 'cum . . . eiecimus.'
hoste is emphatic. By his action he has declared himself the enemy of the state. After bellum some MSS. insert 'iustum,' 'regular.'
[§2].
extulit, indicative because the fact that he did not carry away his dagger stained with blood is emphasized; 'extulerit' would have made it an expression of Catilina's feelings, as 'laetari quod evomuerit' below expresses the feelings of the citizens. Cf. also 'quod non comprehenderim' [§3] ad init.
tandem adds force to the question. Cf. [1. 1] 'quousque tandem?' and [note there].
iacet, 'he lies helpless.' Cf. [2. 25] 'quam valde illi iaceant.'
[§3].
in hoc ipso, 'in this very point,' explained by 'quod non comprehenderim,' 'that I have not (as they complain) arrested.'
capitalem, threatening the 'caput' or principle of life; 'deadly.'
huius imperii severitas, 'the strict traditions of my (consular) authority.'
crederent, consecutive subj., as regularly after 'sunt qui,' where the relative refers not to certain specified individuals, but to a class.
non modo invidiae, etc., 'at the risk not merely of unpopularity, but of life.'
[§4].
cum viderem, etc. 'Re probata' is ablative absolute; not 'approved by you,' but 'proved, demonstrated to you.' 'Since I saw that the facts were even then not fully established to the satisfaction of all of you,' (much less to those inclined to sympathize with Catilina; this is the force of 'quidem,') 'and that, if I punished him as he deserved, I should not, under the burden of the unpopularity of that act, be able to attack his associates, I brought the matter to this point,' etc. The direct form of the conditional sentence would have been 'si multavero, non potero'; this becomes in Oratio Obliqua 'cum viderem, si multassem, fore ut non possem' (periphrasis being necessary because 'possum' has no future participle).
quam vehementer, ironical. foris is emphatic; once outside the city he does not fear him at all, as the context shows.
exierit, subjunctive, because the whole sentence stands as the object of 'fero.'
mihi, the so-called 'Ethic' dative; 'Tongilius, I see, he has taken with him.' The use of 'me' in the same sense is frequent in Shakespeare, as in the phrases 'Knock me on this door,' 'he steps me to her trencher,' etc., but is becoming obsolete in modern English.
praetexta (sc. 'toga'), the purple-edged 'toga' worn by boys up to the age of sixteen, when they assumed the 'toga virilis,' which was plain white.
[§5].prae, 'in comparison with.'
Gallicanis legionibus, the regular troops stationed in Cisalpine Gaul. The coast district of Umbria from the Rubicon to the Aesis was known as 'ager Gallicus,' having been originally the home of the Senonian Gauls. The praetor Q. Metellus had been ordered by the senate to levy troops in this district and Picenum for the defence of the government.
agresti luxuria, abstract for concrete. He is thinking particularly of the Sullan colonists. See [Introduction p. 9], and [§20 below].
decoctoribus, 'bankrupts.' Decoquo, lit. 'to boil down,' so to squander one's property, become bankrupt. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. ch. 18 'Tenesne memoria, te praetextatum decoxisse?'
vadimonia, 'bail,' i.e. security given for appearance in court when called upon. Hence vadimonia deserere, 'to desert one's legal obligations,' 'make default.'
edictum praetoris. Every praetor, on entering upon his office, published an edictum, stating the rules to which he would adhere in the administration of justice. Hence Cicero says, 'they will collapse when I display to them the edict of the praetor,' i.e. remind them of the penalties to which they will be liable by their non-appearance in court to answer to their bail.
hos, strongly opposed to exercitum illum. He is not afraid of the ruined spendthrifts who compose Catilina's army; he is afraid of the conspirators left behind in the city, who have, as it were, deserted that army. (Lentulus, Cethegus, etc. are pointed at.)
suos milites eduxisset, 'taken with him as his force.'
quod quid cogitent, etc., i.e. because they must have some secret force at their back, which gives them confidence.
[§6].
superioris noctis consilia, i.e. at the meeting in Laeca's house ([1. 8]), either the night before last or the last night but two. See [Introduction, p. 12 note].
ne, 'truly' (like the Greek ναί, νή), to be distinguished from the conjunction. Used with pronouns only.
nisi si quis, 'nisi' is used like an adverb; hence the repetition of 'si.' Cf. Thuc. 1. 17 εἰ μὴ εἴ τι.
ne patiantur, 'in order that they may not permit.' Not prohibitive, which according to Cicero's usage would require the perfect subjunctive.
Aurelia via. This was the coast road, the shortest route to Massilia, whither Catilina pretended to be going.
[§7].
exhausto keeps up the metaphor of draining away refuse contained in 'sentina.'
subiector, 'forger,' from 'subicere' in the sense of 'substitute.'
nepos, 'spendthrift,' 'prodigal.' Cf. the bad sense sometimes attaching to νεανίας in Greek.
[§8].
Iam vero, frequent in transitions; 'once more,' 'again.' He is passing to a fresh aspect of Catilina's character. Cf. [3. 22] and de Lege Manilia 11, where, after speaking of the military experience of Pompeius, he goes on 'Iam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par inveniri?'
fructum, 'enjoyment,' 'satisfaction.'
[§9].
Nemo non modo Romae, etc. Understand 'non fuit' from the second clause after 'non modo' and see [note on 1. 25] for full explanation.
ut eius diversa studia, etc., 'to help you to understand other tastes of his in quite a different sphere of life' ('ratio,' lit. 'way,' 'method,' 'plan').
ludo, 'school,' where gladiators were trained under a fencing-master (lanista).
in scaena (σκηνή), 'on the stage.' The profession of an actor was considered degrading (infamis) for a Roman citizen, and was generally left to slaves and freedmen.
levior et nequior, 'a little more frivolous and worthless' (than his fellows).
cum, 'although.'
instrumenta, 'the instruments,' i.e. the powers of mind and body by which a virtuous disposition makes itself felt.
fortunas, 'estates,' as distinguished from property in money.
obligaverunt, 'mortgaged.'
res, 'money,' fides, 'credit.' This has just begun to fail them, because in view of the break-down of their schemes, their creditors will not trust them any longer. See on 'proximis Idibus' [1. 14].
bonorum. See [on 1. 1].
propagarit, 'propago' ('pro' and 'pag-' root of 'pango,' 'to fasten down'), originally a botanical term; 'to generate by slips,' hence generally 'to extend,' 'prolong.' Tr. 'will have prolonged the existence of the state, not merely for a brief period, but for many generations.' A variation for the more usual construction 'in multa saecula propagarit rempublicam.'
rex . . . unius. Pompeius, invested with the supreme command by the Gabinian and Manilian laws, had just crushed the pirates of Cilicia ('mari'), and brought to a close the third war against Mithridates king of Pontus ('terra'), by the battle of Nicopolis (b.c. 66).
Having answered those who might think his measures not strong enough (§§3-11) Cicero now (§§12-16) addresses those who might urge that he had acted tyrannically and abused his consular authority by driving Catilina from the city.
exilium is emphatic. They pretend that he has been unlawfully forced into exile; whereas really, so far from going into exile, he has voluntarily departed for the camp of his lieutenant Manlius.
verbo, 'by a mere word' (as they pretend I did in Catilina's case).
videlicet = 'videre licet,' 'it is easy to see,' 'of course.' He is sarcastically quoting the language of his assailants; his own reply begins at 'Hesterno die.'
quin etiam adds a still stronger testimony. 'Why, even,' etc.
vehemens ille consul, 'your violent consul.'
quaesivi, see [1. 8].
necne is used in indirect disjunctive questions, 'annon' in direct.
homo audacissimus, 'with all his audacity.'
conscientia, 'by his guilty knowledge.'
constituisset, sc. 'agendum.'
ei. See [note on dative of the agent, 1. 16].
ratio, 'plan.'
quo iam pridem pararet, 'whither (I knew) he had long been preparing to go.'
secures . . . fasces, etc. Catilina meant to assume all the insignia of a consul commanding an army in the field.
sacrarium, see [on 1. 24].
fecerat, indic., because the sentence is a parenthesis added by Cicero here for the information of his hearers. It is not a quotation from his speech to the senate, for this would have required fecisset.
credo, strongly ironical.
suo is emphatic; 'in his own name'; (Catilina, you ask us to believe, had nothing to do with it.)
condicionem, the external circumstances, given conditions under which a thing must be done. Here perhaps 'task' gives the meaning best; but it may also be rendered by 'lot,' 'position,' 'terms,' according to the context. Cf. 'nascendi condicio' [3. 2], 'consulatus condicio' [4.1] and [3. 27].
vi et minis, hendiadys.
tyrannum. Cf. 'regie factum' [1. 30].
Est mihi tanti, 'I think it worth while.'
falsae, 'misdirected.'
sane, 'by all means.'
non est iturus, stronger than 'ibit,' 'he has no intention of going.'
illud refers to what follows ('ne sit,' etc.). Cf. the use of ἐκεῖνο in Greek.
Quamquam, etc. 'And yet those, who keep saying that Catilina is going to Massilia, do not really regret, so much as fear it. No one of them is tender hearted enough to wish him to go thither rather than to Manlius.' If their motive were really (as they pretend) disinterested pity for Catilina, they would be glad to hear he had gone to Massilia, because that is his only chance of escaping destruction. The truth is that they are secret partisans of his schemes, and are afraid he may be going to abandon them by voluntary exile.
sanare sibi ipsos, 'to restore them to themselves,' i.e. to their right minds.
possessiones, of landed property exclusively ('estates'); maiores, i.e. more than enough to pay their debts, if they were sold.
dissolvi, in a kind of middle sense, 'free themselves'; 'solvo' is the technical word for payment of debts. Cf. the English 'liquidate.'
species, 'outward appearance.'
voluntas et causa, 'intentions and position.'
tu . . . sis, etc., dubitative subjunctive, implying incredulous astonishment. 'Can you be?' 'is it possible that you are?' It is the ordinary potential subj., ('velim,' 'I could wish,' etc.) thrown into an interrogative form. Cf. Cic. ad Q. F. 1. 3 'Ego tibi irascerer, mi frater?' 'I, angry with you, my brother?' and pro Sulla 44 'Tu tantam rem ementiare?' 'You to utter such a falsehood?' Also Virg. Aen. 12. 947 'Tunc hinc spoliis indute meorum | Eripiare mihi?' Translate here, 'You to be luxuriously and abundantly supplied with estates and houses, silver plate and slaves, everything in short that you can wish for, and yet to hesitate, by sacrificing a part of your estate, to gain in respect of credit?' For ad, 'with respect to,' cf. [1. 12] 'ad severitatem lenius.' He wishes them to sell some of their land and pay their debts with the proceeds; this, though apparently a sacrifice, would really be a gain, because by restoring their solvency it would improve their credit.
tabulas novas, lit. 'clean tablets,' 'new account books'; a phrase implying a general cancelling of all debts, which Catilina promised.
meo beneficio, etc., 'thanks to me, there shall be an issue of new tablets, but (they shall be) those of the auctioneers.' He means that he would propose a law, compelling those debtors who had land to sell it by auction, and pay with the proceeds. The necessary catalogues of sale ('auctionariae tabulae') would be 'novae tabulae' in a double sense, (1) because such a law would be a novelty; (2) because it would lead to freedom from debt, only by legal methods, instead of arbitrary repudiation of the creditor's claims.
salvi, 'solvent.'
certare cum usuris, etc., 'instead of matching the produce of their estates against the interest' (on their loans). They had borrowed largely, and tried to pay the interest on the loans with the income derived from their land. It was a contest ('certare') between the two, in which the interest to be paid tended constantly to outstrip their income.
uteremur, 'we should find them.' Cf. Gk. χρῶμαι in the same sense.
dominationem, 'tyranny,' 'despotism,' used always (like 'dominus') of the rule of a single person.
honores, 'offices.'
scilicet, 'that is to say.'
in bonis viris, see [note on 'bonorum' 1. 1].
maximam multitudinem, if genuine, must mean 'that their number is very great,' but the words are probably an interpolation; 'in maxima multitudine' (to be connected with 'magnam concordiam') has been conjectured.
si sint adepti, a very remote contingency, 'supposing they were to obtain.'
fugitivo alicui, etc., i.e. in the event of success the real power would be seized by the most worthless of their own party.
Sunt homines, etc. Sulla during his dictatorship (82-80 b.c.) rewarded his victorious soldiers to the number of 120,000, by distributing them in military colonies throughout Italy, assigning an allotment of land to each. Faesulae was one of these colonies.
universas, 'taken as a whole.' Cicero is careful to speak with respect of Sulla, because he had been the great champion of the aristocratic party, which was now supporting the orator against Catilina. But further on he alludes to the horror which the recollection of the proscriptions still inspired.
sed tamen ii sunt coloni, etc. Note that 'qui . . . iactarunt' is not consecutive. Hence tr. 'Nevertheless the men in question are colonists who,' etc. For 'ii' which seems awkward, 'in iis' has been conjectured.
beati, here, as often, of material prosperity, 'well-to-do.'
familiis, 'establishments,' (of slaves and dependents).
illorum temporum, i.e. the reign of terror under Marius and Cinna (87, 86 b.c.), during which many of the aristocratic leaders perished; and the period of Sulla's dictatorship, with its wholesale proscriptions of the popular party.
tantus is adverbial; 'to such an extent.' Cf. [1. 16] 'quae tibi nulla videtur.'
non modo homines, etc. Understand 'non passuri esse videantur' after 'non modo,' and see note on [1. 25] for explanation.
iam pridem premuntur, 'have long been overwhelmed.'
emergunt, 'get their heads above water.' Cf. Juvenal 3. 164
'Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat
Res angusta domi.'
vetere, 'long-standing.'
vadimoniis, etc, alludes to the three stages of legal proceedings against a debtor. Vadimonium, security given for appearance in court; iudicium, the trial and legal decision; proscriptio bonorum, the confiscation of the property for the benefit of the creditors.
infitiator is one who denies his legal obligations; 'lentos' is added to point the antithesis to 'acres'; 'not so much keen soldiers as shirking defaulters.'
non modo, sc. 'non sentiat.'
carcer. The 'Tullianum' under the Capitol was the only public prison in Rome.
postremum, 'the last,' i.e. 'the lowest,' both in point of number and morality.
proprium, 'Catilina's particular favourites; his special choice,—let me say rather his most cherished and bosom friends.'
immo vero, see [on 1. 2].
imberbes, 'beardless,' i.e. effeminate.
bene barbatos, the wearing of a beard was contrary to the Roman custom at this time and held to be a mark of dissoluteness.
quorum omnis, etc., 'who spend all their life's energy and sacrifice their rest in banquets lasting until daybreak,' antelucanis, lit. before dawn, i.e. prolonged till dawn.
cohortem praetoriam, the troop employed as the general's body guard; first organized by the younger Scipio during the siege of Numantia (133 b.c.) (Cf. Praetorium = the headquarters in the camp.) Out of this grew the Praetorian Guard of the Emperors, which played such an important part in the history of imperial Rome.
nunc, ironical, 'now' (if you think it worth while).
eiectam, 'castaway,' keeping up the metaphor contained in 'naufragorum.'
Iam vero, 'Why, already,' etc.
urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum. Originally colonia meant a colony whose citizens enjoyed the full Roman franchise; municipium a town possessed of 'Latin rights' only. But since 89 b.c., when the franchise had been extended to all Italians, the distinction had ceased to exist.
respondebunt, 'will be a match for.' Catilina's rustic strongholds ('tumuli silvestres') are contemptuously contrasted with the fortified towns ('urbes') which were in the hands of the government.
urbe, i.e. the capital.
eget ille is opposed to nos suppeditamur, the contrast being emphasized by the omission of the connecting particle and the arrangement of the words (Chiasmus).
causas ipsas quae, etc., 'simply the causes which are arrayed against one another.'
velimus, subj. because in the apodosis 'intelligere possumus' is equivalent to the potential subjunctive 'intelligamus.' Cf. [1. 2] 'satisfacere videmur, si vitemus,' and [note].
iaceant. See [on 2. 2].
denique aequitas, etc., sums up the preceding; the four cardinal virtues (justice, temperance, bravery, wisdom) are set against the corresponding vices. The antithesis must be carefully kept in translation.
bona ratio cum perdita, 'upright against corrupt principles.'
mihi, dative of agent. See on [1. 16].
gladiatores. There were in Italy a number of schools (ludi) where gladiators were trained. Catilina had hoped to avail himself of these, but by decree of the senate (October 21) they had been placed under special guard. See Introduction, page 11.
agrum Gallicum. See [on 2. 5].
adeo adds an emphasis, 'who indeed.'
monitos, sc. 'esse.' For the acc. and infin. construction after 'volo' cf. [1. 4] 'cupio me esse clementem.'
qui commoverit is subject to sentiet.
cuius = 'si illius.'
carcerem, as a place of execution ('vindicem') not of detention, for imprisonment was not employed as a punishment in the case of citizens.
togato duce et imperatore. The toga was the civil dress of the magistrate in the city, opposed to the military cloak (paludamentum) worn by the general in the field. Tr. 'with me, a civil magistrate, as your leader and general.' Cicero especially prided himself on the fact that he defeated Catilina in his civil capacity as consul, without the aid of an army. Cf. [3. 15], [23], and the words of his own poem on the subject, 'Cedant arma togae.'
illud, explained by ut neque, etc. Cf. [2. 15].
ORATION III.
[§2].
quod salutis, etc., 'because the pleasure of safety is assured, while our lot at birth is doubtful; because again we are not conscious of our birth, while we can feel the delight of preservation.' nascendi condicio = the external circumstances, surroundings to which we are born. See [on 2. 14].
illum, i.e. Romulus.
benevolentia famaque, hendiadys, 'with affectionate praise.'
templum is the consecrated ground (τέμενος); delubrum the actual shrine (ναός).
[§3].
ut = 'ex quo tempore,' 'ever since.' Cf. Cic. ad Att. 1. 13. 2 'ut Brundisio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,' and Hor. Od. 4. 4.42.
paucis ante diebus. Really, it was nearly a month ago (Nov. 8-Dec. 3).
cum . . . eiciebam, indic. because 'cum' = 'quo tempore,' 'at the time when.' Cf. [2. 1] and [1. 7, note].
exterminari, 'banished' (ex, terminus). The sense 'exterminated' is not found in classical Latin.
[§4].
fidem faceret, 'would command confidence.'
tumultus, used exclusively of disturbances in Italy and Gaul. Cf. Cic. Phil. 8. ch. 1 'itaque maiores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat domesticus, tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea nullum nominabant,' and the whole passage. On the Allobroges, see [Introduction, p. 13].
ad Catilinam, 'addressed to Catilina.'
[§5].
qui omnia, etc., 'like men whose political sentiments were entirely sound and excellent.' sentirent is subj. because qui is causal.
pontem Mulvium, on the Via Flaminia, two miles N. of Rome; now called Ponte Molle.
praefectura was the name given to a provincial town governed by a magistrate sent annually from Rome, whereas the municipia elected their own magistrates.
Reate was a Sabine town, of which Cicero was patronus.
in reipublicae praesidio, v.l. 'in republica,' 'praesidio' being then connected with 'miseram' as dat. of complement.
[§6].
tertia, etc., i.e. between three and four a. m. The time between sunset and sunrise was divided into four vigiliae.
integris signis. See [on §10 below].
ipsi, i.e. Volturcius and the Gauls.
vocavi. The consul had the right of summoning citizens to his presence (ius vocationis), by force if necessary (ius prehensionis).
[§7].
si nihil esset inventum. Virtual Oratio Obliqua, representing their words 'si nihil inventum erit.'
temere, 'heedlessly,' i.e. without due cause.
negavi, etc. 'Ut . . . deferrem' is not a final, but a substantival clause, standing as the object to 'facturum,' the whole being a more emphatic way of saying 'negavi me non delaturum esse'; 'I said that in a danger which threatened the state, I could not but bring the facts unprejudiced before the council of the state.' Cf. [3. 17] 'commisisset ut deprehenderentur.'
[§8].
fidem publicam dedi. Lit. 'pledged him the faith of the state,' i.e. promised him in the name of the state that he should not be prosecuted in respect of any disclosures, iussu senatus, because the consul could not do this unless authorized by the senate.
erat, indic. because an explanation added by Cicero; not part of what Volturcius said.
[§9].
data esse (for the gender see [note on 'deprehensa' §10]), to be taken, by zeugma, with both 'iusiurandum' and 'litteras,' 'that an oath (had been sworn) and a letter given them addressed to their nation.'
atque ita, etc. Upon the main verb 'dixerunt' depend three subordinates: 'esse praescriptum'; 'confirmasse'; 'dixisse'; each of which has in its turn a subordinate clause depending upon it. This will be best seen by the following scheme;
Galli dixerunt:—
(a) ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio { ut equitatum mitterent; pedestres
esse praescriptum { sibi copias non defuturas.
(b) Lentulum autem sibi confirmasse { se esse illum ... Sullam
ex fatis, etc. { fuisse.
(c) eundemque dixisse { fatalem hunc esse ...
{ vicesimus.
The reflexive pronoun refers in each case to the subject of the verb upon which the subordinate sentence immediately depends.
pedestres sibi, etc. This is part of what Cassius and the others said, depending upon some verb of 'saying' to be understood from 'praescriptum'; 'they said that these men and L. Cassius had requested them to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible, (adding that) they should have no lack of infantry.'
fatis Sibyllinis, the original 'libri Sibyllini' (containing prophecies in Greek) were said to have been brought by the Sibyl of Cumae to Tarquinius Superbus; they were kept in the Capitol and consulted in times of difficulty. In 83 b.c. they were burnt and a fresh collection of Sibylline prophecies was made, which was sifted by order of Augustus and Tiberius. See Tac. Ann. 6. 12.
tertium Cornelium, his full name was Cornelius Lentulus Sura. On Cinna and Sulla see [note on 3. 24].
virginum, sc. 'Vestalium.' Nothing is known of the event alluded to, but the trial of a Vestal Virgin was always regarded as an event of great significance.
Capitolii incensionem. The Capitol and adjacent buildings had been burnt down b.c. 83.
Saturnalibus, the festival of Saturn at the end of December. It was a general holiday, when special license was allowed to slaves; hence a good opportunity for a rising.
Primo ostendimus, etc. Letters were generally written with a stylus on wax tablets; these were then put together face inwards and tied with string, which was secured by the seal of the sender. When, as often, they were written by slaves from dictation, the seal was the only means of recognising the authorship, as they were not generally signed.
cognovit, 'acknowledged it.'
recepissent, 'had promised'; recipio = 'to take upon oneself, engage.' sibi, the writer.
quae . . . deprehensa, a relative is generally neuter pl. when it refers, as here, to two inanimate antecedents ('gladii' and 'sicae') of different genders. So also adjectives and participles. Cf. [3. 9] 'data.' They may however agree with the nearest word, as in [3. 18] 'visas . . . faces ardoremque caeli.'
qui . . . respondisset, 'although he had answered.' tamen, i.e. in spite of the appearances against him.
se semper, etc., 'that he had always had a fancy for good steel implements.' He purposely avoids using the word 'tela,' pretending that the weapons were only part of a collection.
conscientia, 'his consciousness of guilt.' For 'abiectus' cf. [4. 3] 'abiecta metu filia.'
in eandem fere sententiam, 'to much the same effect.'
avi, Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 b.c. Cf. [4. 13].
eadem ratione, either with litterae, 'of the same tenor,' or with leguntur, 'in the same way,' i.e. 'with the same formalities.'
per quem, the agent was Umbrenus. Cf. [§14 below].
subito, adverb, with demens.
cum, 'although.'
dicendi exercitatio. Lit. 'practice in speaking,' i.e. 'fluency.'
Quis sim, etc. The general sense of the letter is similarly given by Sallust (Cat. 44) with verbal differences.
locum, 'position.'
etiam infimorum, i.e. he was to arm the slaves.
cum . . . tum, 'just as ... so also.' Cf. [3. 18]. illa in each clause refers to what follows. Note that 'certiora' follows 'certissima,' showing that the latter means 'very sure,' not 'the surest possible.' Cicero is fond of using the superlative in this sense.
de summa re publica, 'on a matter so vital to the state.' Cf. [1. 14] 'ad summam rempublicam pertinent.'
principibus, the leaders.
sententiae. See [on 1. 9].
senatus consultum, the regular word for a decree of the senate. When passed, it was written down, and the names of the principal supporters appended.
liberata . . . sit, etc. Subj. because he is quoting the substance of the decree. usus essem is plup. because 'laudantur' (historic present) is regarded as a past tense.
viro forti, collegae meo. This was C. Antonius Hybrida. He had been associated with Catilina, but Cicero induced him to come over to the side of the senate by giving up to him the province of Macedonia. See [note on 4. 23].
a suis et rei publicae, etc., i.e. he had ceased to hold any communication with them, either on his private affairs, or his public duties.
cum se praetura, etc. Note the construction of 'abdico.' Strictly speaking, a magistrate could not be deprived of his office except by his own act; but resignation was practically compulsory under certain circumstances (e.g. when the election was proved to have been obtained by bribery). As praetor, Lentulus could not have been placed under arrest, for the person of a magistrate was inviolable (sacrosanctus).
in custodiam. See [on 1. 19].
de iis colonis. See [on 2. 20].
supplicatio, i.e. a period of public prayer and thanksgiving. This was accompanied by the ceremony called lectisternium, when the images of the gods were placed on couches (pulvinaria) before their temples, with banquets beside them. Here the people came to worship. Cf. [3. 23] 'ad omnia pulvinaria,' and Horace, Odes 1. 37. 2
'nunc Saliaribus
Ornare pulvinar Deorum
Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.'
A supplicatio was generally a thanksgiving for victory; to the general it was an honour only inferior to a triumph, which it often preceded. More rarely, it was a period of national humiliation in time of disaster. Thus a supplicatio was decreed at the beginning of 217 b.c., and again after the defeat of Cannae. See Livy 22. 1, 23. 11.
meo nomine, 'in my name,' 'in my honour.' This was the only instance of a supplicatio decreed in honour of a citizen not holding a military command.
interest instead of 'interesse videatur,' because he means to state positively that the difference is there, whether the comparison be made or not. So we can say, 'If you compare, there is this difference,' instead of the more strictly grammatical, 'You will find that there is this difference.' Cf. de Amic. §104 'Si illis orbatus essem, tamen affert nihi aetas ipsa solatium'; where the existence of the consolation does not depend on the need for it.
se abdicavit, 'was allowed to resign.'
ut quae religio, etc. A magistrate being 'sacrosanctus,' religious scruples would forbid his punishment. Cicero says that owing to Lentulus' abdication, they will not have this scruple to stand in their way, though reminding them that it did not protect Glaucia. (See [on 1. 4].) Tr. 'So that we can punish Lentulus as a private citizen without hindrance from any religious scruple; though such scruples did not prevent C. Marius,' etc.
cum pellebam. See [on 1. 7].
somnum, 'the sleepiness.'
aditus, 'the means of approaching.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 4. 423
'Sola viri molles aditus et tempora noras.'
Note the striking picture of Catilina's abilities as a leader here given, and contrast it with Cicero's contemptuous expressions elsewhere, esp. [2. 9].
certos, 'particular,' 'definite.'
mandarat. The pluperf. indic. is rare after cum even when (as here) the connection is of time only.
quod constructed with 'obiret' as the nearest verb. 'occurreret' by itself would require dative.
vigilaret, laboraret do not grammatically construct with 'quod' at all. They are an amplification of 'obiret occurreret'; such amplification being more commonly expressed by an adverbial clause such as 'per vigilias et labores.' Cf. Aesch. P. V. 331
πάντων μετασχὼν καὶ τετολμηκὼς ἐμοί,
where καὶ τετολμηκώς is an amplification of μετασχών, and does not construct with ἐμοί.
tanto ante, because it was now only Dec. 3 and the Saturnalia ([3. 10]) did not begin till Dec. 17.
commisisset ut, etc. 'have made the mistake of allowing to be arrested.' Cf. [3. 7] 'negavi me facturum esse ut non deferrem.'
cum . . . tum, 'not only ... but also.' Cf. [3. 13].
Nam ut illa, etc. Cicero must here be suiting his language to his audience; for he probably did not believe in miraculous signs. His tone in the second and third speeches, where he is addressing the people, is throughout less refined than in the first and fourth, where he is speaking to the senate.
canere, 'foretell,' often used of prophetic utterances.
Cotta et Torquato consulibus, b.c. 65.
de caelo, i.e. struck by lightning.
legum aera, the brazen tablets on which the laws were engraved.
tactus, etc. In the Capitoline Museum at Rome may be seen a bronze figure of a wolf giving suck to the twins Romulus and Remus. It is just possible that this may be the group alluded to here, as one of the legs shows an injury such as would be caused by lightning; but it is more probably a mediaeval copy of an ancient original.
Etruria, the original home of augury.
adpropinquare dixerunt nisi . . . flexissent. The soothsayers said 'adpropinquant, nisi flexerint,' the fut. perf. becoming plup. subj. in Oratio Obliqua, according to rule. Not adpropinquabunt, because futurity is sufficiently expressed by the word itself, = 'they are drawing near,' 'are upon you.'
suo numine, 'by their influence.' The gods are regarded as subject to Destiny, yet able to mitigate its decrees by their intercession. prope apologizes as it were for the boldness of the expression. Cf. [4. 3] ad fin.
ad orientem, etc. The Forum stretched S.E. from the Capitol, so that a statue on the latter facing E. would overlook it.
collocandum . . . locaverunt, 'gave a contract for its erection'; loco (lit. 'to place out') is used of the person for whom the work is done; conduco of the contractor.
superioribus consulibus, those of 64 b.c., L. Caesar and C. Figulus.
praesens, perhaps 'clear,' i.e. a visible evidence of the hand of the gods; or it may be simply 'opportune.'
ut . . . videatur is consecutive, ut . . . statueretur, substantival, explanatory of illud, 'the fact that the statue was being erected at that particular moment.'
eorum indices, 'the witnesses against them.' The Temple of Concord was on the Capitol; Cicero's house on the Palatine; so that the Forum would have to be crossed in passing from one to the other.
ducerentur follows the mood of its main verb 'statueretur.' Otherwise as 'cum' = 'quo tempore' we should probably have had the indic. on the analogy of [1. 7] (where see [note]) and other instances.
templis atque delubris. See [on 3. 2].
mentem voluntatemque, 'disposition and purpose.'
Some editions read 'iam vero illa Allobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab Lentulo,' etc. For iam vero see [on 2. 8].
ut . . . neglegerent, substantival ('the fact that') in apposition to 'id' below.
ex civitate male pacata. The limits of Transalpine Gaul were not accurately defined at this time, and disturbances on the borders were frequent. The Allobroges actually revolted two years later, and were suppressed temporarily by C. Pomptinus; they shared in the universal subjugation of Gaul by Caesar, 58-51 b.c.
ultro, 'spontaneously,' 'unsought,' because the first advances were made by Lentulus.
potuerint, 'especially as they (were men who) might have,' etc.
ad omnia pulvinaria. See [on supplicatio 3. 15].
togati. See [on 2. 28].
The historical allusions in this section will be best explained by the following sketch.
In 88 b.c. Sulla was consul, and had just ended the Social War. P. Sulpicius made certain proposals in the interests of the democratic party, one of which was to transfer the command against Mithridates of Pontus from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched on Rome; Sulpicius, with a few adherents, was killed; Marius, with others, escaped with difficulty. Sulla thereupon departed for the East.
In 87 Cinna, as consul, revived the schemes of Sulpicius. His colleague Octavius drove him from the city; he collected an army, was joined by Marius, and effected his return by force. A reign of terror followed, during which many aristocrats were killed. Marius died in 86; Cinna was killed in a mutiny two years later.
In 82 Sulla came back from the East, defeated the younger Marius (in alliance with the revolted Samnites), at the Colline Gate, and was created 'dictator reipublicae constituendae.' As such he issued a proscription list, ordering the execution of most of the democratic leaders. Having reformed the constitution in the interest of the optimates, he resigned his power.
After his death M. Lepidus (consul 78) tried to reverse his acts, but was expelled by his colleague Q. Catulus. He raised an army and tried, like Cinna, to effect his return by force, but was defeated by Catulus at the Mulvian Bridge, b.c. 77; he escaped to Sardinia, where he died.
vidistis, because they had all taken place within the last twenty-five years.
custodem huius urbis, he had saved Rome by defeating the Teutones and Cimbri (102, 101 b.c.)
redundavit only suits 'sanguine,' but is applied (by zeugma) to 'acervis corporum' as well, '(was choked) with heaps of corpses and flooded with blood.'
clarissimis viris. Among these were L. Caesar (consul 90, and one of the enfranchisers of the Italians) and Q. Catulus (consul 102) the colleague of Marius in the war against the Cimbri.
ne dici quidem, etc. The victims of the Sullan proscriptions numbered from four to five thousand.
Q. Catulo, son of the Catulus mentioned above.
non tam ipsius, i.e. it was not the fate of Lepidus himself which excited sympathy, but of those who were involved in it.
The reading in this section is uncertain, owing to interpolations having been introduced into the original MS. The text given is Halm's conjectural emendation; the principal variation is as follows:—
'Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eiusmodi Quirites, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rempublicam pertinerent; non illi nullam esse rempublicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse principes; neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium reipublicae quaesivit, eiusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint.']
According to this reading, the sentence in brackets is regarded as a gloss; i.e. an explanation added in the margin by a transcriber, which afterwards found its way into the text.
diiudicatae sint. In consecutive sentences the perf. subj. is used in preference to the imperf. where the fact of the result is emphasized. It answers to ὥστε with indicative: the imperfect to ὥστε with infinitive.
infinitae caedi restitisset (resto), lit. 'had remained over to bloodshed,' i.e. as the only thing left for it to destroy. Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 679.
'Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae.'
insigne honoris, 'mark of distinction,' may perhaps refer to some purely personal honour (such as the title 'pater patriae'); monimentum laudis, 'memorial of renown,' to something more external (such as a statue). But see below.
ornamenta honoris, etc. The three expressions seem to be practically synonymous, unless 'laudis insignia' be meant to include the other two. 'Every honourable decoration, every glorious memorial, every outward mark of distinction.'
alentur, 'will be cherished.'
literarum monimentis, 'in the records of literature,' i.e. history.
eandemque diem, etc. 'Diem' here = 'period.' He means that he has preserved the state for an unlimited period, and that during that period the recollection of his consulship will last; the two will go together, hence 'eandem.' Tr. 'I feel that one and the same term—a term which I trust will have no limit—has been extended to the safe existence of the state and the recollection of my consulship.'
exstitisse may either depend upon 'intellego,' or (better) upon a verb to be understood from 'memoriam'; 'and (the recollection) that there were,' etc.
alter, i.e. Pompeius, who was extending the empire by his conquests in the East, which added the province of Syria to the Roman dominions. Cicero speaks with rhetorical exaggeration.
condicio, 'circumstances,' 'position.' See [on 2. 14].
recte, 'as is just.'
bonis. See [on 'bonorum' 1. 1].
Quodsi, etc. Cicero's fears were realized by the motion for his banishment (for having put Roman citizens to death without trial) carried by Clodius, 58 b.c.
vitae fructum, 'the results of life.'
honore vestro, 'the honours you can bestow'; gloria virtutis, 'renown won by merit.'
Illud, explained by 'ut . . . tuear,' etc.
ORATION IV.
[§1].
depulsum sit. Subj. because he is putting their thoughts into words.
vestris. Some editions add liberis.
condicio. See [on 2. 14], 'if these were the terms on which I received the consulship.'
[§2].
in quo omnis aequitas continetur, 'the home of all justice,' because the praetor's courts were held in the Forum and adjacent buildings.
consularibus auspiciis, 'the auspices taken at the election of the consuls.' They were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, which met in the Campus Martius. For 'auspicia' see [on 1. 33].
summum auxilium, etc. The control of foreign relations belonged particularly to the senate.
ad quietem datus, epithet of 'lectus' ('datus' must not be mistaken for the main verb, which is 'fuit').
sedea honoris. Some MSS. add the explanatory words 'sella curulis.'
multa tacui. He hints at the suppression of the names of certain persons suspected by him to be implicated. Crassus and Caesar may have been among these. See Sall. Cat. 48, 49.
meo quodam dolore, abl. of attendant circumstances, 'at some pain to myself.'
templa atque delubra. See [on 3. 2].
fatale ad perniciem, 'destined to the destruction of,' referring to his belief that he was the third Cornelius who should rule over Rome ([3. 9]). In the second clause 'prope' ('I may almost say') is added because the expression might seem too arrogant without qualification. Cf. [3. 19] 'nisi di immortales prope fata ipsa flexissent.'
[§3].
pro eo ac mereor, 'in proportion to my deserts.' Cf. 'simul ac,' 'aeque ac,' 'aliter ac,' etc.
consulari, 'to one who has been consul,' because no higher honour remained to be won.
misera sapienti. The Stoic philosophy, of which Cicero was an adherent, taught that true happiness consisted in being independent of the external accidents of life.
ille ferreus, 'a man of such iron nature.'
fratris. Q. Cicero, now praetor designatus.
uxor, Terentia; filia, Tullia; filius, Marcus, now two years old.
gener, C. Calpurnius Piso, Tullia's first husband. Not being yet a senator he was not seated in the assembly, but standing with the crowd at the open doors of the temple.
sed in eam partem uti, etc., 'but only in the direction (of wishing) that,' etc.
[§4].
Non Ti. Gracchus, etc. The negatives go closely with the proper names, and the present 'adducitur' is emphatic. Tr. 'It is no Ti. Gracchus, for proposing to become tribune a second time, no C. Gracchus, for attempting to incite the agrarian party to violence, no L. Saturninus, for the murder of C. Memmius, that is now brought to trial before the bar of your severity; you have in your hands men who,' etc. He uses the indic. ('voluit,' 'conatus est,' etc.) instead of the subj. to emphasize the fact that the persons named had actually committed the offences in question; he is not simply quoting the grounds of an accusation which might or might not have been true.
iterum, the election of the same person in successive years was illegal. Ti. Gracchus was tribune 133 b.c. In attempting to secure his re-election for the next year he fell a victim to the armed attack of the senate.
agrarios, properly those interested in the distribution of the public land. C. Gracchus carried on the agrarian schemes of his brother, but it was not the most important part of his legislation. He trusted no doubt for support to the agricultural population of Italy, but this was rather in view of his plans for admitting them all to the franchise.
C. Memmius, a popular leader at the time of the Jugurthine War; he changed sides, and was murdered by Saturninus and Glaucia on opposing the latter in the consular election for 99 b.c.
restiterunt (resto), 'have stayed behind.'
servitia, abstract for concrete.
[§5].
vos multis iam, etc. 'You have affirmed by many proofs of your judgment'; i.e. the senate, by the measures they had already taken, had practically affirmed their belief in the conspirators' guilt.
in custodiam. See [on 1. 19].
qui honos, etc. Cf. [3. 15] and [2. 28].
[§6].
The object of referre is de facto quid iudicetis, etc.; tanquam integrum, 'as though it were an open question.'
ego magnum, etc. 'I had long seen that a dangerous madness was abroad, and that evils of an unheard-of kind were seething and stirring in the state.'
latius opinione, 'more widely than you think.' The following sentence should be noted, as showing that Cicero recognized that the importance of the decision lay in the effect it would have upon Catilina's adherents abroad.
[§7].
sententias, the technical word for the senator's formal declaration of his vote. See [on 1. 9]. Tr. 'proposals.'
D. Silani, now consul designatus.
censet, not 'thinks,' but 'gives it as his opinion,' 'votes.'
haec, i.e. all that is around us, the houses, temples, etc.
C. Caesaris, now praetor designatus.
recordatur, 'remembers.' Cicero suggests that the recollection influenced Silanus, not that he actually mentioned the precedents.
aut necessitatem, etc. Each aut still further qualifies the idea of death. So far from being a punishment, it is the common necessity of our nature, or may even sometimes be an actual benefit.
municipiis, 'provincial towns.' See [on 2. 24].
si velis. Subj. because contingency is expressed by 'habere videtur' (= 'habeat'), 'seems to have,' 'might have.' Cf. [1. 2] 'satisfacere videmur si vitemus.' The sense is: it would be unfair to order any town to undertake the duty, and difficult to induce any to do so if they merely asked it as a favour.
[§8].
Adiungit, sc. Caesar.
aut per senatum, etc., i.e. either by a 'senatus consultum,' or a 'lex' passed by the Comitia.
illi antiqui, the well-known writers of old time. The order of the words is 'illi antiqui voluerunt eius modi quaedam supplicia apud inferos impiis constituta esse.' voluerunt, lit. 'wished,' i.e. 'would have had us believe.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 626 'Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat.' Contrast Cicero's language here (where he is speaking to a more intelligent audience) with that in [3. 18-22].
ipsam, 'by itself.'
[§9].
mea quid intersit, 'what is for my own interest.'
quoniam hanc. 'Viam' is 'path,' 'course.' In English we may perhaps change the metaphor, and say 'since he has taken what we agree to call the popular side in politics.' The 'populares' were the opponents of the 'optimates'; they aimed at breaking down the aristocratic rule of the senate.
cognitore, properly one who acts for another in a law-suit, 'advocate.'
nescio an, lit. 'I hardly know whether'; so affirmatively = 'I am disposed to think.'
rationes, 'considerations.'
enim, used like γάρ, to introduce a narrative or discussion of a point. 'Now we have,' etc.
obsidem, 'pledge.'
intellectum est, etc. 'We understood (when we heard Caesar) how great was the contrast between the frivolity of demagogues and the true democratic spirit, which has the interest of the people at heart.'
ne de capite, i.e. because the senate had no legal right to decide questions affecting the caput (life, or civil rights) of a citizen, which ought to come before the Comitia Centuriata. On this question see [Introd. Note B].
nudius tertius='nunc dies tertius,' 'the day before yesterday,' according to the Roman inclusive method of reckoning.
hoc, explained by quid iudicarit. The order is 'hoc, quid (ille) qui . . . decrerit de tota re et causa iudicarit, nemini dubium est.' Cicero argues that the absent senators, by assenting to the previous measures, have acknowledged their jurisdiction in the matter. It appears that these measures had been unanimously adopted.
quaesitori, properly of the president of a law-court: here of Cicero, as the conductor of the investigations. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6. 432 'Quaesitor Minos urnam movet.'
legem Semproniam. What this was is not quite certain; but C. Gracchus seems to have passed a law still further securing the right of citizens to appeal to the people as against the arbitrary sentence of a magistrate, though this was already provided by the Lex Valeria and the Lex Porcia (see [on 1. 28]). Cicero refers to the Lex Sempronia here as being the most recent legislation on the subject, and because the fact that summary measures were taken against its author strengthens his argument.
qui autem, etc. On this see [Introd. Note B].
iniussu is a conjectural emendation for the MS. reading iussu, because C. Gracchus was not put to death by order of the people; he was killed by the agents of the consul Opimius, who professed to rely upon the 'ultimum decretum' previously passed by the senate (see [on 1. 4]). Cicero quotes it as a precedent exactly suiting the present case.
sive, 'if on the one hand,' answered by sive below. dederitis is the apodosis to the first clause, exsolvet to the second.
comitem. Cicero would be expected to address the people after the meeting, to acquaint them with the senate's decision (cf. the [Third Oration]), and according to usage he would be accompanied by the proposer of the successful motion. Connect populo with carum atque iucundum.
populus Romanus exsolvet. The reading of the MSS. here is unintelligible; that in the text is a conjectural emendation. Other suggestions are 'apud populum Romanum exsolvam,' 'populo Romano exsolveritis.'
obtinebo, 'I shall maintain.' eam, sc: 'sententiam.'
ita . . . ut. A common way of emphasizing a declaration, by expressing a wish that the welfare of the speaker may depend upon its truth. 'So may it be mine to enjoy with you the blessings of preservation, as I am moved,' etc. Cf. the phrase 'ita di me ament, ut,' and the formula 'So help me God' appended to oaths in English law-courts.
purpuratum. A name for ministers at Eastern courts, from the magnificence of their dress; 'with Gabinius as his grand vizier.'
qui non lenierit, causal, 'in that he did not alleviate.'
id egerunt, ut, 'have made it their object to place,' etc.
L. Caesar, consul 64 b.c., not to be confused with C. Julius Caesar. sororis suae virum, Lentulus; avum, M. Fulvius Flaccus, the friend and adherent of C. Gracchus, whose fate he shared. When the disturbance broke out he sent his young son to treat with the consul Opimius, who had him arrested and put to death.
The following table will show the relationship:
M. Fulvius Flaccus (cos. 125)
|
———————————————
||
M.F. FlaccusFulvia m. L.J. Caesar (cos. 90)
(filius) |
—————————————
| |
L.J. Caesar (cos. 64) Julia m. (1) M. Antonius Creticus.
(2) P.C. Lentulus.
nudius tertius. At the meeting of the senate described in the Third Speech.
quorum, etc. 'What had they (i.e. Flaccus and C. Gracchus) done that could compare with this' (the present conspiracy)? factum is treated as a substantive.
largitionis voluntas, etc. 'Designs of largess were then rife in the state, accompanied by some party rivalry.' C. Gracchus passed a law providing the people with corn at low rates. He also transferred the right of sitting as iudices in the law-courts from the senate to the equites, and thus stirred up strife ('partium contentio') between the two orders.
Cicero purposely makes light of those measures, which had really very important effects, in order to give point to his argument, which is—If such comparatively moderate designs as those of C. Gracchus met with so signal a punishment, what do the violent schemes of Catilina deserve? Cf. [1. 4].
avus. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 b.c., and princeps senatus at the time of Gracchus' death. Cf. [3. 10].
ne quid, etc., 'lest the majesty of the state should be in any degree impaired.'
Vereamini censeo, lit. 'it is my opinion that you should fear' ('ut' being omitted, as often after 'censeo'). Ironical advice, where the contrary is really intended. 'You had better be afraid, I should think.' Cf. the similar ironical passage in Sallust, Cat. 52 (Cato is speaking in favour of executing the conspirators), 'Misereamini censeo—deliquere homines adulescentuli per ambitionem—atque etiam armatos dimittatis.' multo magis verendum, etc. below gives his serious opinion.
Note the distinction between vereri ut and vereri ne.
imperium, i.e. the sovereign authority of the Comitia, for which a revolution might substitute that of a despot. Cf. 'regnantem Lentulum' [§12].
loci, the Temple of Concord, on the Capitol.
in qua = 'talis, ut in ea,' followed by consec. subj. 'sentirent.'
Ceteri. He goes through all the classes in turn; first the knights (the disposition of the senate being already clear); then the official classes (the Civil Service as we might say); then the general body of freeborn citizens; lastly, the freedmen and slaves.
equites, see [Introd. p. 9, note]. As large holders of property, they dreaded Catilina's schemes, and supported Cicero by occupying the Capitol in arms, in order to protect the Senate.
ita . . . ut. 'Ut' has a limiting force; it shows with what reservation the main statement is to be accepted. 'Only so far ... that.' In English, 'who yield to you the first place in rank and wisdom, only to rival you in patriotism.' Cf. Cic. de Off. 1. 88 'ita probanda est mansuetudo, ut adhibeatur reipublicae causa severitas,' and Livy 23. 3 'ita vos irae indulgere oportet, ut potiorem ira salutem habeatis.'
ex, 'after.' The ground of quarrel was the right of sitting as iudices in the law-courts. Transferred from the senate to the equites by C. Gracchus, it had been restored by Sulla, and was now shared between the two and the tribuni aerarii (see below).
Cicero's great hope for the state lay in a union between the two orders (cf. [§22] ad fin.), but that now existing was soon broken.
tribunos aerarios, probably revenue officers of some kind, but not much is known about them.
scribas, etc., the permanent government clerks, a certain number of whom were attached to each magistrate. On this day (Dec. 5) the quaestors for the next year entered on their office, and the scribae had to draw lots to decide which quaestor they should severally attend. This drawing took place at the treasury, which was in the Temple of Saturn at the west end of the Forum, in full view of the Temple of Concord. Hence tr.: 'the entire body of clerks also, who having been brought to-day by chance to the treasury have I see been diverted from the anticipation of the lot to thoughts of the public safety.'
ingenuorum, 'freeborn citizens,' opposed to libertini, who though citizens were not freeborn.
sit, not subj. after 'cum' (which = 'not only'), but consecutive.
operae pretium est, 'it is worth while.'
sua virtute, etc., 'who by their own exertions have won the advantages of our citizenship'; because only those would be manumitted whose industry and energy deserved it.
qui modo sit . . . qui non, etc., the first relative clause limits the subject ('servus'); the second is consecutive. 'There is no slave,—none at least whose condition of servitude is bearable—who does not,' etc. Cf. in Pisonem §45 'Nemo denique civis est, qui modo se civem esse meminerit, qui vos non oculis fugiat.'
voluntatis, gen. after 'tantum.'
aut fortuna miseri, etc., 'so poverty-stricken or so disaffected.'
immo vero corrects the preceding. 'The greater part, nay the whole'; see [on 1. 2]. A large part of the retail trade at Rome was in the hands of slaves.
instrumentum, 'means of trade.'
futurum fuit, 'was about to happen,' i.e. 'would have happened'; incensis represents the protasis, 'si incensae essent.' Cf. Livy 2. 1 'Quid enim futurum fuit, si illa plebs agitari coepta esset tribuniciis procellis?'
ignem illum Vestae, pointing perhaps to the Temple of Vesta in the Forum below him.
in civili causa, 'on a political question.'
cogitate, etc. A short form of expression combining two really distinct indirect questions, (1) 'cogitate quantis laboribus imperium fundatum sit,' and (2) 'cogitate ut una nox paene (imperium) delerit.' In English, 'Think by what toil was the empire established, which one night nearly destroyed.'
una nox, the night of the arrest of the Allobroges. See pro Flacco §102 'O nox illa, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum Galli ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum et flammam vocabantur.'
non modo, understand 'non possit' after confici, and see [on 1. 25].
sententiam, sc. 'rogandam,' see [on 1. 9]. The consul would not pronounce a formal 'sententia' himself.
Quodsi, etc. Cicero's fears were realized five years later (58 b.c.), when Clodius carried a motion for his banishment.
Scipio. The elder Scipio restored the Roman supremacy in Spain during the Second Punic War, and invaded Africa. Hannibal returned from Italy to oppose him, and was defeated at Zama (202 b.c.).
alter Africanus. Cornelius Scipio (Aemilianus) Africanus, son of Aemilius Paullus, but adopted by the elder Scipio's son. He took and destroyed Carthage 146, Numantia 133 b.c.
Paullus. L. Aem. Paullus defeated and made prisoner Perseus king of Macedonia at Pydna, 168 b.c.
bis. He defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (102), the Cimbri near Vercellae on the Campus Raudius (101).
Pompeius, see [on 2. 11]. Note the rhetorical exaggeration in 'eisdem quibus solis cursus,' etc.
uno loco, 'in one point'
serviunt, 'become slaves.'
possis is the apodosis of a conditional sentence with the protasis suppressed. 'You would not be able (if you were to try),' i.e. 'you can never hope to be able.'
neque ulla, etc. This hope was not realized. The immediate danger being removed, the equites fell back into their habitual attitude of opposition to the senate.
pro imperio, 'in the place of military command.' The imperium was the authority vested in a general in virtue of which he controlled his army by martial law. It belonged equally to all the higher magistrates, but within the walls of Rome itself its exercise was restricted. Cicero was not going to govern a province, and therefore not to command an army.
pro provincia. Sulla had ordained that each of the ten chief magistrates (two consuls and eight praetors) should, after the expiration of his year of office in the city, govern a province as proconsul or propraetor. The senate decided which should be the consular provinces, and the consuls settled between themselves (by lot or otherwise) which each should take. The consular provinces for 62 b.c. were Macedonia and Cisalpine Gaul. As Macedonia was a rich province, Cicero had given it up to Antonius, in order to secure his support against the conspirators. His own province would therefore in the ordinary course have been Cisalpine Gaul. But subsequently he asked to be allowed to resign it, and it fell to the praetor Metellus Celer. (See Ep. ad Att. 2. 1 'cum provinciam in contione deposui,' and ad Fam. 5. 2, where writing to Metellus Celer he says 'si hoc dicam, me tui causa praetermisisse provinciam, tibi ipsi levior videar esse.') By resigning his province he gave up the command of an army, and with it the chance of a triumph.
pro clientelis, etc. Provincial communities often attached themselves as 'clients' to their former governors, who became their 'patroni' and were specially bound to look after their interests. Cicero here says that by giving up a province he has given up the best opportunities of forming such connections; nevertheless though confined to the city he will still do his best in that direction. Tr. 'In the place of ties of clientship and mutual friendship with provincials, which nevertheless by such influence as I can exercise in the city (urbanis opibus) I strive to acquire as zealously as I maintain them' (when acquired).
pro meis, etc. Note that 'pro' is here used in a different sense from the foregoing; 'in return for my zeal,' etc.
suo solius periculo. Cf. phrases like 'mea ipsius manu.' 'Solius' agrees with the genitive of the personal pronoun to be understood from 'suo.'
per se ipsum, 'by himself'; cf. [1. 11] 'per me tibi obstiti.'
praestare is 'to be responsible for,' 'guarantee,' and so, 'to execute.' He means that he will take upon himself the sole responsibility of carrying out the senate's decrees.
INDEX.
accusative in adverbial phrases, [1. 10.]
ager Gallicus, [2. 5], [2. 26].
agrarii, [4. 4].
Ahala, C. Servilius, [1. 3].
Allobroges, [Intr. 13], [3. 4-13].
Antonius, C., [Intr. 8], [3. 14].
asyndeton, [2. 1].
auspicia, [1. 33 n].
Caesar, C. Julius, [Intr. 8], [14], [18], [4. 7-10].
Caesar, L. Julius, [4. 13].
caput, [4. 10].
Cato, M., [Intr. 15].
Cethegus, [3. 6-14].
Cinna, [3. 9], [3. 24].
clientelae provinciales, [4. 23].
cognitor, [4. 9].
colonia, [2. 24 n].
comitium, [1. 15].
condicio, [2. 14 n.], [3. 2], [3. 27], [4. 1], [4. 22].
conditional sentences, special forms of, [1. 2 n.], [1. 19 n.], [2. 25], [3. 15], [4. 7].
consilium, [1. 2].
contio, [4. 11].
cum with indic., [1. 7 n].
custodia libera, [1. 19 n].
dative of agent, [1. 16 n].
decoctor, [2. 5].
duint, [1. 22].
edictum praetoris, [2. 5].
eludo, [1. 1].
equites, [Intr. 9 n]., [1. 21], [4. 15].
Ethic dative, [2. 4].
exilium. [1. 20 n].
exterminor, [3. 3].
fides publica, [3. 8].
First conspiracy, [Intr. 8].
Flaccus, M. Fulvius, [1. 4], [4. 13].
Gabinius, [3. 6-14].
Glaucia, C. Servilius, [1. 4], [3. 15].
Gracchus, C., [1. 4], [4. 4], [4. 10], [4. 13].
Gracchus, Ti., [1. 3], [4. 4].
hendiadys, [1. 15], [1. 21], [1. 31], [2. 14], [3. 2].
honores, [1. 28].
Idus, [1. 14 n].
immo vero, [1. 2], [2. 22], [4. 17].
imperium, [4. 23 n].
indic. in oratio obliqua, [2. 13], [3. 8].
inter falcarios, [1. 8].
ita ut, idiomatic uses of, [4. 11], [4. 15].
Laeca, M., [1. 8], [2. 12].
latrocinium, [1. 23], [1. 31].
Lentulus, Cornelius, [3. 4-16], [4. 2], [4. 5], [4. 10].
Lepidus, M., [3. 24].
Lex Porcia, [1. 28 n].
Lex Sempronia, [1. 28 n.], [4. 10].
Lex Valeria, [1. 28 n].
Lex Villia Annalis, [1. 28 n].
libertini, [4. 16].
loco, [3. 20].
malleolus, [1. 32].
Manlius, [Intr. 10], [1. 7], [1. 23], [2. 14], [2. 20].
Marius, C., [1. 4], [3. 15], [3. 24], [4. 21].
Memmius, C., [4. 4].
municipium, [2. 24 n]., [4. 7].
non modo, [1. 25 n]., [2. 9], [2. 20], [2. 21], [4. 19].
Octavius, Cn., [3. 24].
Opimius, L., [1. 4].
optimates, [1. 1 n].
oxymoron, [1. 18].
Palatium, [1. 1].
parricida, [1. 29].
patres conscripti, [1. 4 n].
Paullus, L. Aemilius, [4. 21].
Pistoria, [Intr. 15].
Pompeius, [2. 11], [3. 26], [4. 21].
populares, [4. 9 n].
possessio, [2. 18].
praefectura, [3. 5].
Praeneste, [1. 8].
praetexta, [2. 4].
praetor urbanus, [1. 32 n].
praetor peregrinus, [1. 32 n].
praetoria cohors, [2. 24].
propago, [2. 11], [3. 26].
proscriptio bonorum, [2. 21].
provinces (consular), [4. 23 n].
pulvinar, [3. 23].
purpuratus, [4. 12].
quaesitor, [4. 10].
quaestio, [1. 18 n].
Quirites, [2. 1 n].
quisquam in affirm. sentences, [1. 6 n].
Rabirius, C., [Intr. 17].
Reate, [3. 5].
sacrarium, [1. 24].
satelles, [1. 7].
Saturnalia, [3. 10].
Saturninus, L., [1. 4], [4. 4].
Scipio Aemilianus, [4. 21].
Scipio Africanus, [4. 21].
Scipio Nasica, [1. 3].
scribae, [4. 15].
sententia, [1. 9 n].
Sibylline prophecies, [3. 9].
Silanus, D., [4. 7].
socii, [1. 18 n].
Spurius Maelius, [1. 3].
Statilius, [3. 6-14].
subiector, [2. 7].
subjunctive, interrogative, [2. 18].
Sulla, [3. 9], [3. 24].
Sullan colonies, [2. 20].
Sulpicius, P., [3. 24].
supplicatio, [3. 15].
tabulae auctionariae, [2. 18].
tabulae novae, [2. 18].
togatus, [2. 28], [3. 15], [3. 23], [4. 5].
tribuni aerarii, [4. 15].
tumultus, [3. 4].
Ultimum decretum, [Intr. 11], [17], [1. 3].
ut with subj. in exclamations, [1. 22], [1. 24].
vadimonium, [2. 5], [2. 21].
Via Aurelia, [2. 6].
Volturcius, T., [3. 4-13], [4. 5].
zeugma, [3. 9], [3. 24].
The End.
OXFORD: PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A., PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PROPER NAMES.
This index does not contain all the proper names occurring in the Orations; those about which information is either unnecessary or supplied in the notes or introduction are omitted.
Final o is long. All other long single vowels are marked, unless they are followed by two consonants, in which case the syllable is long.
A
Allobroges, -um, a people of Gaul dwelling south-west of the Lake of Geneva, between the Rhone and the Isère.
Appenī, -i, m. the Apennines, the mountain chain extending along the centre of Italy.
Apūlia, -ae, f. a country on the east coast of Italy, between Calabria and Samnium; now Puglia.
C
Caesar, C. Iulius, born 102 or 100 b.c. Elected Pontifex Maximus in 63, the year of Cicero's consulship. After the coalition with Pompeius and Crassus, which is called the First Triumvirate, he became consul in 59, and in the next year he entered on the government of the Province of Gaul and began his conquest of the tribes hitherto independent. In 49 he marched into Italy as the declared enemy of the Senatorial party, and in 48 overthrew its champion, Pompeius, at Pharsālus. On his return to Rome he was made Dictator for life, and four years afterwards, on the 15th of March, 44 b.c., he was murdered at a meeting of the Senate.
Capitōlium, -i, n., the Capitol, one of the two summits of the Capitoline hill and the great temple of Jupiter on it, the other summit being called the arx or citadel.
Cicero, M. Tullius, born at Arpīnum of an Equestrian family, 106 b.c. His first extant speech was delivered in 81. He impeached Verres in 70 for his misgovernment in Sicily, crushed the Catilinarian conspiracy when he was consul in 63, and in 58 went into exile on a charge of illegal conduct in ordering the execution of the conspirators. He was recalled in the following year. When the civil war broke out between Caesar and Pompeius, he supported the Senatorial party, but he became reconciled to Caesar after his victory over Pompeius at Pharsālus. After the murder of Caesar he attacked Antonius violently in the Philippics, and, being put on the list of the 'proscribed' by Augustus and Antonius, he was murdered at Formiae by the soldiers of Antonius on the 7th of December, 43 b.c.
Cimber, -bri, a cognōmen or additional name given by Cicero to P. Gabīnius Cepito, one of the conspirators.
Concordia, -ae, f. harmony, concord; personified as a goddess.
E
Etrūria, -ae, f. a country on the west coast of Italy, between the Tiber and the Arno.
F
Faesulae, -ārum, f. plur. a city of Etrūria; now Fiesole, near Florence.
Faesulānus, -a, -um, of Faesulae.
Flaccus, M. Fulvius, a supporter of C. Gracchus; killed with him 121 b.c.
I
Iānuārius, -a, -um, of January.
Īdūs, -uum, f. plur. the Ides, the fifteenth day of March, May, July, October, the thirteenth of the other months.
K
Kalendae, -ārum, f. plur. the Calends, the first day of the month; prīdiē Kalendās, the day before the Calends.
L
Lepidus, M. Aemilius, (1) consul 78 b.c., (2) consul 66 b.c.
M
Manliānus, -a, -um, of Manlius, the commander of Catiline's troops.
Marius, C., born 157 b.c. He was consul seven times. His great exploits were the conquest of Jugurtha (106), the destruction of the Teutoni at Aquae Sextiae (102) and of the Cimbri at Vercellae (101). In his sixth consulship he crushed the insurrection of Sāturnīnus and Glaucia. In the civil war against Sulla he was forced to flee from Italy, but he soon returned, entered Rome with Cinna and massacred great numbers of the aristocratical party opposed to him. He died in the following year, 86 b.c.
Massilia, -ae, f. Marseilles, a Greek settlement near the mouth of the Rhone, in the Roman Province (Gallia Narbōnensis).
Massiliensēs, -ium, the people of Massilia.
N
November or Novembris, -bris, of November; Kalendae Novembrēs, the 1st of November.
P
Penātēs, -ium, m. the guardian gods of the State.
Pīcēnus, -a,, -um, of Pīcēnum, a district on the east coast of Italy, north of Apūlia.
Pompeius, Cn. Pompeius Magnus, was born 106 b.c. When he was still quite young, he showed great military ability in the service of Sulla during the war in Italy against the generals of the Marian party. In 77 he was sent to Spain, and for five years conducted the operations against Sertorius. In 66 he cleared the Mediterranean of the Cilician pirates, and was appointed by the Manilian law to succeed Lucullus in the command against Mithridātes. In 60 he made the coalition with Caesar and Crassus called the First Triumvirate, but when the civil war broke out, he supported the Senate against Caesar and was conquered by him at Pharsālus, 48 b.c. He fled to Egypt and was murdered there.
R
Reātīnus, -a, -um, of Reāte, a Sabine town.
S
Sāturnālia, -ium or -orum, n. plur. the Festival of Saturn, celebrated on the 17th of December and several days following.
T
Transalpīnus, -a, -um, that lies beyond the Alps, Transalpine.
Tullus, L. Volcātius, consul 66 b.c.
V
Vesta, -ae, goddess of the hearth and household.
Vestālis, -e, of Vesta, Vestal; especially Virginēs Vestālēs, the virgin priestesses of Vesta, who kept the holy fire burning in her temple.
VOCABULARY.
Final i and o are long, if they are not marked. All other long single vowels are marked, unless they are followed by two consonants, in which case the syllable is necessarily long.
Perfects and supines of all verbs of the third conjugation are given. Under other verbs they are not given, unless they are irregular.
An asterisk (*) prefixed to a word indicates that the word itself is not found.
A
ā, ab, abs, prep. c. abl. from, by.
ab-dico (1), tr. reject;
abdico mē (c. abl.), resign.
ab-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, intr. go away.
ab-horreo, -ui,——(2), intr. shrink from, differ from, am unconnected with, am inconsistent with.
ab-icio, -iēci, -iectum (3), tr. cast away, degrade, humble;
abiectus, -a, -um, downcast, disheartened, prostrated.
abs-condo, -di or -didi, -ditum (3), tr. hide, conceal.
absens, -ntis, absent.
absolūtio, -ōnis, f. acquittal.
ab-sum, āfui, abesse, intr. am away, am distant.
abundantia, -ae, f. plenty.
ab-ūtor, -ūsus sum (3), intr. c. abl. misuse, abuse.
ac, see atque.
ac-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), intr. come, approach.
ac-celero (1), tr. or intr. hasten, make haste.
ac-cido, -cidi, —— (3), intr. happen.
ac-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. receive.
ac-cūso (1), tr. reproach, blame.
ācer, ācris, ācre, sharp, keen, active, vigorous, violent, severe.
acerbē, adv. bitterly, violently.
acerbitās, -ātis, f. harshness, pain, affliction.
acerbus, -a, -um, bitter, violent.
acervus, -i, m. heap.
aciēs, -ēi, f. sharp edge, edge; line of battle, battle array.
acriter, adv. keenly, energetically;
compar. acrius.
ad, prep. c. acc. to, at, near, with, for, with respect to.
ad-cubo, ——, —— (1), intr. recline.
ad-dūco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. bring, bring up, lead, induce, prevail upon.
adeo, adv. so far, so, even.
adeps, -ipis, c. fat;
plur. corpulence.
ad-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. bring to, apply.
ad-ficio, -fēci, -fectum (3), tr. treat, honour, weaken, &c. (varied in meaning by the abl. that qualifies it).
adfīnis, -e, related, associated.
ad-flicto (1), tr. vex, distress.
ad-flīgo, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. strike down, cast down.
ad-grego (1), tr. gather together.
ad-hibeo (2), tr. apply, use.
adhūc, adv. hitherto.
ad-imo, -ēmi, -emptum (3), tr. take away.
ad-ipiscor, -eptus sum (3), tr. get, obtain.
aditus, -ūs, m. means of approaching, approach, access.
ad-iungo, -nxi, -nctum (3), tr. join, add, unite.
ad-iuvo, -iūvi, -iūtum (1), tr. help.
administer, -tri, m. assistant, helper.
ad-ministro (1), tr. manage, govern.
ad-mīror (1), tr. wonder at.
admonitus, -ūs, m. suggestion, request.
ad-nuo, -ui, -ūtum (3), intr. nod, assent.
adparātus, -a, -um, splendid, sumptuous.
ad-propinquo (1), intr. approach.
ad-quīro, -sīvi, -sītum (3), tr. get, gain.
ad-scisco, -scīvi, -scītum (3), tr. admit.
ad-sequor, -secūtus sum (3), tr. overtake, gain, obtain.
ad-servo (1), tr. keep safe.
ad-sideo, -sēdi, -sessum (2), intr. sit, sit down.
ad-suēfacio, -fēci, -factum (3), tr. accustom, habituate.
ad-sum, -fui, -esse, intr. am near, am at hand.
adulescens, -ntis, m. youth.
adulescentulus, -i, m. very young man, youth.
adulter, -eri, m. adulterer.
adultus, -a, -um, full-grown.
adventus, -ūs, m. coming, arrival.
ad-vesperascit, -āvit, ——, impers. (3), intr. evening approaches.
aedēs, -is, f. temple;
plur. house.
aedificium, -i, n. building, house.
aedifico (1), tr. build.
aeger, -gra, -grum, sick, ill.
aequē, adv. equally, in like manner;
aequē ac, just as.
aequitās, -ātis, f. justice.
aequus, -a, -um, level, equal, untroubled.
aerārium, -i, n. treasury.
aerārius, -a, -um, belonging to the treasury;
tribūni aerārii, paymasters.
aerumna, -ae, f. trouble, distress.
aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze; money;
plur. bronze tablets;
aes aliēnum, debt.
aestus, -ūs, m. heat.
aetās, -ātis, f. age.
aeternus, -a, -um, eternal, endless.
ager, -gri, m. territory; land.
agnosco (ad-gnosco), -gnōvi, -gnitum (3), tr. recognize.
ago, ēgi, actum (3), tr. drive, do, carry out;
intr. plead, speak.
agrārius, -a, -um, of the land, agrarian;
agrārii, -ōrum, m. plur. partisans of the agrarian laws.
agrestis, -e, of the country, of the fields;
agrestis, -is, m. countryman, peasant.
aio, ais, ait, defect. intr. say.
ālea, -ae, f. game of hazard, gambling.
āleātor, -ōris, m. gambler.
aliēnigena, -ae, foreign, alien.
aliēnus, -a, -um, strange, belonging to another;
aliēnus, -i, m. stranger.
aliquando, adv. at some time, now at length.
aliquanto, adv. somewhat, a little.
aliqui, -qua, -quod, indef. adj. some.
aliquis, -quid, indef. pron. some one, something.
aliquo, adv. to some place.
aliquot, indecl. adj. several, a number of.
alius, -a, -ud, other;
alii . . . alii, some ... others.
alo, -ui, -tum (3), tr. feed, nourish, cherish, maintain, support.
altāria, -ium, n. plur. altar.
alter, -era, -erum, the other, second;
alter . . . alter, the one ... the other.
altus, -a, -um, high, lofty.
āmentia, -ae, f. senselessness, madness.
amicio, -icui or -ixi, -ictum (3), tr. wrap, cover.
amīcitia, -ae, f. friendship.
amīcus, -a, -um, m. friend.
ā-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. lose.
amo (1), tr. love;
amans, -ntis, loving, affectionate, devoted to (gen.).
amor, -ōris, m. love, passion.
amplector, -plexus sum (3), tr. embrace, include.
amplifico (1), tr. extend, enlarge.
amplitūdo, -inis, f. grandeur, distinction.
amplus, -a, -um, considerable, great, illustrious; handsome (of words or rewards);
neut. compar. amplius, noun, more; adv. further, besides.
an, conj. or, after utrum or -ne;
also used elliptically to ask a single question.
angulus, -i, m. corner.
anhelo (1), tr. or intr. breathe out, exhale; pant, gasp.
anima, -ae, f. breath, life.
animadversio, -ōnis, f. punishment, chastisement.
animadverto, -ti, -sum (3), tr. notice, observe;
intr. animadverto in, punish.
animus, -i, m. mind, heart, feeling;
plur. spirit, courage.
annus, -ī, m. year.
ante, adv. or prep. before.
anteā, adv. before, formerly.
antelūcānus, -a, -um, before light, lasting till daybreak.
ante-pōno, -posui, -positum (3), tr. prefer.
antequam, conj. before.
antīquus, -a, -um, ancient, old.
aperio, -ui, -tum (4), tr. open.
apertē, adv. openly.
appello (1), tr. speak to, address.
aptus, -a, -um, fit.
apud, prep. c. acc. near, with, among, at the house of.
aqua, -ae, f. water.
aquila, -ae, f. eagle.
āra, -ae, f. altar.
arbitror (1), tr. or intr. think.
arceo, -ui, -tum (2), tr. keep away, repel.
arcesso, -īvi, -ītum (3), tr. call, summon.
ardeo, arsi, arsum (2), intr. burn.
ardor, -ōris, m. fire, heat, brightness.
argenteus, -a, -um, of silver, silver.
argentum, -i, n. silver, silver plate.
argūmentum, -i, n. proof, evidence.
arma, -ōrum, n. plur. arms.
armātus, -a, -um, armed.
arx, arcis, f. citadel, stronghold.
ascendo (ad-scendo), -di, -sum (3), intr. mount, climb.
aspectus, -ūs, m. gaze, sight.
aspicio (ad-spicio), -spexi, -spectum (3), tr. look at.
assiduē, adv. constantly.
at, conj. but;
adv. yet.
atque or ac, conj. and, as.
atrōcitās, -ātis, f. savageness, cruelty.
atrox, -ōcis, horrible, hideous.
at-tendo, -di, -tum (3), tr. direct to;
sc. animum, give heed to.
at-tribuo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. assign, allot.
auctiōnārius, -a, -um, of an auction.
auctor,-ōris, m. originator, author, proposer, doer.
auctōritās, -ātis, f. influence, authority, bidding.
audācia, -ae, f. boldness, insolence, violence.
audax, -ācis, bold, violent.
audeo, ausus sum (2), tr. or intr. dare.
audio (4), tr. hear.
augeo, -xi, -ctum (2), tr. increase, enlarge.
auris, -is, f. ear.
auspicium, -i, n. augury.
aut, conj. or;
aut . . . aut, either ... or.
autem, conj. but.
auxilium, -i, n. help.
ā-verto, -ti, -sum (3), tr. turn away;
āversus ā, opposed to.
avus, -i, m. grandfather.
B
bacchor (1), intr. revel, run wanton.
barbaria, -ae, f. foreign country, barbarous country.
barbarus, -a, -um, foreign, barbarous.
barbātus, -a, -um, bearded.
beātus, -a, -um, blessed, happy, well-to-do.
bellum, -i, n. war.
bene, adv. well.
beneficium, -i, n. kindness, service.
benevolentia, -ae, f. good-will, affection.
benignitās, -ātis, f. kindness, favour.
bibo, bibi, —— (3), tr. drink.
bipertīto, adv. in two divisions.
bis, adv. twice.
bonus, -a, -um, good, honest, respectable;
bona, -ōrum, n. plur. property.
brevis, -e, short.
breviter, adv. shortly.
C
caedēs, -is, f. bloodshed, murder, massacre.
caelum, -i, n. heaven, sky.
calamitās, -ātis, f. disaster.
callidus, -a, -um, skilful, crafty.
campus, -i, m. plain (especially the Campus Martius).
cano, cecini, cantum (3), tr. or intr. sing, foretell.
canto (1), intr. sing.
capillus, -i, m. hair.
capio, cēpi, captum (3), tr. take, hold, make, form;
mente captus, -a, -um, weakened in sense, insane.
capitālis, -e, belonging to the head, capital, deadly.
caput, -itis, n. head; life, civil rights.
carcer, -eris, m. prison.
careo (2), intr. c. abl. am without, forgo.
cārus, -a, -um, dear.
castra, -ōrum, n. plur. camp.
castrensis, -e, of the camp.
cāsus, -ūs, m. chance.
causa, -ae, f. cause, reason, question; position;
causā (gen.), for the purpose of.
cēdo, cessi, cessum (3), intr. yield;
c. dat. yield to.
celebro (1), tr. throng, celebrate.
celeriter, adv. quickly.
cēna, -ae, f. dinner, supper.
censeo, -ui, -um (2), tr. judge, propose, vote.
centurio, -ōnis, m. centurion.
cerno, crēvi, crētum (3), tr. discern, perceive.
certāmen, -inis, n. contest.
certē, adv. certainly, assuredly.
certo (1), intr. contend, struggle, fight, rival.
certus, -a, -um, certain, sure, trustworthy;
certiōrem facio, inform.
cervix, -īcis, f. neck; usually plur. in prose.
cēteri, -ae, -a, the rest, all other.
cibus, -i, m. food.
cinis, -eris, m. ashes.
circum, adv. or prep., c. acc. around, about.
circum-clūdo, -si, -sum (3), tr. shut in, hem in.
circum-do, -dedi, -datum (1), tr. put round.
circumscriptor, -ōris, m. cheat.
circum-sedeo, -sēdi, -sessum (2), tr. surround.
circum-spicio, -exi, -ectum (3), tr. or intr. look round, look round on, give heed to.
circum-sto, -steti, —— (1), tr. or intr. stand round.
cīvīlis, -e, civil, political.
cīvis, -is, c. citizen.
cīvitās, -ātis, f. state.
clam, adv. secretly.
clāmo (1), intr. cry out.
clārus, -a, -um, bright, manifest, famous.
clēmens, -ntis, merciful.
clientēla, -ae, f. clientship (the relation of patron and dependent at Rome).
coepi, defect. (3), tr. or intr. began, have begun;
coeptus, -a, -um, begun.
coeptus, -ūs, m. attempt.
co-erceo (2), tr. check, restrain, repress.
coetus, -ūs, m. assemblage, company.
cōgitātio, -ōnis, f. thought, intent.
cōgito (1), tr. reflect upon, meditate, design.
cognitor, -ōris, m. advocate.
co-gnosco, -gnōvi, -gnitum (3), tr. learn, recognize, know.
cōgo (co-ago), coēgi, coactum (3), tr. call together, collect, compel.
cohors, -rtis, f. cohort (one tenth of a legion).
collēga, -ae, m. colleague.
col-ligo, -lēgi, -lectum (3), tr. bring together, collect.
col-loco, see con-loco.
colōnia, -ae, f. settlement, colony.
colōnus, -i, m. settler, colonist.
color, -ōris, m. colour.
comes, -itis, c. companion.
cōmissātīo, -ōnis, f. revelling.
comitātus, -ūs, m. retinue.
comitium, -i, n. comitium (place for voting by the north-east extremity of the Forum);
plur. assembly, elections.
comitor (1), tr. accompany;
comitātus, -a, -um, also in pass. sense from comito.
com-memoro (1), tr. mention, relate, declare.
commendatio, -onis, f. recommendation.
com-mendo (1), tr. entrust.
com-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. bring together, begin, engage in; practise, perpetrate, entrust;
committo ut, bring about that, so act that.
com-moveo, -mōvi, -mōtum (2), tr. move, stir, trouble, alarm.
commūnis, -e, common, general.
com-mūto (1), change, alter.
com-paro (1), tr. get together, procure, acquire, contrive.
com-pello, -puli, -pulsum (3), tr. drive.
com-perio, -peri, -pertum (4), tr. discover, ascertain.
competītor, -ōris, m. rival, competitor.
complector, -plexus sum (3), tr. embrace.
complexus, -ūs, m. embrace.
complūrēs, -a or -ia, several, many.
com-prehendo, -di, -sum (3), tr. lay hold of, arrest, detect.
com-primo, -pressi, -pressum (3), tr. crush.
cōnātus, -ūs, m. attempt.
con-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), tr. or intr. grant, yield, retire.
con-cido, -cidi, —— (3), intr. fall, fail, collapse.
con-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. take in, imagine, conceive.
con-cito (1), tr. excite, arouse, stir up.
concordia, -ae, f. harmony, union, unanimity.
con-cupisco, -īvi, -ītum (3), tr. covet, strive after.
con-curso (1), intr. hurry about, run to and fro.
concursus, -ūs, m. gathering.
con-demno (1), tr. convict (acc. and gen.), condemn.
condicio, -ōnis, f. agreement, terms, lot, task, position, circumstances.
con-do, -didi, -ditum (3), tr. found, build, store.
con-fercio, ——, -tum (4), tr. fill full, stuff, cram.
con-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. bring together, contribute,
compare, direct, put off;
with reflex. pronoun, betake myself.
confessio, -ōnis, f. confession.
confestim, adv. immediately.
con-ficio, -fēci, -fectum (3), tr. finish, carry out, wear out.
con-fīdo, -fīsus sum (3), intr. c. dat. trust, rely on;
c. infin. am confident that.
con-firmo (1), tr. strengthen, increase; declare.
con-fiteor, -fessus sum (2), tr. or intr. confess, admit.
con-flagro (1), intr. burn, am consumed.
con-flīgo, -xi, -ctum (3), intr. come into conflict, am opposed.
con-flo (1), tr. blow together, fuse; stir up, cause.
con-fringo, -frēgi, -fractum (3), tr. break up, bring to naught.
con-grego (1), tr. herd together, assemble.
con-icio, -iēci, -iectum (3), tr. cast, hurl, aim, drive.
coniectūra, -ae, f. inference.
coniunctio, -ōnis, f. union.
con-iungo, -nxi, -nctum (3), tr. join, unite, connect.
coniunx, -ugis, c. husband, wife.
coniūrātio, -ōnis, f. conspiracy.
coniūrātor, -ōris, m. conspirator.
coniūrātus, -i, m. conspirator.
co-nīveo, ——, —— (2), intr. wink, connive.
con-loco or col-loco (1), tr. set up, place, pitch.
cōnor (1), tr. or intr. try, attempt.
con-rōboro (1), tr. strengthen.
conscelerātus, -a, -um, wicked, criminal.
conscientia, -ae, f. knowledge, consciousness, knowledge of guilt, conscience.
con-scrībo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr. enroll.
con-secro (1), make sacred, consecrate.
consensio, -ōnis, f. unanimity.
con-sentio, -sensi, -sensum (4), intr. agree, unite.
con-sequor, -secūtus sum (3), tr. follow up, follow, catch up, attain to, learn.
con-servo (1), tr. keep safe, save.
consilium, -i, n. deliberation, purpose, intention; plan, wisdom; council.
con-sōlor (1), tr. console.
conspectus, -ūs, m. sight.
con-spicio, -spexi, -spectum (3), tr. observe, look at, look upon.
conspīrātio, -ōnis f. agreement, concord.
constanter, adv. steadily, consistently.
constantia, -ae, f. firmness, steadfastness.
con-stituo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. set, settle, appoint, ordain, establish, found.
con-sto, -stiti, -stātum (1), intr. am consistent, last;
con-stat, impers. it is agreed, it is well known.
con-stringo, -nxi, -ctum (3), tr. bind together, bind.
consuētūdo, -inis, f. custom, habit.
consul, -ulis, m. consul (the title of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, elected annually).
consulāris, -e, of a consul, consular;
consulāris, -is, m. ex-consul, one of consular rank.
consulātus, -ūs, m. consulship.
consulo, -ui, -tum (3), tr. consult;
intr. c. dat. provide for.
consultum, -i, n. decree, resolution.
con-sūmo, -mpsi, -mptūm (3), tr. use up, waste, spend.
con-tāmino (1), tr. defile, pollute.
con-temno, -tempsi, -temptum (3), tr. despise.
con-tendo, -di, -tum (3), tr. compare, contrast.
contentio, -ōnis, f. struggle, rivalry.
contentus, -a, -um, contented.
con-ticesco, -ticui, —— (3), intr. become silent.
con-tineo, -tinui, -tentum (2), tr. contain, retain, enclose, repress, keep to myself.
con-tingo, -tigi, -tactum (3), tr. or intr. touch, reach; befall, happen.
contio, -ōnis, f. meeting (summoned by a magistrate), speech.
contionātor, -ōris, m. haranguer, demagogue.
contrā, prep. c. acc. against;
adv. opposite, otherwise;
contrā atque, otherwise than.
con-traho, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. draw together, cause, incur.
contrōversia, -ae, f. dispute, question.
contumēlia, -ae, f. insult.
con-venio, -vēni, -ventum (4), intr. come together, meet;
con-venit, impers. it is fitting.
conventus, -ūs, m. meeting.
con-verto, -ti, -sum (3), tr. turn, turn back, direct.
con-vinco, -vīci, -victum (3), tr. refute, convict.
convīvium, -i, n. feast, banquet.
con-voco (1), tr. call together, assemble.
cōpia, -ae, f. plenty, abundance;
plur. resources, troops.
cōpiōsus, -a, -um, plentiful, well supplied.
corpus, -oris, n. body.
cor-rigo, -rexi, -rectum (3), tr. correct, amend.
cor-rumpo, -rūpi, -ruptum (3), tr. ruin, seduce;
corruptus, -i, m. scoundrel.
cor-ruo, -ui, —— (3), intr. fall together, fall.
corruptēla, -ae, f. corruption, seduction.
corruptor, -ōris, m. seducer, corruptor.
cotīdiānus, -a, -um, daily.
cotīdiē, adv. daily.
crēdo, -didi, -ditum (3), tr. entrust;
intr. c. dat. believe.
cresco, crēvi, crētum (3), tr. grow, increase, am enlarged.
cruciātus, -ūs, m. torture.
crūdēlis, -e, cruel.
crūdēlitās, -ātis, f. cruelty.
crūdēliter, adv. cruelly;
compar. crūdēlius.
cruentus, -a, -um, bloody.
cubīle, -is, n. bed.
culpa, -ae, f. fault.
cum, conj. when, since.
cum, prep. c. abl. together with, with.
cumulo (1), tr. heap up, aggravate.
cunctus, -a, -um, all.
cupiditās, -ātis, f. desire, passion.
cupio, -īvi, -ītum (3), tr. desire, wish.
cūr, adv. why.
cūra, -ae, f. care, anxiety, task.
cūria, -ae, f. senate-house.
cūro (1), tr. or intr. care for, attend to, take measures.
currus, -ūs, m. chariot.
cursus, -ūs, m. course, path.
custōdia, -ae, f. watch, guard, imprisonment;
sentinel (usually in plur.).
custōdio (4), tr. guard.
custōs, -ōdis, c. guardian, guard.
D
damno (1), tr. condemn.
dē, prep. c. abl. down from, from, concerning.
dēbeo (2), tr. owe;
followed by infin. am bound to, must, ought.
dēbilis, -e, weak.
dēbilito (1), weaken, unnerve.
dē-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), intr. withdraw.
decem, indecl. adj. ten.
dē-cerno, -crēvi, -crētum (3), tr. or intr. determine, decree, resolve.
decimus, -a, -um, tenth.
declīnātio, -ōnis, f. bending aside, avoidance, escape.
dēcoctor, -ōris, m. bankrupt.
dēdecus, -oris, n. disgrace.
dē-dūco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. bring down, bring, lead away, conduct.
dē-fatīgo (1), tr. tire out.
dē-fendo, -di, -sum (3), tr. protect, guard, defend.
dē-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. bring down, report.
dē-ficio, -fēci, -fectum (3), tr. or intr. desert, fail; revolt from, rebel against.
dē-fīgo, -xi, -xum (3), tr. drive, plunge.
dē-flagro (1), tr. or intr. turn down, destroy utterly; am consumed.
dē-icio, -iēci, -iectum (3), tr. throw aside, cast down, force away.
deinde, adv. next, then;
after prīmum, secondly.
dēlecto (1), tr. please, delight.
dēleo, -ēvi, -ētum (2), tr. destroy, annihilate.
dēlicātus, -a, -um, luxurious, effeminate.
dē-ligo, -lēgi, -lectum (3), tr. choose.
dē-lubrum, -i, n. shrine.
dēmens, -ntis, mad, maddened, distracted.
dēmenter, adv. insanely.
dēmentia, -ae, f. madness, insanity.
dē-migro (1), intr. depart, remove.
dē-minuo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. lessen, abate.
dēminūtio, -ōnis, f. decrease, loss.
dē-monstro (1), tr. point out.
dēmum, adv. at last.
dēnique, adv. at last, at length.
dē-nuntio (1), tr. give notice of.
dē-pello, -puli, -pulsum (3), tr. drive down, drive away, remove, overthrow.
dē-pendo, -di, -sum (3), tr. pay.
dē-plōro (1), tr. lament.
dē-pōno, -posui, -positum (3), tr. lay aside, put away.
dē-posco, -poposci, —— (3), tr. demand.
dē-prāvo (1), tr. pervert, lead astray.
dē-precor (1), tr. avert by prayer, avert.
dē-prehendo, -di, -sum (3), tr. catch, find out, detect.
dē-relinquo, -līqui, -lictum (3), tr. abandon, desert.
dē-scrībo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr. copy off, arrange, map out.
dē-sero, -serui, -sertum (3), tr. desert, abandon.
dē-sīderium, -i, n. want, longing.
dēsīdero (1), tr. long for, miss.
dē-signo (1), tr. note, appoint;
dēsignātus, -a, -um, elected, elect (especially of a consul).
dē-sino, -sii, -situm (3), tr. or intr. stop, cease.
dē-sisto, -stiti, -stitum (3), intr. cease.
despērātio, -ōnis, f. despair.
dē-spēro (1), tr. or intr. despair of, give up hope;
despērātus, -a, -um, desperate.
dē-stringo, -nxi, -ctum (3), tr. strip, unsheathe, draw.
dē-sum, -fui, -esse, intr. c. dat. am wanting to, fail.
dē-testor (1), tr. avert by entreaty.
dē-traho, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. withdraw, take away.
detrīmentum, -i, n. damage, hurt.
deus, -i, m. god.
dē-voveo, -vōvi, -vōtum (2), tr. vow.
dextera or dextra, -ae, f. right-hand.
dīco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. or intr. say, speak.
dictātor, -ōris, m. dictator.
dictātūra, -ae, f. dictatorship.
dictito (1), tr. keep saying, repeat.
diēs, -ēi, c. (m. in plur.) day, period;
in diēs, day by day, as days pass.
difficilis, -e, difficult.
difficultās, -ātis, f. difficulty, distress, distressed circumstances.
dignitās, -ātis, f. worthiness, honour, authority.
dignus, -a, -um, worthy, deserving.
dī-iūdico (1), tr. decide, determine.
dīlectus, -ūs, m. choice, levy.
dīligens, -ntis, careful, active.
dīligenter, adv. carefully, earnestly.
dīligentia, -ae, f. care, energy.
dī-lūcescit, -luxit, —— (3), impers. intr. it dawns.
dīmicātio, ōnis, f. fighting.
dī-mico (1) intr. fight, struggle.
dī-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. send away.
dīreptio, -ōnis, f. plundering.
dīreptor, m. plunderer.
dī-ripio, -ripui, -reptum (3), tr. plunder.
dis-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), intr. depart.
dis-cerno, -crēvi, -cretum (3), tr. divide.
discessus, -ūs, m. departure.
disciplīna, -ae, f. teaching, training, practice.
disco, didici, —— (3), tr. learn.
di-scrībo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr. distribute, assign.
discrīmen, -inis, n. danger.
dis-pertio (4), tr. distribute.
dis-sēmino (1), tr. spread.
dissensio, -ōnis, f. discord, disagreement.
dis-sentio, -si, -sum (4), intr. disagree, differ.
dissimilis, -e, unlike.
dis-simulo (1), tr. or intr. hide, disguise, dissemble.
dis-solvo, -solvi, -solūtum (3), tr. unloose, release, disunite;
dissolūtus, -a, -um, remiss, negligent.
dis-tribuo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. divide, distribute.
diū, adv. for a long time, long.
dī-vello, -velli, -vulsum (3), tr. tear, separate.
dīversus, -a, -um, other, different.
dīvīnitus, adv. by divine influence, from heaven.
do, dedi, datum (1), tr. give, deliver, write (a letter).
dolor, -ōris, m. sorrow, grief, pang.
domesticus, -a, -um, belonging to a home, family, private; intestine, civil (war).
domicilium, -i, n. dwelling, home.
dominātio, -ōnis, f. tyranny, despotism.
domus, -ūs, f. house;
loc. domi, at home;
domi meae, at my house;
domum, home.
dormio (4), intr. sleep.
dubitātio, -ōnis, f. doubt.
dubito (1), intr. doubt, hesitate.
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful;
sine dubio, without doubt.
dūco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. lead, carry off, think, consider.
dūdum, adv. see iam dūdum.
duint, older form of pres. subj. of do.
dulcis, -e, sweet.
dum, conj. while, until, provided that.
dummodō, conj. provided that, if only.
duō, -ae, -ō, two.
duodecimus, -a, -um, twelfth.
dux, ducis, c. leader.
E
ē or ex, prep. c. abl. from, out of, in accordance with.
ebriōsus, -a, -um, given to drinking, drunkard.
ecquis, ecquid, interrog. pron. any one? anything?
ecquid, in any way? (used as an interrog. particle).
ēdictum, -i, n. edict, proclamation.
ē-do, -didi, -ditum (3), tr. put forth, set forth, declare.
ē-doceo, -ui, -tum (2), tr. inform.
ē-duco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. lead out, draw.
ef-fero, extuli, ēlātum, efferre, tr. bring out, carry out, raise.
effrēnātus, -a, -um, unbridled.
ef-fugio, -fūgi, —— (3), tr. or intr. flee from, escape, shun, flee away.
egeo, -ui, —— (2), intr. am needy.
egestās, -ātis, f. poverty.
egō, mei, I.
ē-gredior, -gressus sum (3), intr. go out.
egregius, -a, -um, excellent, eminent, great.
ē-icio, -iēci, -iectum (3), tr. drive out, wreck.
ē-lābor, -lapsus sum (3), intr. slip away, drop.
ē-lūdo, -si, -sum (3), tr. jeer, make sport of;
intr. cease to play, have full play.
ē-mergo, -si, -sum (3), intr. come up, get clear.
ē-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. send out, allow to escape.
ē-morior, -mortuus sum (3), intr. die.
enim, conj. for.
eo, adv. to that place.
eo, ii, itum, īre, intr. go.
eōdem, adv. to the same place.
eques, -itis, m. horseman; one of the order called Equites.
equitātus, -ūs, m. cavalry.
ergā, prep. c. acc. towards.
ergo, adv. accordingly, therefore, then.
ē-ripio, -ripui, -reptum (3), tr. snatch away, take away.
erro (1), intr. wander, mistake, am wrong.
ē-ructo (1), tr. vomit forth.
ē-rumpo, -rūpi, -ruptum (3), tr. or intr. burst asunder; break forth, rush out.
et, conj. and;
et . . . et, both ... and.
etenim, conj. and indeed, for indeed, truly, yet.
etiam, conj. or adv. also, even, even yet, still.
etsi, conj. although.
ē-vādo, -si, -sum (3), intr. get away, escape.
ē-verto, -ti, -sum (3), tr. overthrow.
ē-vocātor, -ōris, m. one who calls to arms, instigator.
ē-vomo, -ui, -itum (3), tr. vomit forth.
ex, see ē.
ex-aggero (1), tr. heap up, magnify.
ex-animo (1), tr. deprive of life, deprive of sense
ex-animātus, -a, -um, dead, fainting.
ex-audio (4), tr. hear.
ex-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), intr. retire, withdraw.
excelsus, -a, -um, lofty, high;
excelsum, -i, n. height.
ex-cido, -cidi, —— (3), intr. fall out, fall down.
ex-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. except, make exception of; catch, intercept.
ex-cito (1), tr. summon forth, stir up, arouse.
ex-clūdo, -si, -sum (3), tr. shut out.
excursio, -ōnis, f. sally, attack.
ex-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, intr. go out.
ex-erceo (2), tr. practise.
exercitātio, -ōnis, f. practice.
exercitus, -ūs, m. army.
ex-haurio, -si, -stum (4), tr. empty out, remove.
ex-igo, -ēgi, -actum (3), tr. drive out, finish.
exilium, -i, n. exile, banishment.
eximius, -a, -um, extraordinary, signal.
ex-istimo (1), tr. judge, suppose, think.
exitiōsus, -a, -um, destruction, deadly.
exitium, -i, n. ruin, overthrow.
exitus, -ūs, m. end.
ex-pello, -puli, -pulsum (3), tr. drive out.
ex-pōno, -posui, -positum (3), tr. set forth, explain.
ex-prōmo, -mpsi, -mptum (3), tr. show forth, display, expend.
ex-sisto, -stiti, -stitum (3), intr. appear, am manifest, exist.
ex-solvo, -solvi, -solūtum (3), tr. free, release.
exspectātio, -ōnis, f. expectation, anticipation.
ex-specto (1), tr. await, wait for, expect.
ex-stinguo, -nxi, -nctum (3), tr. quench, put out.
exsul or exul, -ulis, m. exile.
ex-sulto (1), intr. leap about, exult, revel.
ex-termino (1), tr. banish.
externus, -a, -um, foreign.
exterus, -a, -um, foreign.
ex-torqueo, -si, -tum (2), tr. wrest away, force away.
extrā, prep. c. acc. outside.
extrēmus, -a, -um, last;
ad extrēmum, at last.
F
facile, adv. easily.
facinorōsus, -a, -um, criminal, vicious.
facinus, -oris, n. deed, crime, outrage.
facio, fēci, factum (3), tr. do, make, bring about, perform; hold (games).
factum, -i, n. deed, act.
facultās, -ātis, f. opportunity.
falcārius, -i, m. scythe-maker.
fallo, fefelli, falsum (3), tr. deceive, disappoint, escape notice of.
falsus, -a, -um, false, misdirected.
fāma, -ae, f. report, reputation, fame, character.
famēs, -is f. hunger.
familia, -ae or -ās f. household (of slaves), establishment;
pater or māter familias, master or mistress of a house.
familiārissimē, adv. most intimately, on most intimate terms.
fānum, -i, n. sanctuary.
fascis, -is, m. bundle;
plur. fascēs, the bundles of rods enclosing an axe, carried before the highest magistrates.
fātālis, -e, destined, fated.
fateor, fassus sum (2), tr. or intr. admit, allow.
fātum, -i, n. fate, oracle.
faucēs, -ium, f. plur. throat, jaws, entrance.
fax, facis, f. torch, firebrand; meteor.
febris, -ia, f. fever.
fero, tuli, lātum, ferre, tr. lead, carry, get, bear; report, celebrate;
sententiam fero, vote.
ferramentum, -i, n. steel implement.
ferreus, -a, -um, of iron; of iron nature.
ferrum, -i, n. iron, sword.
fidēlis, -e, faithful, loyal.
fidēs, -ei, belief, faith, credit; honesty; assurance, engagement.
fīgo, -xi, -xum (3), tr. fix.
fīlia, -ae, f. daughter.
fīlius, -i, m. son.
fingo, -nxi, -ctum (3), tr. imagine, devise.
fīnis, -is, m. end, limit;
plur. territory.
fīo, factus sum, fieri, intr. happen, become, am done, am made.
firmo (1), tr. strengthen.
firmus, -a, -um, strong.
flāgitiōsissimē, adv. most shamefully, most infamously.
flāgitiōsus, -a, -um, infamous, dissolute.
flāgitium, -i, n. shameful deed.
flāgito, (1) tr. demand earnestly, importune for.
flamma, -ae, f. flame.
flecto, flexi, flexum (3), tr. bend, turn aside.
flōreo, -ui, —— (2), intr. flourish, am prosperous, am powerful.
flōs, -ōris, m. flower.
focus, -i, m. hearth.
foedus, -eris, n. treaty, compact.
foedus, -a, -um, hideous, shameful.
foras, adv. out of doors (with verbs of motion).
foris, adv. out of doors (with verbs of rest).
formīdo, -inis, f. fear, dread.
fors, -rtis, f. chance;
forte, by chance.
fortasse, adv. perhaps.
fortis, -e, brave, strong.
fortiter, adv. bravely.
fortītūdo, -inis, f. courage, firmness.
fortūna, -ae, f. fortune;
plur. property, possessions, estates.
fortūnātus, -a, -um, fortunate, happy.
forum, -i, n. market, meeting-place for business; especially the Forum Romanum.
frango, frēgi, fractum (3), tr. break.
fraudātio, -ōnis, f. deceit, fraud.
frequens, -ntis, crowded, in great numbers.
frequentia, -ae, f. numerous assembly, crowd, throng.
frequento (1), tr. bring in crowds.
frētus, -a, -um, relying on.
frīgus, -oris, n. cold.
frons, -ntis, f. brow, forehead.
fructus, -ūs, m. enjoyment, produce.
fruor, fructus sum, intr. c. abl. enjoy.
fuga, -ae, f. banishment.
fugio, fūgi, fugitum (3), intr. flee, take flight.
fugitīvus, -i, m. runaway slave.
fulgeo, -si, —— (2), intr. shine, am bright.
fulmen, -inis, n. lightning, thunderbolt.
fundāmentum, -i, n. foundation.
fundo (1), tr. found.
funestus, -a, -um, deadly, fatal.
fungor, functus sum (3), intr. c. abl. perform.
furiōsus, -a, -um, mad.
furo, -ui, —— (3), intr. am mad.
furor, -ōris, m. madness.
furtim, adv. stealthily.
furtum, -i, n. theft.
G
gāneo, -ōnis, m. glutton, debauchee.
gaudium, -i, n. delight.
gelidus, -a, -um, cold.
gener, -eri, m. son-in-law.
gens, -ntis, f. clan, race, people.
genus, -eris, n. class, kind.
gero, gessi, gestum (3), tr. bear, carry on, administer;
rēs gestae, exploits.
gladiātor, -ōris, m. gladiator.
gladiātōrius, -a, -um, of gladiators.
gladius, -i, m. sword.
glōria, -ae, f. glory, fame.
gradus, -ūs, m. step, degree.
grātia, -ae, f. favour, thanks, gratitude;
grātiās ago, give thanks, pass a vote of thanks;
refero grātiam, show gratitude;
grātiam habeo, feel gratitude.
grātulātio, -ōnis, f. congratulation.
grātus, -a, -um, pleasing, welcome.
gravis, -e, heavy, weighty, authentic, severe.
graviter, adv. violently.
grex, gregis, m. flock, band.
gubernātio, -ōnis, f. steering, direction.
H
habeo (2), tr. have, hold, assemble, set on foot, render;
pass. am considered.
habito (1), intr. live.
haereo, -si, -sum (2), intr. cleave, cling, am fixed.
haesito (1), intr. am in doubt, am at a loss.
haruspex, -icis, m. soothsayer, diviner (who foretold future events by the inspection of the entrails of victims).
hebesco, ——, —— (3), intr. grow dull.
hercule or me hercule, interj. by Hercules.
hesternus, -a, -um, of yesterday.
hic, haec, hōc, this.
hīc, adv. here, thereupon, then.
hīce, haece, hōce, strengthened form of hic.
hiems, -emis, f. winter.
hinc, adv. hence, for this reason;
hinc . . . illinc, on this side ... on that.
hodiernus, -a, -um, of to-day, present.
homo, -inis, c. human being, man.
honestās, -ātis, f. honour, high character.
honestē, adv. honourably.
honesto (1), tr. honour, grace.
honestus, -a, -um, honourable.
honor, -ōris, m. honour, sacrifice, office.
hōra, -ae, f. hour.
horribilis, -e, terrible, dreadful.
hortor (1), tr. urge, advise.
hospitium, -i, n. mutual friendship.
hostis, -is, c. enemy.
hūc, adv. hither, to this point.
hūmānitās, -ātis, f. kindly feeling.
hūmānus, -a, -um, human.
humus, -i, f. ground;
locat. humi, on the ground.
I
iaceo (2), intr. lie, lie helpless.
iacio, iēci, iactum (3), tr. cast, utter, bruit about.
iacto (1), tr. toss, hurl, vaunt;
with reflex, pron. speak boastfully, make boast.
iactus, -ūs, m. hurling, casting.
iam, adv. just now, already, by this time;
iam dūdum, long since.
idcirco, adv. for that reason.
īdem, eadem, idem, same.
igitur, conj. therefore, accordingly.
ignāvia, -ae, f. cowardice.
ignis, -is, m. fire.
ignōminia,
-ae, f. infamy, disgrace.
ignōro (1), tr. or intr. am ignorant of, am ignorant.
ignōtus, -a, -um, unknown.
ille, -a, -ud, that; he, she, it.
imāgo, -inis, f. image, likeness.
imberbis, -e, beardless.
immānis, -e, monstrous.
immānitās, -ātis, f. enormity, heinousness.
immātūrus, -a, -um, untimely, premature.
immineo, ——, —— (2), intr. hang over, threaten.
immo, adv. on the contrary, nay.
immortālis, -e, immortal.
impedio (4), tr. hinder, prevent.
im-pello, -puli, -pulsum (3), tr. drive on, incite.
im-pendeo, ——, —— (2), intr. c. dat. hang over, threaten.
imperātor, -ōris, m. commander, general.
imperītus, -a, -um, inexperienced, ignorant.
imperium, -ī, n. command, sovereignty, dominion; military power, command in chief.
impero (1), tr. or intr. c. dat. order, enjoin, command.
im-pertior (4), tr. bestow.
impetro (1), tr. get, obtain (by request).
impetus, -ūs, m. assault, attack.
impius, -a, -um, impious, wicked.
im-plōro (1), tr. entreat, supplicate.
importūnus, -a, -um, unsuitable, unnatural, dangerous.
improbitās, -ātis, f. wickedness, depravity, recklessness.
improbus, -a, -um, persistent, violent, reckless.
impūbēs, -eris or -is, youthful.
impudens, -ntis, shameless.
impudenter, adv. shamelessly, with assurance.
impudentia, -ae, f. shamelessness, assurance.
impudīcus, -a, -um, shameless, immodest.
impūnītus, -a, -um, unpunished.
impūrus, -a, -um, unclean.
in, prep. c. acc. into, to, against, for;
c. abl. in, on.
inānis, -e, empty.
in-auro (1), tr. gild.
incendium, -i, n. fire, conflagration, burning.
in-cendo, -di, -sum (3), tr. set on fire, burn.
incensio, -ōnis, f. burning.
incertus, -a, -um, uncertain.
in-cīdo, -di, -sum (3), tr. cut.
in-cido, -cidi, -cāsum (3), intr. fall.
in-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. or intr. begin.
in-clīno (1), tr. or intr. bend, incline; am disposed.
in-clūdo, -si, -sum (3), tr. shut in, lock up, confine.
incolumis, -e, safe, uninjured, still alive.
incrēdibilis, -e, incredible.
in-crepo, -ui, -itum (1), intr. sound, make a noise, am noised abroad.
in-cumbo, -cubui, -cubitum (3), intr. c. dat. lean on, press on;
incumbo ad, devote myself to, exert myself for.
indemnātus, -a, -um, uncondemned.
index, -icis, c. informer.
indicium, -i, n. information, proof.
in-dico (1), tr. declare, disclose, reveal, betray.
in-dīco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. proclaim, make (war).
in-dūco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. bring in, introduce, persuade;
animum indūco, resolve, determine.
industria, -ae, f. activity, energy.
in-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, tr. enter on, adopt.
iners, -rtis, inactive, indolent.
inertia, -ae, f. inactivity, remissness.
infāmis, -e, disreputable.
inferi, -ōrum, m. plur. the dead.
in-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. put on, lay on, set, inflict.
infestus, -a, -um, dangerous, hostile, deadly.
infimus, -a, -um, lowest, meanest.
infīnītus, -a, -um, without limit, boundless, interminable.
infirmus, -a, -um, powerless.
infitiātor, -ōris, m. defaulter.
infitior (1), tr. or intr. deny.
in-flammo (1), tr. set on fire, inflame.
ingenium, -i, n. nature, ability.
ingens, -ntis, huge, vast.
ingenuus, -a, -um, free-born.
in-gravesco, ——, —— (3), intr. grow heavier, become worse.
in-gredior, -gressus sum (3), tr. or intr. enter, enter upon, go on to, engage in.
in-hio (1), intr. c. dat. open the mouth for.
inhūmānus, -a, -um, savage, unfeeling.
in-icio, -iēci, -iectum (3), tr. throw on, cause, occasion.
inimīcitia, -ae, f. enmity.
inimīcus, -a, -um, unfriendly, hostile;
inimīcus, -i, m. enemy.
inīquitās, -ātis, f. unfairness, injustice.
inīquus, -a, -um, unfair, unjust.
initio (1), tr. consecrate.
iniūria, -ae, f. outrage, wrong;
iniūriā, undeservedly.
iniussū (only in abl. sing.), m. without the command.
inlecebra, -ae, f. attraction, allurement.
inlustris, -e, distinguished, famous.
in-lustro (1), tr. illuminate, make clear.
in-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. send in.
innocens, -ntis, guiltless.
inopia, -ae, f. want.
inquam, inquis, inquit, defect. intr. say.
in-rētio (4), tr. ensnare, entrap.
in-scrībo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr. write on.
insepultus, -a, -um, unburied.
insidiae, -ārum, f. plur. ambuscade, plot.
insidiātor, -ōris, m. plotter;
with viae, waylayer.
insidior (1), intr. c. dat. lie in wait for, plot against.
insidiōsus, -a, -um, treacherous.
insigne, -is, n. mark, badge.
in-simulo (1), tr. charge, allege.
insolentius, adv. more immoderately, more haughtily.
inspērātus, -a, -um, unhoped for.
in-stituo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. undertake, begin.
in-sto, -stiti, -stātum (1), intr. press on, threaten.
instrūmentum, -i, n. instrument, means of trade.
in-struo, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. draw up, array.
integer, -gra, -grum, untouched, unharmed, unbroken.
intel-lego or -ligo, -exi, -ectum (3), tr. learn, understand, know.
in-tendo, -di, -tum or -sum (3), tr. or intr. stretch out; purpose, endeavour.
inter, prep. c. acc. between, among, amid;
inter sē, each other.
inter-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), intr. intervene.
intereā, adv. meanwhile.
inter-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, intr. perish, am ruined.
inter-ficio, -fēci, -fectum (3), tr. kill, slay.
interim, adv. meanwhile.
inter-imo, -ēmi, -emptum (3), tr. kill, slay.
interitus, -ūs, m. death, ruin, destruction, annihilation.
inter-necio, -ōnis, f. massacre, annihilation.
inter-rogo (1), tr. ask.
inter-sum, -fui, -esse, intr. am between, differ;
impers. interest, it interests, it concerns (with meā, tuā &c.),
interventus, -ūs, m. coming between, intervention.
intestīnus, -a, -um, internal.
intimus, -a, -um, inmost, most secret;
intimus, -i, m. intimate friend.
intrā, prep. c. acc. within.
intrō-dūco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. bring in, introduce.
in-tueor (2), tr. look at.
intus, adv. inside.
in-ūro, -ussi, -ustum (3), tr. burn into.
in-venio, -vēni, -ventum (4), tr. find, discover.
in-vestīgo (1), tr. track out, search out.
in-veterasco, -āvi, —— (3), intr. grow old, am established, am fixed.
invictus, -a, -um, unconquered.
invidia, -ae, f. unpopularity.
invidiōsus, -a, -um, odious, unpopular.
invidus, -a, -um, envious.
invīto (1), tr. invite, summon.
invītus, -a, -um, unwilling.
ipse, -a, -um, oneself, self, very, in person.
is, ea, id, that, those, such; he, she, it, they.
iste, -a, -ud, that of yours, that; he, she, it (used especially of any one or anything connected with the person addressed).
ita, adv. so, in such a way.
itaque, conj. and so, accordingly.
item, adv. in like manner.
iter, itineris, n. going, journey, route.
iterum, adv. a second time.
iubeo, iussi, iussum (2), tr. order.
iūcundus, -a, -um, pleasant.
iudicium, -i, n. judgement, legal decision, sentence.
iūdico (1), tr. or intr. judge, decide.
iugulum, -i, n. throat.
iūs, iūris, n. law, right;
iūre, rightly;
iūs iūrandum, oath.
iussū (only in abl. sing.), m. order, command.
iustus, -a, -um, just, righteous.
iuventūs, -ūtis, f. body of youth, youth.
L
labefacto (1), tr. shake, give a shock to, undermine, ruin.
labor, -ōris, m. toil.
labōro (1), intr. work, exert myself.
lacesso, -īvi, -ītum (3), tr. harass, attack.
lacrima, -ae, f. tear.
lacto (1), intr. suck milk.
laedo, -si, -sum (3), tr. hurt, injure.
laetitia,-ae, f. joy, pleasure.
laetor (1), intr. rejoice.
lāmentātio, -ōnis, f. mourning, wailing.
lāmentor (1), tr. or intr. mourn, bewail.
languidus, -a, -um, dull, listless.
largītio, -ōnis, f. largess, bribery.
largītor, -ōris, m. briber.
lātē, adv. widely.
lateo, -ui, —— (2), intr. lie hid, am hidden.
lātor, -ōris, m. mover, proposer.
latro, -ōnis, m. brigand.
latrōcinium, -i, n. robbery, brigandage, band of brigands.
latrōcinor (1), intr. am a robber, am a bandit.
latus, -eris, n. side.
laudo (1), tr. praise.
laus, laudis, f. praise, honour, glory, distinction.
lectīca, -ae, f. litter.
lectulus, -i, m. small couch, bed.
lectus, -i, m. couch, bed.
lēgātus, -i, m. ambassador.
legio, -ōnis, f. legion.
lego, lēgi, lectum (3), tr. choose, read;
lectus, -a, -um, excellent.
lēnio (4), tr. soften, assuage.
lēnis, -e, gentle, merciful.
lēnitās, -ātis, f. mercy, clemency.
lēno, -ōnis, m. pander, creature.
lentus, -a, -um, slow, sluggish.
lepidus, -a, -um, charming, witty.
levis, -e, light, frivolous.
levissimē, adv. very lightly, in the mildest manner.
levitās, -ātis, f. frivolity.
levo (1), tr. lighten, lessen.
lex, lēgis, f. law, rule, condition.
līber, -era, -erum, free;
līberi, -ōrum, m. plur. children (in relation to their parents).
lībero (1), tr. free, relieve.
lībertās, -ātis, f. freedom, liberty.
lībertīnus, -i, m. freedman.
libīdo, -inis, f. passion, lust.
licet, licuit or licitum est, impers. (2), intr. c. dat. it is allowed, one may.
lingua, -ae, f. tongue.
līnum, -i, n. flax, thread.
liquefacio, -fēci, -factum (3), tr. melt.
littera, -ae, f. letter (of the alphabet);
plur. letter, dispatch, literature.
loco (1), tr. place, contract for.
locuples, -ētis, rich.
locus, -i, m. place, position, room.
longē, adv. far.
longinquus, -a, -um, distant.
longus, -a, -um, long, tedious.
loquor, locūtus sum (3), tr. or intr. speak, say.
lubenter, adv. gladly.
lubet, lubuit or lubitum est, impers. (2), intr. c. dat. it pleases.
luctus, -ūs, m. mourning.
lūdus, -i, m. play, school;
plur. public games.
lūgeo, luxi, —— (2) tr. or intr. mourn, lament.
lūmen, -inis, n. light.
lupīnus, -a, -um, of a wolf.
lux, lūcis, f. light, day.
luxuria, -ae, f. extravagance, excess.
M
māchinātor, -ōris, m. contriver.
māchinor (1), tr. contrive, design.
macto (1), tr. sacrifice, punish.
maeror, -ōris, m. grief.
magis, adv. more.
magistrātus, -ūs, m. office, magistrate.
magnificē, adv. splendidly, gloriously.
magnitūdo, -inis, f. greatness, size, extent.
magnus, -a, -um, great;
magno opere, greatly.
māior, -us, greater, larger, older;
māiōrēs, -um, m. plur. ancestors.
male, adv. badly;
with adj. not.
maleficium, -i, n. wickedness, offence.
malleolus, -i, m. mallet, fire-dart.
mālo, mālui, malle, tr. or intr. prefer.
malus, -a, -um, bad;
malum, -i, n. evil.
mandātum, -i, n. charge, order.
mando (1), tr. entrust, commit.
māne, indecl. n. morning.
maneo, -si, -sum (2), intr. remain.
manicātus, -a, -um, having long sleeves.
manifestus, -a, -um, clear, evident;
adv. manifesto, clearly.
māno (1), intr. flow, get abroad.
manus, -ūs, f. hand, handwriting; company, band.
mare, -is, n. sea.
marītus, -i, m. husband.
mātūrē, adv. early;
compar. mātūrius.
mātūritās, -ātis, f. ripeness.
mātūro (1), tr. hasten, dispatch.
maximē, adv. especially.
maximus, -a, -um, greatest, very great, chief.
medicīna, -ae, f. remedy.
mediocris, -e, ordinary, tolerable.
mediocriter, adv. trivially, not seriously.
meditor (1), tr. purpose, intend;
perf. partic. also pass. in sense, practised.
medius, -a, -um, mid, middle.
melior, -us, better.
memini, defect. (3), tr. or intr. c. gen. remember.
memor, -oris, mindful.
memoria, -ae, f. memory.
mendīcitās, -ātis, f. beggary.
mens, -ntis, f. mind, thought, intention, understanding, disposition.
mereor (2), tr. or intr. deserve.
meritum, -i, n. desert, service, favour;
merito, deservedly.
metuo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. fear.
metus, -ūs, m. fear.
meus, -a, -um, my.
mīles, -itis, m. soldier.
mīlitāris, -e, belonging to a soldier, military.
minae, -ārum, f. plur. threats.
minimē, adv. very little, least.
minimus, -a, -um, very little, least.
minitor (1), intr. c. dat. threaten.
minor, -us, smaller, less;
adv. minus, less, not.
minuo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. lessen, reduce.
misceo, miscui, mixtum (2), tr. mix, mingle, embroil.
miser, -era, -erum, wretched, pitiable.
miseria, -ae, f. misfortune, affliction.
misericordia, -ae, f. pity.
misericors, -rdis, tenderhearted, pitiful.
miseror (1), tr. pity.
mītis, -e, mild, gentle.
mitto, mīsi, missum (3), tr. send.
modō, adv. just now, lately, only.
modus, -i, m. limit, kind, manner.
moenia, -ium, n. plur. walls (of a town).
mōlēs, -is, f. mass, weight.
molestē, adv. with trouble;
molestē fero, take it ill, am vexed at.
mōlior (4), tr. set in motion, attempt, design.
mollis, -e, soft, mild.
moneo (2), tr. warn, advise.
monimentum, -i, n. memorial.
monstrum, -i, n. evil omen, portent, monster.
mora, -ae, f. delay.
morbus, -i, m. disease.
morior, mortuus sum (3), intr. die;
mortuus, -a, -um, dead.
mors, -rtis, f. death.
mōs, mōris, m. custom, habit.
mōtus, -ūs, m. movement, disturbance, trouble;
terrae mōtus, earthquake.
moveo, mōvi, mōtum (2), tr. move, affect, alarm.
mucro, -ōnis, m. point, edge, sword.
mulier, -eris, f. woman.
muliercula, -ae, f. little woman.
multitūdo, -inis, f. multitude, numbers.
multo (1), tr. punish.
multus, -a, -um, much, many;
adv. multo, by much.
mūniceps, -cipis, c. citizen of a mūnicipium, burgess.
mūnicipium, -i, n. free town.
mūnio (4), tr. fortify, defend;
mūnītissimus, -a, -um, strongly fortified.
mūrus, -i, m. wall.
mūto (1), tr. change.
mūtus, -a, -um, silent.
N
nam, conj. for.
nanciscor, nanctus or nactus sum (3), tr. get, obtain.
nascor, nātus sum (3), intr. am born, begin, grow.
nātio, -ōnis, f. tribe, people.
nātūra, -ae, f. nature.
naufragus, -i, m. shipwrecked man, castaway.
-ne, interrog. particle.
nē, conj. that ... not, lest;
adv. not;
nē . . . quidem, not either, not even.
nē, interj. really, indeed.
nec, see neque.
necessārio, adv. necessarily.
necessārius, -i, m. kinsman, connexion.
necesse, indecl. adj. inevitable, necessary.
necessitās, -ātis, f. necessity.
necne, conj. or not.
neco (1), tr. kill, murder.
nefandus, -a, -um, abominable, execrable.
nefariē, adv. impiously.
nefārius, -a, -um, impious, wicked.
neglego (nec-lego), -xi, -ctum (3), tr. neglect, despise.
nego (1), tr. or intr. deny.
negōtium, -i, n. business, trouble.
nēmo, nullīus, m. no one;
non nēmo, some one.
nepos, -ōtis, m. grandson, prodigal, spendthrift.
neque or nec, conj. and not, nor;
neque . . . neque, neither ... nor.
nēquior, -us (compar. of nēquam), more unprincipled, more worthless.
nēquitia, -ae, f. want of principle, remissness, negligence.
nē-scio (4), tr. or intr. do not know, am ignorant;
nescio qui, some.
nex, necis, f. violent death, murder.
nihil, indecl. n. nothing;
adv. in nothing, not at all;
nihildum, nothing yet.
nimis, adv. too much, too.
nimius, -a, -um, too much, too great;
adv. nimium, too much, too.
nisī, adv. or conj. except, unless.
niteo, ——, —— (2), intr. glitter, glisten.
nitidus, -a, -um, shining, glossy.
nix, nivis, f. snow.
nōbilis, -e, famous, high-born.
noceo (2), intr. c. dat. hurt, do harm to;
nocens, -ntis, m. criminal.
nocturnus, -a, -um, nightly, by night, night.
nōlo, nōlui, nolle, tr. or intr. do not wish, am unwilling.
nōmen, -inis, n. name.
nōminātim, adv. by name.
nōmino (1), name, call.
nōn, adv. not.
nondum, adv. not yet.
nonnullus, -a, -um, some.
nonnumquam, adv. sometimes.
nosco, nōvi, nōtum (3), tr. learn;
nōvi, know.
noster, -tra, -trum, our.
nota, -ae, f. mark, brand.
noto (1), tr. mark.
nōtus, -a, -um, known.
novem, indecl. adj. nine.
novus, -a, -um, new;
rēs novae, revolution.
nox, noctis, f. night.
nūdius tertius, adv. the day before yesterday.
nūdus, -a, -um, bare, naked.
nullus, -a, -um, no, none.
num, interrog. particle.
nūmen, -inis, n. divinity, divine power.
numerus, -i, m. number.
numquam, adv. never.
nunc, adv. now.
nūper, adv. lately.
nuptiae, -ārum, f. plur. marriage.
nūtus, -ūs, m. nod, will.
O
O! interj. oh!
ob, prep. c. acc. on account of.
ob-eo, -ii,
-itum,-īre, tr. come to, visit, attend to, execute, accomplish.
ob-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. present, offer.
ob-ligo (1), tr. bind, lay under an obligation, render liable,
mortgage.
ob-lino, -lēvi, -litum (3), tr. besmear, overload;
oblitus, -a, -um, reeking.
oblīviscor, -lītus sum (3), tr. or intr. c. gen. forget.
obscūrē, adv. darkly, obscurely.
obscūro (1), tr. hide, cover.
obscūrus, -a, -um, dark, secret.
obses, -idis, c. hostage.
ob-sideo, -sēdi, -sessum (2), tr. besiege, blockade, beset, am on the look out for.
obsidio, -ōnis, f. blockade.
ob-sisto, -stiti, -stitum (3), intr. c. dat. hinder, oppose.
ob-stipesco, -pui, —— (3), intr. am astounded, am stupefied.
ob-sto, -stiti, -stātum (1), intr. c. dat. hinder, oppose.
ob-stupefacio, -fēci, -factum (3), tr. astound, arouse.
ob-sum, -fui, -esse, intr. c. dat. injure.
ob-tempero (1), intr. c. dat. obey.
ob-tineo, -tinui, -tentum (2), tr. hold, assert, maintain.
ob-tingo, -tigi, —— (3), intr. happen, befall.
occāsus, -ūs, m. fall.
occidens, -ntis, m. west.
oc-cīdo, -di, -sum (3), tr. kill, slay, murder.
oc-clūdo, -si, -sum (3), shut.
oc-culo, -ui, -tum (3), tr. hide.
occultē, adv. secretly.
oc-cupo (1), tr. seize, take possession of.
oc-curro, -curri, -cursum (3), intr. c. dat. meet, engage in.
oculus, -i, m. eye.
ōdi, defect. (3), tr. hate.
odium, -i, n. hatred.
of-fendo, -di, -sum (3), tr. strike against, light upon, displease, offend.
officium, -i, n. duty.
ōmen, -inis, n. omen, token.
omitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. pass over, leave unmentioned.
omnis, -e, all.
opera, -ae, f. aid, service, employment;
operae pretium, worth while.
opīnio, -ōnis, f. expectation, belief.
opīnor (1), intr. think.
oportet, -uit, impers. (2), it is necessary;
c. acc. one ought, one must.
op-peto, -īvi,-ītum (3), tr. encounter.
op-pōno, -posui, -positum (3), tr. oppose.
op-primo, -pressi, -pressum (3), tr. put down, crush, baffle.
*ops, opis, f. power, aid;
plur. power, resources, wealth.
optimātēs, -ium, m. plur. best men, good citizens.
optimus, -a, -um, best.
opto (1), tr. desire, pray for.
opus, -eris, n. work;
opus est, there is need, it is necessary;
magno opere, greatly.
ōrātio, -ōnis, f. speech, discourse, harangue.
orbis, -is, m. circle;
orbis terrae or terrarum, the circle of the earth, the world.
ordo, -inis, m. order, rank, class, body.
oriens, -ntis, m. east.
ornāmentum, -i, n. equipment, decoration.
orno (1), tr. equip, furnish, embellish, honour.
ōro (1), tr. beg, pray, ask.
ortus, -ūs, m. rising.
ōs, ōris, n. mouth, face.
ostendo, -di, -sum or -tum (3), tr. show, display.
ostento (1), tr. exhibit, display.
ōtiōsus, -a, -um, unemployed, tranquil;
ōtiōsus, -i, m. private person, civilian.
ōtium, -i, n. leisure, quiet, tranquillity.
P
paciscor, pactus sum (3), tr. agree upon, covenant;
perf. partic. also with passive meaning.
pāco (1), tr. make peaceful, subdue.
pactum, -i, n. agreement, terms, manner.
paene, adv. nearly, almost.
paenitet, -uit, impers. (2), tr. it repents.
palam, adv. openly, plainly.
pār, paris, equal, like.
parco, peperci, parsum (3), intr. c. dat. spare.
parens, -ntis, c. parent.
pāreo (2), intr. c. dat. obey.
pariēs, -etis, m. wall (of a house).
pario, peperi, partum (3), tr. bring forth, produce, gain.
paro (1), tr. prepare, collect, raise;
paratus, -a, -um, ready.
parricīda, -ae, c. murderer, traitor.
parricīdium, -i, n. murder, treason.
pars, -rtis, f. part, division, direction, side; political party, faction.
particeps, -cipis, sharing in (gen.);
as noun, partner.
partim, adv. partly.
parum, adv. too little, not enough.
parvulus, -a, -um, very small.
parvus, -a, -um, small.
pastor, -ōris, m. shepherd.
patefacio, -fēci, -factum (3), tr. bring to light, expose, convict.
pateo, -ui, —— (2), intr. am open, am manifest.
pater, -tris, m. father.
patientia, -ae, f. endurance, patience, indulgence.
patior, passus sum (3), tr. or intr. suffer, allow.
patria, -ae, f. fatherland, country.
patricius, -a, -um, patrician;
patricius, -i, m. patrician (member of the Roman nobility).
patrimōnium, -i, n. inheritance.
pauci, -ae, -a, few.
paulisper, adv. for a short time.
paulo, adv. a little.
paululum, -i, n. a very little.
pax, pācis, f. peace, tranquillity.
pecto, pexi, pexum (3), tr. comb.
pecūnia, -ae, f. wealth, money.
pecus, -udis, f. beast.
pedester, -tris, -tre, of foot-soldiers, of infantry.
pello, pepuli, pulsum (3), tr. drive, expel.
penitus, adv. deeply, wholly.
per, prep. c. acc. through, by.
per-cello, -culi, -culsum (3), tr. beat down, smite.
per-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. listen to, attend to.
per-cutio, -cussi, -cussum (3), tr. strike.
per-do, -didi, -ditum (3), tr. lose, destroy;
perditus, -a, -um, desperate, abandoned, corrupt;
perditur, -i, m. scoundrel.
per-dūco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. lead, take.
per-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, intr. die, perish.
per-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. endure, tolerate.
per-ficio, -fēci, -fectum (3), tr. carry out, manage.
per-fringo, -frēgi, -fractum (3), tr. break through, shatter.
per-fruor, -fructus sum (3), intr. c. abl. enjoy fully.
per-fugium, -i, n. refuge.
pergo, perrexi, perrectum (3), intr. proceed, go on.
per-horresco, -rui, —— (3), intr. shudder, tremble;
tr. have a horror of.
perīclitor (1), tr. or intr. make trial of, endanger; am endangered.
perīculōsus, -a, -um, dangerous.
perīculum, -i, n. danger.
permagnus, -a, -um, very large.
per-maneo, -si, -sum (2), intr. stay to the end, continue, persist.
per-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. entrust.
permodestus, -a, -um, bashful, obedient.
per-moveo, -mōvi, -mōtum (2), tr. interest, alarm.
permultus, -a, -um, very much; plur. very many.
perniciēs, -ēi, f. destruction.
perniciōsus, -a, -um, destructive, mischievous, deadly.
perpetuus, -a, -um, continuous, constant, lasting;
in perpetuum (sc. tempus), permanently.
persaepe, adv. very often.
per-scrībo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr. write out in full.
per-sequor, -secūtus sum (3), tr. pursue, attack.
per-spicio, -spexi, -spectum (3), tr. see clearly.
per-terreo (2), tr. frighten, scare.
per-timesco, -timui, —— (3), tr. or intr. fear.
per-tineo, -ui, —— (2), intr. reach, belong, concern.
per-turbo (1), tr. trouble, disturb, agitate.
per-venio, -vēni, -ventum (4), intr. come, arrive.
pestis, -is, f. plague, scourge, destruction.
petītio, -ōnis, f. blow, thrust.
peto, -īvi, -ītum (3), tr. attack, assault; demand, beg.
petulantia, -ae, f. wantonness, impudence.
pietās, -ātis, f. dutifulness, goodness.
placeo (2), intr. c. dat. please;
placet, impers. it seems right, it is determined.
plāco (1), tr. reconcile, appease.
plānē, adv. clearly, completely.
plēnus, -a, -um, full.
plūrimus, -a, -um, very many, most.
plūs, adv. more.
poena, -ae, f. penalty, punishment.
polliceor (2), tr. or intr. promise, undertake.
pōno, posui, positum (3), tr. put, place, pitch, assign.
pons, -ntis, m. bridge.
pontifex, -icis, m. high-priest, pontiff.
popīna, -ae, f. eating-house, tavern.
populāris, -e, popular, friendly to the people.
populus, -i, m. people.
porta, -ae, f. gate.
possessio, -ōnis, f. holding, possession, property, estate.
possum, potui, posse, intr. am able, can.
post, prep. c. acc. after, since;
adv. afterwards.
posteā, adv. afterwards, later.
posteritās, -ātis, f. future time, posterity.
posterus, -a, -um, future;
posteri, -ōrum, m. plur. descendants, posterity;
in posterum, for the future, in future.
posthāc, adv. after this, for the future.
postrēmus, -a, -um, last;
adv. postrēmo, lastly.
postulo (1), tr. ask, demand.
potens, -ntis, powerful.
potestās, -ātis, f. power, authority;
potestātem facio, give opportunity, give leave.
potior (4), intr. c. gen. or abl. get, gain.
potius, adv. rather.
prae, prep. c. abl. before, in comparison with.
praebeo (2), tr. offer, render, show.
praeceps, -cipitis, headstrong.
prae-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. enjoin, give as a warning.
pracipuē, adv. especially.
praeclārus, -a, -um, famous, remarkable, signal, noble.
prae-curro, -cucurri, -cursum (3), intr. c. dat. run before, outrun, surpass.
praedātor, -ōris, m. robber.
prae-dico (1), tr. declare, extol.
prae-dīco, -xi, -ctum (3), tr. state beforehand, premise, proclaim.
praedium, -i, n. farm.
praefectūra, -ae, f. prefecture (an Italian city governed by a Roman magistrate).
prae-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. hold forth, offer.
prae-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. send in advance.
praemium, -i, n. reward.
prae-scrībo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr. acc. and dat. order, appoint.
praesens, -ntis, present, opportune.
praesentia, -ae, f. presence.
praesertim, adv. especially;
cum praesertim, especially since.
prae-sideo, -sēdi, —— (2), intr. c. dat. guard, watch.
praesidium, -i, n. guard, protection, garrison, force.
praesto, adv. at hand.
prae-sto, -stiti, -stitum or -stātum (1), tr. guarantee, carry out.
praestōlor (1), intr. c. dat. wait for.
praeter, prep. c. acc. except, besides, contrary to.
praetereā, adv. besides.
praeter-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, tr. pass over, leave unmentioned.
praeter-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. pass over, omit.
praeterquam, adv. besides, except.
praetexta (sc. toga), -ae, f. gown edged with purple.
praetor, -ōris, m. praetor (a magistrate charged with the administration of justice).
praetōrius, -a, -um, belonging to a praetor or general, praetorian.
praetūra, -ae, f. praetorship.
precor (1), tr. or intr. pray, pray to, beseech.
premo, pressi, pressum (3), tr. check, harass, crush, overwhelm.
pretium, -i, n. value, worth, pay.
prīdem, adv. long ago, long since.
prīdiē, adv. on the day before.
prīmus, -a, -um, first;
adv. prīmum, prīmo, at first, firstly;
quam prīmum, as soon as possible.
princeps, -ipis, first, chief;
as noun, chief, chief man, leader.
principium, -i, n. beginning;
principio, at first, firstly.
prior, -us, former, earlier, previous.
pristinus, -a, -um, former, early.
prīvātus, -a, -um, private, personal;
prīvātus, -i, m. private citizen.
prīvo (1), rob, deprive.
pro, prep. c. abl. for, on behalf of, in accordance with, instead of, in return for.
probo (1), tr. approve, prove.
procella, -ae, f. storm.
procul, adv. far off.
prōcūrātio, -ōnis, f. charge, office.
prōdigium, -i, n. evil token, prodigy.
prōdigus, -a, -um, lavish, extravagant;
prōdigus, -i, m. spendthrift.
proelium, -i, n. battle.
profectio, -ōnis, f. departure.
profecto, adv. assuredly.
prō-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. bring forth, bring forward, issue.
prō-ficio, -fēci, -fectum (3), tr. effect, accomplish.
pro-ficiscor, -fectus sum (3), intr. set out, start.
prō-fiteor, -fessus sum (3), tr. propose, offer.
prō-flīgo (1), tr. overthrow.
prō-fugio, -fūgi, —— (3), tr. or intr. flee from; flee, run away.
pro-fundo, -fūdi, -fūsum (3), tr. pour out, dissipate.
prō-gredior, -gressus sum (3), intr. go forward, advance.
pro-hibeo (2), tr. hinder, prevent.
prō-icio, -iēci, -iectum (3), tr. cast forth.
proinde, adv. in like manner, accordingly.
prō-lāto (1), tr. put off, defer.
propāgo (1), tr. extend, prolong.
prope, adv. nearly, almost.
prō-pōno, -posui, -positum (3), tr. set before, offer, determine.
proprius, -a, -um, peculiar to, characteristic of.
propter, prep. c. acc. on account of.
prō-pulso (1), tr. repel, avert.
proscriptio, -ōnis, f. proscription, confiscation.
prō-sequor, -secūtus sum (3), tr. follow, attend.
prō-spicio, -exi, -ectum (3), tr. see beforehand, give attention to;
intr. c. dat. take measures for.
prō-sterno, -strāvi, -strātum (3), tr. lay low.
prō-sum, prōfui, prōdesse, intr. c. dat. benefit.
prō-videntia, -ae, f. foresight.
prō-video, -vīdi, -vīsum (2), tr. foresee, prepare;
intr. make provision;
intr. c. dat. provide for, guard the interests of.
prōvincia, -ae, f. province.
prōvinciālis, -e, belonging to a province, provincial.
proximus, -a, -um, nearest, next, last.
prūdens, -ntis, wise.
prūdentia, -ae, f. wisdom.
pruīna, -ae, f. frost.
publicātio, -ōnis, f. confiscation.
publicē, adv. publicly.
publico (1), tr. confiscate.
publicus, -a, -um, public;
rēs publica, state, public affairs, public interest.
pudīcitia, -ae, f. chastity, virtue.
pudor, -ōris, m. shame, modesty, decency.
puer, -eri, m. boy.
pugna, -ae, f. fight, battle.
pugno (1), intr. fight.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beautiful.
pulvīnar, -āris, n. couch (for the images of the gods at a thanksgiving).
punctum, -i, n. point, instant.
pūnio (4), tr. punish.
purgo (1), tr. cleanse, purify.
purpura, -ae, f. purple.
purpurātus, -i, m. officer clothed in purple, vizier.
puto (1), tr. or intr. think.
Q
quaero, -sīvi, -sītum (3), tr. seek, ask.
quaesītor, -ōris, m. investigator, inquisitor.
quaeso, quaesumus (3), defect. intr. beg, pray.
quaestio, -ōnis, f. investigation, commission, law-court.
quaestus, -ūs, m. gain.
quālis, -e, such as, as (after tālis).
quam, adv. how, as, than;
tam . . . quam, so much ... as;
also used to strengthen superlatives;
quam diu, how long? as long as.
quamquam, conj. although.
quando, adv. at any time.
quantus, -a, -um, how great? as great as, as (after tantus).
quapropter, adv. for which reason.
quārē, adv. wherefore.
quartus, -a, -um, fourth.
-que, conj. and.
quemadmodum, adv. how.
querimōnia, -ae, f. complaint.
queror, questus sum (3), tr. or intr. regret, complain, bewail.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron. who, which, that.
qui, quae, quod, interrog. adj. which? what?
quia, conj. because.
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whatever; every possible.
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain, some.
quidem, adv. indeed.
quiēs, -ētis, f. rest.
quiesco, -ēvi, -ētum (3), intr. am quiet, do nothing.
quiētus, -a, -um, peaceful, undisturbed.
quīn, conj. or adv. with indic. why not? quīn etiam, nay even;
with subj. but that, that.
quintus, -a, -um, fifth.
quis, quid, interrog. pron. who? what? adv. quid, why?
quis, quid, indef. pron. any one, anything;
quis, also adj. any.
quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam or quidpiam, indef. pron. any one, anything, someone, something;
adj. any, some.
quisquam, quidquam, indef. pron. any one, anything;
quisquam, also adj. any.
quisque, quaeque, quodque, or (as pron.) quidque, each.
quisquis, quidquid, whoever, whatever.
quo, adv. whither (rel. or interrog.);
quo usque, how long?
quoad, adv. as long as.
quōcumque, adv. in whatever direction.
quod, conj. because, that.
quodsi, conj. but if.
quondam, adv. in old time, formerly.
quoniam, conj. since.
quoque, conj. also, too.
quot, indecl. adj. how many.
quotiens, adv. how often.
quotienscumque, adv. how often soever.
R
rapīna, -ae, f. plundering, plunder.
rapio, -ui, -tum (3), tr. snatch, hurry away.
ratio, -ōnis, f. consideration, reflection, reason, principle; method, way.
recens, -ntis, new, fresh.
re-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. take back, receive, admit; engage, promise.
re-cito (1), tr. read aloud.
re-co-gnosco, -gnōvi, -gnitum (3), tr. call to mind, examine.
reconciliātio, -ōnis, f. renewal.
re-condo, -didi, -ditum (3), tr. stow away, hide.
recordor (1), tr. or intr. remember.
re-creo (1), tr. refresh, recover.
rectā, adv. straight.
rectē, adv. rightly, justly.
recūsātio, -ōnis, f. refusal, objection.
re-cūso (1), tr. decline, reject.
red-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, intr. go back, return.
redimio (4), tr. wreathe.
red-undo (1), intr. overflow.
re-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. bring back, bring before.
rēgiē, adv. royally, despotically.
regio, -ōnis, f. district.
regno (1), intr. reign, am king.
regnum, -i, n. royal authority, sovereignty.
re-levo (1), tr. lift up, relieve.
rēligio, -ōnis, f. scruple.
re-linquo, -līqui, -lictum (3), tr. leave behind, leave.
reliquus, -a, -um, that is left, remaining, rest of.
re-maneo, -mansi, —— (2), intr. stay behind.
remissio, -ōnis, f. relaxation, mildness.
re-mitto, -mīsi, -missum (3), tr. send back, slacken;
remissus, -a, -um, slack, lax.
re-moror (1), tr. hinder, delay.
re-moveo, B, -mōtum (2), tr. remove, set aside.
re-pello, reppuli, repulsum (3), tr. drive back, reject, bring about rejection of.
repente, adv. suddenly.
repentīnus, -a, -um, sudden.
re-perio, repperi, repertum (4), tr. find, discover.
re-primo, -pressi, -pressum (3), tr. check, restrain.
repudio (1), tr. reject.
rēs, rei, f. fact, deed, matter, thing, interest, property;
plur. power, administration.
re-seco, -cui, -ctum (1), tr. cut away.
re-servo (1), tr. keep back, reserve.
re-sideo, -sēdi, —— (2), intr. remain, am left.
re-sisto, -stiti, —— (3), intr. stop, stay behind;
intr. c. dat. resist, remain over to.
re-spondeo, -di, -sum (2), tr. or intr. c. dat. answer, give an answer to, prove a match for.
responsum, -i, n. answer.
re-stinguo, -nxi, -nctum (3), tr. put out, quench.
re-stituo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. put back, restore.
re-sto, -stiti, —— (1), intr. hold out, remain.
re-ticeo, -ui, —— (2), intr. keep silence, make no answer.
re-tineo, -tinui, -tentum (2), tr. hold back, keep, preserve.
re-torqueo, -si, -tum (2), tr. turn back.
re-tundo, rettudi, retūsum (3), tr. blunt, turn the edge of.
reus, -i, m. person accused, prisoner.
re-vertor, -versus sum or -verti (3), intr. turn back, return.
re-voco (1), tr. call back, recall.
rex, rēgis, m. king.
rōbur, -oris, n. strength.
rōbustus, -a, -um, strong, vigorous.
rogo (1), tr. ask, introduce, propose (a law).
ruīna, -ae, f. downfall, ruin, disaster.
rumpo, rūpi, ruptum (3), tr. break.
rusticus, -a, -um, rustic, rural.
S
sacer, -cra, -crum, sacred;
sacra, -ōrum, n. plur. rites, mysteries.
sacrārium, -i, n. shrine.
sacrōsanctus, -a, -um, inviolable.
saeculum, -i, n. generation.
saepe, adv. often.
saepio, -psi, -ptum (4), tr. fence in, surround.
sagax, -ācis, shrewd.
salto (1), intr. dance.
salūs, -ūtis, f. safety, preservation.
salūto (1), tr. or intr. greet, wait upon, pay a call.
salvus, -a, -um, safe, preserved, solvent.
sancio, -nxi, -nctum (4), tr. or intr. ordain, forbid under penalty.
sanctus, -a, -um, sacred, holy, inviolable.
sānē, adv. by all means.
sanguis, -inis, m. blood.
sāno (1), tr. cure.
sānus, -a, -um, sound, healthy, wise.
sapiens, -ntis, wise.
satelles, -itis, c. attendant, servant.
satis, adv. enough, quite;
as noun, enough of;
satis facio (dat.), satisfy, do my duty to.
saucius, -a, -um, wounded.
scaena, -ae, f. stage.
scelerātē, adv. wickedly.
scelerātus, -a, -um, impious, wicked;
scelerātus, -i, m. criminal, profligate.
scelus, -eris, n. crime.
scientia, -ae, f. knowledge.
scīlicet, adv. evidently, to be sure.
scio (4), tr. or intr. know.
scortum, -i, n. harlot.
scrība, -ae, m. notary.
scrībo, -psi, -ptum (3), tr. write.
sē or sēsē, sui, himself, herself, &c.
sē-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), intr. go apart, withdraw.
sē-cerno, -crēvi, -crētum (3), tr. divide, separate, put on one side.
secūris, -is, f. axe.
sed, conj., but.
sēdēs, -is, f. seat, abode, habitation.
sēditio, -ōnis, f. disaffection, rebellion.
sēdo (1), tr. quiet, settle, stop.
sē-iungo, -nxi, -nctum (3), tr. separate.
sella, -ae, f. seat, chair.
semel, adv. once.
sēmen, -inis, n. seed.
sēminārium, -i, n. nursery-garden, school.
semper, adv. always.
sempiternus, -a, -um, perpetual, everlasting.
senātor, -ōris, m. senator.
senātus, -ūs, m. senate.
senex, -is, m. old man.
sensus, -ūs, m. feeling, consciousness.
sententia, -ae, f. opinion, purpose, vote; meaning, purport.
sentīna, -ae, f. refuse, dregs.
sentio, sensi, sensum, tr. or intr. feel, see, perceive.
sepelio, -elīvi, -ultum (4), tr. bury.
sequor, secūtus sum (3), tr. or intr. follow, adopt, obey.
sērius, adv. later, too late.
sermo, -ōnis, m. talk, conversation, discourse.
serpo, -psi, -ptum (3), intr. creep.
sertum, -i, n. garland.
servio (4), intr. c. dat. serve, am a slave, do service to, indulge.
servitium, -i, n. slavery, body of slaves.
servitūs, -ūtis, f. slavery.
servo (1), tr. keep, preserve.
servus, -i, m. slave.
sevērē, adv. sternly, severely.
sevēritās, -ātis, f. strictness, sternness.
sevērus, -a, -um, stern, severe, strict.
sextus, -a, -um, sixth.
si, conj. if.
sīc, adv. so, thus.
sīca, -ae, f. dagger.
sīcārius, -i, m. assassin.
sīcut, adv. just as, as.
significātio, -ōnis, f. token, intimation.
signum, -i, n. standard, seal.
silentium, -i, n. silence.
sileo, -ui, —— (2), tr. or intr. am silent about, leave unmentioned; am silent.
silvestris, -e, woodland, rustic.
similis, -e, like.
simul, adv. at the same time;
simul atque (ac), conj. as soon as.
simulacrum, -i, n. image.
sīn, conj. if however, but if.
sine, prep. c. abl. without.
singulāris, -e, extraordinary, unprecedented.
singuli, -ae, -a, one each, each, single.
sino, sīvi, situm (3), tr. or intr. allow, permit.
sinus, -ūs, m. bosom.
sitis, -is, f. thirst.
sīve, conj. or if;
sīve . . . sīve, whether ... or, if ... but if.
sobrius, -a, -um, sober.
societās, -ātis, f. association.
socius, -i, m. comrade, partner.
sodālis, -is, c. companion, associate.
sōl, sōlis, m. the sun.
soleo, -itus sum (2), intr. am wont, am accustomed.
sōlitūdo, -inis, f. loneliness, solitude.
sollicitātio, -ōnis, f. instigation, tampering.
sollicito (1), tr. disturb, seduce, tamper with.
sollicitus, -a, -um, anxious.
solum, -i, n. ground.
sōlus, -a, -um, alone, only;
adv. sōlum, only.
solvo, -vi, -ūtum (3), tr. loosen;
solūtus, -a, -um, weak, lax.
somnus, -i, m. sleep.
sors, -rtis, f. lot.
spargo, -si, -sum (3), tr. scatter.
speciēs, -ēi, f. appearance.
speculor (1), tr. watch, observe.
spēro (1), tr. or intr. hope.
spēs, -ei, f. hope.
spīritus, -ūs, m. breath.
spolio (1), tr. rob, deprive.
sponte, abl. f. of free will, willingly.
stabilio (4), tr. make firm, establish.
statim, adv. immediately.
statua, -ae, f. statue.
statuo, -ui, -ūtum (3), tr. set up, establish, settle, determine.
status, -ūs, m. position, constitution.
stirps, -pis, f. root, stem.
sto, steti, statum (1), intr. stand.
studeo, -ui, —— (2), intr. c. dat. strive after, aim at, desire.
studiōsus, -a, -um, eager for, having a fancy for.
studium, -i, n. aim, pursuit, desire; energy, enthusiasm.
stultus, -a, -um, foolish, dull.
stuprum, -i, n. debauchery.
suādeo, -si, -sum, intr. c. dat. urge, advise.
sub-eo, -ii, -itum, -īre, tr. undergo, suffer.
sub-icio, -iēci, -iectum (3), tr. lay under, lay near.
subiector, -ōris, m. forger.
sub-igo, -ēgi, -actum (3), tr. subdue.
subito, adv. suddenly.
subsellium, -i, n. bench.
subsidium, -i, n. help, support, appliance.
suc-cēdo, -cessi, -cessum (3), intr. c. dat. come next to, succeed.
suf-fero, sustuli, sublātum, sufferre, tr. undergo, bear.
sum, fui, esse, am.
summa, -ae, f. highest place.
summus, -a, -um, highest, greatest, most grave, most noble, most severe.
sūmo, -mpsi, -mptum (3), tr. take up, assume; inflict.
sumptuōsius, adv. more extravagantly.
sumptus, -ūs, m. expense, extravagance.
superior, -us, higher, earlier, previous, former.
supero (1), tr. overcome, overpower, surpass.
super-sum, -fui, -esse, intr. survive.
suppedito (1), tr. supply, furnish.
supplex, -icis, suppliant.
supplicātio, -ōnis, f. service of thanksgiving.
supplicium, -i, n. punishment, penalty, chastisement.
surgo, surrexi, surrectum (3), intr. rise.
sus-cipio, -cēpi, -ceptum (3), tr. undertake, take upon me.
suspectus, -a, -um, suspected.
suspīcio, -ōnis, f. suspicion.
suspicor (1), tr. or intr. suspect.
sus-tento (1), tr. uphold, support, bear.
sus-tineo, -tinui, -tentum (2), tr. bear, endure.
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their.
T
tabella, -ae, f. writing-tablet;
plur. letter.
taberna, -ae, f. shop.
tābesco, -bui, —— (3), intr. melt, pine, languish.
tabula, -ae, f. writing-tablet;
plur. account books;
tabulae novae, cancelling of debts.
taceo (2), intr. am silent, say nothing;
tr. say nothing of, conceal.
taciturnitās, -ātis, f. silence.
tacitus, -a, -um, silent.
taeter, -tra, -trum, foul, hideous, abominable.
tālāris, -e, reaching to the ankle.
tālis, -e, such.
tam, adv. so;
tam . . . quam, so much ... as.
tamen, adv. nevertheless, yet.
tamquam, adv. just as, as if.
tandem, adv. at length, pray.
tango, tetigi, tactum (3), tr. touch, strike.
tantus, -a, -um, so great;
tantum, -i, n. so much;
tanti, of such value, worth while;
tanto, by so much.
tardissimē, adv. very slowly, very late, latest.
tarditās, -ātis, f. slowness.
tectum, -i, n. roof, house.
tēlum, -i, n. dart, shaft, weapon.
temerē, adv. rashly, heedlessly, for nothing.
temeritās, -ātis, f. rashness.
temperantia, -ae, f. self-restraint, temperance.
tempestās, -ātis, f. storm.
templum, -i, n. consecrated ground, temple.
tempus, -oris, n. time.
tendo, tetendi, tensum or tentum (3), tr. stretch out.
tenebrae, -ārum, f. plur. darkness.
teneo, -ui, —— (2), tr. hold, hold fast, confine;
pass. am in difficulty.
tento (1), tr. make an attempt on, attempt, attack, test, tempt.
tenuis, -e, thin, poor.
termino (1), tr. bound, limit.
terminus, -i, m. limit.
terra, -ae, f. earth, land, ground.
tertius, -a, -um, third.
testāmentum, -i, n. will.
testis, -is, c. witness.
timeo, -ui, —— (2), tr. or intr. fear.
timidus, -a, -um, timid, fearful.
timor, -ōris, m. fear.
toga, -ae, f. toga (gown of civil life), gown.
togātus, -a, -um, wearing the toga.
tolerābilis, -e, endurable, bearable.
tolero (1), tr. bear, endure.
tollo, sustuli, sublātum (3), tr. raise, remove.
tot, indecl. adj. so many.
tōtus, -a, -um, whole.
tracto (1), tr. handle, manage; mē tracto, behave.
trā-do, -didi, -ditum (3), tr. hand over.
transcendo (trans-scendo), -di, -sum (3), tr. cross, pass.
trans-fero, -tuli, -lātum, -ferre, tr. carry across, transfer.
trans-igo, -ēgi, -actum (3), tr. complete, dispatch.
tribūnal, -ālis, n. judgement-seat.
tribūnus, -i, m. tribune;
tribūnus pl. (i.e. plēbis) tribune of the people, thus distinguished from e.g. a military tribune.
trīduum, -i, n. three days' time.
triumpho (1), intr. triumph.
triumphus, -i, m. triumph.
trucīdo (1), tr. slaughter, butcher.
tū, tui, thou, you;
vosmet, you yourselves.
tuba, -ae, f. trumpet.
tueor (2), tr. gaze at; maintain, support.
tum, adv. then;
after deinde, thirdly.
tumultus, -ūs, m. disturbance.
tumulus, -i, n. hillock, height, stronghold.
tunc, adv. then, at that time.
tunica, -ae, f. tunic.
turbulentus, -a, -um, restless, troublesome.
turpis, -e, base, disgraceful, shameful.
turpiter, adv. disgracefully; superl. turpissimē.
turpitūdo, -inis, f. baseness.
tūtus, -a, -um, safe; adv. tūto, in safety.
tuus, -a, -um, thy, your.
tyrannus, -i, m. despot, tyrant.
U
ūber, -eris, n. pap, teat.
ubī, adv. or conj. where, when.
ubinam, adv. where?
ulciscor, ultus sum (3), tr. punish.
ullus, -a, -um, any.
ultro, adv. voluntarily, unasked.
umquam, adv. ever.
ūnā, adv. at the same time, in company.
undique, adv. on all sides.
unguentum, -i, n. unguent, perfume.
ūnicē, adv. specially, wonderfully.
ūniversus, -a, -um, entire, whole, general.
ūnus, -a, -um, one, alone.
urbānus, -a, -um, of the city, in the city.
urbs, -bis, f. city.
usque, adv. all the time, continually; usque ad, even to.
ūsūra, -ae, f. use, enjoyment, interest.
usurpo (1), tr. use, apply.
ut or uti, adv. or conj. as, how, when;
c. subjunct. in order that, so that, that.
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of two; plur. each of two sets.
ūtilis, -e, useful, expedient.
ūtilitās, -ātis, f. advantage, interest.
utinam, adv. would that?
ūtor, ūsus sum (3), intr. c. abl. use, enjoy, experience, find.
utrum, interrog. adv. whether (but not translated in direct questions).
uxor, -ōris, f. wife.
V
vacillo (1), intr. totter, stagger.
vacuēfacio, -fēci, -factum (3), tr. empty, clear, free.
vacuus, -a, -um, empty, free from.
vadimōnium, -i, n. bail.
vāgīna, -ae, f. sheath, scabbard.
valdē, adv. very much, exceedingly.
valeo (2), intr. have strength, have influence.
varietās, -ātis, f. difference, change.
varius, -a, -um, diverse, various.
vastātio, -ōnis, f. plundering, devastation.
vastitās, -ātis, f. devastation.
vasto (1), tr. waste, devastate.
vātēs, -is, c. soothsayer, prophet.
vectīgal, -ālis, n. tax, revenue.
vehemens, -ntis, vigorous, violent, efficacious, severe.
vehementer, adv. strongly, greatly, seriously, violently;
compar.vehementius, superl. vehementissimē.
vēlum, -i, n. veil.
vēna, -ae, f. vein.
venēficus, -i, m. poisoner.
veneror (1), tr. worship.
venio, vēni, ventum (4), intr. come.
verbum, -i, n. word.
vērē, adv. truly.
vereor (2), tr. or intr. fear.
versor (1), intr. move, dwell, abide, am concerned.
vērus,-a,-um, true;
vērum, -i, n. truth;
adv. vēro, in truth, however;
adv. or conj. vērum, truly, but in truth, but.
vespera, -ae, f. evening.
vester, -tra, -trum, your.
vestīgium, -i, n. step, track, trace; plur. ruins.
vetus, -eris, old, former.
vexātio, -ōnis, f. trouble, distress, insult.
vexo (1), tr. trouble, harass.
via, -ae, f. way, road, course.
vibro (1), tr. brandish.
vicēsimus, -a, -um, twentieth.
vīcīnus, -i, m. neighbour.
victor, -ōris, victorious.
victōria, -ae, f. victory.
vidēlicet, adv. clearly, evidently.
video, vīdi, vīsum (2), tr. or intr. see, make sure;
videor, seem, seem right.
vigilia, -ae, f. wakefulness, watch;
plur. guard, patrol.
vigilo (1), intr. keep awake, am watchful, am on the watch.
vīlis, -e, cheap, unimportant.
villa, -ae, f. country-house, farm.
vinco, vīci, victum (3), tr. or intr. conquer, outweigh.
vinculum, -i, n. chain; in plur. prison, imprisonment.
vindex, -icis, c. avenger, punisher.
vindico (1), tr. punish.
vīnum, -i, n. wine.
violo (1), tr. injure, do outrage to.
vir, viri, m. man.
virgo, -inis, f. maiden.
virtūs, -ūtis, f. manliness, courage, goodness.
vīs, vim, vi, f. force, power;
plur. vīrēs, -ium, strength.
viscera, -um, n. plur. inner parts, vitals.
vīta, -ae, f. life.
vitium, -i, n. vice, fault.
vīto (1), tr. avoid, escape.
vituperātio, -ōnis, f. blame, censure.
vīvo, -xi, -ctum (3), intr. live.
vīvus, -a, -um, alive.
vix, adv. scarcely, hardly.
vixdum, adv. scarcely yet.
voco (1), tr. call, summon.
volito (1), intr. fly about, flit about, flutter.
volo, volui, velle, tr. or intr. wish.
voluntās, -ātis, f. wish, will, intention; good-will.
voluptās, -ātis, f. pleasure, joy.
vosmet, see tu.
vōtum, -i, n. vow, prayer.
vox, vōcis, f. voice, speech, word.
vulnero (1), tr. wound.
vulnus, -eris, n. wound.
vultus, -ūs, m. countenance, features, expression.
PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
THE OXFORD
ELEMENTARY READERS
By J. B. Allen.
With notes, maps, vocabularies, and English exercises. Fcap 8vo, stiff covers, 1s. 6d. each.
Lives from Cornelius Nepos. Pp. 110, with two maps.
Tales of Early Rome. Adapted from Livy. Pp. 112, with a map.
Tales of the Roman Republic. Adapted from Livy.
Part I. Pp. 112, with two maps.
Part II. Pp. 112, with a map.
By W. D. Lowe.
Simplified and graduated selections with historical introductions, notes, exercises, vocabularies, &c. Fcap 8vo.
Tales of the Civil War. From Caesar's Civil War, Book III. Pp. 100, with three maps. 1s. 6d.
Scenes from the Life of Hannibal. Selections from Livy. Pp. 127, with five maps. 1s. 6d.
Caesar in Britain. Selections from the Gallic War. Books IV and V. Pp. 96, with a map and six illustrations. 1s.
Selections from Ovid. Pp. 96, with five illustrations, 1s. 6d.
Selections from Cicero. Pp. 96, with a frontispiece, 1s. 6d.
Tales of Great Generals. Selections from Cornelius Nepos. Pp. 96. 1s. 6d.
Anecdotes from Pliny's Letters. Pp. 96, with two illustrations, 1s. 6d.
The Fall of Troy. Adapted from Virgil's Aeneid. Pp. 96, with five illustrations. 1s. 6d.
Rome and Her Kings. Selections from Livy, Book I, by W. D. Lowe and C. E. Freeman. Pp. 100, with a map and frontispiece, 1s. 6d.
The Wars of Greece and Persia. Selections from Herodotus. Pp. 128, with four maps. 2s. 6d.
By T. Rice Holmes.
Caesar's Campaigns in Britain, de Bello Gallico Commentarii Quartus (xx-xxxviii) et Quintus, with a vocabulary by G. G. Loane. Cr. 8vo, pp. 160, with five maps and illustrations. 1s. 6d.
By C. E. Freeman.
A Greek Reader for Schools. Adapted from Aesop, Theophrastus, Lucian, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato. Edited with introductions, notes, and vocabularies by C. E. Freeman and W. D. Lowe. Cr. 8vo, pp. 146, 2s. 6d.
Transcriber's Notes
References in the index sometimes refer to the text, sometimes to the notes (indicated by the suffix n.). Many of the text-references are clarified by explanations in the notes. This may be readily checked by clicking on the section-number on the right hand side of the text. (Please note that there are no notes for Oration 2 sections 23, 29 and Oration 3 section 1.) Several references are made to two or more sections in sequence (e.g. "3. 4-16"). In such cases the link is made to the first section in the sequence only.
Similarly in the Notes section, cross-references sometimes refer to the text, sometimes to other notes (indicated by "see on ..." or simular phrasing). When a specific cross-reference is to another note, the link leads directly to the note; but if the link leads to the text, a check for a possible note may be made by clicking on the section-number on the right hand side of the text.
In the Notes section, some words being glossed have occasionally not been set in bold type. These have been amended.
Other amendments:
Notes 17: Missing single quote added before "and that, if I Punished him".
Notes p. 30: "is it" amended to "it is".
Notes p. 33: period added after "Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 679".
Vocabulary p. 59: "exspectation" amended to "expectation".
Vocabulary p. 62: "iam iūdum" amended to "iam dūdum".
Vocabulary p. 71: period added after "arrive".
Vocabulary p. 77: period added after "thirst".
Vocabulary p. 81: period added after "tr" in the definition of "vibro"; also on p. 81: semicolon added after "power" in the definition of "vis".
Ellipses follow LOTE rules in Latin phrases (e.g. either . . . or).
B. C. has been condensed to B.C., i. e. to i.e., e. g. to e.g., and v. l. to v.l.