ARTICLES.
| Singular. | Plural. | |||
| The | { masculine | El | Los | |
| { feminine | La | Las | ||
A or an | { masculine | Un | SOME | unos |
| { feminine | Una | “ | unas | |
NOUN
Nouns are substantive or adjective, and have number, gender, and case.
NUMBER
Singular and Plural.—Nouns terminating in a short, or unaccented vowel, add an s for the plural; as, boy, muchacho; boys, muchachos. Nouns ending in an accented vowel, or in a consonant, or in y, add es to the singular; as, ruby, rubí; rubies, rubíes; lion, leon; lions, leones; ox, buey; oxen, bueyes. Nouns terminating in z, change it into c to form the plural; as, cross, cruz; crosses, cruces.
GENDER
Every he, or male animal, is of the masculine gender; as, man, hombre; every she, or female, is of the feminine gender; as, woman, mujer. Nouns of inanimate objects or things ending in a, ad, bre, ion, are for the most part feminine; and those terminating in e, i, o, u, on, are masculine. The exceptions, however, are very numerous.
Common nouns ending in o, change it into a to form the feminine; as, son, hijo; daughter, hija. There are some that express their gender by a different word or termination; as, father, padre; mother, madre; bull, toro; cow, vaca; poet, poeta; poetess, poetisa. (See Ollendorff, p. 246.)
Common nouns terminating in an, on, or, add an a to form the feminine; as lion, leon; lioness, leona; shepherd, pastor; shepherdess, pastora.
CASE.
There are two cases, the Nominative and the Objective. The Nominative case expresses the subject of the verb; as, The man gives, El hombre da. The Objective case is either direct or indirect. It is direct when it is the immediate object of the action of the verb; as, The man gives alms, El hombre da limosna. It is indirect (called also complement) when it is the term, or end of the action expressed by the verb; as, The man gives alms to the poor, El hombre da limosna á los pobres. When the object direct of an active verb is the noun of a rational being, or a proper noun, or thing personified, it must be preceded by the preposition á; as, The brother loves his sister, El hermano ama á su hermana. The brother loves his money, El hermano ama su dinero.
AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE NOUNS.
Augmentative nouns are those that increase the extent of their signification by adding on, ote, or azo, to the masculine nouns, and ona, ota, or aza, to the feminine, suppressing their last letter, should it be a, e, or o; as, a boy, un muchacho; a big boy, un muchachon; a girl, una muchacha; a big girl, una muchachona. The termination azo frequently signifies the blow, or injury caused by the object to which it is added; as, whip, látigo; a very large whip, un latigazo; a stroke with a whip, un latigazo.
Diminutive nouns are formed by adding ito, illo, ico, or uelo for the masculine, and ita, illa, ica, or uela for the feminine, to the noun, which suppresses its last letter if it be a or e; as, a boy, un muchacho; a little boy, un muchachito, un muchachillo, un muchachuelo; a girl, una muchacha; a little girl, una muchachita, una muchachilla, una muchachuela.
N. B.—The terminations, ito, ita, &c., added to christian names, or those that express relationship, indicate love, affection, and regard towards the object; thus, hermanita, dear sister; Juanito, esteemed John, &c.
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives ending in o are masculine, and change it into a to form the feminine; as, fine, fino, fina. Those ending in any other letter are common to both genders; as, prudent, prudente; useful, útil.
Except adjectives expressing the natives of a country, or things belonging to it; and also most of those terminating in an or on, which add an a for the feminine; as, Spaniard, or Spanish, español, española; idle, haragan, haragana; clamorous, griton, gritona.
Adjectives form their plural according to the rules set forth for the nouns; as, white, blanco, blancos, blanca, blancas; deep blue, turquí, turquíes; natural, natural, naturales; happy, feliz, felices, or felizes.
Uno, one; alguno, some; ninguno, none; primero, first; bueno, good; malo, bad; suppress the o when they are immediately followed by a substantive masculine in the singular, whether it be alone, or preceded by an adjective; as, no heart, ningun corazon; ningun humano corazon.
Ciento, hundred, loses the last syllable before a substantive masculine or feminine; the same does Santo before a noun masculine in the singular. Grande, great, generally loses it also when it refers to qualities; as, El Gran Capitan.
COMPARATIVE.
Greater, mayor; less, menor; better, mejor; worse, peor, superior, superior, &c.
SUPERLATIVE.
It is formed, first, by literally translating the adverb very, muy; as, very high, muy alto. Secondly, by adding the termination ísimo, or ísima, to the adjective, which suppresses the last letter if it be an o, or e: very fine, finísimo; very sweet, dulcisimo; very useful, utilísimo. Adjectives in ble change it into bilísimo; those in co, into quísimo; and those in go, into guísimo; as, amabilísimo, riquísimo, prodiguísimo. Thirdly, by prefixing el, los, la, las mas, or ménos to the adjective; as, The most industrious, El mas industrioso; the most humane, el, or los mas humanos; la, or las mas humanas.
Best, óptimo, worst, pésimo; greatest, máximo; least, mínimo; lowest, ínfimo; supreme, supremo.
PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
| Nom. | I, yo. | Nom. | We, nosotros, nosotras. |
| Obj. Dir. | Me, me. | Obj. Dir. | Us, nos, nos. |
| Obj. Ind. | Me, mí. | Obj. Ind. | Us, nosotros, nosotras. |
| “ | With me, conmigo. | “ | With us, con nosotros, |
| “ | “ con nosotras. |
| Nom. | Thou, tú. | Nom. | You, vosotros, vosotras. |
| Obj. Dir. | Thee, te. | Obj. Dir. | You, os, os. |
| Obj. Ind. | Thee, tí. | Obj. Ind. | You, vosotros, vosotras. |
| “ | With thee, contigo. | “ | With you, con vosotros. |
| “ | “ con vosotras. |
You, in familiar polite style, is translated usted for both genders, and the verb agrees with it in the singular or the plural, according to the sense. Usted and its plural are always written in abbreviation, thus: V. or Vm. for the first, and VV. or Vms. for the latter.
| Nom. | You, usted, (V. or Vm.) | Nom. | You, ustedes, (VV. or Vms.) |
| Obj. Dir. | You, á usted, le, la, se. | Obj. Dir. | You, á VV. los, las, se. |
| Obj. Ind. | You, á V. le, se: | Obj. Ind. | You, á VV. les, se: |
| á él, ella, sí. | á ellos, ellas, sí. | ||
| “ | With you, con usted. | “ | With you, con ustedes. |
| “ | With yourself, consigo. | “ | “ consigo. |
| Nom. | He or it, él. | Nom. | They, ellos. |
| Obj. Dir. | Him or it, le, se; él, sí. | Obj. Dir. | Them, los, se; ellos, sí. |
| Obj. Ind. | Him or it, le, se; él, sí. | Obj. Ind. | Them, les, se; ellos, sí. |
| “ | With him or it, con él. | “ | With them, con ellos. |
| “ | With himself or itself, consigo. | “ | With themselves, consigo. |
| Nom. | She or it, ella. | Nom. | They, ellas. |
| Obj. Dir. | Her or it, la, se; ella, sí. | Obj. Dir. | Them, las, se; ellas, sí. |
| Obj. Ind. | Her or it, le, se; ella, sí. | Obj. Ind. | Them, les, se; ellas, sí. |
| “ | With her or it, con ella. | “ | With them, con ellas. |
| “ | With herself or itself, consigo. | “ | With themselves, consigo. |
Mí, tí, sí, are always preceded by prepositions.
Me, te, se, le, los, la, las, les, are governed by verbs, and never placed after prepositions. When the verbs are in the indicative, or in the subjunctive mood, they are placed before the verb; as, He esteems her, él la estima. Should the verb be in the infinitive, or in the imperative mood, the pronouns must be placed after it, and joined to it so as to appear one word; thus, Give it to him, (give, da, it, le, to him, se,) dásele.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS CONJUNCTIVE.
| My, mi, mis. | His, su, sus. | Its, su, sus. |
| Thy, tu, tus. | Her, su, sus. | Their, su, sus. |
| Your, with reference to Usted, or Ustedes, su, sus. | ||
These pronouns agree in number with the noun that follows them; as, He sold his horses, él vendió sus caballos; they fulfilled their promise, ellos cumplieron, su promesa.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ABSOLUTE.
| Mine, mio, mios. | His, suyo, suyos. | Its, suyo, suyos. | |
| mia, mias. | suya, suyas. | suya, suyas. | |
| Thine, tuyo, tuyos. | Hers, suyo, suyos. | Theirs, suyo, suyos. | |
| tuya, tuyas. | suya, suyas. | suya, suyas. | |
| Our, nuestro, nuestros. | Your, vuestro, vuestros. | Your, de Usted. | |
| nuestra, nuestras. | vuestra, vuestras. | de Ustedes. | |
| Your, with reference to Usted, is translated also suyo, suyos, suya, suyas. | |||
RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
Who, which, que, quien, quienes. What, that, que.
Which, what, cual, cuales; also, el cual, los cuales, la cual, las cuales.
Whose, cuyo, cuyos, cuya, cuyas; also, de quien, de cual, &c.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
| This, | este. | These, | estos. | That, | aquel. | Those, | aquellos. |
| “ | esta. | “ | estas. | “ | aquella. | “ | aquellas. |
| That, | ese. | Those, | esos. | This, | esto. | That, | aquello. |
| “ | esa. | “ | esas. | That, | eso. | It, | ello, lo. |
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
| One, | uno. | Such, | tal. |
| Each, | cada. | Something, | algo. |
| Nobody, | { nadie. | Nothing, | nada. |
| { ninguno. | Each one, | cada cual. | |
| Somebody, | alguien. | Each other, | uno y otro. |
| Anybody, | } | One another, | uno á otro. |
| Any, some, | } alguno. | Every one, | cada uno. |
| Some one, | } | Every one, | } |
| Somebody, | } | Everybody, | } todo, todos. |
| Whichever, | cualquiera. | Every thing, | } |
| Whomsoever, | quienquiera. | All, every, | } |
| { ámbos. | |||
| Both, | { entrámbos. | ||
| { ámbos á dos. |
VERBS.
CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods, tenses, persons, and numbers.
All the verbs in the Spanish language are formed out of the present of the infinitive mood, which invariably terminates in ar, er, or ir, which syllables are called its termination; and the letters that remain of the said present of the infinitive, after separating one of the said terminations, whatever they may be, are said to be its root, and the letters of such root are called its radical letters; as, to esteem, estim-ar; to offend, ofend-er; to permit, permit-ir: in which verbs ar, er, ir are the terminations; and estim, ofend, permit, the radical letters of each respectively, to which the other combinations must be added to form the various persons and tenses of a verb.
All the Spanish verbs are, therefore, classed into three conjugations. Verbs ending in ar belong to the first; those in er to the second; and those in ir to the third.
Obs. 1. It is not necessary to express the pronouns subject or nominative, in the colloquial style, (usted and ustedes excepted;) but they must be used whenever elegance or clearness requires it.
Obs. 2. The numbers before the terminations point out the different persons. N. 2, before usted and ustedes, denotes that they are of the second person, but that the verb agrees with them in the third, (by Enallage.)
TERMINATIONS OF ALL THE REGULAR VERBS.
Obs. 3. The grave accent (`) upon a vowel in the following terminations, points out the syllable on which the stress of the voice is laid, but over which the mark of it must not be set. The acute accent (') marks the syllable on which the stress of the voice lays, and over which the accent is to be written. When there is no mark of an accent in the termination, the syllable that precedes it is long.
SIMPLE TENSES.
| INFINITIVE MOOD. | |||||
| First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. | Third Conjugation. | |||
PRESENT. | PRESENT. | PRESENT. | |||
| To arm, | armar. | To offend, | ofender. | To unite, | unir. |
| Termination, | ar. | Termination, | er. | Termination, | ir. |
| Radical letters, | arm. | Radical letters, | ofend. | Radical letters, | un. |
GERUND. [1]. | GERUND. | GERUND. | |||
| Arming, | ando. | Offending, | iendo. | Uniting, | iendo. |
PARTICIPLE PAST.[2] | PARTICIPLE PAST. | PARTICIPLE PAST. | |||
| Armed, | ado. | Offended, | ido. | United, | ido. |
INDICATIVE MOOD. | ||||||||
| First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. | Third Conjugation. | ||||||
PRESENT. | PRESENT. | PRESENT. | ||||||
| 1. I arm, | arm- | o. | 1. I offend, | ofend- | o. | 1. I unite, | un- | o. |
| 2. Thou armest, | as. | 2. Thou offendest, | es. | 2. Thou unitest, | es. | |||
| 3. He arms, | a. | 3. He offends, | e. | 3. He unites, | e. | |||
| 2. You arm, | V.— | a.[3] | 2. You offend, | V.— | e.[6] | 2. You unite, | V.— | e.[8] |
| 1. We arm, | àmos. | 1. We offend, | èmos. | 1. We unite, | imos. | |||
| 2. You arm, | àis. | 2. You offend, | èis. | 2. You unite, | is. | |||
| 3. They arm, | an. | 3. They offend, | en. | 3. They unite, | en. | |||
| 2. You arm, | VV.— | an.[4] | 2. You offend, | VV.— | en.[7] | 2. You unite, | VV.— | en.[9] |
IMPERFECT.. | IMPERFECT.. | IMPERFECT.. | ||||||
| 1. I armed,[5] | arm- | àba. | 1. I offended, | ofend- | ía. | 1. I united, | un- | ía. |
| 2. Thou armedst, | àbas. | 2. Thou offendedst, | ías. | 2. Thou unitedst, | ías. | |||
| 3. He armed, | àba. | 3. He offended, | ía. | 3. He united, | ía. | |||
| 2. You armed, | V.— | àba. | 2. You offended, | V.— | ía. | 2. You united, | V.— | ía. |
| 1. We armed, | ábamos. | 1. We offended, | íamos. | 1. We united, | íamos. | |||
| 2. You armed, | ábais. | 2. You offended, | íais. | 2. You united, | íais. | |||
| 3. They armed, | àban. | 3. They offended, | ían. | 3. They united, | ían. | |||
| 2. You armed, | VV.— | àban. | 2. You offended, | VV.— | ían. | 2. You united, | VV.— | ían. |
Remark.—Those scholars who desire a more detailed explanation of this subject, are referred to Lesson XL. page 157 of Ollendorff’s New Method of Learning to Read and Write the Spanish Language, published by D. Appleton & Co., No. 200 Broadway. This work contains every rule necessary to render easy the study of that language.
| PERFECT.. | PERFECT.. | PERFECT.. | ||||||
| 1. I armed,[10] | arm- | é. | 1. I offended, | ofend- | í. | 1. I united, | un- | í. |
| 2. Thou armedst, | àste. | 2. Thou offendedst, | iste. | 2. Thou unitedst, | iste. | |||
| 3. He armed, | ó. | 3. He offended, | ió. | 3. He united, | ió. | |||
| 2. You armed, | V.— | ó. | 2. You offended, | V.— | ió. | 2. You united, | V.— | ió. |
| 1. We armed, | ámos. | 1. We offended, | imos. | 1. We united, | imos. | |||
| 2. You armed, | ásteis. | 2. You offended, | isteis. | 2. You united, | isteis. | |||
| 3. They armed, | áron. | 3. They offended, | iéron. | 3. They united, | iéron. | |||
| 2. You armed, | VV.— | áron. | 2. You offended, | VV.— | éron. | 2. You united, | VV.— | iéron. |
FUTURE.. | FUTURE.. | FUTURE.. | ||||||
| 1. I shall arm, | arm- | aré. | 1. I shall offend, | ofend- | eré. | 1. I shall unite, | un- | iré. |
| 2. Thou wilt arm, | arás. | 2. Thou wilt offend, | erás. | 2. Thou wilt unite, | irás. | |||
| 3. He will arm, | ará. | 3. He will offend, | erá. | 3. He will unite, | irá. | |||
| 2. You will arm, | V.— | ará. | 2. You will offend, | V.— | erá. | 2. You will unite, | V.— | irá. |
| 1. We shall arm, | arémos. | 1. We shall offend, | erémos. | 1. We shall unite, | irémos. | |||
| 2. You will arm, | aréis. | 2. You will offend, | eréis. | 2. You will unite, | iréis. | |||
| 3. They will arm, | arán. | 3. They will offend, | erán. | 3. They will unite, | irán. | |||
| 2. You will arm, | VV.— | arán. | 2. You will offend, | VV.— | erán. | 2. You will unite, | VV.— | irán. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.. | ||||||||
| First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. | Third Conjugation. | ||||||
| 1. Let me arm,[11] | arm- | e. | 1. Let me offend, | ofend- | a. | 1. Let me unite, | un- | a. |
| 2. Arm thou, | a. | 2. Offend thou, | as. | 2. Unite thou, | e. | |||
| 2. Arm thou not,[12] | no — | es. | 2. Offend thou not, | no — | as. | 2. Unite thou not, | no — | as. |
| 3. Let him arm, | e. | 3. Let him offend, | a. | 3. Let him unite, | a. | |||
| 2. Arm you, | e V. | 2. Offend you, | a V. | 2. Unite you, | a V. | |||
| 1. Let us arm, | èmos. | 1. Let us offend, | àmos. | 1. Let us unite, | àmos. | |||
| 2. Arm ye, | ad. | 2. Offend ye, | ed. | 2. Unite ye, | id. | |||
| 2. Arm you not, | no — | éis | 2. Offend ye not, | no — | ais. | 2. Unite ye not, | no — | ais. |
| 3. Let them arm, | en. | 3. Let them offend, | an. | 3. Let them unite, | an. | |||
| 2. Arm you, | en VV. | 2. Offend you, | an VV. | 2. Unite you, | an VV. | |||
Remark.—Could, would, or should express as well as might any of the above tenses, but the translation of the verb preceded by them in English, depends entirely on the meaning of the Spanish verb or conjunction that governs, or requires it in the subjunctive mood, as it is explained in Lesson LXXIX. p. 356 of Ollendorff’s Method, which the learner must study with attention.
The future of the subjunctive might be translated in English when I shall, and the verb in the usual way.
COMPOUND TENSES.
Obs. 4. These tenses being formed by placing after the verb haber, (to have,) the participle past of the principal verb, or the verb that is conjugated, only one participle for each conjugation is here given, in all the tenses.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE.
It is compounded of the present of the indicative of the verb haber, (to have,) and the perfect, or participle past of the verb which is conjugated. For brevity’s sake, the English is prefixed only to the first person of all these tenses.
| I have | armed. | Yo he | armado. | ||
| I have | offended. | Yo he | ofendido. | ||
| I have | united. | Yo he | unido. | ||
| 1. He | } armado. | Hemos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Has | } ofendido. | Habeis | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Ha | } unido. | Han | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. ha | } | VV. han | } | ||
PLUPERFECT. | |||||
| I had | armed. | Yo habia | armado. | ||
| I had | offended. | Yo habia | ofendido. | ||
| I had | united. | Yo habia | unido. | ||
| 1. Habia | } armado. | Habíamos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Habias | } ofendido. | Habíais | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Habia | } unido. | Habian | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. habia | } | VV. habian | } | ||
PRETERIT INDEFINITE, OR ANTERIOR. | |||||
| I had | armed. | Yo hube | armado. | ||
| I had | offended. | Yo hube | ofendido. | ||
| I had | united. | Yo hube | unido. | ||
| 1. Hube | } armado. | Hubimos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Hubiste | } ofendido. | Hubisteis | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Hubo | } unido. | Hubieron | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. hubo | } | VV. hubieron | } | ||
FUTURE DEFINITE. | |||||
| I shall have | armed. | Yo habré | armado. | ||
| I shall have | offended. | Yo habré | ofendido. | ||
| I shall have | united. | Yo habré | unido. | ||
| 1. Habré | } armado. | Habrémos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Habrás | } ofendido. | Habréis | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Habrá | } unido. | Habrán | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. habrá | } | VV. habrán | } | ||
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
| PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE. | |||||
| I may have | armed. | Yo haya | armado. | ||
| I may have | offended. | Yo haya | ofendido. | ||
| I may have | united. | Yo haya | unido. | ||
| 1. Haya | } armado. | Háyamos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Hayas | } ofendido. | Háyais | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Haya | } unido. | Hayan | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. haya | } | VV. hayan | } | ||
PLUPERFECT. | |||||
| Termination IERA. | |||||
| I | might have | armed. | Yo | hubiera | armado. |
| I | might have | offended. | Yo | hubiera | ofendido. |
| I | might have | united. | Yo | hubiera | unido. |
| 1. Hubiera | } armado. | Hubiéramos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Hubieras | } ofendido. | Hubiérais | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Hubiera | } unido. | Hubieran | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. hubiera | } | VV. hubieran | } | ||
PLUPERFECT. | |||||
| Termination RIA. | |||||
| I might | (would) have | armed. | Yo habria | armado. | |
| I might | (would) have | offended. | Yo habria | ofendido. | |
| I might | (would) have | united. | Yo habria | unido. | |
| 1. Habria | } armado. | Habríamos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Habrias | } ofendido. | Habríais | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Habria | } unido. | Habrian | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. habria | } | VV. habrian | } | ||
PLUPERFECT. | |||||
| Termination IESE. | |||||
| I might | have | armed. | Yo hubiese | armado. | |
| I might | have | offended. | Yo hubiese | ofendido. | |
| I might | have | united. | Yo hubiese | unido. | |
| 1. Hubiese | } armado. | Hubiésemos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Hubieses | } ofendido. | Hubiéseis | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Hubiese | } unido. | Hubiesen | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. hubiese | } | VV. hubiesen | } | ||
FUTURE DEFINITE. | |||||
| Should I | have | armed. | Si yo | hubiere | armado. |
| Should I | have | offended. | Si yo | hubiere | ofendido. |
| Should I | have | united. | Si yo | hubiere | unido. |
| 1. Hubiere | } armado. | Hubiéremos | } armado. | ||
| 2. Hubieres | } ofendido. | Hubiéreis | } ofendido. | ||
| 3. Hubiere | } unido. | Hubieren | } unido. | ||
| 2. V. hubiere | } | VV. hubieren | } | ||
CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS.
| INFINITIVE MOOD. | |||||
| PRESENT. | |||||
| To have. | To be. | ||||
| Haber. | Tener. | Ser. | Estar. | ||
GERUND. | |||||
| Having. | Being. | ||||
| Habiendo. | Teniendo. | Siendo. | Estando. | ||
PAST PARTICIPLE. | |||||
| Had. | Been. | ||||
| Habido. | Tenido. | Sido. | Estado. | ||
IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |||
| Let me have. | Let me be. | ||
| 1. Let me have. | Tenga yo. | Sea. | Esté. |
| 2. Have thou. | Ten tú. | Se. | Está. |
| 2. Have not. | No tengas. | Nó seas. | No estes. |
| 3. Let him have. | Tenga él. | Sea. | Esté. |
| 2. Have. | Tenga V. | Sea V. | Esté V. |
| 1. Let us have. | Tengamos. | Seamos. | Estemos. |
| 2. Have ye. | Tened. | Sed. | Estad. |
| 2. Have not. | No tengais. | No seais. | No estais. |
| 3. Let them have. | Tengan. | Sean. | Esten. |
| 2. Have you. | Tengan VV. | Sean VV. | Esten VV. |
IDIOMATICAL TRANSLATION OF SOME TENSES.
N.B.—The (i) stands for the present of the infinitive mood, and the (p) for the past participle.
| I am to, (i,) | He de, (i,) (139-153)[13] |
| Thou art to, (i,) &c. | Has de, (i,) &c. |
| I was to, (i,) &c. | Habia de, (i,) &c. |
| I shall be obliged to, (i,) &c. | Habré de, (i,) &c. |
| I have just, (p,) &c. | Acabo de, (i,) acabas de, (i,) &c. (211.) |
| I had just, &c. | Acababa de, (i,) acababas de, (i,) &c. |
| I am going to, (i,) &c. | {Voy á, (i,) vas á, (i,) va á, (i.) |
| {Vamos á, (i,) vais á, (i,) van á, (i.) | |
| I was going to, (i,) &c. | Iba á, (i,) ibas á,(i,) iba á, (i,) &c. |
| {Volver á, (i.) | |
| To (i) again, &c. | {Vuelvo á, (i,) vuelves á, (i,) vuelve á, (i.) |
| {Volvemos á, (i,) volveis á, (i,) vuelven á, (i.) | |
| I liked to have, (p.) | Estuve para, (i.) |
| To be near. } Pres. | {Estar á pique de, (i.) |
| To come near.} participle. | {Estar á punto de, (i.) |
| { Estar para, (i.) | |
| To be about, (p. or i.) | Estar para. |
| To be to, (i.) | Ser de. Haber de. Deber. |
| It is to be observed. | {Es de notar. Se ha de notar. |
| {Debe notarse. |
TABLE SHOWING HOW TO PLACE THE DIFFERENT PRONOUNS IN A SENTENCE, (69.)
| Él me le | (los, la, las, lo) | da. |
| Él no te le | (los, la, las, lo) | envia. |
| ¿Nos le | (los, la, las, lo) | ofrece él? |
| ¿Nos le | (los, la, las, lo) | trae él? |
| V. no se le | (los, la, las, lo) | promete. |
A VERB AFFIRMATIVELY, NEGATIVELY, AND INTERROGATIVELY CONJUGATED.
| I recompense, or do recompense. | Recompenso. |
| I do not recompense. | {Yo no recompenso, or |
| {No recompenso. | |
| Do I recompense? | {¿Recompenso? or |
| {¿Recompenso yo? | |
| Do I not recompense? | {¿No recompenso? |
| {¿No recompenso yo? | |
| I have corresponded. | He correspondido. |
| I have not corresponded. | No he correspondido. |
| Have I corresponded? | {¿He correspondido? or |
| {¿He correspondido yo? | |
| Have I not corresponded? | ¿No he correspondido yo? |
PASSIVE VERBS. (175.)
Passive verbs are formed from active-transitive verbs by adding their participle past, or passive, to the auxiliary verb ser, (to be,) through all its changes, as in English; thus, from the active verb amar, (to love,) is formed the passive verb ser amado, (to be loved.)
Obs. 5. The participle must agree in gender and number with the nominative it refers to; consequently it changes the o into a when the subject is feminine, and adds s for the plural; thus,
| SINGULAR. | |
| He is loved. | El es amado. |
| She is loved. | Ella es amada. |
| You are loved. | V. es amado, (amada.) |
PLURAL. | |
| They are loved. | Ellos son amados. |
| They are loved. | Ellas son amadas. |
| You are loved. | VV. son amados, (amadas.) |
Obs. 6. In the compound tenses the participle of the principal verb is the only one that admits the change; the participle of the auxiliary verb to be (been, sido) is unchangeable; as,
| He has been rewarded. | El ha sido premiado. |
| They have been rewarded. | Ellos han sido premiados. |
| She had been admired. | Ella habia sido admirada. |
| They had been admired. | Ellas habian sido admiradas. |
| You could have been employed. | V. habria sido empleado, (empleada.) |
| You could have been assisted. | VV. habrian sido asistidos, (asistidas.) |
Obs. 7. Passive impersonal verbs, and those referring to inanimate objects or things, are translated by placing the verb which is in the participle past in English, in the same person and number in which the verb to be is in the English sentence, placing the pronoun se before it; thus,—This ship was built in less than three months; Esta fragata se construyó en ménos de tres meses, instead of fué construida. It is said; Se dice, instead of Es dicho.
PRONOMINAL, OR REFLECTIVE VERBS.
A pronominal, or reflective verb, is that which has the same person or thing as subject and object; as,
He arms himself. | El se arma á sí mismo.
These verbs terminate their present of the infinitive mood by the pronoun se, which must be suppressed in order to find out the conjugation, thus—
| To approach. | Acercarse. |
| To be sorry. | Dolerse. |
| To repent. | Arrepentirse. |
Taking off the se we here have, acercar, 1st conjugation, doler, 2d conjugation; and arrepentir, 3d conjugation. (80.)
These verbs are conjugated by placing the pronouns me, te, se, se, nos, os, se, se, according to the number and person of the nominative they refer to, immediately before the verb, if the subject be expressed before it; and either before or after the verb, if the subject be not expressed or placed after it. When they are placed, after the verb, they must be written so as to form one word with it.
In the imperative mood they are always placed after the verb, which suppresses the s in the first person plural, and the d in the second person of the same number. When the second person singular or plural is used with the adverb no, the pronouns are placed before the verb. Examples:—
| 1. I congratulate myself. | Yo me congratulo. |
| 2. Thou congratulatest thyself. | Tú te congratulas. |
| 3. He congratulates himself. | El se congratula. |
| 2. You congratulate yourself. | V. se congratula. |
| 1. We congratulate ourselves. | Nosotros nos congratulamos. |
| 2. You congratulate yourselves. | Vosotros os congratulais. |
| 3. They congratulate themselves. | Ellos se congratulan. |
| 2. You congratulate yourselves. | VV. se congratulan. |
| 1. I had congratulated myself. | Me habia congratulado. |
| 2. I have armed myself. | Yo me he armado. |
| 3. They had flattered themselves. | Ellos se habian lisonjeado. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD. | |
| Behave (thou) well. | Pórtate bien. |
| Behave (you) well. | Portáos bien, (the d is suppressed) |
| Behave not ill. | No te portes mal. |
| Behave (you) not ill. | No os portéis mal. |
| Let us prepare ourselves. | Preparémonos. (the s is suppressed.) |
GERUND.—Gerundio.
The gerund is that part of the verb that terminates in ando in the verbs of the first conjugation, and in iendo in those of the second and third; as, publicando, (publishing,) from publicar; prometiendo, (promising,) from prometer; asistiendo, (assisting,) from asistir. It does not admit any change of gender or number.
It is translated by the English present participle, and conjugated with the verb estar, (to be;) as,
Anastasia is reading, and Maria Ann is playing on the piano.
Anastasia está leyendo, y Maria Ana está tocando el piano.
It is used also absolutely; as,
By practising virtue thou wilt be happy. | Practicando la virtud, serás feliz.
VERBS THAT ALTER THEIR RADICAL LETTERS.
Verbs ending in car change the c into que, when the first letter of the termination is e; as, to mark, marcar, marc-ar, (perfect tense) marqué.
Verbs ending in gar add a u immediately after the g in the terminations beginning by e; as, to pay, pagar, pag-ar, (perfect tense) pagué.
| Verbs in | cer | change the | c | into | z | } |
| “ | ger | “ | g | “ | j | } when the first letter |
| “ | gir | “ | g | “ | j | } of the termination is |
| “ | quir | “ | qu | “ | c | } either o or a. |
| “ | guir | lose the | u | “ | } |
Examples:—To vanquish, vencer, venzo; to choose, escoger escojo; to elect, elegir, elijo; to transgress the law, delinquir delinco; to follow, seguir, sigo.
REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
1. The imperfect tense of the subjunctive has three terminations; the first in ra, the second in ria, the third in se.
The termination ra (or se) must be used when the verb is governed by a conditional conjunction, or an interjection expressing a wish; and if any other verb be in the same phrase to complete its sense, it must be placed in the termination ria; as, If you studied more, you would learn very much; Si usted estudiara mas, V. aprenderia mucho.
2. When the verb begins without a conditional conjunction, the termination ra or ría may be used, and the verb requisite to complete the sentence must be placed in the termination se; as, It would be proper that you should write to him; Fuera (or seria) bueno que V. le escribiese.
3. Verbs denoting admiration, command, desire, duty, fear, ignorance, intention, permission, prohibition, application, surprise, will, and also the impersonal verbs, govern the next verb in the subjunctive with que. If the governing verb is in the present or future of the indicative, or subjunctive, the verb governed must be placed in the present of the subjunctive. If the governing verb be in any of the past tenses of the indicative, the verb governed must be placed in the first or third termination of the imperfect tense of the subjunctive; as, They beg you to come early; Suplican a V. que venga temprano. I requested him to send you my letter; Le encargué que enviara á V. mi carta.
PARTICIPLE.
The passive or past participle terminates in ado in the first conjugation, and in ido in the second and third. It changes its termination according to the number and gender of the person it refers to; except when it follows immediately after the verb haber, or any other auxiliary, in which case it does not admit of any change.
All passive participles that do not terminate in ado or ido are called irregular; such are the following, from the verbs—
| To open, abrir, abierto. | To print, imprimir, impreso. |
| To cover, cubrir, cubierto. | To die, morir, muerto. |
| To say, decir, dicho. | To solve, solver, suelto. |
| To write, escribir, escrito. | To see, ver, visto. |
| To fry, freir, frito. | To put, poner, puesto. |
| To do, hacer, hecho. | To turn, volver, vuelto. |
| Their compounds have the same irregularity. | |
Obs. 8. The participles past of haber, ser, estar, and tener, do not admit any variation. The first and the last had it formerly.
VERBS THAT HAVE TWO PARTICIPLES.
There are some verbs that have two passive participles, the one regular and the other irregular. Such are:—To bless, bendecir, bendecido, bendito; to compel, compeler, compelido, compulso; to convert, convertir, convertido, converso; to awake, despertar, despertado, despierto; to elect, elegir, elegido, electo; to express, expresar, expresado, expreso; to fix, fijar, fijado, fijo; to satiate, hartar, hartado, harto; to include, incluir, incluido, incluso; to join, juntar, juntado junto; to arrest, prender, prendido, preso; to provide, proveer, proveido, provisto; to break, romper, rompido, roto; to loosen, soltar, soltado, suelto; to suspend, suspender, suspendido, suspenso, &c.
The regular participles of these verbs are used to form the compound tenses with haber; as,
He has awaked early. | El ha dispertado temprano.
The irregular participles are used as verbal adjectives, and with the verbs ser, &c., and do not form compound tenses with haber; excepting preso, prescrito, provisto, roto, and a few others; as,
He is early awaked. | El está despierto temprano.
They have provided. | Ellos han provisto, (proveido.)
ADVERBS.
Adverbs are formed from adjectives of one termination by adding to them mente; as, dulce, dulcemente: and from those of two terminations by adding mente to the feminine; as, gracioso, graciosamente. They admit the superlative; as, graciosísimamente.
When two or more adverbs ending in ly occur in the same sentence, the termination mente is added to the last only; as,
He speaks elegantly and correctly.
El habla correcta y elegantemente.
A FEW OF THE ADVERBS.
| Here, | acá, aquí. | Little, | poco. |
| There, | allá, allí, ahí. | Already, | ya. |
| Near, | cerca. | Often, | á menudo. |
| Far, | léjos. | To-day, | hoy. |
| Where, | donde, adonde. | Yesterday, | ayer. |
| Within, | dentro. | To-morrow, | mañana. |
| Without, | fuera. | Last night, | anoche. |
| Up, | arriba. | Now, | ahora. |
| Down, | abajo. | Presently, | luego. |
| Before, | delante. | Late, | tarde. |
| Behind, | detras. | Early, | temprano. |
| Upon, | encima. | Always, | siempre. |
| Under, | debajo. | Never, | nunca, jamas. |
| Well, | bien. | Thus, | así. |
| Ill, | mal. | Very, | muy. |
| More, | mas. | Even, | aun. |
| Less, | ménos. | Yes, | si. |
| Much, | mucho. | No, nor, | no, ni. |
SOME ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS.
| On all fours, | á gatas. |
| In heaps, | á montones. |
| Hardly, | á pénas. |
| On credit, | á plazo. |
| Sometimes, | á veces. |
| Truly, | á la verdad. |
| Knowingly, | á sabiendas. |
| On the back, | á cuestas. |
| At the utmost delay, | á mas tardar. |
| Slyly, | á la sordina. |
| Secretly, | á escondidas. |
| Rashly, Imprudently, | á ojos cerrados. |
| Instantly, | al punto. |
| Very nearly, | casi casi. |
| As soon as possible. | cuanto ántes. |
| How long, | cuanto tiempo. |
| At most, | cuando mucho. |
| At least, | cuando ménos. |
| Gratis, for nothing, | de balde. |
| Readily, | de contado. |
| Of course, | de seguro. |
| From time to time, } | de cuando en cuando. |
| Now and then, } | |
| To and fro, } | de aquí para allí. |
| Here and there, } | |
| On a sudden, } | de improviso. |
| Unexpectedly, } | |
| Purposely, | de intento. |
| Across, | de traves. |
| In fact, actually, | de hecho. |
| Pell-mell, | de tropel. |
| By chance, } | de lance. |
| Cheaply, } | |
| Second-hand, } | |
| Truly, | de véras. |
| In good earnest, | en conciencia. |
| Forthwith, | en seguida. |
| In the future, | en adelante. |
| Hereafter, | en lo sucesivo. |
| In a direct way, | en derechura. |
| Briefly, | { en resumen. |
| In short, | { en breve. |
| To the utmost, | hasta no mas. |
| Long time ago, | mucho tiempo ha. |
| Behold, | he aquí, or allí. |
| Not long since, | no ha mucho. |
| No sooner, Scarcely | no bien. |
| Lately, | poco ha. |
| By degrees, Softly, | poco á poco. |
| Of course, | por supuesto. |
| Nearly, | por poco. |
| Superficially, | por encima. |
| Short time ago, | poco ha. |
| Confidently, | { sobre seguro. |
| { á ciencia. | |
| { á cierta. | |
| Without motive or cause, | sin ton ni son. |
| Some time ago, | rato ha. |
| Perhaps, | tal vez, acaso. |
| Once, | una vez. |
| At once, | de una vez. |
| Sometimes, | á véces. |
PREPOSITIONS.
The most frequent are—
| At, to, for, | A. | Towards, | hácia. |
| Before, | ántes, ante. | Until, | hasta. |
| With, | con. | For, to, | para. |
| Against, | contra. | By, for, through | por. |
| Of, from, | de. | According, | segun. |
| From, | desde. | Without, | sin. |
| In, on, at, | en. | On, upon, | sobre. |
| Between, among, | entre. | Behind, | tras, detras. |
The following prepositions require de after them, when they are followed by a noun or pronoun as,
| That man comes after. | Ese hombre viene despues. |
| Sir, he will go after you. | Señor, él irá despues de V. |
| About, | á cerca, | al rededor, | en torno. |
| á cerca de, | al rededor de, | en torno de. | |
Before, | ántes, delante. | Within, in, | dentro. |
| Above, up, | encima. | After, | despues. |
| Below, | abajo. | Behind, | detras, tras. |
| Under, | bajo. | Beneath, | debajo. |
| Out of, | fuera. | Opposite, | enfrente. |
| Near, | cerca. | On, upon, | encima. |
CONJUNCTIONS.
They are classed as follows:
| COPULATIVE. | |
| That, | que. |
| Also, | tambien. |
| Moreover, | además. |
| And, | y or i, é.[14] |
DISJUNCTIVE. | |
| Neither, nor, | ni. |
| Or, either, } | ó, ú, ya.[15] |
| Whether, } | |
| Whether, | sea que. |
| Neither, | tampoco. |
ADVERSATIVE. | |
| But, | mas, pero. |
| Even, | { aun cuando. |
| { aun, cuando. | |
| Although, } | aunque. |
| Though, } | |
CAUSAL. | |
| Because, | porque, que. |
| Why? | ¿porqué? |
| Since, | pues, pues que. |
| By, for, | por. |
| Therefore, | por tanto. |
| Whereas, | por cuanto. |
| That, | para que. |
| That, | { para que. |
| In order that, | { á fin de. |
CONDITIONAL. | |
| If, | si. |
| But, | sino. |
| Provided, | con tal que. |
| Unless, | { á ménos de. |
| { á ménos que. | |
CONTINUATIVE. | |
| Since, | pues, puesto que. |
COMPARATIVE. | |
| As, | como, así como. |
| So, | así. |
INTERJECTIONS.
| Alas! | ¡Ay! |
| Ah! | ¡Ah! |
| Wo to me! | ¡Ay de mí! |
| Lo! | ¡He! |
| Well! | ¡Ea! |
| Holla! | ¡Ola! |
| Take care! | ¡Tate! |
| Hurrah! | ¡Viva! |
| Here! | ¡Ce! |
| Fie! | ¡Puf! |
| God grant! | ¡Ojalá! |
SOME OF THE MOST COMMON ABBREVIATIONS.
| A or a, | Arroba, | Twenty-five pounds weight. |
| AA. | Autores, | Authors. |
| A.C. | Año Cristiano, | Christian year. |
| Art. or art. | Artículo, | Article. |
| B.L.M. | { Beso, besamos, besa,} | I, we kiss; he, she kisses; |
| { besan la mano, or } | they kiss the hands. | |
| { las manos, } | ||
| B.L.P. | Beso or besa los piés, | I kiss or he kisses the feet. |
| D. Dn. | Don, | Mr. |
| Da. | Doña, | Mrs. |
| Dr., D.D. | Doctor, Doctores, | Doctor, Doctors. |
| Exmo., Esmo., } | Excelentísimo, | Most Excellent. |
| Escmo. } | ||
| Fr. | Fray, Frey, | Friar, Brother. |
| Ib. | Ibidem, | The same. |
| Ille. Illmo. Illma. | { Ilustre, Ilustrísimo, } | Illustrious, Most Illustrious. |
| { Ilustrísima, } | ||
| Ill. P.S. | Muy poderoso Señor, | Most powerful Sir. |
| N. | Fulano, | Such a one. |
| No. or Núm. | Número, | Number. |
| Nro. Nra. | Nuestro, a, | Our. |
| Onz. | Onza, | Ounce. |
| Orn. | Orden, | Order. |
| P.D. | Post data, | Postscript. |
| R.P.M. or Mtro. | { Reverendo Padre } | Reverend Father and Master. |
| { Maestro, } | ||
| Rdo. P. | Reverendo Padre, | Reverend Father. |
| S.Sn. Sto. Sta. | San, Santo, or Santa, | Saint. |
| S.A. | Su Alteza, | His Highness. |
| S.A.A. | Su afecto amigo, | Your affectionate friend. |
| S.M. | Su Magestad, | His Majesty. |
| Sr. Sor. or Sra. | Señor or Señora, | Sir, Lord, Madam, Lady. |
| S. Sria. or Sra. | Su Señoria, | His Lordship, Her Ladyship. |
| S.S.S. | Su seguro servidor, | Your assured servant. |
| V. Vd. Vm. or Vmd. | Usted, | Your worship, you. |
| VV. Vs. Vms. or } | Ustedes, | Your worships, you. |
| Vmds. } | ||
| V.E. or V. Esca | Vueclelencia, | Your Excellency. |
| V.M. | Vuestra Majestad, | Your Majesty. |
| V.S. | Usia, (Vueseñoria,) | Your Lordship. |
| V.S.I. | Usía Ilustrísima, | Your Grace. |
PART II.
A VOCABULARY OF WORDS NECESSARY TO BE KNOWN.
THE NUMBERS.—LOS NUMEROS.
Cardinal Numbers.—Números Cardinales.
| One. | Uno, m. Una, f. | Twenty-five. | Veinticinco. |
| Two. | Dos[16]. | Twenty-six. | Veintiseis. |
| Three. | Tres. | Twenty-seven. | Veintisiete. |
| Four. | Cuatro. | Twenty-eight. | Veintiocho. |
| Five. | Cinco. | Twenty-nine. | Veintinueve. |
| Six. | Seis. | Thirty. | Treinta. |
| Seven. | Siete. | Thirty-one. | Treinta y uno. |
| Eight. | Ocho. | Thirty-two, &c. | Treinta y dos. |
| Nine. | Nueve. | Forty. | Cuarenta. |
| Ten. | Diez. | Fifty. | Cincuenta. |
| Eleven. | Once. | Sixty. | Sesenta. |
| Twelve. | Doce. | Seventy. | Setenta. |
| Thirteen. | Trece. | Eighty. | Ochenta. |
| Fourteen. | Catorce. | Ninety. | Noventa. |
| Fifteen. | Quince. | A or one hundred. | Ciento. |
| Sixteen. | Diez y seis. | Two hundred. | Doscientos[17]. |
| Seventeen. | Diez y siete. | Three hundred. | Trescientos. |
| Eighteen. | Diez y ocho. | Four hundred. | Cuatrocientos. |
| Nineteen. | Diez y nueve. | Five hundred. | Quinientos. |
| Twenty. | Veinte. | Six hundred. | Seiscientos. |
| Twenty-one. | Veintiuno. | Seven hundred. | Setecientos. |
| Twenty-two. | Veintidos. | Eight hundred. | Ochocientos. |
| Twenty-three. | Veintitres. | Nine hundred. | Novecientos. |
| Twenty-four. | Veinticuatro. | A or one thousand. | Mil. |
Two numbers coming together in an inverted order in English, are translated by placing the highest in the first place; thus,
Three and twenty. | Veinte y tres.
Eleven hundred, fifteen hundred, and the like expressions, are always translated, one thousand one hundred, one thousand five hundred, &c.; thus, mil y ciento, mil y quinientos, and not once cientos, &c.
The words o’clock are omitted in reference to the hours of the day, which are expressed by the cardinal numbers, preceded by the article las or la with reference to una, one; as,
- What time is it? | ¿Que hora es?
- It is one o’clock. | Es la una.
- It is two o’clock. | Son las dos.
Ordinal Numbers.—Números Ordinales.
| Singular. | Plural. | |
| The first. | { El primero. } | Los primeros. |
| { El primer.[18] } | ||
| The second. | El segundo. | Los segundos. |
| The third. | { El tercero. } | Los terceros. |
| { El tercer. } | ||
| The fourth. | El cuarto. | Los cuartos. |
| The fifth. | El quinto. | Los quintos. |
| The sixth. | El sexto. | Los sextos. |
| The seventh. | El séptimo. | Los séptimos. |
| The eighth. | El octavo. | Los octavos. |
| The ninth. | { El nono. | Los nonos. |
| { El noveno. | Los novenos. | |
| The tenth. | El décimo. | Los décimos. |
| The eleventh. | El undécimo. | Los undécimos. |
| The twentieth. | El vigésimo. | Los vigésimos. |
| The thirtieth. | El trigésimo. | Los trigésimos. |
Ordinal numbers change o into a for the feminine, and admit the same variation of numbers as the adjectives.
The cardinal numbers are used instead of the ordinal in speaking of the days of the month, excepting the first; as,
| The fourth of July. | El cuatro de Julio. |
| The first of May. | El primero de Mayo. |
| What day of the month is it? | { ¿Que dia del mes tenemos? |
| { ¿Que dia es hoy? | |
| (It is) the first. | El primero. |
| (It is) the second. | El dos. |
| (It is) the third. | El tres. |
| What day of the month is this? | ¿A cuantos estamos? |
| (It is) the eleventh. | A once. |
Obs. Except the first day of the month, all the other days are expressed by a cardinal number preceded by the article.
TABLA DE LA MONEDA CORRIENTE EN ESPAÑA,
Y LAS REPUBLICAS DE AMERICA.
| COBRE. | ||
| 2 maravedíses | valen | 1 ochavo. |
| 2 ochavos | “ | 1 cuarto. |
| 8½ cuartos | “ | 1 real de vellon. |
| 4 reales de vellon | “ | 1 peseta. |
| 5 pesetas | “ | 1 peso, or duro. |
| 4 pesetas columnarias | “ | 1 “ “ |
PLATA. | ||
| 1 duro, peso fuerte, peso, ó escudo de plata, a silver dollar | vale | $1.00 |
| 1 medio duro, ó escudo de vellon, half a dollar | “ | 50 |
| 1 peseta columnaria, quarter of a dollar | “ | 25 |
| 1 real de plata Americano, New York shilling | “ | 12½ |
| 1 medio real, medio, New York sixpence | “ | 6½ |
| Valor | Valor | |
| nominal. | real. | |
| 1 peseta provincial ó Sevillana, pistareen | 20 cents. | 16 cents. |
| 2 reales de vellon, half pistareen | 10 “ | 8 “ |
| 1 real de vellon, ó 34 maravedíses, quarter pistareen | 5 “ | 4 “ |
Valor | Valor | |
| ORO. | nominal. | real. |
| 1 onza ú onza de oro, a doubloon | $16.00 | $15.56 |
| ½ onza, (cuatro escudos,) half of a doubloon | 8.00 | 7.76 |
| ¼ un doblon de á dos, a quarter of a doubloon | 4.00 | 3.88 |
| ⅛ un dobloncito, ó un escudo, an eighth of a doubloon | 2.00 | 1.94 |
| 1/16 un escudito, un durillo, ó veinten, a sixteenth of a doubloon | 1.00 | .97 |
Of Heaven and the Elements.—Del Cielo y de los Elementos.
N.B.—A word within a parenthesis followed by an M, in the following Vocabulary and Dialogues, indicates that it is the one used in the Mexican States.
| God, | Dios. | The wind, | el viento. |
| Jesus Christ, | Jesucristo. | The rain, | la lluvia. |
| The Holy Ghost, | El Espíritu Santo. | The thunder, | el trueno. |
| The angel, | el ángel. | The lightning, | el relámpago. |
| The paradise, | el paraíso. | The hail, | el granizo. |
| The world, | el mundo. | The thunderbolt, | el rayo, or la centella. |
| The fire, | el fuego. | The snow, | la nieve. |
| The air, | el aire. | The frost, | la helada. |
| The earth, | la tierra. | The ice, | el hiélo. |
| The sea, | el mar. | The white frost, | la escarcha. |
| The sun, | el sol. | The dew, | el rocío. |
| The moon, | la luna. | The fog, | la niébla. |
| The stars, | las estrellas. | A deluge, | un diluvio. |
| The rays, | los rayos. | The heat, | el calor. |
| The clouds, | las nubes. | The cold, | el frío. |
Of the Weather and Seasons.—Del tiempo y de las estaciones.
| The day, | el día. | The day after to-morrow, | pasado mañana. |
| The noon, | el mediodía. | This evening, | esta tarde. |
| The night, | la noche. | This morning, | esta mañana. |
| Midnight, | media noche. | After dinner, | despues de comer. |
| The morning, | la mañana. | After supper, | despues de cenar. |
| The afternoon, } | la tarde. | A week, | una semána. |
| The evening, } | A month, | un mes. | |
| Hour, | hora. | A year, | un año. |
| Quarter of an hour, | cuarto de hora. | A moment, | un momento. |
| Half an hour, | media hora. | The spring, | la primavera. |
| Three quarters of an hour, | tres cuartos de hora. | The summer, | el verano or estío. |
| To-day, | hoy. | Autumn, | el otoño. |
| Yesterday, | ayer. | The winter, | el invierno. |
| The day before yesterday, | ántes de ayer. | A holiday, | día de fiesta. |
| A working-day, | día de trabajo. | The sun-setting, | el ponerse del sol. |
| The sun-rising, | la salida del sol. | The dawn, | la aurora. |
The Days of the Week.—
Los días de la semána.
| Monday, | Lúnes. |
| Tuesday, | Mártes. |
| Wednesday, | Miércoles. |
| Thursday, | Juéves. |
| Friday, | Viérnes. |
| Saturday, | Sábado. |
| Sunday, | Domingo. |
The Months.—Los meses.
| January, | Enero. |
| February, | Febrero. |
| March, | Marzo. |
| April, | Abril. |
| May, | Mayo. |
| June, | Junio. |
| July, | Júlio. |
| August, | Agosto. |
| September, | Setiembre. |
| October, | Octubre. |
| November, | Noviembre. |
| December, | Diciembre. |
The Holidays of the Year.—Dias de fiesta del año.
| New Year’s Day, | el dia de Año Nuevo. |
| Lent, | la Cuaresma. |
| The Ember-weeks, | las Cuatro témporas. |
| Palm Sunday, | Domingo de Ramos. |
| Good Friday, | Viérnes Santo. |
| Easter-day, | Pascua de Resurreccion. |
| Twelfth day, | Dia de Reyes. |
| Whitsunday, | Pascua del Espíritu Santo. |
| All Souls’-day, | Dia de Difuntos, (muertos, M.) |
| Christmas, | Pascua de navidád. La Noche Buena. |
| The Eve, | la Vigilia. |
| The Harvest, | la cosecha de Granos. |
Ecclesiastical Dignities.—Dignidades ecclesiasticas.
| The pope, | el papa. | A canon, | un canonigo. |
| A cardinal, | un cardenal. | A priest, | un sacerdote. |
| An archbishop, | un arzobispo. | A chaplain, | un capellan. |
| A bishop, | un obispo. | A vicar, | un vicario. |
| A nuncio, | un nuncio. | A vicar-general, | un vicaria general. |
| A prelate, | un prelado. | A dean, | un dean. |
| A rector, | un cura. | A sexton, | un sacristan. |
| An almoner, | un limosnero. | A musician, | un músico. |
| A curate, | teniente de cura. | A beadle, | un pertiguero. |
| A preacher, | un predicador. | A grave-digger, | sepulturero. |
Names of Things most usually Eaten.—
Nombres de las cosas que se comen mas comunmente.
| Bread, | pan. | A slice of bread, | una rebanoda de pan. |
| Meat, | carne. | A broth, | un caldo. |
| Fish, | pez or pescado. | A salad, | una ensalada. |
| Boiled meat, | el cocido. | A sauce, | una salsa. |
| Roast meat, | el asado. | A stew, | un estofado. |
| A mouthful of bread, | un bocado de pan. | A ragout, | un guisado. |
| A pie, | un pastel. | Fruits, | las frutas. |
| A soup, | una sopa. | Cheese, | el queso. |
The Covering of the Table.— El aparato de la mesa.
| The table, | la mesa. | A basin, | palangana. |
| The tablecloth, | el mantel. | A glass, | copa. |
| A chair, | una silla. | A napkin, | una servilleta. |
| A knife, | un cuchillo. | A flask, | un flasco. |
| A fork, | un tenedor. | A cup, | una jicara, taza. |
| A plate, | un plato. | A saucer, | una salsera. |
| A dish, | fuente, platon. | A towel, | una toalla. |
| A saltcellar, | un salero. | A service, | un servicio. |
| Oil-cruet, | aceítera. | Water, | agua. |
| Vinegar-cruet, | vinagrera. | Wine, | vino. |
| Casters, | taller. | Brandy, | aguardiente. |
| A sugar-dish, | azucarero. | A decanter, | una botella de cristal. |
| A candle, | una vela. | A tumbler, | un vaso. |
| A candlestick, | un candelero. | A jug, | un jarro. |
| The snuffers, | las despabiladeras. | A bottle, | una botella. |
| A chafingdish, | el braserito. | A gill, | una copa. |
What is Eaten at Table, Boiled.—
Loque se come en la mesa cocido.
| Beef, | la vaca. |
| Mutton, | el carnero. |
| Veal, | la ternera. |
| Lamb, | el cordero. |
| A fowl, | una gallina. |
| A turkey, | un pavo, (un guajolote, M.) |
Other Dishes.—Otros platos.
| A ragout, | un guisado. |
| A fricassee, | una fricasé. |
| Stewed meat, | estofado. |
| Sweetbread, | lechecillas. |
| A tart, | una torta. |
| Petty patties, | pastelillos. |
| Ham, | jamon. |
| Sausages, | salchichas. |
| A Bologna sausage, | salchicha de Boloña. |
| Black pudding, | morcilla. |
| Liver, | hígado. |
| A hash, | un picadillo. |
| Beef’s tongue, | lengua de vaca. |
What is roasted.—Loque es asádo.
| Pullets, | pollos. | A hare, | una liebre. |
| Pigeons, | pichónes. | A rabbit, | un conejo. |
| Woodcocks, | gallinetas. | A hog, | un cerdo. |
| Partridges, | perdices. | A roasting-pig, | lechoncillo. |
| Thrushes, | tordos. | A wild-boar, | un jabalí. |
| Larks, | alondras. | A stag, | un ciervo. |
| Quails, | codorníces. | A leg of mutton, | pierna a carnero. |
| Pheasants, | faisanes. | A loin of veal, | tomo de ternera. |
| A turkey-cock, | un pavo, | A shoulder of mutton, | brazuelo de carnero. |
| (un guajolote, M.) | Game, | caza. | |
| A goose, | un ganso. | A duck, | un pato. |
| A gosling, | un gansaron, or | ||
| pollo de ganso. |
To season Meat with.—
Para sazonar la carne.
| Salt, | sal. | Pimento, | chile,. (M.) |
| Pepper, | pimienta. | Mushrooms, | setas. |
| Oil, | aceite. | Onions, | cebollas. |
| Vinegar, | vinagre. | Garlic, | ajos. |
| Verjuice, | agraz. | Bacon, | tocino. |
| Mustard, | mostaza. | Oranges, | naranjas. |
| Cloves, | clavos. | Lemons, | limones. |
| Cinnamon, | canela. | Parsley, | perexil. |
| Capers, | alcaparras. | Young onions, | cebolletas. |
| Laurel, | laurel. | Eggs, | huevos. |
| Chervil, | perifollo. |
For a Salad.—Para una ensalada.
| Endives, | endibias. |
| Lettuce, | lechuga. |
| Succory, | achicoria. |
| Celery, | apio. |
| Chervil, | perifollo. |
| Roman lettuce, | lechuga Romana. |
| Cresses, | berros. |
For Fast Days.— Para los dias de ayuno.
| Butter, | manteca. | Oysters, | ostras. |
| Milk, | leche. | Salmon, | salmon. |
| Eggs in the | huevos | Codfish, | abadejo, bacalao, |
| shell, | cocidos. | merluza. | |
| Poached eggs, | huevos | A mackerel, | caballa, escombro, |
| estrellados. | halacha. | ||
| An omelet, | tortilla de huevos. | A lobster, | langosta. |
| Crawfish, | cangrejo de | Peas, | guisantes. |
| agua dulce. | Beans, | habas. | |
| A pike, | un lucio. | Kidney-beans, | frijoles. |
| A carp, | una carpa. | Spinach, | espinacas. |
| A trout, | una trucha. | Artichokes, | alcachofas. |
| A sole, | lenguado. | Asparagus, | esparragos. |
| An eel, | anguila. | Cabbages, | berzas, coles. |
| A tench, | tenca. | Cauliflowers, | coliflores. |
| A sturgeon, | esturion. | Vegetables, | verduras. |
| A herring, | arenque. | Fennel, | hinojo. |
For the Dessert.—Para los postres.
| Apples, | manzanas. | Sweetmeats, | dulces, conservas. |
| Pears, | peras. | Nuts, | nueces. |
| Peaches, | duraznos. | Filberts, | avellanas. |
| Mellow peaches, | melocotones, (priscos.) | Chestnuts, | castañas. |
| Apricots, | albaricoques. | Almonds, | almendras. |
| Cherries, | cerezas. | Medlars, | nisperos. |
| Figs, | higos. | Blackberries, | zarzamora. |
| Plums, | ciruelas. | Quinces, | membrillos. |
| Raspberries, | frambuesas. | Pomegranates, | granadas. |
| Grapes, | uvas. | Oranges, | naranjas. |
| Fritters, | buñuelos. | Olives, | aceitunas. |
| A tart, | torta. | Mulberries, | moras. |
| Sugarplums, | confites. | Currants, | grosellas. |
Degrees of Kindred.—Grados de parentesco.
| The father, | el padre. | The mother-in-law, | la madre política, or la suegra. |
| The mother, | la madre. | The son-in-law, | el hijo político, or el yerno. |
| The grandfather, | el abuelo. | The daughter-in-law, | la hija política, or la nuera. |
| The grandmother, | la abuela. | The parents, | los padres, (el padre y la madre.) |
| The great-grandfather, | el bisabuelo. | The spouse, | el esposo, m. |
| The great- | la bisabuela. | The spouse, | la esposa, f. |
| grandmother, | A consort, | un consorte. | |
| The son, | el hijo. | Twin brothers, | mellizos, (cuátes, M.) |
| The daughter, | la hija. | Twin sisters, | mellizas, (cuátes, M.) |
| The grandson, | el nieto. | A godfather, | el padrino. |
| The granddaughter, | la nieta. | A godmother, | la madrina. |
| The brother, | el hermano. | A godson, | el ahijado. |
| The sister, | la hermana. | A goddaughter, | la ahijada. |
| The eldest son, | el primogénito. | A lying-in woman, | muger parida. |
| The second son, | el hijo segundo. | The nurse, | ama de criar, criandera, |
| The uncle, | el tio. | (or chichigua, M.) | |
| The aunt, | la tia. | A midwife, | la partera. |
| The nephew, | el sobrino. | A relation, | un pariente. |
| The niece, | la sobrina. | A female relation, | una parienta. |
| The nephew’s son, | el hijo del sobrino. | A friend, | un amigo. |
| The niece’s daughter, | la hija de la sobrina. | A female friend, | una amiga. |
| The cousin, | el primo. | An enemy, | un enemigo, m. |
| The female cousin, | la prima. | An enemy, | una enemiga, f. |
| The brother-in-law, | el hermano político, | A widower, | un viudo. |
| or el cuñado. | A widow, | una viuda. | |
| The sister-in-law, | la hermana política, | An heir, | un heredero. |
| or la cuñada. | An heiress, | una heredera. | |
| The father-in-law, | el padre político, | A marriage, | un casamiento. |
| or el suegro. | A wedding, | unas bodas. | |
| A pupil, | un pupilo, m. | A christening, | un bautismo. |
| A pupil, | una pupila, f. |
Compadre, and comadre, are names that the sponsor and the parents of the godson or daughter give each other.
Of the Conditions of Man and Woman.—
De los estados del hombre y de la muger.
| A man, | un hombre. | A girl, | una muchacha. |
| A woman, | una muger. | A maid, | una doncella. |
| An aged man, | un viejo. | A master, | el amo. |
| An aged woman, | una vieja. | A mistress, | el ama. |
| An old man, | hombre anciano. | A man-servant, | un criado. |
| An old woman, | muger anciana. | A female servant, | una criada. |
| A young man, | un jóven. | A citizen, | un ciudadano. |
| A young girl, | una moza. | A countryman, | un paisano, (un payo, M.) |
| A spark, dandy, | petimetre. | A stranger, | un extrangero. |
| A lady, | una señora. | A rogue, | un bribon. |
| A husband, | el marido. | A sharper, | un estafador. |
| A wife, | la muger. | A cheat, | un engañador. |
| An infant, | un infante. | A thief, | un ladron. |
| A boy, | un muchacho. | A pickpocket, | un ratero. |
Of what is Necessary for Dressing one’s self.—
De lo que es menester para vestirse.
| A suit of clothes, | un vestido. | The shoes, | los zapatos. |
| A hat, | un sombrero. | The slippers, | las chinelas. |
| A wig, | una peluca. | A shirt, | una camisa. |
| A cravat, | una corvata. | An under-waistcoat, | una almilla. |
| A coat, | casaca. | A vest, | un chaleco. |
| A close coat, | casaca á la francesa. | The sleeves, | las mangas. |
| Pantaloons, | pantalones. | The ruffles, | las vueltas. |
| Small-clothes, | los calzones. | A cap, | un gorro. |
| Stockings, | las medias. | A nightgown, | una bata. |
| Silk stockings, | medias de seda. | A fob, | el bolsillo. |
| Under-stockings, | calcetas. | The pocket, | la faltriquera. |
| Socks, | escarpines. |
With Clothes one must have.—
Con los vestidos es menester tener.
| A pocket- | un pañuelo, (un paño, or | ||
| Ribbons, | cinta de seda. | handkerchief, | pañite de polvos, M.) |
| Lace, | encaje. | Fringe, | franja. |
| Buttons, | botones. | Buckles, | las hebillas. |
| Button-holes, | ojales. | Garters, | ligas, (ataderos, M.) |
| Gloves, | guantes. | A ring, | anillo, (cintillo, M.) |
| Mittens, | mitones. | A comb, | peine. |
| A watch, | reloj de faltriquera. | A muff, | un manguito. |
For those that Ride on Horseback.—
Para aquellos que andan á caballo.
| A sword, | la espada. |
| A girdle, | el cinto. |
| The pistols, | las pistolas. |
| The bridle, | el freno. |
| The saddle, | la silla. |
| The stirrups, | los estribos. |
| The whip, | el látigo. |
| The boots, | las botas. |
| The spurs, | los espuelas. |
| The top of the boot, | la campana de la bota. |
| The rowel of the spur, | la estrella de la espuela. |
| The leg, | la pierna. |
| The heel, | el talon. |
| The sole, | la suela de la bota. |
For the Ladies.—Para las Señoras.
Of the Parts of the Human Body.— De las partes del cuerpo humano.
The Five Senses.—
Los cinco sentidos.
| The sight, | la vista. |
| The hearing, | el oido. |
| The smell, | el olfato. |
| The taste, | el gusto. |
| The feeling, | el tacto. |
Of Ages.—De las edades.
| Childhood, | la niñez. |
| Infancy, | infancia. |
| Boyishness, | puericia. |
| Adolescence, | adolescencia. |
| Youth, | la juventud. |
| Manhood, | la virilidad. |
| Old age, | la senectud. |
| Old age, | la vejez. |
Qualities of the Body.—
Calidades del cuerpo.
| Health, | la salud. |
| Strength, | la fuerza. |
| Weakness, | la debilidad. |
| Beauty, | la hermosura. |
| Ugliness, | la fealdad. |
| Good presence, | el garbo. |
| Sprightliness, | el brío. |
| Fine stature, | hermoso tallo. |
Defects of the Human Body.— Defectos del cuerpo humano.
| Ugliness, | la fealdad. | Leanness, | la flacura. |
| Wrinkles, | las arrugas. | Lame, | el cojo. |
| Freckles, | las pecas. | Lameness, | la cojera. |
| Blear eyes, | las lagañas. | The stammerer, | el tartamudo. |
| A wart, | una verruga. | Crookedness, | la corcova. |
| A mole, | un lunar. | Bald, | el calvo. |
| A pearl in | la nube en | Flat-nosed, | el romo. |
| the eye, | el ojo. | Crippled, | el estropeado. |
| Tickling, | las cosquillas. | Lame of the limbs, | el tullido. |
| Cataract, | la catarata. | Squinting, | el bizco. |
| Blindness, | la ceguedád. | Lame of a hand, | el manco. |
| Blind, | el ciego. | Deaf, | el sordo. |
| One-eyed, | el tuerto. | Left-handed, | el zurdo. |
| Dumb, | el mudo. |
For Studying.—Para estudiar.
| A book, | un libro. | A letter, | una carta. |
| The paper, | el papel. | A note, | una esquela. |
| A leaf, | un pliego de papel. | The writing, | la escritura. |
| A page, | una página. | The pocketbook, | librito de |
| The cover of | la cubierta | memorias. | |
| a book, | del libro. | Parchment, | pergamino. |
| A pen, | una pluma. | The pencil, | el lápiz. |
| The ink, | la tinta. | A lesson, | una leccion. |
| The inkstand, | el tintero. | A translation, | una traduccion. |
| A penknife, | el cortaplumas. | A writing-desk, | una escribanía. |
| The sealing-wax, | el lacre. | A seal, | el sello. |
Instruments of Music.— Instrumentos de música.
| A violin, | un violin. | A piano, | un piano. |
| A bass-viol, | violon. | A harpsichord, | un clavicordio. |
| A flute, | una flauta. | A lute, | laud. |
| A flageolet, | un caramillo. | A harp, | una harpa. |
| A bagpipe, | una gaita. | An organ, | un órgano. |
| A hautboy, | un oboe. | A trumpet, | una trompeta. |
| A guitar, | una guitarra. | A drum, | un tambor. |
Of the Parts of a House.— De las partes de una casa.
| The house, | la casa. | The roof, | el tejado. |
| The door, | la puerta. | The tiles, | las tejas. |
| The drawing-room, | la sala. | The gutters, | las goteras. |
| The staircase, | la escalera. | The chimney, | la chimenéa. |
| The stairs, | los escalones. | The bricks, | los ladrillos. |
| The chamber, | la cámara. | The floor, | el suelo. |
| The antechamber, | la antecámara. | The coach-house, | la cochera. |
| The study, | el estudio. | The oven, | el horno. |
| The windows, | las ventanas. | The beams, | las vigas. |
| The glasses, | los vidrios. | The joists, | las viguetas. |
| The kitchen, | la cocina. | The planks, | los tablones. |
| The yard, | el patio. | The sign, | la señal, or |
| The well, | el pozo. | la tablilla. | |
| The stable, | la caballeriza. | The plastering, | el yeso. |
| The cellar, | la bodega. | The lime, | la cal. |
| The garden, | el huerto. | The marble, | el marmol. |
| The gate, | el porton. | The stones, | las piedras. |
| The fountain, | la fuente. | The pigeon-house, | el palomar. |
| The pantry, | la dispensa. | The hen-house, | el gallinero. |
| The first story, | el primer alto. | The poultry-yard, | corral de aves. |
| The second story, | el segundo alto. | The hogsty, | la zahurda. |
| The garret, | el zaquizamí. | The walls, | las paredes. |
| The terrace, | la azotea. | The house-rent, | el alquiler de casa. |
The Furniture of a House.—
Muebles de una casa.
What is found about the Chimney.—
Lo que se halla cerca de la chimenea.
| The chinaware, | la porcelana. | The shovel, | el badil. |
| An urn, | una vasija. | The tongs, | las tenazas. |
| A vase, | un vaso. | The poker, | el atizador. |
| The fire, | la candela, el fuego, | A hand-screen, | el biombito. |
| la lumbre. | The flame, | la llama. | |
| Coal, | carbon de piedra. | The smoke, | el humo. |
| Charcoal, | carbon. | The soot, | el hollin. |
| The ashes, | las cenízas. | The matches, | las pajuelas. |
| The hearth, | el hogar. | The steel, | el eslabon. |
| A firebrand, | un tizon. | The flint, | el pedernal, |
| A pair of bellows, | los fuelles. | (la piedra, M.) | |
| The fender, | el guarda fuego. | The tinder, | la yesca. |
| A standing screen, | el biombo. |
What is found in the Kitchen.—
Lo que se halla en la cocina.
What we find in the Cellar.—
Lo que hallamos en la bodega.
| A butt, | una bota. | Some hoops, | algunos aros. |
| A barrel, | un barril. | The dregs, | la hez. |
| A stand for | el sitio de | Wine, | el vino. |
| a butt, | la bota. | Old wine, | vino añejo. |
| A funnel, | el embudo. | New wine, | vino nuevo. |
| Red wine, | vino tinto. | Cider, | sidra. |
| White wine, | vino blanco. | Vinegar, | vinagre. |
| Claret, | vino clarete. | A hammer, | el martillo. |
| Sour wine, | vino agrio. | A lantern, | la linterna. |
| Sweet wine, | vino dulce. | To tap a | decentar |
| Beer, | cerveza. | barrel, | un baril. |
| Small-beer, | cerveza floja. | To draw wine, | sacar vino. |
The Servants of a House.— Los criados de una casa.
| The steward, | el mayordomo. | The cook, | el cocinero. |
| An almoner, | el limosnero. | A woman cook, | la cocinera. |
| A chaplain, | el capellan. | The scullion, | el galopin. |
| The secretary, | el secretario. | The maid-servant, | la criáda. |
| The purveyor, | el despensero. | The chambermaid, | doncella de la señora, |
| The chamberlain, | el camarero. | (la recamarera, M.) | |
| A page, | el page. | The waiting-woman, | doncella de cámara, |
| A footman, | el lacayo. | or la criada. | |
| A coachman, | el cochero. | The carver, | el trinchante. |
| A groom, | el mozo de | The gardener, | el jardinero. |
| caballos. | The porter, | el portero. | |
| The master of | el caballerizo. | The master of | el amo de |
| the horses, | the house, | la casa. | |
| The cupbearer, | el copero. | The mistress, | el ama. |
| A falconer, | el halconero. | A butler, | el bodeguero. |
What is found about the Door.—
Lo que se halla cerca de la puerta.
| The key, | la llave. |
| The lock, | la cerradura. |
| The latch, | el picaporte. |
| The bolt, | el cerrojo. |
| The bell, | la campanilla. |
| The knocker, | el aldabon. |
| The wards of | las guardas de |
| a lock, | la cerradura. |
| The bar, | la tranca. |
| The threshold, | el umbral. |
| The hinges, | los goznes. |
What is found in the Stable.—
Lo que se halla en la caballeriza.
| The hay, | el heno. | A saddle, | la silla. |
| Some oats, | la avena, | The breastplate, | el pretal. |
| (cebada, M.) | The girths, | las cinchas. | |
| Some straw, | la paja. | The fetlocks, | las cernejas. |
| A rack, | el enrejado. | Some nails, | algunos clavos. |
| A manger, | el pesebre. | The saddle-bow, | el arzon. |
| The bran, | el salvado. | A halter, | el cabestro. |
| The comb, | el peine. | The groom, | el establero. |
| The currycomb, | la almohaza. | The horses, | los caballos. |
| A sieve, | el tamiz. | A cart, | un carro. |
| A bridle, | el freno. |
What is found in the Garden; Flowers, Trees &c.
Lo que se halla en el jardín; flores, árboles, &a.
| A row of trees, | hilera de árboles. | Tulips, | tulipanes. |
| An arbor, | el emparrado. | Lilies, | lírios. |
| A rose, | una rosa. | Violets, | violetas. |
| A jessamine, | un jazmin. | Gilliflowers, | alhelíes. |
| Pinks, | claveles. | Jonquils, | junquillos. |
| An apple-tree, | manzano. | Poppies, | amapolas. |
| An orange-tree, | naranjo. | A peach-tree, | un alberchigo. |
| The gooseberry-bush, | el espino. | A fig-tree, | una higuera. |
| A rose-bush, | el rosal. | An olive-tree, | un olivo. |
| The vine, | la vid. | The box-tree, | el box. |
| The ivy, | la yedra. | A laurel-tree, | el laurel. |
| A branch, | un ramo. | A fir-tree, | el abeto. |
| An almond-tree, | el almendro. | An oak, | el roble. |
| An alley, | calle de árboles. | The elm, | el olmo. |
| A little wood, | un bosquecito. | The beech-tree, | la haya. |
| The shade, | la sombra. | The nursery, | el plantel. |
| The cool, | el fresco. | The fountain, | la fuente. |
| A pear-tree, | un peral. | The pond, | el estanque. |
| A cherry-tree, | un cerezo. | A bush, | un arbusto. |
| A plum-tree, | un ciruelo. | A myrtle-tree, | el mirto. |
| An apricot-tree, | un albaricoque. | Sweet marjoram, | la mejorana. |
| A mulberry-tree, | un moral. | Thyme, | el tomillo. |
| Verdure, | la verdura. | A nosegay, | un ramillete. |
Temporal Dignities.—Dignidades temporales.
| The chancellor, | el chanciller. | The justice of | el alcalde |
| The keeper of the seals, | el guarda sellos. | the ward, | de barrio. |
| The secretary | el secretario | The advocate, | el abogado. |
| of state, | de estado. | The attorney- | el procurador |
| The surveyor, | el superinten- | general, | general. |
| dente. | An attorney, | un procurador. | |
| The treasurer, | el tesorero. | A deputy, | un diputado. |
| The president, | el presidente. | A notary, | un escribano. |
| The counsellor, | el consejero. | A secretary, | un secretario. |
| The judge, | el juez. | A solicitor, | un agente. |
| The consul, | el cónsul. | A clerk, | un escribiente. |
| The auditor, | el contador mayor. | A writer, | un escritor. |
| The alderman, | el regidor. | The doorkeeper, | el portero. |
| The civil magistrate, | el magistrado civil. | The constable, | el alguacil. |
| The mayor, | el corregidor. | A jailer, | el carcelero. |
| A bumbailiff, | el corchete. | A prisoner, | un preso. |
Officers of War.—Oficiales de guerra.
| The general, | el general. | A commissary, | el comisario. |
| The admiral, | el almirante. | A harbinger, | el aposentador. |
| The lieutenant-general, | el teniente general. | A horseman, | soldado de á caballo. |
| A field-marshal, | el mariscal de campo. | The infantry, | la infanteria. |
| A brigadier, | el brigadier. | A dragoon, | un dragon. |
| The colonel, | el coronel. | A musketeer, | un mosquetero. |
| The major, | el sargento mayor. | A trumpeter, | el trompetero. |
| The adjutant, | el ayudante mayor. | A drummer, | un tambor. |
| The captain, | el capitan. | The fifer, | el pífano. |
| The lieutenant, | el teniente. | The sentinel, | la centinela. |
| The cornet, | el corneta. | The round, | la ronda. |
| The ensign, | el alférez. | The patrole, | la patrulla. |
| The sergeant, | el sargento. | A spy, | una espia. |
| The corporal, | el cabo de escuadra. | A pioneer, | un gastador. |
| A quartermaster, | el cuartel maestre. | A cannonier, | el artillero. |
| A miner, | un minador. | A volunteer, | un voluntario. |
| The volunteers, | los voluntarios. |
Of the Army.—Del ejército.
| A land army, | un ejército. | A squadron, | un esquadron. |
| A fleet, | una armada. | The first rank, | la primera fila. |
| A batalion, | un batallon. | The second rank, | la segunda fila. |
| The main body, | el cuerpo del ejército. | The baggage, | el bagage. |
| The vanguard, | la vanguardia. | The artillery, | la artilleria. |
| The rearguard, | la retaguardia. | The tents, | las tiendas. |
| The body of reserve, | el cuerpo de reserva. | The pavilion, | el pabellon. |
| A flying camp, | el campo volante. | A regiment, | un regimiento. |
| The horse, | la caballeria. | A company, | una compañia. |
| The foot, | la infanteria. | A garrison, | la guarnicion. |
Of the Fortifications.—De las fortificaciones.
| A city, | una ciudad. | A fort, | un fuerte. |
| The citadel, | una ciudadela. | A fortress, | una fortaleza. |
| A castle, | un castillo. | A tower, | una torre. |
| The walls, | las murallas. | A parapet, | el parapeto. |
| The ditch, | el foso. | A bastion, | un bastion. |
| A palisade, | la palizada. | Provisions, | los víveres. |
| The curtain, | la cortina. | Ammunition, | las municiones. |
| The half moon, | la media luna. | A siege, | el sitio. |
| The covered way, | camino cubierto. | The capitulations, | las capitulaciones. |
| A redoubt, | un reducto. | Succors, | un socorro. |
| The trenches, | las trincheras. | A sally, | una salida. |
| A mine, | una mina. | A storm, | un asalto. |
| A counter-mine, | una contra mina. |
Professions and Trades.— De las profesiones y oficios.
| A physician, | un médico. | A barber, | un barbero. |
| A surgeon, | un cirujano. | A joiner, | un ensamblador, |
| An apothecary, | un boticario. | carpintero de obra prima. | |
| An engraver, | un grabador. | A carpenter, | un carpintero. |
| A goldsmith, | un platero. | A mason, | un albañil. |
| A watchmaker, | un relojero. | A locksmith, | un cerragero. |
| A merchant, | un mercader. | A blacksmith, | un herrero. |
| A mercer, | mercader de sedas. | A miller, | un molinero. |
| A haberdasher, | tendero de cintas. | A glover, | un guantero. |
| An embroiderer, | un bordador. | A washerwoman, | una lavandera. |
| An upholsterer, | un tapicero. | A glazier, | un vidriero. |
| A pawnbroker, | un prendero. | A farrier, | un herrador. |
| A pastrycook, | un pastelero. | A player, | un comediante. |
| A butcher, | un carnicero. | A musician, | un músico. |
| An innkeeper, | un mesonero. | A painter, | un pintor. |
| A hatter, | un sombrerero. | A wine-merchant, | mercader de |
| A tailor, | un sastre. | vino. | |
| A shoemaker, | un zapatero. | A sword cutler, | un espadero. |
| A printer, | un impresor. | A bookbinder, | un encuadernador. |
| A bookseller, | un librero. | A milliner, | una modista. |
| Grocer, | un tendero, especiero. | A mantuamaker, | una batera. |
| A baker, | un panadero. | An interpreter, | un interprete. |
| A cobler, | un remendon. | A master, | un maestro. |
| A sadler, | un sillero. |
Qualities, Defects, and Imperfections of a Man.
Calidades, defectos, é imperfeciones de un hombre.
| A one-eyed man, | un tuerto. | A stammerer, | un tartamudo. |
| A blind man, | un ciego. | A bald man, | un calvo. |
| A cripple, | un estropeado. | A dwarf, | un enano. |
| A cripple, | A thief, | un ladron. | |
| (one who limps,) | un cojo. | A rascal, | un bribon, belitre. |
| Squinteyed, | bizco, or bisojo. | A pickpocket, | un ratero. |
| A hunchbacked man, | un jorobado. | A rogue, | un pícaro. |
| A left-handed man, | un zurdo. | A magician, | un mágico. |
| A one-handed man, | un manco. | A sorcerer, | un hechicero. |
| A deaf man, | un sordo. | A witch, | una bruja. |
| A dumb man, | un mudo. | A wicked fellow, | un malvado. |
| A poor fellow, | un pobrete. |
Good Qualities of a Man, and the Diseases to which he is subject.
Buenas calidádes del hombre, y las enfermedádes á las cuales está expuesto.
| A good-looking man, | hombre de | The rheum, | la reuma. |
| buena presencia. | The cough, | la toz. | |
| A bad-looking man, | hombre de | A cold in the head, | una fluxion, |
| mala catadura. | un catarro. | ||
| A rich man, | hombre rico. | The hooping-cough, | toz |
| A misfortune, | desgracia. | convulsiva. | |
| A person ill, | un enfermo. | The itch, | la sarna. |
| An illness, | una enfermedád. | The itching, | la comezon. |
| A fever, | una calentura. | A tumor, | un tumor. |
| A quotidian ague, | calentura | The corruption, | la corrupcion. |
| cuotidiana. | The stone, | la piedra. | |
| A tertian ague, | las tercianas. | The gravel, | las arenillas. |
| A quartan ague, | las cuartanas. | A bunch, | un bulto. |
| The cold fit, | el parasismo | A scratch, | un araño. |
| de frio. | A slap on the face, | una bofetada. | |
| A wound, | una herida. | A cuff, | un puñetazo. |
| A contusion, | una contusion. | A kick, | un puntapié. |
| The gout, | la gota. | A pistol-shot, | un tiro de pistola, |
| The colic, | un dolor cólico. | pistoletazo. | |
| The smallpox, | las viruélas. | A thrust with | una estocada. |
| The measles, | el sarampion. | a sword, | |
| A fall, | una caida. | A cold sweat, | el sudor frio. |
| Swooning, | el desmayo. | Death, | la muerte. |
Of Birds.—De las aves.
| An eagle, | una águila. | A chaffinch, | un pinzon. |
| A bird, | una ave. | A sparrow, | un gorrion. |
| A little bird, | un pajarito. | A parrot, | un papagayo. |
| A goldfinch, | un jilguero. | A blackbird, | un mirlo. |
| A linnet, | un pardillo. | A magpie, | una urraca. |
| A Canary-bird, | un Canario. | A jay, | un grajo. |
| A nightingale, | el ruiseñor. | A pigeon, | un pichon. |
| A lark, | una alondra. | A dove, | una paloma. |
| A green-bird, | un verderon. | A rook, | una corneja. |
| A thrush, | un tordo. | A wagtail, | el aguzanieve. |
| A godwit, | un francolin. | A plover, | el reyezuelo. |
| A partridge, | una perdiz. | An ortolan, | un ortolano. |
| A redbreast, | un pitirojo. | A swallow, | una golondrina. |
| A quail, | una codorniz. | A cuckoo, | un cuclillo. |
| A starling, | un estornino. |
Amphibious Creatures.—Animales anfibios.
| A beaver, | un castor. |
| An otter, | una nutria. |
| A sea-horse, | un hipopótamo. |
| A tortoise, | una tortuga. |
| A land-tortoise, | un galápago. |
| A sea-calf, | una foca. |
Of Four-footed Animals.—De los cuadrúpedos.
| A dog, | un perro. | A wolf, | un lobo. |
| A little dog, | un perrito. | A bull, | un toro. |
| A cat, | un gato. | A mule, | un mulo. |
| A civet-cat, | gato de algalia. | A camel, | un camello. |
| A rat, | una rata. | A she-goat, | una cabra. |
| A mouse, | un raton. | An elephant, | un elefante. |
| An ape, | un mono. | A lion, | un leon. |
| A sheep, | una oveja. | A leopard, | un leopardo. |
| A hog, | un puerco. | A tiger, | un tigre. |
| A sow, | una puerca. | A horse, | un caballo. |
| A cow, | una vaca. | A mare, | una yegua. |
| A fox, | una zorra. | An ox, | un buey. |
| A rabbit, | un conejo. | An ass, | un burro. |
Of Reptiles and Insects.—De los réptiles é insectos.
| A toad, | un sapo. | A gnat, | un mosquito. |
| A frog, | una rana. | A caterpillar, | una oruga. |
| A lizard, | un lagarto. | A worm, | un gusano. |
| A snail, | un caracol. | A louse, | un piojo. |
| A beetle, | un escarabajo. | A flea, | una pulga. |
| A scorpion, | un escorpion. | A bug, | una chinche. |
| A spider, | una araña. | A nit, | una liendre. |
| A serpent, | una serpiente. | An ant, | una hormiga. |
| A butterfly, | una mariposa. | A crocodile, | una cocodrilo. |
| A fly, | una mosca. | An asp, | un áspia. |
What is seen in the Country.—Lo que se ve en el campo.
| The road, | el camino. | An orchard, | un huerto. |
| The highway, | camino real. | An alley, | calle de árboles. |
| A plain, | un llano. | A castle, | un castillo. |
| A valley, | un valle. | A steeple, | un campanario. |
| A mountain, | una montaña. | A meadow, | una pradería. |
| A little hill, | una colina. | A lake, | un lago. |
| A wood, | un bosque. | A pond, | estanque de agua. |
| A forest, | una selva. | A rock, | una roca. |
| A hedge, | un seto. | A ditch, | una zanja. |
| A bush, | un arbusto. | A rivulet, | un arroyo. |
| A tree, | un árbol. | A river, | un rio. |
| A branch, | un ramo. | A bridge, | un puente. |
| The corn, | el grano. | A bark, | un barco. |
| The wheat, | el trigo. | A marsh, | un pantano. |
| Barley, | la cebada. | A slough, | un cenagal. |
| The oats, | la avena. | A village, | una aldéa. |
| The vine, | la vid. | A fortified town, | una plaza. |
| A garden, | un jardin. | A hut, | una choza, |
| (jacal, M.) |
What we see in a City.—Lo que vémos en una ciudad.
| The gates, | las puertas. | The place of arms, | plaza de |
| The church, | la iglesia. | armas. | |
| A palace, | un palacio. | The town-house, | casa de |
| A house, | una casa. | ayuntamiento. | |
| An hospital, | un hospital. | The post-office, | la casa del |
| The custom-house, | la aduana. | correo. | |
| The exchange, | la lonja. | A banking-house, | el banco. |
| A street, | una calle. | A shop, | una tienda. |
| The fair, | la feria. | A prison, | la cárcel. |
| The market, | la plaza. | A lane, | callejuela. |
| A fountain, | una fuente. | An inn, | una posada. |
| The bridge, | el puente. |
Of Colors.—De los colores.
| White, | el blanco. | Purple, | el morado. |
| Black, | el negro. | Olive color, | aceitunado. |
| Red, | el rojo. | Brick color, | color de ladrillo. |
| Green, | el verde. | Straw color, | pajizo. |
| Yellow, | el amarillo. | Crimson, | carmesí. |
| Blue, | el azul. | Brown dark color, | bruno. |
| Gray, | el pardo. | Orange color, | naranjado. |
| Violet color, | violado. | Dove color, | columbino. |
| Fire color, | color de fuego. | Ash color, | ceniciento. |
| Cherry color, | color de cereza. |
Of Metals.—De los metales.
| Gold, | el oro. | Pewter, | el peltre. |
| Silver, | la plata. | Tin, | el estaño. |
| Steel, | el acero. | Quicksilver, | el azogue. |
| Iron, | el hierro, | Loadstone, | piedra imán. |
| or fierro. | |||
| Lead, | el plomo. | Brimstone, | el azufre. |
| Copper, | el cobre. | Cast steel, | acero fundido. |
| Brass, | el bronce. | Verdigris, | el cardenillo. |
| Zinc, | zinc. | Glass, | el vidrio. |
Commercial Terms.—Voces mercantiles.
A COLLECTION OF VERBS.—COLECCION DE VERBOS.
To dress one’s self.—_Vestirse_. | |||
| To dress one’s self, | _vestirse_. | To dress one’s head, | _rizarse el pelo_, |
| To undress one’s self, | desnudarse. | componerse la cabeza. | |
| To put on one’s shoes | ponerse los zapatos, calzarse. | To put on one’s hat, | ponerse el sombrero. |
| To pull off one’s shoes, | quitarse los zapatos. | To be covered, | estar cubierto. |
| To comb one’s head, | peinarse. | To button one’s self, | abotonarse. |
| To shave one’s self, | afeitarse. | ||
| To put on one’s stockings, | ponerse las medias. | ||
For Illnesses.—Para las enfermedádes. | |||
| To feel the | tomar el | To give a | dar una |
| pulse, | pulso. | medicine, | medicina. |
| To take | tomar una | To bind up | vendar una |
| medicine, | medicina. | a wound, | herida. |
| To be sick, | estar enfermo. | To probe, | tentar. |
| To grow worse, | ponerse peor. | To grow better, | mejorarse. |
| To purge, | purgar. | To cut, | cortar. |
| To let blood, | sangrar. | To cure, | sanar. |
| To make an | hacer una | To recover, | recobrarse. |
| incision, | incision. | ||
For Buying.—Para comprar. | |||
| To ask the | pedir el | To exact, | exigir. |
| price, | precio. | To sell dear, | vender caro. |
| How much is | ¿cuanto | To sell cheap, | vender barato. |
| this worth? | vale eso? | To lend, | prestar. |
| What does it | ¿que cuesta? | To borrow, | pedir prestado. |
| cost? | To pawn, | empeñar. | |
| To haggle, | regatear. | To take out | desempeñar. |
| To measure, | medir. | of pawn, | |
| To buy, | comprar. | To give, | dar. |
| To pay, | pagar. | To cheat, | engañar. |
| To bid, | ofrecer. | ||
| to offer, | |||
For the Church.—Para la iglesia. | |||
| To go to church, | ir á la | To baptize, | bautizar. |
| iglesia. | To confirm, | confirmar. | |
| To pray God, | rogar á Dios. | To ring the | repicar las |
| To hear the | oir el | bells, | campanas. |
| sermon, | sermon. | To bury, | sepultar. |
| To preach, | predicar. | To sing, | cantar. |
| To receive the | comulgar. | To inter, | enterrar. |
| sacrament, | To kneel, | arrodillarse. | |
| To adore, | adorar. | To rise, | levantarse. |
Manual Actions.—Acciones manuales. | |||
| To work, | trabajar. | To squeeze, | comprimir. |
| To touch or feel, | tocar. | To hold, or to have, | tener. |
| to play on, | To break, | romper. | |
| To handle, | palpar. | To hide, | esconder. |
| To tie, | atar, anudar. | To cover, | cubrir. |
| To untie, | desatar. | To discover, | descubrir. |
| To let loose, | soltar. | To dirty, | emporcar. |
| To take away, | llevar. | To clean, | limpiar. |
| To take, | tomar. | To rub, | frotar. |
| To steal away, | hurtar. | To feel, | sentir. |
| To gather, | coger. | To point out, | mostrar. |
| To tear off, | despedazar. | To pinch, | pellizcar. |
| To present, | presentar. | To scratch, | arañar. |
| To receive, | recibir. | ||
Actions of Memory and Imagination.—Acciones de la memoria y de la imaginacion. | |||
| To remember, | acordarse. | To fear, | temer. |
| To forget, | olvidar. | To assure, | asegurar. |
| To think, | pensar. | To adjudge, | adjudicar. |
| To believe, | creer. | To conclude, | concluir. |
| To doubt, | dudar. | To resolve, | resolver. |
| To suspect, | sospechar. | To feign, | fingir. |
| To observe, | observar. | To be conceited, | estar pagado de si, |
| To take care, | tener cuidado. | ser presumido. | |
| To know, | saber. | To be obstinate, | estar obstinado, |
| To imagine, | imaginar. | obstinarse. | |
| To wish, | desear. | To fly into a passion, | arder en colera, |
| To hope, | esperar. | encolerisarse. | |
| To be appeased, | aplacarse. | To mistake, | errar. |
| To embroil one’s self, | embrollarse. | To be certain, | estar cierto. |
| To be jealous, | estar zeloso. | ||
For Arts and Trades.—Para las artes y oficios. | |||
| To paint, | pintar. | To silver over, | platear. |
| To engrave, | grabar. | To inlay, | ataracear. |
| To draw a sketch, | delinear. | To print, | imprimir. |
| To embroider, | bordar. | To bind a book, | encuadernar. |
| To enamel, | esmaltar. | To labor, | trabajar. |
| To gild, | dorar. | ||
For the Army.—Para el ejército. | |||
| To raise | levantar | To besiege, | sitiar. |
| soldiers, | gente. | To storm, | asaltar. |
| To beat the | tocar el | To take by | tomar por |
| drum, | tambor. | storm, | asalto. |
| To sound the | tocar el | To spring a | volar una |
| trumpet, | clarin. | mine, | mina. |
| To march, | marchar. | To fire, | disparar, quemar. |
| To encamp, | acampar. | To capitulate, | capitular. |
| To lodge, | alojar. | To surrender, | rendirse. |
| To alight, | apearse del caballo. | To draw the | sacar la |
| To give battle, | dar batalla. | sword, | espada. |
| To gain the | ganar la | To kill, | matar. |
| victory, | victoria. | To give quarter, | dar cuartel. |
| To put in | poner en | To wound, | herir. |
| disorder, | desorden. | To open the | abrir la |
| To rout, | derrotar. | trenches, | trinchera. |
| To rob, | hurtar. | To sound the | tocar á la |
| To sack, | saquear. | retreat, | retirada. |
| To plunder, | pillar. | To pursue the | perseguir al |
| To block up, | bloquear. | enemy, | enemigo. |
End of the Vocabulary.—Fin del Vocabulario.
PART III.
FAMILIAR DIALOGUES—DIALOGOS FAMILIARES.
DIALOGUE I. | DIALOGO I. |
| About saluting and inquiring | Acerca de saludar é informarse |
| after the health of a person. | de la salud de una persona. |
| Good morning, sir. | Buenos dias, tenga Usted.[19] |
| Good night, sir. | Buenas noches, tenga V. |
| Good afternoon, or | Buenas tardes, tenga V. |
| good evening. | |
| How do you do, sir? | ¿Como está, V.? |
| Well, not very well; so, so. | Bueno, no muy bueno; así, así. |
| Very well to serve you. | Muy bueno para servir á V. |
| At your service. | Al servicio de V. |
| I am obliged to you. | Viva V. muchos años. |
| I thank you. | Doy á V. las gracias. |
| How does your brother do? | ¿Como está su señor |
| hermano de V.? | |
| He is well. | Está bueno. |
| He will be glad to see you. | Se alegrará de ver á V. |
| I shall have no time to | No tengo tiempo de verle hoy. |
| see him to-day. | |
| Be pleased to sit down. | Siéntese V. un rato. |
| Give a chair to the gentleman. | Da una silla al señor. |
| There is no occasion. | No es necesario. |
| I must go to pay a visit in | Es menester que vaya á hacer |
| the neighborhood. | una visita en la vecindad. |
| You are in haste. | V. está de priesa. |
| I will be back presently. | Volveré luego. |
| Farewell, sir. | Adiós, señor. |
| I am glad to see you in | Me alegro de ver á V. |
| good health. | con salud. |
| I kiss your hands. | Beso á V. las manos. |
| I am your servant. | Servidor de V. |
| Your most humble servant. | Su humilde servidor de V. |
| Your servant, sir. | Servidora de V. |
PART IV.
MODELS OF COMMERCIAL LETTERS, &c.
Modelos de Cartas de Comercio, &a.
First Letter.—Carta primera.
New York, March 15, 1849.
Mr. Anselmo Bravo,
Sir: Having established in this city a mercantile house under my own name, I beg leave to offer you my services, particularly as a commission merchant. (Or any other kind of business.)
A sufficient capital, a respectable credit, and the requisite knowledge of business, enable me to serve my friends in the most satisfactory manner; and I am happy to add that Mr. Cándido Delgado, of your city, merchant, has permitted me to refer to him for any information on the subject.
I have the honor to be, with the utmost respect,
Your most ob’t servant,
Eligio Fuente.
Sr. Don[20] Anselmo Bravo,
Nueva York, á 15 de
Marzo de 1849.
Muy Señor mio:[21] Habiendo establecido en esta ciudad una casa de comercio bajo mi propio nombre, suplico á V. me permita ofrecerle mis servicios, particularmente como comisionista. (U otra clase de negocios.)
Un caudal suficiente, un crédito respetable y el conocimiento necesario de los negocios, me ponen en estado de servir á mis amigos de la manera mas satisfactoria, teniendo el gusto de añadir que el Señor Don Cándido Delgado, de ese comercio me ha permitido referirme á su informe, siempre que se requiera alguno sobre el particular.
Tengo[22] el honor de ser de V. con el mayor respeto su muy atento seguro servidor,
q. b. s. m.
Eligio Fuente.
Second Letter.—Carta segunda.
Havana ... 1849.
Mr. A. B.,
Sir: Under the protection of our common friend ... I take the liberty to send, on my own account and risk and to your consignment, one hundred and fifty boxes white sugar, and twenty-two bags containing coffee of superior quality, which I have this day shipped on board the American ship Anastasia, A. Smith, captain, as per the inclosed invoice and bill of lading.
The ship is new, and her captain a very intelligent and experienced seaman, and he is to sail on the 9th instant precisely.
This information will be sufficient for the insurance of said articles, which I beg you to have made immediately, together with the addition of 25 per cent. for imaginary profits.
Should this first essay prove as successful as I wish, I will apply to you in all the business I may have in your place, and induce my friends to do the same.
Wishing you the greatest prosperity, I beg leave to offer you my services, and am
Very respectfully,
Sir,
Your most ob’t servant,
E. F.
Sr. Don A. B.
Habana, y .... de 1849.
Muy Señor mio. Bajo los auspicios de nuestro comun amigo .... me tomo la libertad de remitir de mi cuenta y riesgo, y á la consignacion de V. ciento y cincuenta cajas de azúcar blanco, y veintidos sacos de café de superior calidad, que he embarcado á bordo de la fragata Americana Anastasia, su capitan A. Smith como lo prueban la factura y conocimiento incluso.
El barco es nuevo, el capitan muy inteligente y experimentado, y deberá darse á la vela el 9 del corriente sin falta.
Estas noticias serán suficientes para proceder al seguro de dichos artículos, que suplico á V. se sirva hacer inmediatamente, con mas un 25 por ciento de ganancias imaginarias.
Si este primer ensayo tuviere el buen éxito que deseo continuaré valiéndome del favor de V. para cuanto me ocurra en esa, é induciré á mis amigos á que hagan lo mismo.
Deseando á V. la mayor prosperidad, me ofrezco á sus órdenes y soy con el mayor respeto,
S. S. S.
Q. B. S. M.
E. F.
An invoice of one hundred and fifty boxes white sugar, and twenty-two bags superior coffee, which I, the undersigned have shipped on my own account and risk, on board the American ship Anastasia, Captain A. Smith, bound to New York, consigned to Don A. B. of that city, merchant.
| cwt. | qrs. | lbs. | |||
| N. 1 to | N. 1. | 17 | 3 | 11 | $ |
| 150 | N. 2. | 16 | 2 | 17 | $ |
| A. F. | &c. &c. | ||||
N. 1 to | N. 1. | 4 | 3 | 9 | $ |
| 22 | N. 2. | 4 | 3 | 21 | $ |
| A. F. | &c. &c. | ||||
| $ | |||||
| Expenses | $ | ||||
| E. E. | Total | $ | |||
| Havana ... 1849. | $ | ||||
| E. F. | |||||
Factura de ciento y cincuenta cajas de azucar blanco, y veintidos sacos de café superior, que yo, el infraescrito he embarcado de mi cuenta y riesgo, á bordo de la fragata Americana Anastasia, su capitan A. Smith, con destino á Nueva York, á la consignacion de Don A. B de aquel comercio.
| qtls. | arrb. | lb. | |||
| N. 1 á | N. 1. | 17 | 3 | 11 | $ |
| 150 | N. 2. | 16 | 2 | 17 | $ |
| A. F. | &a. &a. | ||||
N. 1 á | N. 1. | 4 | 3 | 9 | $ |
| 22 | N. 2. | 4 | 3 | 21 | $ |
| A. F. | &a. &a. | ||||
| $ | |||||
| Gastos | $ | ||||
| S. Y. O. | Total | $ | |||
| Havana ... 1849. | $ | ||||
| E. F. | |||||
Third Letter.—Carta tercera.
New York ... 1849.
Mr. E. F.,
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you, that the Anastasia arrived safely at this port the day before yesterday, and that your sugar and coffee are already in my store. I hope soon to wait on you with their account-sale, and at prices which I have no doubt will be satisfactory: in the mean while I remain very respectfully,
Sir,
Your most affect’e serv’t,
A. B.
Sr. Dn. E. F.
Nueva York á ... 1849.
Muy Señor mio: Tengo el gusto de informar á V. que la Anastasia llegó felizmente á este puerto el dia ántes de ayer, y que el azúcar y café de V. estan ya en mi almacen. Espero pasar á V. dentro de poco su cuenta de venta, y a precios que no dudo merezcan su aprobacion: en el entretanto quedo á sus órdenes con el mayor respeto, y soy su muy afecto servidor,
Q. B. S. M.
A. B.
Fourth Letter.—Carta cuarta.
New York ... 1849.
Mr. E. F.,
Sir: I have just received a letter from Captain A. Smith, of the Anastasia, dated Savannah on the ... instant, informing me that he has been obliged to enter said port in distress, in order to repair the damages sustained by said vessel, in consequence of the severe gale experienced during her passage. He supposes the cargo to be damaged.
In order to secure your interests, I have made a protest in your name; which, together with all the necessary documents, I have presented to the underwriters, and in due time I will inform you of the results.
Very respectfully, &c.
Sr. Dn. E. F.,
Nueva York á ... 1849.
Muy Señor mio: Acabo de recibir una carta de Sr. A. Smith, capitan de la Anastasia, fecha el ... del corriente, en Savannah, en la que me informa haberse visto obligado á entrar de arribada en aquel puerto para reparar los daños causados á dicho barco por el recio temporal experimentado en su travesia. El supone que el cargamento está averiado.
A fin de poner en salvo los intereses de V. he hecho la correspondiente protesta en su nombre, la cual, con los demas documentos necesarios he presentado á los aseguradores, y á su tiempo informaré á V. del resultado.
Quedo de V., &a.
Letter of Recommendation.—Carta de recomendacion.
N.Y. ... 1849.
Mr. G. H.,
Sir: Permit me to introduce to your acquaintance my particular friend Mr. J. of this city, merchant. He visits your city on certain family business. Should he stand in need of any assistance, you will oblige me by affording it to him with your usual friendly attention.
(In the event of Mr. J. requiring some money, I beg you to supply him with any sum to the extent of two thousand dollars, taking his draft on me at ... days’ sight for the amount. At foot is his signature for your direction.)
I am, dear Sir,
Most affectionately yours,
L. M.
Sr. Don G. H.,
N.Y. ... de 1849.
Muy Señor mio: Permítame V. que le presente mi particular amigo, Don J. del comercio de esta ciudad, que pasa á esa á asuntos de familia. Si este Señor necesitare del auxilio de los conocimientos de V. le viviré muy reconocido si se sirviere prestársele con su acostumbrada bondad.
(En caso que dicho Sr. J haya menester algun dinero, suplico á V. se sirva franquearle hasta la cantidad de dos mil pesos, tomando su libranza á, mi cargo á ... dias vista por el importe. Al pié va su firma para direccion de V.)
Soy de V. mi estimado Señor, su muy afecto servidor,
q. b. s. m.
L. M.
A Draft.—Libranza.
Havana, Feb. 9, 1849.
For Dollars 567.
Thirty days after sight, you will please to pay, by this sole bill of exchange, to Mr. ... or order, the sum of five hundred, sixty-seven dollars, and place it to the account of (or to account as by advice from) your most obedient servant,
M. V.
To Mr. G. P., Merchant,
Philadelphia.
Habana á 9 de Feb. de 1849
Por Pesos 567.
A treinta dias vista, se ser vira V pagar por esta sola de cambio, á Don ... ó á su órden, la cantidad de quinientos, sesenta y siete pesos, que cargará V. en cuenta á (segun aviso de) este
s. s. s.
M. V.
A Don G. P. del comercio
de Filadelfia.
Endorsement.—Endoso.
Baltimore, Mar. 3, 1849.
Pay to the order of Mr. N. N.
O. S.
Baltimore y Marzo 3 de 1849.
Pagúese á la orden de Don N. N.
O. S.
A Receipt.—Recibo.
Received, New York, Mar. 19, 1849, from Mr. T. C. two hundred and twenty-five dollars in full of all claims and demands up to this date, (or on account.)
For $225. H. L.
He recibido de Don T. C. dos cientos y veinticinco pesos por finiquito de todas cuentas hasta la fecha, (or á cuenta de mayor cantidad.) Nueva York á 19 de Marzo de 1849.
Son $225. H. L.
A Note.—Esquela.
Mr. A.’s compliments to Mr. B. (Mr. and Mrs. B.) and requests the favor of his (their) company on Thursday evening the 21st instant, at 8 o’clock.
Jan. 10.
A. if Y. P.
(An answer if you please.)
Don A. C. (A. C.) b. l. m. al Sr. Don B. (saluda al Sr. y la Sra. B.) y le (les) suplica se sirva (sirvan) favorecerle con su compañia la noche del Juéves 21 del corriente á las ocho.
Enero 10.
S. V. C.
(Sírvase V. contestar.)
Mr. D. F. requests the pleasure of Mr. G.’s company on Wednesday evening, the 9th instant, at eight o’clock.
Wednesday, Feb. 2.
Don D. F. (el Sr. D. F. or D. F.) suplica al Sr. G. le haga el gusto de favorecerle con su compañia en la noche del Miércoles 9 del corriente á las ocho.
Miércoles, Febrero 2.
Mr. B.’s compliments to Mr. A. and is happy to accept his polite invitation for Thursday evening, the 21st inst.
Jan. 12.
El Sr. B. b. l. m. al Sr. A. y acepta con gusto su atento convite para el Juéves 21 del corriente.
Enero 12.
Mr. B.’s compliments to Mr. A. and regrets that a pre-engagement does not allow him to accept his polite invitation for the 21st inst.
Jan. 11.
El Sr. B. saluda al Sr. A. y siente no poder aceptar su atento convite por hallarse comprometida de antemano para la noche del 21.
Enero 11.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The Gerundio (gerund) never changes its termination for gender or number.
[2] The participle past coming immediately after any of the tenses of the verb haber, (to have,) does not admit of any change of gender or number. After other verbs, it changes its termination to agree with that of the person or thing it refers to.
[3] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.
[4] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.
[5] When the English imperfect tense, for instance, he united, may be expressed by he was uniting, or he used or was accustomed to unite, preserving the same sense, then it is to be translated by the imperfect tense in Spanish; thus—él unía. When that cannot be done, but it may be changed into did, then the preterit must be used—él unió. The same must be understood of all the verbs in the imperfect tense.
[6] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.
[7] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.
[8] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.
[9] V. in the singular, must be read Usted; VV. means Ustedes, and must be pronounced so.
[10] When the English imperfect tense, for instance, he united, may be expressed by he was uniting, or he used or was accustomed to unite, preserving the same sense, then it is to be translated by the imperfect tense in Spanish; thus—él unía. When that cannot be done, but it may be changed into did, then the preterit must be used—él unió. The same must be understood of all the verbs in the imperfect tense.
[11] The imperative mood is set as it is found in Murray’s English Grammar, with the object that the student may learn how to translate it. When the emphasis is laid on the auxiliary let, it may be translated by the verbs permitir or dejar, in the second person singular or plural; or in the third person singular or plural, if Usted or Ustedes is used.
[12] The terminations of the second person singular or plural, when the verb is used negatively, are es, eis, as, ais, thus—offend thou not, no ofendas; unite ye not, no unais.
[13] The numbers within a parenthesis refer to the pages in Ollendorff’s Method which the scholar is advised to consult.
[14] E is used instead of y when the following word begins with i or hi, as,
Wise men and ignorant. | Sabios é ignorantes.
Mother and daughter. | Madre é hija.
[15] U is employed instead of ó, when the word immediately following it begins with o or ho; as,
Silver or gold. | Plata ú oro
[16] From dos, (two,) up to ciento, (hundred,) inclusively, the numbers are plural, and common to both genders; as—
Three men, tres hombres.
Four women, cuatro mujeres.
[17] From doscientos to novecientos, inclusively, the termination os is changed into as for the feminine; as—
Three hundred miles. | Trescientas millas.
[18] Primero and tercero lose the o before a noun. Ex.—El primer tomo el tercer tomo.
[19] Usted and Ustedes, (you,) have always been written in abbreviation, thus—Vm., Vd., Vmd., for the singular, and Vms., Vds., Vmds., for the plural. At present V. for the former, and VV. for the latter, are used; and by either of them only, will those words be expressed in these dialogues.
[20] Don being a distinction of nobility, is omitted in the new republics; they address thus, Señor Anselmo Bravo. It will be better for foreigners to observe the style used by persons to whom the letters are addressed, and imitate it.
[21] Letters, particularly on business, generally begin with these words Muy Señor mio; which, according to circumstances, may be changed into Muy Señores mios, Muy Señor nuestro, Muy Señores nuestros. Persons mutually acquainted frequently begin their letters thus: Muy Señor mio, y amigo, or estimado amigo, or Muy Señor mio y de todo mi aprecio; My dear Sir, and friend, or esteemed friend, or valued friend.
[22] Letters are also ended thus: Dios guarde á V. (or la vida de V.) los ms. as. (muchos años) que desea S. S. S. (su seguro servidor) Q. B. S. M. (que besa sus manos.) Also, Soy de V. muy atento servidor Q. B. S. M. or Quedo de V. su muy afecto servidor, Q. B. S. M.
Transcriber Notes:
The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.
Uncertain or antiquated spellings or ancient words were not corrected.
Errors in punctuation and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected unless otherwise noted.
Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered.