INDEX
A
Abell, martyred, [358]
Adrian, Pope, [105], [107]
Alburquerque, Duke of, accompanies Henry to the war, [422]
Alençon, Duchess of, proposed marriage of Henry VIII., [116]
Alexander VI. (Pope), Borgia, [14]
Amelia of Cleves, [322]
Angoulême, Duke of, [245]
Anne Boleyn, early life, [124-128];
the divorce, [129-162];
courtship of Henry, [137], [139-147];
her party, [168-170];
her life with Henry, [171], [180], [181], [182], [183], [190], [192];
in France, [193-197];
married, [199], [202];
her procession through London, [204-208];
her unpopularity, [209];
birth of her child, [214-216], [217], [222], [227], [233];
her influence declines, [240-243], [244], [257], [260-261];
her fall inevitable, [269-270], [271];
her betrayal, [271-274];
her arrest, [275];
in the Tower, [276-280];
her trial, [281];
condemnation and death, [282-288], [291]
Anne of Cleves, [320], [322];
her voyage to England, [324-330];
her arrival and interview with Henry, [331-334];
her marriage, [334-339], [340], [341], [342], [349], [350-352];
her repudiation, [353-356], [360], [368];
talk of her rehabilitation, [386], [387], [397], [409]
Aragon, ambition of, [3-5]
Arras. See [Granvelle]
Arthur, Prince of Wales, his first betrothal to Katharine, [6], [8-12], [15], [16], [17], [18];
his first meeting with Katharine, [27];
description of him, [28];
his marriage, [29-33], [34], [36], [37];
his death, [38]
Arundel, Earl of, [305]
Audrey, Sir Thomas, Lord Chancellor, [201], [270], [326], [369], [371], [376], [380]
Ayala, Bishop, Spanish envoy, [36]
B
Bar, Duke of, betrothal of Anne of Cleves to, [322], [323], [338], [348]
Barnes, Dr., prosecution of, [341], [344], [358]
Bassett, Anne, [393]
Bastian, Katharine’s Burgundian lackey, [231], [255]
Bedingfield, [252], [256]
Bennet, Dr., [184]
Boleyn, Anne. See [Anne]
Boleyn, Mary, [112], [124], [284]
Boleyn, Thomas (Earl of Wiltshire), [124], [169], [170], [190], [200], [270]
Bonner, Dr., [343], [365]
Boulogne, siege of, &c., [423-427], [435]
Brandon, Charles, Duke of Suffolk, [85], [87], [96], [162], [169], [175], [178], [181], [201], [216], [217], [219], [234], [243], [251], [263], [286], [300], [326], [328], [338], [392], [394], [409], [422]
Brereton, William, [272], [276], [280];
executed, [282]
Brian, Sir Francis, [93], [290], [312], [314]
Bridewell, the divorce tribunal there, [157], [163-166]
Bridgewater, Lady, [382]
Brittany, Duchess of, [12], [13]
Brown, Friar George, [199]
Browne, Sir Anthony, [331], [332], [370], [382], [393]
Buckingham, Duke of, [28]
Buckler, Katharine Parr’s secretary, [435]
Bulmer, Mrs. Joan, [359]
Burgo, Baron di, the Papal envoy, [199]
C
Campeggio, Cardinal, [140], [143], [144], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [157-159], [162], [163-166], [167], [168]
Cañazares, Protonotary, [26]
Carew, Sir Nicholas, [262], [287], [290], [317]
Carey, William, [112], [124]
Carne, Dr., [320]
Carroz, Spanish ambassador, [78]
Carthusians, martyrdom of, [246]
Castillon, French ambassador, [221]
Chabot de Brion, Admiral of France, in England, [243], [244]
Chantonnay (Perennot), [402]
Chapuys, imperial ambassador, [198], [200], [201], [202], [203], [211], [214], [215], [228], [234];
his journey to Kimbolton, [235-239], [240], [242], [245];
last interviews with Katharine, [250-256], [259], [265], [266];
his coldness towards Anne, [267], [282], [285];
his reception by Jane Seymour, [293], [385], [388-399], [393], [398], [401], [409], [432], [433], [434]
Charles V., Emperor, [60], [65], [69], [70], [85], [90], [97], [98];
visits to England, [99-106];
his attitude towards the divorce, [129-130], [154], [155], [160], [170], [173], [174], [177], [181], [188], [192], [209], [232], [238], [243], [248], [263];
his attitude after Katharine’s death, [263-4], [288], [300-302], [312], [313], [319], [322], [326], [343], [357];
renewed friendship with Henry, [357-366], [388-390], [398];
his alliance with Henry, [402], [416], [417], [418], [427-431];
makes peace, [428-431];
attacks the Lutherans, [435], [438]
Charles VIII. of France, [7], [12], [13-15], [40]
Christian III. of Denmark, [316], [319], [324]
Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan, [314-15], [324], [343]
Clare, Lady, [228]
Clement VII., Pope, [107], [115], [129], [141], [153], [160], [170], [173], [174-177], [183], [198], [199], [210], [216], [220], [221], [222];
gives sentence in the divorce case, [223];
death of, [243]
Clergy, English, and the divorce, [176], [177], [221], [247]
Cleves, Anne, Princess of. See [Anne]
Cleves, Duke of, [319], [320], [323], [342], [346], [386], [387], [409]
Cleves, Duchess of, [323]
Compton, Sir William, [78], [106]
Cook martyred, [358]
Cranmer, Archbishop, [185-187], [190], [194], [196], [197];
appointed to Canterbury, [198], [199], [201];
pronounces the divorce from Katharine of Aragon, [203-204], [208], [209], [215], [217], [222], [223], [264], [283], [288], [317], [321], [326], [328], [338], [339], [341], [344], [354], [369], [370], [375], [386], [410], [411];
plots of Gardiner against him, [411-415], [436-437], [438], [444], [446], [448]
Cromwell, Richard, [274]
Cromwell, Thomas, [186], [187], [190], [192], [200], [212], [215], [217], [222], [233], [235], [237], [238], [239], [245], [246], [248], [263], [266], [268], [269], [270], [271-281], [288], [295], [296], [301], [311], [315], [319], [322], [324], [326], [333], [338], [339];
decline of his influence, [340], [341], [342], [343], [344], [345];
created Earl of Essex, [345], [346];
his arrest, [347];
execution, [348], [349], [351], [352], [357], [358], [359]
Culpeper, Thomas, the lover of Katharine Howard, accused, [375], [378] et seq.;
trial and execution, [383-385], [395]
Cuero, Juan de, chamberlain of Katharine of Aragon, [35]
D
Dacre, Lord, [365]
Darrel, Mistress, [255]
Daubeney, Giles, [10]
Dauphin of France, betrothed to Princess Mary, [94], [95], [97], [99]
De la Sá, Katharine’s apothecary, [218], [231], [250], [253], [256]
Denny, Sir Anthony, [340], [444]
Derham, Francis, accused of immorality with Katharine Howard, [373] et seq.;
trial and execution, [383-385]
Divorce proceedings between Henry and Katharine of Aragon, [117-123], [129-162], [170], [184-192], [198-204]
Dogmersfield, Hants, Katharine meets Arthur there, [27]
Dorset, Marquis of, commands English contingent in Navarre, [81]
Douglas, Lady Margaret, [328], [421], [427]
Dowry of Katharine of Aragon, [9], [11], [15], [34-37], [39], [40], [55], [57], [58], [61], [70]
Du Bellay, Bishop of Paris, [220], [221], [222]
Dudley, John (Lord Lisle, afterwards Earl of Warwick, and Duke of Northumberland), [434], [438], [440], [441], [443], [450]
E
Edward, Prince of Wales, [304];
his baptism, [305-6], [326], [367], [425], [442], [455]
Elizabeth of York, Queen, [10], [30], [38];
death of, [42]
Elizabeth, Princess, [214], [215], [216], [223], [228], [238], [243], [245], [257], [284], [295], [305], [425], [456]
Empson and Dudley, [33], [69]
Erasmus, [44], [410]
Estrada, Duke of, [39]
Etampes, Duchess of, [344], [428]
Europe, condition of, at the end of the fifteenth century, [4]
Evil May Day, [91], [92]
Exeter, Bishop of, [10]
Exeter, Marquis of, [229], [305], [317]
Exeter, the Marchioness of, [264], [265], [305], [317]
F
Felipe, Francisco, Katharine’s groom of the chambers, [121], [122], [129], [231], [255]
Ferdinand, King of Aragon, [1-24], [34], [39], [43], [44], [45], [51], [52], [55-60], [70], [71], [78], [80], [87], [90]
Fernandez, Diego, Katharine’s confessor, [63-68], [78]
Fetherston martyred, [358]
Field of the Cloth of Gold, [101]
Fisher, Dr., Bishop of Rochester, [122], [150], [159], [164], [177], [179], [215], [233]
Fitzwilliam, Sir William, [275], [325], [326], [328], [329], [330], [338], [370], [382], [394]
Flodden, battle of, [82], [83]
Fox, Bishop of Winchester, [83], [138], [139], [188], [221]
Francis I., [97], [98], [99];
on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, [101];
at war with England, [103], [108], [109], [113], [117];
receives Wolsey, [129], [154], [155];
his attitude towards the divorce, [190-192];
meets Henry, [193-197];
renewed coolness, [209-211], [220], [233], [310], [312], [313], [319], [322], [326], [343], [362], [389], [390];
at war with Charles, [400], [423], [427]
G
Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, [119], [138], [139], [166], [179], [184], [190], [211], [221], [320], [321], [333], [341], [344], [352], [354], [359], [361], [364], [366], [368], [369], [386], [387], [391], [398], [400], [410], [411];
his plots against Cranmer and Katharine Parr, [411-415], [422];
with Henry in France, [424], [434], [436], [438], [439], [441]
Garrard, Dr., [344], [358]
German Protestants and England, [209], [211], [241], [248], [310], [311], [315], [316-320], [322-325], [338], [341], [342], [343], [344], [345], [358], [364], [387], [390], [397], [431], [435], [436], [440]
Germaine de Foix, second wife of Ferdinand, [52]
Ghinucci, Henry’s envoy to Spain and Rome, [129], [130]
Gomez de Fuensalida, Spanish envoy, [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [70], [74]
Granvelle, Bishop of Arras, [429], [430]
Grey, Lord Leonard, [365]
Guildford, Sir J., Controller, [179], [180], [181]
Guildford, Lady, [28]
H
Haines, Dr., [412]
Hall, Mary, [370] et seq.
Heneage, Sir Thomas, [340], [376]
Henry VII., his political aims, [6];
his relations with Puebla, [7-8];
his negotiations for the Spanish marriage, [9-20];
his first meeting with Katharine, [26], [27];
at Arthur’s marriage, [30], [33], [34];
his treatment of Katharine, [35-42];
proposes to marry Katharine, [43];
his negotiations with Ferdinand after Henry’s betrothal, [45];
his treatment of Katharine, [48];
receives Philip and Juana, [49-54];
proposes marriage to Juana, [55-60], [62], [66], [68];
his death, [68], [69], [70]
Henry VIII., at Arthur’s wedding, [31];
first betrothal to Katharine of Aragon, [39-43], [44], [46];
secret denunciation of his betrothal, [49];
his accession, [69];
marriage, [71-77];
his character, [72], [73];
his first tiff with Katharine, [78];
birth of his first child, rejoicings, [79-80];
war with France, [80-83];
French alliance, [84], [85];
his relations with Katharine, [83-89];
his pretensions to the imperial crown, [97-99];
meets Charles and Francis, [101-106];
war with France, [107], [108];
proposed alliance with France, [116];
proposals for divorcing Katharine and marrying a French princess, [117];
the divorce, [119-123];
in love with Anne Boleyn, [127], [128];
his attempts to obtain a divorce, [129-173];
his courtship of Anne Boleyn, [141-147];
appears at Bridewell, [157], [163-166];
defies the Pope, [174-177], [180-183];
second meeting with Francis, [192-197];
the divorce, [199];
marries Anne, [200-208];
change of policy, [210-211], [220-223];
further emancipation, [223-226], [238-241], [243];
estrangement from Anne, [245];
approaches the Emperor, [251];
his behaviour on Katharine’s death, [257];
he tires of Anne, [260], [261];
in love with Jane Seymour, [265];
approaches the Emperor, [266-269];
his sacrifice of Anne, [271-287];
marries Jane Seymour, [291];
his religious measures, [294];
his treatment of Mary, [295], [296], [302-303];
religious persecutions, [308-310];
proposes a matrimonial alliance with France, [312-313], [315];
approaches the German Protestants, [315-320];
religious measures, [320-322];
betrothed to Anne of Cleves, [323-330];
his reception of his bride, [331];
his discontent, [332-334];
his marriage, [334-340];
his attempts to get rid of Anne, [340-352], [353-356];
his approaches to the Emperor, [357-359];
marries Katharine Howard, [360];
change of policy, [361-367];
Katharine Howard accused, [369-372];
plans for her repudiation, [375];
great grief at Katharine Howard’s conduct, [385], [386];
preparations for an alliance with the Emperor, [388], [398], [401];
the alliance signed, [402];
at war with France, [402];
enamoured of Katharine Parr, [405];
marries her, [409];
his invasion of France, [417], [418], [419], [420];
at the siege of Boulogne, [424], [427];
left in the lurch by Charles, [428-431];
approaches of the German Protestants, [435], [436];
his last illness, [441];
death, [444];
his character and career, [445-449]
Herbert, Lady, [451]
Hertford, Countess of, [418], [453], [455]
Hesse, Philip of, [310], [311], [319], [343], [435]
Hoby, Sir Philip, [412]
Howard, Lord William, [382], [392]
I
Isabel, Princess of (Castile), [7]
Isabel, the Catholic, of Castile, [1-5], [13-16], [17], [20], [21], [34], [39], [41], [42], [43];
death of, [47], [48]
J
James IV. of Scotland, [15], [25], [41], [81];
death at Flodden, [82]
James V. of Scotland, [312], [366], [389];
death of, [401]
Jerome, Dr., [358]
John, Prince of Asturias, [5], [17], [21]
John II. of Aragon, [3]
Juana, Queen of Castile, [5], [18], [21], [47], [48];
visit to England, [49-54];
widowed, [55];
negotiations for her marriage with Henry VII., [55-60], [69]
K
Katharine of Aragon, first betrothal to Arthur, Prince of Wales, [6], [8-12], [15], [16], [17];
her coming to England, [18], [19], [20], [21];
her voyage, [21-24];
her arrival, [25-26];
her character, [28];
her reception in London and marriage, [29-33];
her journey to Wales, [36], [37];
widowed, [38], [39];
betrothed to Henry, [39-43], [44-49];
her betrothal denounced, [49];
her position in England, [49], [50], [54-60];
her relations with her confessor, [63-68];
marriage with Henry, [70], [71-77];
birth of her first child, [79];
Regent of England, [81-85];
her life with Henry, [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [92], [93], [95], [96], [102-106], [109], [110], [111], [112];
her separation from Henry, [112], [116];
the divorce, [117-123], [129-173];
her statement to Campeggio, [151];
her firmness, [155], [156], [159];
appears at Bridewell, [164], [165];
her appeals to the Pope, [177-179];
sent away from court, [181], [191], [195];
renewed hopes, [198], [199];
again undeceived, [200];
persecution, [201], [211-213], [216-224], [227], [229-232];
illness of, [234-238], [247], [248];
death of, [249-256]
Katharine Howard, her origin, [351-359];
married to Henry, [360], [365], [367], [368];
denunciation of her by Cranmer and his friends, [369-372];
the story of her accusers, [372-384];
her attainder, [392], [393];
her execution, [394], [395], [396], [397], [398]
Katharine Parr, [403-408];
married to Henry, [409], [410];
her religious leanings, [411];
Gardiner’s plots to ruin her, [412-415], [419];
described, [421];
Regent in Henry’s absence, [424], [425], [426], [427];
Chapuys’ interviews with her, [432], [433];
sides with the Protestants, [435];
her danger, [438], [439], [443];
her widowhood, [450];
marries Thomas Seymour, [450-456];
her death, [457-458]
Kingston, Sir W., Governor of the Tower, [275], [276], [285]
Knight, Dr., sent to the Pope, [133], [138]
L
Lascelles, John, denounces Katharine Howard, [369] et seq.
Latimer, Bishop, [411]
Latimer, Lord, [404]
Lee, Dr., Henry’s ambassador to the Emperor, [130];
interview with Katharine, [179], [186], [199], [230]
Lennox, Earl of, [427]
Leo X., Pope, [102], [104]
Lisle, Lord, [365], [393]
Llandaff, Bishop of, Jorge de Ateca, Katharine’s confessor, [218], [231], [254], [256]
London, reception in, of Katharine of Aragon, [29-32], [75]
London, Anne Boleyn’s reception in, [205-208]
London, Dr., [411], [412], [414]
Longueville, Duke of, [83], [84], [85]
Lorraine, Duke of, [428]
Lorraine, Duke of. See also [Bar]
Louis XII. of France, [84], [85], [86]
Ludlow, Arthur at, [18], [20], [38]
Luiz, Dom, of Portugal, [314]
Luther, [102], [103], [154], [173], [362]
M
Mannoch accused of immorality with Katharine Howard, [370] et seq.
Manuel, Doña Elvira, [35], [41], [44], [48], [49], [50], [60]
Manuel, Don Juan, [18], [50]
Margaret of Austria, [17], [48], [49], [52], [53], [58], [60]
Margaret Plantagenet, Duchess of Burgundy, [6], [25]
Marillac, French ambassador, [344], [351], [361]
Mary of Hungary, governess of Flanders, [315], [400], [423], [427]
Mary of Lorraine, [312]
Mary Queen of Scots, [401]
Mary Tudor (daughter of Henry VII.), [46], [60], [65], [66], [69], [70], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [90], [101], [125], [195]
Mary Tudor (daughter of Henry VIII.), [88], [94], [95], [97], [99], [101];
betrothed to Charles, [103-107], [110];
betrothed to the Duke of Orleans, [113-115], [117], [130], [174], [181], [202], [213], [215], [216], [222], [227], [228], [233], [238], [239], [242], [243-245], [246-247], [249], [258-260], [264], [266-267], [269], [289];
her submission, [296], [299], [301-303], [305], [307], [315], [319], [326], [337], [381], [389], [399], [404], [409], [410], [421], [425], [432]
Mason, Dr., [365]
Maximilian, Emperor, [5], [13], [15], [17], [18], [48], [90]
Medici, Alexander de, Duke of Florence, [222]
Medici, Katharine de, [192], [210]
Mendoza, Diego Hurtado de, Spanish ambassador, [315]
Mendoza, Iñigo Lopez de, Spanish ambassador, [118], [129], [130], [132]
Mont, Christopher, [319], [320], [324]
Montague, Lord, [317]
Montreuil, Mme. de, [313]
More, Sir Thomas, [169], [187], [190], [201], [233], [258]
Morton, Margery, [377], [378]
Mountjoy, Katharine of Aragon’s chamberlain at Ampthill, [201]
N
Najera, Duke of, his visit to the English court, [420], [421], [422]
Naples, Queen of, [43]
Neville, Sir Edward, [317]
Nevinson, Cranmer’s nephew, [413]
Norfolk, Duke of, [26], [81], [83], [131], [162], [169], [171], [173], [174], [175], [178], [179], [190], [192], [201], [202], [205];
mission to France, [205], [209-210], [219], [227], [243], [258], [263], [268], [270], [275], [276], [280], [281], [296], [297], [298], [300], [321], [338], [341], [346], [347], [348], [351], [359], [361], [366], [369], [371], [380], [381], [382], [383], [386], [389], [395], [398], [422], [441], [442], [443]
Norfolk, Duchess of, [26], [370-377], [382], [392]
Norreys, Sir Henry, [167], [272], [273-275], [280];
executed, [282]
O
Ockham, [412], [413]
Olsiliger, Chancellor, [329], [386]
Orleans, Henry, Duke of, second son of Francis I., and afterwards Dauphin, [114], [192], [210], [381], [389], [428]
P
Pace, Richard, [93]
Paget, Secretary, [434], [438], [450]
Palmer, Sir Thomas, [365]
Parr, Lord, [381], [403], [404], [405], [407], [408]
Pate, Henry’s envoy to the Emperor, [357], [365]
Paul III. (Farnese), Pope, [242], [249], [294], [416]
Paulet (Lord St. John), [438], [441], [443]
Pavia, battle of, [107], [108]
Peachy, [95]
Pembroke, Marchioness. See [Boleyn, Anne]
Percy, Henry (Earl of Northumberland), [126], [127]
Percy, Thomas, [272]
Perkin Warbeck, [15], [18]
Peto, Friar, [209]
Petre, Dr., [424]
Philip, Duke of Bavaria, [337], [440]
Philip the Handsome, [5], [18], [19], [21], [23], [47], [48];
visit to England, [49-54];
death of, [55]
Pilgrimage of Grace, [298], [308]
Plymouth, arrival of Katharine of Aragon at, [23]
Pole, Cardinal Reginald, [186], [215], [316], [317], [322], [364]
Pole, Geoffrey, [316]
Pole, Richard, [45]
Poles, the, [45], [299]
Powell martyred, [358]
Poynings commands English contingent in Flanders, [80]
Puebla, Dr., Spanish ambassador, [7-8], [10], [16], [17], [19], [31], [34], [36], [37], [39], [42], [49], [50], [51], [54], [56], [57], [60], [61], [62]
R
Renée of France, Princess, proposed marriage with Henry VIII., [116]
Richards, Griffin, [165]
Richmond, Duchess of, [202], [295], [296], [328], [442]
Richmond, Duke of, Henry’s son, [96], [110], [202], [284], [286], [289], [295], [296]
Rochford, Lord, [169], [209], [273], [280];
his trial, [281];
executed, [282]
Rochford, Lady, [242], [280], [377], [378], [379], [380], [381], [384];
her execution, [395]
Rome sacked by the Imperial forces under Bourbon, [114]
Russell, Sir John, [291], [331], [332], [370]
Rutland, Earl of, [200], [353]
S
Sadler, Sir Ralph, [365]
Salisbury, Countess of, [316], [317];
beheaded, [365]
Saxony, Hans Frederick of, [319], [322], [323], [324], [343], [435]
Saxony, George, Duke of, [310]
Sampson, Dr., [121], [164], [179], [184]
Sepulveda, Juan de, Spanish ambassador, [8], [10]
Seymour, Sir Edward (Lord Beauchamp, Earl of Hertford, and afterwards Duke of Somerset), [262], [265], [266], [293], [300], [304], [305], [306], [326], [346], [369], [380], [419], [424], [434], [435], [438], [440], [441], [443], [450], [454], [455], [456]
Seymour, Jane, her first appearance, [261];
her family, [262], [265], [269], [282], [284], [286], [290];
married to Henry, [291];
her small political influence, [293], [296-299];
gives birth to a son, [304];
her death, [307], [308], [309]
Seymour, Sir Thomas (Lord Seymour of Sudeley), [262], [402], [405], [441];
marries Katharine Parr, [450-458]
Shelton, Lady, [259]
Six Articles, the Act so called, [320], [321], [362], [399], [411], [413], [437], [445]
Smeaton, Mark, [271], [272];
arrested, by Cromwell, [273];
his admissions, [273-274], [280];
executed, [282]
Solway Moss, [401]
Spurs, Battle of, [81]
Stokesley, Bishop of London, [179], [184], [186], [221]
Succession, Act of, [223], [230-232], [233]
Suffolk, Duke of. See [Brandon]
Suffolk, Duchess of (Katharine, Lady Willoughby), [438], [443]
Suffolk, Earl of (Pole), [45], [53]
Supremacy, Act of, [246], [445]
Surrey, Earl of, [395], [441], [443]
Sybilla of Cleves, Duchess of Saxony, [319], [324]
T
Tarbes, Bishop of (Grammont), [113], [114], [117]
Tailebois, Lady (Eleanor Blunt), [85], [88], [96], [112], [128]
Talbot, Lord, [179], [180]
Therouenne, Henry at the siege of, [82], [83]
Thirlby, Dr., [424]
Throckmorton, Sir George, [404]
Trenchard, Sir John, [53]
Tunstall, Bishop of Durham, [179], [230], [326], [338], [344]
Turenne, Vicomte de, [113], [114]
Tylney, Katharine, [377], [378]
Tyrwhitt, Lady, [457]
V
Van der Delft, Imperial ambassador in England, [432], [435], [441]
Vargas, Blanche de, [255]
Vaughan, Stephen, [236], [237], [253]
Vives, J. Luis, [410]
W
Wallop, Sir J., commands the English contingent in Flanders, [416]
Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, [74], [75], [108], [119], [150], [174], [189];
death of, [193]
Weston, Sir Thomas, [276], [280];
executed, [282]
Wingfield, [95]
Wingfield, Lady, [280]
Willoughby, Lady, [252]
Wolf Hall, the home of the Seymours, [261], [262], [291]
Wolsey, Cardinal, [82], [83], [87], [90], [92], [93], [94], [95];
his French leanings, [96], [97], [99];
won to the side of the Emperor, [101-106];
renewed approaches to France, [107-109], [110], [111], [114];
proposes Katharine’s divorce, [116-123], [126];
his attitude towards Anne Boleyn, [127];
embassy in France, [129-134];
decline of influence, [134-135];
acts as Legate, [140], [149-154], [160-167];
his disgrace, [167-169];
his death, [173]
Wotton, Dr., [320], [322], [405]
Wriothesley, Thomas, [341], [342], [370], [377], [380], [392], [408], [424], [434], [438], [439], [441], [443]
Würtemburg, Duke of, [435]
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, [137], [276], [315], [343], [365], [393]
Wyatt, Lady (daughter of Lord Cobham), [393], [408]
THE END
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
Edinburgh & London
Footnotes:
[1] Spanish Calendar, vol. 1.
[2] The second marriage, by proxy, of Arthur and Katharine eventually took place at the chapel of the royal manor of Bewdley on the 19th May 1499, and the young Prince appears to have performed his part of the ceremony with much decorum: “Saying in a loud, clear voice to Dr. Puebla, who represented the bride, that he was much rejoiced to contract an indissoluble marriage with Katharine, Princess of Wales, not only in obedience to the Pope and King Henry, but also from his deep and sincere love for the said Princess, his wife.”—Spanish Calendar, vol. 1.
[3] Hall’s Chronicle.
[4] Leland’s Collectanea.
[5] Hall’s Chronicle.
[6] Spanish Calendar, vol. 1.
[7] The Spanish agent believed that Henry would have preferred that Katharine had not accompanied Arthur to Wales, but for his desire to force her to use her valuables, so that he might obtain their equivalent in money. Both Doña Elvira and Bishop Ayala told Henry that they considered that it would be well that the young couple should be separated and not live together for a time, as Arthur was so young. But Puebla and the Princess’s chaplain, Alexander (Fitzgerald), had apparently said to the King that the bride’s parents did not wish the Princess to be separated from her husband on any account. Doña Elvira’s opinion on the matter assumes importance from her subsequent declaration soon after Arthur’s death that she knew the marriage had not been consummated.
[8] Spanish Calendar, vol. 1, 271.
[9] There is in the Biblioteca Nacional at Madrid (I. 325) a Spanish document, apparently a contemporary translation of the report sent to Henry from Valencia by the three agents he sent thither in 1505 to report upon the appearance of the two widowed Queens of Naples resident there. James Braybrooke, John Stile, and Francis Marsin express an extremely free, but favourable, opinion of the charms of the younger queen, aged twenty-seven. Katharine appears to have given letters of recommendation to the envoys. The Spanish version of the document varies but little from the printed English copy in the Calendar. The date of it is not given, but it must have been written in the late autumn of 1505. Henry was evidently anxious for the match, though he said that he would not marry the lady for all the treasures in the world if she turned out to be ugly. The Queen of Naples, however, would not allow a portrait to be taken of her, and decidedly objected to the match. The various phases of Henry’s own matrimonial intrigues cannot be dealt with in this book, but it appears certain that if he could have allied himself to Spain by marrying the Queen of Naples, he would have broken his son’s betrothal with Katharine, and have married him to one of the young princesses of France, a master-stroke which would have bound him to all the principal political factors in Europe.
[10] Spanish Calendar, vol. 1, p. 309.
[11] She insisted—in accord with Ferdinand and Isabel—that Katharine should live in great seclusion as a widow until the second marriage actually took place, and Katharine appears to have done so at this time, though not very willingly. Some of her friends seem to have incited her to enjoy more freedom, but a tight hand was kept upon her, until events made her her own mistress, when, as will be seen in a subsequent page, she quite lost her head for a time, and committed what at least were the gravest indiscretions. (See Spanish Calendar, vol. 1 and Supplement.)
[12] The protest is dated 24th June 1505, when Henry was fourteen.
[13] Margaret absolutely refused to marry Henry, and a substitute was found in the betrothal of young Charles, the eldest son of Philip, to Henry’s younger daughter, Mary Tudor, afterwards Queen of France and Duchess of Suffolk.
[14] Spanish Calendar, vol. 1, 386.
[15] This letter is dated in March 1507, and is a most characteristic epistle. Ferdinand in it professes the deepest love for his daughter and sympathy for her unhappiness. He had had the money all ready to send, he assures her, but King Philip had stopped it; and she must keep friendly with King Henry, never allowing any question to be raised as to the binding nature of her marriage with his son. As to the King’s marriage with Juana, the proposal must be kept very secret or Juana will do something to prevent it; but if she ever marry again it shall be with no one else but Henry. Whether Ferdinand ever meant in any case to sell his distraught daughter to Henry may be doubted; but the proposal offered a good opportunity of gaining a fresh hold upon the King of England.
[16] Puebla says that Henry had bought very cheaply the jewels of the deposed Kings of Naples and had great stores of them. He would only take Katharine’s at a very low price.
[17] Spanish Calendar, vol. 1, 409, 15th April 1507.
[18] The letters relating to this curious affair were for some years kept secret by the authorities at Simancas; but were eventually printed in the Supplement to vols. 2 and 3 of the Spanish Calendar.
[19] Calendar Henry VIII., 26th July 1509.
[20] It is doubtful if he was ever present at an engagement, and he hurried home from Boulogne as soon as hard fighting seemed to the fore. His fear of contagion and sickness was exhibited in most undignified fashion on several occasions.
[21] Calendar Henry VIII., 23rd September 1513.
[22] Katharine to Wolsey, 13th August 1513. Calendar Henry VIII.
[23] Venetian Calendar, vol. 2, 7th October 1513.
[24] Venetian Calendar, vol. 2.
[25] Lippomano from Rome, 1st September. Venetian Calendar, vol. 2.
[26] Calendar Henry VIII., 31st December 1514.
[27] See Giustiani’s letters in the Venetian Calendars of the date.
[28] See the letters of Henry’s secretary, Richard Pace, in the Calendar of Henry VIII., vol. 2.
[29] The Emperor’s fleet was sighted off Plymouth on the 23rd May 1520.
[30] In the Rutland Papers (Camden Society), Hall’s Chronicle, and Camden’s Annales full and interesting details will be found.
[31] The ambassador Martin de Salinas, who arrived in England during the Emperor’s stay, from the Archduke Ferdinand who acted as locum tenens in Germany for his brother, reports (Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 2) that he delivered separate credentials to Queen Katharine, who promised to read them and give him her answer later. He continues: “I went to see her again this morning. She said that one of the letters had contained my credentials and the other spoke of the business of the Turks. The time for a war with the Turks, she declared, was ill chosen; as the war with France absorbed all the English resources. I told her that the Infante (i.e. Ferdinand) regarded her as his true mother, and prayed her not to forsake him, but to see that the King of England sent him succour against the Turk. She answered that it will be impossible for the King to do so.” It will be seen by this and other references to the same matter that Katharine at this time, during the imperial alliance, was again taking a powerful part in political affairs.
[32] See the series of letters in Bradford’s “Charles V.” and Pace’s correspondence in the Henry VIII. Calendar.
[33] A good idea of the magnitude and splendour of the preparations may be gained by the official lists of personages and “diets,” in the Rutland Papers, Camden Society. The pageants themselves are fully described in Hall.
[34] Amongst others the 10 per cent. tax on all property in 1523. See Roper’s “Life of More,” Hall’s Chronicle, Herbert’s “Henry VIII.,” &c.
[35] Henry’s answer, which was very emphatic, testified that although he had lost affection for his wife he respected her still; indeed his attitude to her throughout all his subsequent cruelty was consistently respectful to her character as a woman and a queen. “If,” he said on this occasion, “he should seek a mistress for her (the Princess Mary), to frame her after the manner of Spain, and of whom she might take example of virtue, he should not find in all Christendom a more mete than she now hath, that is the Queen’s grace, her mother.”—Venetian Calendar.
[36] Spanish Calendar, vol. 3, p. 1.
[37] Late in 1525. A sad little letter written by Katharine in her quaint English to her daughter at this time is well known, but will bear repeating. Mary had written asking how she was; and the reply assures the Princess that it had not been forgetfulness of her that had caused her mother to delay the answer. “I am in that case that the long absence of the King and you troubleth me. My health is metely good; and I trust in God, he that sent me the last (illness?) doth it to the best and will shortly turn it (i.e. like?) to the fyrst to come to good effect. And in the meantime, I am veray glad to hear from you, specially when they shew me that ye be well amended. As for your writing in Latin, I am glad ye shall change from me to Master Federston; for that shall do you much good to learn by him to write right. But yet sometimes I would be glad when ye do write to Master Federston of your own enditing, when he hath read it that I may see it. For it shall be a great comfort to me to see you keep your Latin and fair writing and all.” (Ellis’ “Original Letters,” B.M. Cotton Vesp. F. xiii.)
[38] Mr. Froude denied that there is any foundation for the assertion that Mary Boleyn was the King’s mistress. It seems to me, on the contrary, to be as fully supported by evidence as any such fact can be.
[39] As usual, Hall is very diffuse in his descriptions of these festivities, especially in their sartorial aspects, and those readers who desire such details may be referred to his Chronicle.
[40] Cavendish, “Life of Wolsey.”
[41] Letters of Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza early in 1527. Spanish Calendar, vol. 3, part 2.
[42] Spanish Calendar, vol. 3, part 2, Mendoza’s letters, and Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 4, part 2, Wolsey to the King, 5th July 1527.
[43] How false were all the parties to each other at this time may be seen in a curious letter from Knight, the King’s secretary, to Wolsey (when in France) about this man’s going (Ellis’ “Original Letters”). “So yt is that Francisco Philip Spaniard hath instantly laboured for license to go into Spain pretendyng cawse and colour of his goyng to be forasmuch as he saiyth he wolde visite his modre which is veari sore syk. The Queen hath both refused to assent unto his going and allso laboured unto the King’s Highnesse to empesh the same. The King’s Highnesse, knowing grete colusion and dissymulation betwene theym, doth allso dissymule faynyng that Philip’s desyre is made upon good grownde and consideration, and hath easyli persuaded the Quene to be content with his goyng.” The writer continues that the King had even promised to ransom Felipe if he was captured on his way through France, and desires Wolsey, notwithstanding the man’s passport, to have him secretly captured, taking care that the King’s share in the plot should never be known. Wolsey in reply says that it shall be done, unless Felipe went to Spain by sea. Probably Katharine guessed her husband’s trick, for Felipe must have gone by sea, as he duly arrived at Valladolid and told the Emperor his message.
[44] Blickling Hall, Norfolk, is frequently claimed as her birthplace, and even Ireland has put in its claim for the doubtful honour. The evidence in favour of Hever is, however, the strongest.
[45] Mr. Brewer was strongly of opinion that Anne did not go to France until some years afterwards, and that it was Mary Boleyn who accompanied the Princess in 1514. He also believed that Anne was the younger of the two sisters. There was, of course, some ground for both of these contentions, but the evidence marshalled against them by Mr. Friedmann in an appendix to his “Anne Boleyn” appears to me unanswerable.
[46] “Life of Wolsey.” Cavendish was the Cardinal’s gentleman usher.
[47] “Life of Wolsey.” It was afterwards stated, with much probability of truth, that Anne’s liaison with Percy had gone much further than a mere engagement to marry.
[48] Cavendish, Wolsey’s usher, tells a story which shows how Katharine regarded the King’s flirtation with Anne at this time. Playing at cards with her rival, the Queen noticed that Anne held the King several times. “My lady Anne,” she said, “you have good hap ever to stop at a King; but you are like the others, you will have all or none.” Contemptuous tolerance by a proud royal lady of a light jade who was scheming to be her husband’s mistress, was evidently Katharine’s sentiment.
[49] Wolsey to Henry from Compiegne, 5th September 1527. Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2.
[50] Wolsey to Ghinucci and Lee, 5th August 1527. Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2.
[51] Several long speeches stated to have been uttered by her to Henry when he sought her illicit love are given in the Sloane MSS., 2495, in the British Museum, but they are stilted expressions of exalted virtue quite foreign to Anne’s character and manner.
[52] Although it was said to have been suggested by Dr. Barlow, Lord Rochford’s chaplain.
[53] The dispensation asked for was to permit Henry to marry a woman, even if she stood in the first degree of affinity, “either by reason of licit or illicit connection,” provided she was not the widow of his deceased brother. This could only refer to the fact that Mary Boleyn, Anne’s sister, had been his mistress, and that Henry desired to provide against all risk of a disputed succession arising out of the invalidity of the proposed marriage. By the canon law previous to 1533 no difference had been made between legitimate and illegitimate intercourse so far as concerned the forbidden degrees of affinity between husband and wife. In that year (1533) when Henry’s marriage with Anne had just been celebrated, an Act of Parliament was passed setting forth a list of forbidden degrees for husband and wife, and in this the affinities by reason of illicit intercourse were omitted. In 1536, when Anne was doomed, another Act was passed ordering every man who had married the sister of a former mistress to separate from her and forbidding such marriages in future. Before Henry’s marriage with Anne, Sir George Throgmorton mentioned to him the common belief that Henry had carried on a liaison with both the stepmother and the sister of Anne. “Never with the mother,” replied the King; “nor with the sister either,” added Cromwell. But most people will conclude that the King’s remark was an admission that Mary Boleyn was his mistress. (Friedmann’s “Anne Boleyn,” Appendix B.)
[54] It would not be fair to accept as gospel the unsupported assertions of the enemies of Anne with regard to her light behaviour before marriage, though they are numerous and circumstantial, but Wyatt’s own story of his snatching a locket from her and wearing it under his doublet, by which Henry’s jealousy was aroused, gives us the clue to the meaning of another contemporary statement (Chronicle of Henry VIII., edited by the writer), to the effect that Wyatt, who was a great friend of the King, and was one of those accused at the time of Anne’s fall, when confronted with Cromwell, privately told him to remind the King of the warning he gave him about Anne before the marriage. Chapuys, also, writing at the time when Anne was in the highest favour (1530), told the Emperor that she had been accused by the Duke of Suffolk of undue familiarity with “a gentleman who on a former occasion had been banished on suspicion.” This might apply either to Percy or Wyatt. All authorities agree that her demeanour was not usually modest or decorous.
[55] Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2.
[56] Not content with her Howard descent through her mother, Anne, or rather her father, had caused a bogus pedigree to be drawn up by which the city mercer who had been his grandfather was represented as being of noble Norman blood. The Duchess of Norfolk was scornful and indignant, and gave to Anne “a piece of her mind” on the subject, greatly to Henry’s annoyance. (Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2.)
[57] They took with them a love-letter from the King to Anne which is still extant (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2). He tells her that “they were despatched with as many things to compass our matter as wit could imagine,” and he trusts that he and his sweetheart will shortly have their desired end. “This would be more to my heart’s ease and quietness of mind than anything in the world.... Keep him (i.e. Gardiner) not too long with you, but desire him for your sake to make the more speed; for the sooner we have word of him the sooner shall our matter come to pass. And thus upon trust of your short repair to London I make end of my letter, mine own sweetheart. Written with the hand of him which desireth as much to be yours as you do to have him.” Gardiner also took with him Henry’s book justifying his view of the invalidity of his marriage. A good description of the Pope’s cautious attitude whilst he read this production is contained in Gardiner’s letter from Orvieto, 31st March 1528. (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 4, part 2.)
[58] Hall tells a curious and circumstantial story that the declaration of war, which led to the confiscation of great quantities of English property in the imperial dominions, was brought about purely by a trick of Wolsey, his intention being to sacrifice Clarencieux Herald, who was sent to Spain with the defiance. Clarencieux, however, learnt of the intention as he passed through Bayonne on his way home, and found means through Nicholas Carew to see the King at Hampton Court before Wolsey knew of his return. When he had shown Henry by the Cardinal’s own letters that the grounds for the declaration of war had been invented by the latter, the King burst out angrily: “O Lorde Jesu! he that I trusted moste told me all these things contrary. Well, Clarencieux, I will be no more of so light credence hereafter, for now I see perfectly that I am made to believe the thing that never was done.” Hall continues that the King was closeted with Wolsey, from which audience the Cardinal came “not very mery, and after that time the Kyng mistrusted hym ever after.” This must have been in April 1528.
[59] For Erasmus’ letter see Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2, and for Vives’ letter see “Vives Opera,” vol. 7.
[60] The Pope was told that there were certain secret reasons which could not be committed to writing why the marriage should be dissolved, the Queen “suffering from certain diseases defying all remedy, for which, as well as other reasons, the King would never again live with her as his wife.”
[61] This was written before the death of the courtiers already mentioned.
[62] See the letters on the question of the appointment of the Abbess of Wilton in Fiddes’ “Life of Wolsey,” and the Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2, &c.
[63] This letter was stated by Sir H. Ellis in his “Original Letters” to be from Katharine and Henry; and many false presumptions with regard to their relations at this time have been founded on the error.
[64] It will be remarked that her statement was limited to the fact that she had remained intact da lui, “by him.” This might well be true, and yet there might be grounds for Henry’s silence in non-confirmation of her public and repeated reiteration of the statement in the course of the proceedings, and for the stress laid by his advocates upon the boyish boast of Arthur related in an earlier chapter. The episode of the young cleric, Diego Fernandez, must not be forgotten in this connection.
[65] The words, often quoted, are given by Hall.
[66] Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2.
[67] Wolsey to Sir Gregory Casale, 1st November 1528. Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2.
[68] Or as Henry himself puts it in his letters to his envoys in Rome, “for him to have two legal wives instead of one,” Katharine in a convent and the other by his side.
[69] So desirous was the Papal interest to persuade Katharine to this course that one of the Cardinals in Rome (Salviati) told the Emperor’s envoy Mai that she would be very unwise to resist further or she might be poisoned, as the English ambassadors had hinted she would be. Mai’s reply was that “the Queen was ready to incur that danger rather than be a bad wife and prejudice her daughter.” (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 3.)
[70] Hall’s Chronicle.
[71] This is Hall’s version. Du Bellay, the French ambassador (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2), adds that Henry began to hector at the end of the speech, saying that if any one dared in future to speak of the matter in a way disrespectful to him he would let him know who was master. “There was no head so fine,” he said, “that he would not make it fly.”
[72] Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 2. “Intended Address of the Legates to the Queen.”
[73] This is not surprising, as only a month before she had been reproved and threatened for not being sad enough.
[74] There seems to be no doubt, from a letter written in January 1529 by the Pope to Campeggio, that the copy sent to Katharine from Spain was a forgery, or contained clauses which operated in her favour, but which were not in the original document. It was said that there was no entry of such a brief in the Papal archives, and Katharine herself asserted that the wording of it—alleging the consummation of Arthur’s marriage—was unknown to her. The Spaniards explained the absence of any record of the document in the Papal Registry by saying that at the urgent prayer of Isabel the Catholic on her deathbed, the original brief had been sent to her as soon as it was granted. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 3, p. 2278.)
[75] Ibid.
[76] Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 4, part 3.
[77] Ibid. The suspicion against Wolsey at this time arose doubtless from his renewed attempts to obtain the Papacy on Clement’s death. These led him to oppose a decision of the divorce except by the ecclesiastical authority.
[78] It was on this occasion that Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, Henry’s old friend and brother-in-law, lost patience. “Banging the table before him violently, he shouted: ‘By the Mass! now I see that the old saw is true, that there never was Legate or Cardinal that did good in England;’ and with that all the temporal lords departed to the King, leaving the Legates sitting looking at each other, sore astonished.”—Hall’s Chronicle, and Cavendish’s “Wolsey.”
[79] Du Bellay to Montmorency, 22nd October 1529. Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 4, part 3.
[80] This peremptory order seems to have been precipitated by a peculiarly acrimonious correspondence between Henry and his wife at the end of July. She had been in the habit of sending him private messages under token; and when he and Anne had left Windsor on their hunting tour, Katharine sent to him, as usual, to inquire after his health and to say that, though she had been forbidden to accompany him, she had hoped, at least, that she might have been allowed to bid him good-bye. The King burst into a violent rage. “Tell the Queen,” he said to the messenger, “that he did not want any of her good-byes, and had no wish to afford her consolation. He did not care whether she asked after his health or not. She had caused him no end of trouble, and had obstinately refused the reasonable request of his Privy Council. She depended, he knew, upon the Emperor; but she would find that God Almighty was more powerful still. In any case, he wanted no more of her messages.” To this angry outburst the Queen must needs write a long, cold, dignified, and utterly tactless letter, which irritated the King still more, and his reply was that of a vulgar bully without a spark of good feeling. “It would be a great deal better,” he wrote, “if she spent her time in seeking witnesses to prove her pretended virginity at the time of her marriage with him, than in talking about it to whoever would listen to her, as she was doing. As for sending messages to him, let her stop it, and mind her own business. (Chapuys to the Emperor, 21st July 1531. Spanish Calendar Henry VIII.)
[81] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., 1531.
[82] Katharine to the Emperor, Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., 28th July 1531.
[83] Foxe.
[84] Chapuys relates in May 1532 that when Henry asked the House of Commons for a grant to fortify the Scottish Border, two members spoke strongly against it. The best guarantee of peace, they said, was to keep friendly with the Emperor. They urged the House to beg the King to return to his lawful wife, and treat her properly, or the whole kingdom would be ruined; since the Emperor was more capable of harming England than any other potentate, and would not fail to avenge his aunt. The House, it is represented, was in favour of this view with the exception of two or three members, and the question of the grant demanded was held in abeyance. Henry, of course, was extremely angry, and sent for the majority, whom he harangued in a long speech, saying that the matter of the divorce was not then before them, but that he was determined to protect them against ecclesiastical encroachment. The leaders of the protest, however, were made to understand they were treading on dangerous ground, and hastened to submit before Henry’s threats.—Spanish Calendar, vol. 4, 2nd May 1532.
[85] Chapuys to the Emperor, 16th April 1532.—Spanish Calendar, vol. 4, 2nd May 1532.
[86] In May 1532 the Nuncio complained to Norfolk of a preacher who in the pulpit had dared to call the Pope a heretic. The Duke replied that he was not surprised, for the man was a Lutheran. If it had not been for the Earl of Wiltshire and another person (evidently Anne) he, Norfolk, would have burnt the man alive, with another like him. It is clear from this that Norfolk was now gravely alarmed at the religious situation created by Anne.
[87] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., 1st October 1532.
[88] Hall’s Chronicle, and The Chronicle of Calais, Camden Society.
[89] It is often stated to have been celebrated by Dr. Lee, and sometimes even by Cranmer, who appears to have been present.
[90] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., Chapuys to the Emperor, 9th February 1533.
[91] Ibid., 15th February.
[92] Chapuys, writing to Granville on the 23rd February, relates that Anne, “without rhyme or reason, amidst a great company as she came out her chamber, began to say to one whom she loves well, and who was formerly sent away from Court by the King out of jealousy (probably Wyatt), that three days before she had had a furious hankering to eat apples, such as she had never had in her life before; and the King had told her that it was a sign she was pregnant, but she had said that it was nothing of the sort. Then she burst out laughing loudly and returned to her room. Almost all the Court heard what she said and did; and most of those present were much surprised and shocked.” (Spanish Calendar Henry VIII.)
[93] Mountjoy, Katharine’s chamberlain, or rather gaoler, immediately afterwards gave the Queen a still harsher message, to the effect that not only was she to be deprived of the regal title, but that the King would not continue to provide for her household. “He would retire her to some private house of her own, there to live on a small allowance, which, I am told, will scarcely be sufficient to cover the expenses of her household for the first quarter of next year.” Katharine replied that, so long as she lived, she should call herself Queen. As to beginning housekeeping on her own account, she could not begin so late in life. If her expenses were too heavy the King might take her personal property, and place her where he chose, with a confessor, a physician, an apothecary, and two chamber-maids. If that was too much to ask, and there was nothing for her and her servants to live upon, she would willingly go out into the world and beg for alms for the sake of God. (Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., 15th April 1533.)
[94] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., Chapuys to the Emperor, 15th April 1533.
[95] It was shortly after this that Friar George Brown first publicly prayed for the new Queen at Austin Friars.
[96] Chapuys to the Emperor, 27th April and 18th May 1533.
[97] An interesting letter from Cranmer on the subject is in the Harleian MSS., British Museum (Ellis’s Letters, vol. 2, series 1).
[98] The Duke of Norfolk was apparently delighted to be absent from his niece’s triumph, though the Duchess followed Anne in a carriage. He started the day before to be present at the interview between Francis and the Pope at Nice. He had two extraordinary secret conferences with Chapuys just before he left London, in which he displayed without attempt at concealment his and the King’s vivid apprehension that the Emperor would make war upon England. Norfolk went from humble cringing and flattery to desperate threats, praying that Chapuys would do his best to reconcile Katharine to Cranmer’s sentence and to prevent war. He praised Katharine to the skies “for her great modesty, prudence, and forbearance during the divorce proceedings, as well as on former occasions, the King having been at all times inclined to amours.” Most significant of all was Norfolk’s declaration “that he had not been either the originator or promoter of this second marriage, but on the contrary had always been opposed to it, and had tried to dissuade the King therefrom.” (Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 6, part 2, 29th May 1533.)
[99] Norfolk, on the morning of the water pageant, told Chapuys that the King had been very angry to learn that Katharine’s barge had been appropriated by Anne, and the arms ignominiously torn off and hacked; and the new Queen’s chamberlain had been reprimanded for it, as there were plenty of barges on the river as fit for the purpose as that one. But Anne would bate no jot of her spiteful triumph over her rival; and, as is told in the text, she used Katharine’s barge for her progress, in spite of all.
[100] Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII., edited by the present writer, 1889.
[101] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., Chapuys to the Emperor, 11th and 30th July 1533.
[102] Chronicle of Henry VIII., edited by the present writer.
[103] Chronicle of Henry VIII. Cranmer, in his letter to Hawkins giving an account of the festivities on this occasion (Harl. MSS., Ellis’s Original Letters, vol. 2, series 1), says that after the banquet in the hall of the old palace, “She was conveyed owte of the bake syde of the palice into a barge and, soe unto Yorke Place, where the King’s Grace was before her comyng; for this you must ever presuppose that his Grace came allwayes before her secretlye in a barge as well frome Grenewyche to the Tower, as from the Tower to Yorke Place.”
[104] Stow gives some curious glimpses of the public detestation of the marriage, and of the boldness of Friar Peto in preaching before the King at Greenwich in condemnation of it; and the letter of the Earl of Derby and Sir Henry Faryngton to Henry (Ellis’s Original Letters, vol. 2, series 1) recounts several instances of bold talk in Lancashire on the subject, the most insulting and opprobrious words being used to describe “Nan Bullen the hoore.”
[105] Lord Herbert of Cherbury.
[106] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., 11th July 1533.
[107] Katharine was even more indignant shortly afterwards, when she was informed that of the sum apportioned to her sustenance, only 12,000 crowns a year was to be at her own disposal, the rest, 18,000 crowns, being administered by an agent of the King, who would pay the bills and servants. She was for open rebellion on this point—she would rather beg her bread in the streets, she said, than consent to it—but Chapuys knew that his master did not wish to drive affairs to an extremity just then, and counselled submission and patience. (Ibid., 23rd August.)
[108] Chapuys to the Emperor, 30th July 1533.
[109] Chapuys writes a day or two afterwards: “The baptism ceremony was sad and unpleasant as the mother’s coronation had been. Neither at Court nor in the city have there been the bonfires, illuminations, and rejoicings usual on such occasions.”
[110] Katharine had shortly before complained of the insalubrity of Buckden and its distance from London.
[111] Katharine’s appeal that she might not be deprived of the service of her own countrymen is very pathetic. She wrote to the Council: “As to my physician and apothecary, they be my countrymen: the King knoweth them as well as I do. They have continued many years with me and (I thank them) have taken great pains with me, for I am often sickly, as the King’s grace doth know right well, and I require their attendance for the preservation of my poor body, that I may live as long as it pleaseth God. They have been faithful and diligent in my service, and also daily do pray that the King’s royal estate may long endure. But if they take any other oath to the King and to me (to serve me) than that which they have taken, I shall never trust them again, for in so doing I should live continually in fear of my life with them. Wherefore I trust the King, in his high honour and goodness, and for the great love that hath been between us (which love in me is as faithful to him as ever it was, I take God to record) will not use extremity with me, my request being so reasonable.”—Privy Council Papers, December 1533.
[112] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., 27th December 1533.
[113] Spanish Calendar Henry VIII., 27th December 1533.
[114] Chapuys to the Emperor, 17th January 1534.
[115] Many instances are given by Chapuys of Anne’s bitter spite against Mary about this time. In February 1534 he mentions that Northumberland (Anne’s old flame, who had more than once got into trouble about her) had said that she was determined to poison Mary. Some one else had told him that Anne had sent to her aunt, Lady Clare, who was Mary’s governess, telling her if the Princess used her title “to give her a good banging like the cursed bastard that she was.” Soon afterwards the girl is reported to be nearly destitute of clothes and other necessaries. When Anne visited her daughter at Hatfield in March, she sent for Mary to come and pay her respects to her as Queen. “I know no Queen in England but my mother,” was Mary’s proud answer: and a few days afterwards Norfolk took away all the girl’s jewels, and told her brutally that she was no princess and it was time her pride was abated: and Lady Clare assured her that the King did not care whether she renounced her title or not. Parliament by statute had declared her a bastard, and if she (Lady Clare) were in the King’s place she would kick her out of the house. It was said also that the King himself had threatened that Mary should lose her head. There was, no doubt, some truth in all this, but it must not be forgotten that Chapuys, who reports most of it, was Anne’s deadly enemy.
[116] Lee’s instructions are said to have been “not to press the Queen very hard.” It must have been evident that no pressure would suffice.
[117] The Queen wrote to Chapuys soon afterwards saying that the bishops had threatened her with the gibbet. She asked which of them was going to be the hangman, and said that she must ask them to hang her in public, not secretly. Lee’s and Tunstall’s own account of their proceedings is in the Calendar of Henry VIII., 29th May 1534.
[118] This lackey’s name is given Bastian Hennyocke in the English State Papers. To him Katharine left £20 in her will. The other Spanish servants with Katharine at the time, besides Francisco Felipe, the Groom of the Chambers, and the Bishop of Llandaff (Fray Jorge de Ateca), were Dr. Miguel de la Sá, Juan Soto, Felipe de Granada, and Antonio Roca.
[119] This narrative is taken from the Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII., edited by the present writer. The author of the Chronicle was a Spanish merchant resident in London, and he was evidently indebted for this description of the scene to his friend and countryman, Francisco Felipe, Katharine’s Groom of the Chambers. The account supplements but does not materially contradict the official report of Lee and Tunstall, and Chapuys’ account to the Emperor gained from the Queen and her Spanish attendants.
[120] Chapuys to the Emperor, 29th May 1534.
[121] She had written more than one fiery letter to Charles during the previous few months, fervently urging him to strike for the authority of the Church. All considerations of her safety and that of her daughter, she said, were to be put aside. It was the duty of the Emperor to his faith that the march of heresy and iniquity in England should be stayed at any cost, and she exhorted him not to fail. (Calendar Henry VIII., February and May 1534.)
[122] Bedingfield and Tyrell were instructed in May 1534 to inform Katharine that the appeal she had made that her Spanish servants should not be penalised for refusing to take the oath to the new Act of Succession had been rejected, but licenses for the Spaniards to stay with their mistress on the old footing were soon afterwards given. (Calendar Henry VIII., May 1534.)
[123] The account here given, that of Chapuys himself, is quaintly and minutely confirmed by that of one of the Spanish merchants who accompanied him, Antonio de Guaras, the author of the Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII.
[124] See Chapuys’ many letters on the subject.
[125] Letters of Stephen Vaughan, Henry’s envoy to Germany. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 7, etc.)
[126] Letters of Chapuys in the autumn of 1534. (Spanish Calendar.)
[127] Chapuys to the Emperor, 2nd May 1536.
[128] Lady Shelton.
[129] The plans for Mary’s flight from Eltham and her deportation to the Continent were nearly successful at this time.
[130] Katharine had first met the saintly Friar Forest when she had gone on the famous pilgrimage to Walsingham after the victory of Flodden (October 1513), and on his first imprisonment she and her maid, Elizabeth Hammon, wrote heart-broken letters to him urging him to escape. (Calendar Henry VIII.)
[131] A vivid picture of the general discontent in England at this time, and the steadfast fidelity of the people to the cause of Katharine and Mary, is given by the French envoy, the Bishop of Tarbes. (Calendar Henry VIII., October 1535.)
[132] The suggestion had been tentatively put forward by the English Minister in Flanders three months before.
[133] This is according to Bedingfield’s statement, although from Chapuys’ letters, in which the chronology is a little confusing, it might possibly be inferred that he arrived at Kimbolton on the 1st January and that Lady Willoughby arrived soon after him. I am inclined to think that the day I have mentioned, however, is the correct one.
[134] In the previous month of November she had written what she called her final appeal to the Emperor through Chapuys. In the most solemn and exalted manner she exhorted her nephew to strike and save her before she and her daughter were done to death by the forthcoming Parliament. This supreme heart-cry having been met as all similar appeals had been by smooth evasions on the part of Charles, Katharine thenceforward lost hope, and resigned herself to her fate.
[135] Before Chapuys left Kimbolton he asked De la Sá if he had any suspicion that the Queen was being poisoned. The Spanish doctor replied that he feared that such was the case, though some slow and cunningly contrived poison must be that employed, as he could not see any signs or appearance of a simple poison. The Queen, he said, had never been well since she had partaken of some Welsh beer. The matter is still greatly in doubt, and there are many suspicious circumstances—the exclusion of De la Sá and the Bishop of Llandaff from the room when the body was opened, and the strenuous efforts to retain both of them in England after Katharine’s death; and, above all, the urgent political reasons that Henry had for wishing Katharine to die, since he dared not carry out his threat of having her attainted and taken to the Tower. Such a proceeding would have provoked a rising which would almost certainly have swept him from the throne.
[136] Even this small gold cross with a sacred relic enclosed in it—the jewel itself not being worth, as Chapuys says, more than ten crowns—was demanded of Mary by Cromwell soon afterwards.
[137] This account of Katharine’s death is compiled from Chapuys’ letters, Bedingfield’s letters, and others in the Spanish and Henry VIII. Calendars, and from the Chronicle of Henry VIII.
[138] The letter tells Henry that death draws near to her, and she must remind him for her love’s sake to safeguard his soul before the desires of his body, “for which you have cast me into many miseries and yourself into many cares. For my part I do pardon you all, yea I do wish and devoutly pray God that He will also pardon you.” She commends her daughter and her maids to him, and concludes, “Lastly, I do vow that mine eyes desire you above all things.” Katharine, Queen of England. (Cotton MSS., British Museum, Otho C. x.)
[139] The death of Sir Thomas More greatly increased Anne’s unpopularity. It is recorded (More’s Life of More) that when the news came of the execution the King and Anne sat at play, and Henry ungenerously told her she was the cause of it, and abruptly left the table in anger.
[140] Even the King’s fool dared (July 1535) to call her a bawd and her child a bastard.
[141] Chapuys to the Emperor, 24th February 1536.
[142] Chapuys to the Emperor, 29th January 1536.
[143] Probably the following letter, which has been frequently printed:—“My dear friend and mistress. The bearer of these few lines from thy entirely devoted servant will deliver into thy fair hands a token of my true affection for thee, hoping you will keep it for ever in your sincere love for me. Advertising you that there is a ballad made lately of great derision against us, which if it go much abroad and is seen by you I pray you pay no manner of regard to it. I am not at present informed who is the setter forth of this malignant writing, but if he is found he shall be straitly punished for it. For the things ye lacked I have minded my lord to supply them to you as soon as he can buy them. Thus hoping shortly to receive you in these arms I end for the present your own loving servant and Sovereign. H. R.”
[144] Chapuys to the Emperor, 1st April 1536.
[145] See p. 264.
[146] It will be recollected that this question of the return of the alienated ecclesiastical property was the principal difficulty when Mary brought England back again into the fold of the Church. Pole and the Churchmen at Rome were for unconditional restitution, which would have made Mary’s task an impossible one; the political view which recommended conciliation and a recognition of facts being that urged by Charles and his son Philip, and subsequently adopted. Charles had never shown undue respect for ecclesiastical property in Spain, and had on more than one occasion spoliated the Church for his own purposes.
[147] Chapuys to the Emperor, 6th June 1536. (Spanish Calendar.)
[148] Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII., ed. Martin Hume. The author was Antonio de Guaras, a Spanish merchant in London, and afterwards Chargé d’Affaires. His evidence is to a great extent hearsay, but it truly represented the belief current at the time.
[149] British Museum, Cotton, Otho C. x., and Singer’s addition to Cavendish’s Wolsey.
[150] Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII.
[151] It must not be forgotten that the dinner hour was before noon.
[152] Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII.
[153] Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII.
[154] See letter from Sir W. Kingston, Governor of the Tower, to Cromwell, 3rd May 1536, Cotton MSS., Otho C. x.
[155] Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII.
[156] Full account of her behaviour from day to day in the Tower will be found in Kingston’s letters to Cromwell, Cotton MSS., Otho C. x., which have been printed in several places, and especially in the Calendars Henry VIII.
[157] The beautiful letter signed Ann Bullen and addressed to the King with the date of 6th May, in which the writer in dignified language protests innocence and begs for an impartial trial, is well known, having been printed many times. It is, however, of extremely doubtful authenticity; the writing and signature being certainly not that of Anne, and the composition unconvincing, though the letter is said to have been found amongst Cromwell’s papers after his arrest. The genuineness of the document being so questionable, I have not thought well to reproduce it here.
[158] Strype’s Cranmer. Cranmer was at Croydon when Cromwell sent him news of Anne’s arrest, with the King’s command that he should go to Lambeth and stay there till further orders reached him. This letter was written as soon as he arrived there.
[159] Much appears to have been made of a certain alleged death-bed deposition of Lady Wingfield recently dead, who had been one of Anne’s attendants, and as it was asserted, the conniver of her amours. Exactly what Lady Wingfield had confessed is not now known, nor the amount of credence to be given to her declarations. They appear, however, to have principally incriminated Anne with Smeaton, and, on the whole, the balance of probability is that if Anne was guilty at all, which certainly was not proved, as she had no fair trial or defence, it was with Smeaton. The charge that she and Norreys had “imagined” the death of the King is fantastically improbable.
[160] Godwin.
[161] “Je ne veux pas omettre qu’entre autres choses luy fust objecté pour crime que sa sœur la putain avait dit a sa femme (i.e. Lady Rochford) que le Roy n’estait habile en cas de soy copuler avec femme, et qu’il navait ni vertu ni puissance.” This accusation was handed to Rochford in writing to answer, but to the dismay of the Court he read it out before denying it. (Chapuys to the Emperor, 19th May. Spanish Calendar.)
[162] Chapuys to Granvelle, 18th May 1536. See also Camden.
[163] Froude says Smeaton was hanged; but the evidence that he was beheaded like the rest is the stronger.
[164] The whole question is exhaustively discussed by Mr. Friedmann in his Anne Boleyn, to which I am indebted for several references on the subject.
[165] Lady Kingston, who was present, hastened to send this news secretly to Chapuys, who, bitter enemy as he was to Anne, to do him justice seems to have been shocked at the disregard of legality in the procedure against her.
[166] The curious gossip, Antonio de Guaras, a Spaniard, says that he got into the fortress overnight. Constantine gives also a good account of the execution, varying little from that of Guaras. The Portuguese account used by Lingard and Froude confirms them.
[167] Chapuys to the Emperor, 19th May 1536. (Spanish Calendar.)
[168] This was Cromwell’s version as sent to the English agents in foreign Courts. He speaks of a conspiracy to kill the King which “made them all quake at the danger he was in.”
[169] Chapuys to the Emperor, 19th May. (Spanish Calendar.)
[170] Chapuys to Granvelle, 20th May. (Spanish Calendar.)
[171] The local story that the marriage took place at Wolf Hall, the seat of the Seymours in Wiltshire, and that a barn now standing on the estate was the scene of the wedding feast, may be dismissed. That festivities would take place there in celebration of the wedding is certain; and on more than one occasion Henry was entertained at Wolf Hall, and probably feasted in the barn itself; but the royal couple were not there on the occasion of their marriage. The romantic account given by Nott in his Life of Surrey, of Henry’s waiting with straining ears, either in Epping Forest or elsewhere in hunting garb, to hear the signal gun announcing Anne’s death before galloping off to be married at Tottenham Church, near Wolf Hall, is equally unsupported, and, indeed, impossible. Henry’s private marriage undoubtedly took place, as related in the text, at Hampton Court, and the public ceremony on the 30th May at Whitehall.
[172] Henry’s apologists have found decent explanations for his hurry to marry Jane. Mr. Froude pointed to the urgent petition of the Privy Council and the peers that the King would marry at once, and opined that it could hardly be disregarded; and another writer reminds us that if Henry had not married Jane privately on the day he did, 20th May, the ceremony would have had to be postponed—as, in fact, the full ceremony was—until after the Rogation days preceding Whitsuntide. But nothing but callous concupiscence can really explain the unwillingness of Henry to wait even a week before his remarriage.
[173] The Catholics were saying that before Anne’s head fell the wax tapers on Katharine’s shrine at Peterborough kindled themselves. (John de Ponte’s letter to Cromwell, Cotton MSS., Titus B 1, printed by Ellis.)
[174] Spanish Calendar, 6th June 1536.
[175] The Parliament of 1536 enacted that all Bulls, Briefs, and Dispensations from Rome should be held void; that every officer, lay or clerical, should take an oath to renounce and resist all authority of the Pope on pain of high treason. In Convocation, Cromwell for the King at the same time introduced a new ecclesiastical constitution, establishing the Scriptures as the basis of faith, as interpreted by the four first Councils of the Church. Three sacraments only were acknowledged—Baptism, Penance, and the Eucharist. The use of images and invocation of the saints were regulated and modified, all idolatrous or material worship of them being forbidden. Cromwell at the same period was raised to the peerage under the title of Baron Cromwell, and made Vicar-General of the Church. (Lord Herbert’s Henry VIII.)
[176] They are all in Cotton MSS., Otho x., and have been printed in Hearne’s Sylloge.
[177] She did her best for her backers during the Pilgrimage of Grace, throwing herself upon her knees before the King and beseeching him to restore the dissolved abbeys. Henry’s reply was to bid her get up and not meddle in his affairs—she should bear in mind what happened to her predecessor through having done so. The hint was enough for Jane, who appears to have had no strength of character, and thenceforward, though interesting herself personally for the Princess Mary, she let politics alone. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 12.)
[178] Chapuys to the Emperor. (Calendar Henry VIII.)
[179] Hist. MSS. Commission, Report XII., Appendix iv. vol. 1, Duke of Rutland’s Papers.
[180] Ibid.
[181] The assertion almost invariably made that Bishop Nicholas Sanders, the Jesuit writer, “invented” the story that the Cesarian operation was performed at birth is not true. The facts of this time are to a great extent copied textually by Sanders from the MS. Cronica de Enrico Otavo, by Guaras, and the statement is there made as an unsupported rumour only.
[182] Henry’s elaborate testamentary directions for the erection and adornment with precious stones of a sumptuous monument to himself and Jane were never carried out.
[183] An account of these confiscations will be found in the Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 13.
[184] Chastillon Correspondence in Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 13.
[185] The extraordinary attentions showered upon the elderly French lady, Mme de Montreuil, and her daughter, Mme de Brun, and their large train of attendant ladies, in the autumn of 1538, is an amusing instance of Henry’s diplomacy. It has usually been concluded by historians that it was a question of amour or gallantry on Henry’s part; but this was not the case. The lady had been the governess of the late Queen Madeleine of Scotland, and was passing through England on her way home. The most elaborate comedy was played by Henry and Cromwell on the occasion. The ladies were treated like princesses. The Lord Mayor and all the authorities on their way to the coast had to banquet them; they were taken sight-seeing and feasting everywhere, and loaded with gifts; and the most ostentatious appearance made of a close intimacy with them, in order to hoodwink the imperial agent into the idea that a French match was under discussion. Henry himself went to Dover to see them, and gave them all presents. But the French and imperial ambassadors were in close touch one with the other, and themselves dined with the ladies at Chelsea; having a good laugh with them at the farce that was being played, which they quite understood. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 13, part 2.)
[186] The terms of the arrangement were the maintenance of the status quo ante, but were generally in favour of France, which retained Savoy and some of the Lombard fortresses threatening Milan, that State, the principal bone of contention, being still held by the Emperor’s troops; but with a vague understanding that it might be given as a dowry to a princess of the Emperor’s house, if she married a French prince. The latter clause was hollow, and never intended to be carried out, as Henry knew.
[187] Her own well-known comment on Henry’s proposal was, that if she had two heads one should be at the disposal of his Majesty of England.
[188] Pole had been sent to Spain by the Pope for the purpose of urging the Emperor to execute the decree against England, at least to the extent of stopping commerce with his dominions. Charles saw Pole in Toledo early in March 1539. The Cardinal found the Emperor professedly sympathetic, but evidently not willing to adopt extreme measures of force against Henry. Pole, disappointed, thereupon returned to Papal Avignon instead of going on to France with a similar errand. Nothing is clearer in the correspondence on the subject (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 14) than Charles’ determination—which was invariable throughout his life—not to allow Churchmen or ecclesiastical polity to guide his state action. Whilst Pole was thus seeking in vain to urge the Catholic powers to overthrow Henry, Wyatt the English ambassador in Spain, poet and gentle wit though he was, was busily plotting the murder of the Cardinal, together with some secret device to raise trouble in Italy and set Charles and Francis by the ears. This was probably the treacherous surrender of Parma and Piacenza to England for France, to the detriment of the Emperor and the Pope—who claimed them.
[189] The influence of this party led by Norfolk and Gardiner, though it sufficed to secure the passage of the Six Articles, did not last long enough to carry them into rigid execution. Cromwell, by arousing Henry’s fears that the German confederation would abandon him to his enemies, soon gained the upper hand; and the Saxon envoy Burchardus, writing to Melancthon in the autumn, expressed hopes that the coming of Anne would coincide with the repeal of the Act. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 14, part 2.) The English Protestants blamed Cranmer for what they considered his timid opposition, soon silenced, to the passage of the Bill, and approved of the action of Latimer, who fled rather than assent to it, as did the Bishop of Salisbury. Before the Bill had been passed three months, of its principal promoters Stokesley of London was dead, Gardiner sent away from Court, and Norfolk entirely in the background.
[190] Wotton to the King, 11th August 1539. (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 14, p. 2.)
[191] It has been suggested that the Duchess with whom this comparison was instituted was Anne’s sister, the Duchess of Saxony, who was quite as beautiful as the Duchess of Milan.
[192] Memorandum in Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 14, part 2, p. 96.
[193] Marillac to Francis I., 3rd October 1539.
[194] The last passage meant that a union with France or the empire might have led to the putting of the Princess Mary forward as heir after the King’s death, as against Prince Edward. The letter with Hertford’s truly dreadful spelling is printed by Ellis.
[195] A list of the personages appointed to attend will be found in the Calendar of Henry VIII., vol. 14.
[196] As usual, tedious lists of the finery worn on the occasion are given by Hall, and copied by Miss Strickland.
[197] The Duke of Suffolk to Cromwell. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 14).
[198] Deposition of Sir A. Browne. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 14, 2.)
[199] Russell’s deposition. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 14, 2.)
[200] Cromwell (after his disgrace) to the King. (Hatfield MSS.)
[201] For descriptions of the pageant see Hall, also Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 15, and Chronicle of Henry VIII., edited by the present writer.
[202] Hall.
[203] Cromwell to Henry. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 14.)
[204] Cromwell’s statement. (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 15, p. 391.)
[205] Wriothesley’s deposition. (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 15.)
[206] The King got a double grant of four fifteenths and tenths, payable by instalments in four years; a shilling in the pound on all lands, and sixpence in the pound on personal property; aliens paying double; besides the confiscation of the great revenues of the Order of St. John. Such taxation was almost without precedent in England, and certainly added to Cromwell’s unpopularity, already very great, owing to the oppressiveness of his religious policy with regard to the religious houses and his personal harshness.
[207] The Spanish Chronicle Of Henry VIII., edited by the present writer. In this record, Seymour, Earl of Hertford, is made to take a leading part in the fall of Cromwell in the interests of his nephew the Prince of Wales (Edward VI.), but I can find no official confirmation of this.
[208] Memo. in Gardiner’s handwriting, Record Office. (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 15.)
[209] She does not appear to have done so, however, until the King had received a letter from the Duke of Cleves, dated 13th July, couched in somewhat indignant terms. She then wrote to her brother that she “had consented to the examination and determination, wherein I had more respect, as beseemed me, to truth than to any worldly affection that might move me to the contrary, and did the rather condescend thereto for that my body remaineth in the integrity which I brought into this realm.” She continues that the King has adopted her as a sister and has treated her very liberally, more than she or her brother could well wish. She is well satisfied. The King’s friendship for her brother, she says, will not be impaired for this matter unless the fault should be in himself (i.e. Cleves). She thinks it necessary to write this, and to say that she intends to live in England, lest for want of true knowledge her brother should take the matter otherwise than he ought. The letter is signed “Anna Duchess, born, of Cleves, Gulik, Geldre and Berg; your loving sister.” The English and German drafts are in the Record Office, the former abstracted in Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 15. The King instructed Wotton and Clerk, his envoys at Cleves, to deal with the Duke in the same spirit, holding out hopes of reward if he took the matter quietly, and to assume a haughty tone if he seemed threatening.
[210] Within a week of this—to show how rapid was the change of feeling—Pate wrote to the King and to the Duke of Norfolk saying how that “while Thomas Cromwell ruled, slanders and obloquies of England were common,” but that now all was changed. The brother of the Duke of Ferrara had sent to him to say that he was going to visit the King of England, for “the Emperor these years and days past often praised the King’s gifts of body and mind, which made him the very image of his Creator.” This praise had “engendered such love in the stomach” of Don Francesco d’Este that he could no longer defer his wish to see such a paragon of excellence as Henry, and he rejoices “that so many gentlemen belonging to the Emperor” are doing likewise. This was even before the marriage with Anne was declared invalid. (12th July, Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 15.) Chapuys, the Emperor’s ambassador, was again sent to England immediately, and cordial relations were promptly resumed. (Spanish Calendar, vol. 6, part 1.)
[211] Richard Hilles, the Protestant merchant, writing to Bullinger in Latin (Zurich Letters, Parker Society), says that for some weeks before the divorce from Anne of Cleves, Henry was captivated by Katharine Howard, whom he calls “a very little girl”; and that he frequently used to cross the Thames from Westminster to Lambeth to visit, both by night and day, the Bishop of Winchester (Gardiner) providing feasts for them in his palace. But at that time Katharine was, Hilles tells us, looked upon simply as Henry’s mistress—as indeed she probably was—rather than his future wife.
[212] Hilles to Bullinger (Parker Society, Zurich Letters) gives voice to bitter complaints, and Melancthon wrote (17th August, etc.) praying that God might destroy “this British Nero.” (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 15.)
[213] There is in the British Museum (Stowe MS. 559) a list of the jewels and other things given by Henry to Katharine at the marriage and subsequently. The inventory was made at the time of her attainder, when she was deprived of everything. The jewels appear to have been very numerous and rich: one square or stomacher, given on New Year’s Day 1540, containing 33 diamonds, 60 rubies, and a border of pearls. Another gift at Christmas the same year was “two laces containing 26 fair table diamonds and 158 fair pearls, with a rope of fair large pearls, 200 pearls.” Magnificent jewels of all sorts are to be counted by the dozen in this list, comparing strangely with the meagre list of Katharine of Aragon’s treasures. One curious item in Katharine’s list is “a book of gold enamelled, wherein is a clock, upon every side of which book is three diamonds, a little man standing upon one of them, four turquoises and three rubies with a little chain of gold enamelled blue hanging to it.” This book, together with “a purse of gold enamelled red containing eight diamonds set in goldsmith’s work,” was taken by the King himself when poor Katharine fell, and another splendid jewelled pomander containing a clock was taken by him for Princess Mary.
[214] He had on the same morning taken the Sacrament, it being All Souls’ Day, and had directed his confessor, the Bishop of Lincoln, to offer up a prayer of thanks with him “for the good life he (Henry) led, and hoped to lead with his wife.” (Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 16, p. 615.)
[215] Calendar Henry VIII., vol. 16, p. 48, September 1540. This was a year before he made his statement to Cranmer. The hatred expressed to the King’s new Catholic policy by Lascelles proves him to have been a fit instrument for the delation and ruin of Katharine.
[216] They are all in the Record Office, and are summarised in the Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 16.
[217] Lady Rochford, who seems to have been a most abandoned woman, was the widow of Anne Boleyn’s brother, who had been beheaded at the time of his sister’s fall.
[218] In the Record Office, abstracted (much condensed) in Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 16. For the purposes of this book I have used the original manuscripts.
[219] In the curious and detailed but in many respects unveracious account of the affair given in the Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII., edited by the present writer, it is distinctly stated that Culpeper made his confession on the threat of the rack in the Tower. He is made in this account to say that he was deeply in love with Katharine before her marriage, and had fallen ill with grief when she became Henry’s wife. She had taken pity upon him, and had arranged a meeting at Richmond, which had been betrayed to Hertford by one of Katharine’s servants. The writer of the Chronicle (Guaras), who had good sources of information and was a close observer, did not believe that any guilty act had been committed by Katharine after her marriage.
[220] Record Office, State Papers, 1, 721. The Duke had gone to demand of his stepmother Derham’s box of papers. He found that she had already overhauled them and destroyed many of them. In his conversation with her, she admitted that she knew Katharine was immoral before marriage.
[221] The Commissioners included Michael Dormer, Lord Mayor, Lord Chancellor Audley, the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, with the Lords of the Council and judges. Norfolk, in order to show his zeal and freedom from complicity, jeered and laughed as the examination of the prisoners proceeded. For a similar reason he brought his son, the Earl of Surrey, to the trial: and it was noted that both the Queen’s brothers and those of Culpeper rode about the city unconcernedly, in order to prove that they had no sympathy with the accused. As soon as the trial was over, however, Norfolk retired to Kenninghall, some said by the King’s orders, and rumours were rife that not only was he in disgrace, but that danger to him portended. We shall see that his fate was deferred for a time, as Henry needed his military aid in the coming wars with Scotland and France, and he was the only soldier of experience and authority in England.
[222] One of Katharine’s love letters to Culpeper, written during the progress in the North, is in the Record Office; and although it does not offer direct corroboration of guilt, it would have offered good presumptive evidence, and is, to say the least of it, an extremely indiscreet letter for a married woman and a queen to write to a man who had been her lover before her marriage. The letter is all in Katharine’s writing except the first line. “Master Culpeper,” it runs, “I heartily recommend me unto you, praying you to send me word how that you do. I did hear that ye were sick and I never longed so much for anything as to see you. It maketh my heart to die when I do think that I cannot always be in your company. Come to me when my Lady Rochford be here, for then I shall be best at leisure to be at your commandment. I do thank you that you have promised to be good to that poor fellow my man; for when he is gone there be none I dare trust to send to you. I pray you to give me a horse for my man, for I have much ado to get one, and therefore I pray you send me one by him, and in so doing I am as I said before: and thus I take my leave of you trusting to see you shortly again; and I would you were with me now that you might see what pain I take in writing to you. Yours as long as life endures, Katheryn. One thing I had forgotten, and that is to speak to my man. Entreat him to tarry here with me still, for he says whatsoever you order he will do it.” The letter is extremely illiterate in style and spelling. (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 16.)
[223] Spanish Calendar, vol. 6, part 1.
[224] Marillac Correspondence, ed. Kaulec. There is a transcript in the Record Office and abstracts in the Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 16.
[225] They were soon afterwards pardoned.
[226] This difficulty seems to have been met by sending to the unhappy girl a committee of the Council to invite her to appear in person and defend herself if she pleased; but she threw herself entirely upon the King’s mercy, and admitted that she deserved death. This facilitated her condemnation, and there was no more difficulty. The Duke of Suffolk in the House of Lords and Wriothesley stated that she had “confessed her great crime” to the deputation of the Council, but exactly what or how much she confessed is not known. She most solemnly assured the Bishop of Lincoln (White) in her last hours that she had not offended criminally after her marriage; and as has been pointed out in the text, she is not specifically charged with having done so in the indictment. This might be, of course, to save the King’s honour as much as possible; but taking all things into consideration, the probability is that no guilty act had been committed since the marriage, though it is clear that Katharine was fluttering perilously close to the flame.
[227] This was Anne Bassett. Lord Lisle, the illegitimate son of Edward IV., was at this time released from his unjust imprisonment in the Tower, but died immediately.
[228] Chapuys to the Emperor, 29th January 1542.
[229] The accounts of Chapuys, Hall, and Ottewell Johnson say simply that she confessed her faults and made a Christian end. The Spanish Chronicle of Henry VIII. gives an account of her speech of which the above is a summary.
[230] The book which, although it was largely Gardiner’s work, was called “The King’s Book,” or “The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition of any Christian Man,” laid down afresh the doctrines to be accepted. It was authorised by Parliament in May 1543, and greatly straitened the creed prescribed in 1537. Just previously a large number of persecutions were begun against those who questioned Transubstantiation (see Foxe), and printers were newly harried for daring to print books not in accordance with the King’s proclamation. Strict inquests were also held through London for any householders who ate meat in Lent, the young, turbulent Earl of Surrey being one of the offenders. (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 17, part 1.) It is to be noted, however, that, side by side with these anti-Protestant measures, greater efforts than ever were made to emphasise the King’s supremacy; the Mass Books being carefully revised in order to eliminate all reference even indirectly to the Pope, and to saints not mentioned in the Bible.
[231] In his account of these and similar interviews Chapuys dwells much upon Gardiner’s anxiety to adopt the best course to induce Henry to enter into the agreement. He begged the imperial ambassador not to rub the King the wrong way by dwelling upon the advantage to accrue to England from the alliance. (Spanish Calendar, vol. 6, part 2.)
[232] The treaty is in the Record Office. Printed in full in Rymer.
[233] At the time of Katharine’s marriage, her brother, Lord Parr, was on the Scottish border as Warden of the Marches; and a few days after the wedding the new Queen-Consort wrote to him from Oatlands saying that “it having pleased God to incline the King to take her as his wife, which is the greatest joy and comfort that could happen to her, she desires to inform her brother of it, as the person who has most cause to rejoice thereat. She requires him to let her hear sometimes of his health as friendly as if she had not been called to this honour.” (Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 18, part 1.)
[234] It depends upon a metrical family history written by Katharine’s cousin, Sir Thomas Throckmorton.
[235] The document is in the Record Office. About half way down the margin is written, “For your daughter.” At the top is written, “Lady Latimer.”
[236] The author of the Chronicle of Henry VIII. thus portrays Katharine’s character: “She was quieter than any of the young wives the King had, and as she knew more of the world she always got on pleasantly with the King and had no caprices. She had much honour to Lady Mary and the wives of the nobles, but she kept her ladies very strictly.... The King was very well satisfied with her.”
[237] Many years afterwards when Parr, then Marquis of Northampton and a leading anti-Catholic, was with other nobles urging Queen Elizabeth to drop shilly-shally and get married in earnest, the Queen, who was of course playing a deep game which they did not understand, turned upon Parr in a rage and told him that he was a nice fellow to talk about marriage, considering how he had managed his own matrimonial affairs. (Hume, “Courtships of Queen Elizabeth.”)
[238] Record Office. Henry VIII. Calendar, vol. 18, part 1.
[239] Spanish State Papers, Calendar, vol. 6, part 2. The author of the Chronicle of Henry VIII. (Guaras) says that the King ordered Anne to come to the wedding, but if that be the case there is no record of her presence; though all the other guests and witnesses are enumerated in the notarial deed attesting the marriage. The Spanish chronicler puts into Anne’s mouth, as a sign of her indifference, a somewhat ill-natured gibe at the “burden that Madam Katharine hath taken upon herself,” explaining that she referred to the King’s immense bulk. “The King was so fat that such a man had never been seen. Three of the biggest men that could be found could get inside his doublet.” Anne’s trouble with regard to her brother was soon at an end. The Emperor’s troops crushed him completely, and in September he begged for mercy on his knees, receiving the disputed duchies from Charles as an imperial fief. Anne’s mother, who had stoutly resisted the Emperor’s claims upon her duchies, died of grief during the campaign.
[240] Strype’s “Memorials of Cranmer.”
[241] Strype’s “Memorials,” Foxe’s “Acts and Monuments,” and Burnet; all of whom followed the account given by Cranmer’s secretary Morice as to Cranmer’s part.
[242] Morice’s anecdotes in “Narratives of the Reformation,” Camden Society. See also Strype’s “Memorials” and Foxe. The MS. record of the whole investigation is in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. I am indebted for this fact to my friend Dr. James Gairdner, C.B.
[243] How necessary this was is seen by the strenuous efforts, even thus late, of the Pope to effect a reconciliation between Charles and Francis rather than acquiesce in a combination between the former and the excommunicated King of England. Paul III. sent his grandson, Cardinal Farnese, in November 1543 to Flanders and to the Emperor with this object; but Charles was determined, and told the Cardinal in no gentle terms that the Pope’s dallying with the infidel Turks, and Francis’ intrigues with the Lutherans, were a hundred times worse than his own alliance with the schismatic King of England. (Spanish Calendar, vol. 7.)
[244] Hertford had sacked Edinburgh and Leith and completely cowed the Scots before the letter was written. His presence in London at a crisis was therefore more necessary than on the Border.
[245] Hatfield Papers, Hist. MSS. Commission, part 1.
[246] Spanish Calendar, vol. 7. This reparation to Mary had been urged very strongly by the Emperor, ever since the negotiations began. Mary, however, was not legitimated, and not only came after Edward, but also after any children Katharine might bear. The Queen undoubtedly urged Mary’s cause.
[247] It was constantly noted by foreign visitors that English ladies were kissed on the lips by men. It appears to have been quite an English custom, and greatly surprised Spaniards, who kept their women in almost oriental seclusion.
[248] MSS. British Museum, Add. 8219, fol. 114.
[249] A full account of his visit and service will be found in my Chronicle of Henry VIII. In the Spanish Calendar and in the Chronicle it is asserted that the Duke stayed with Henry very unwillingly and at the Emperor’s request.
[250] We are told that even the sails of his ship were of cloth of silver, and probably no King of England ever took the field under such splendid conditions before or since.
[251] Hearne’s Sylloge.
[252] “Prayers and Meditations,” London, 1545. The prayer is printed at length by Miss Strickland, as well as several extracts from Katharine’s “Lamentations of a Sinner,” which show that she had studied Vives and Guevara.
[253] Although this letter is always assigned to the period when Henry was at Boulogne, I have very considerable doubt as to its having been written then. I should be inclined to ascribe it to the following year.
[254] The following is his letter to Katharine informing her of this: “At the closing up of these our letters this day the castle aforesaid with the dyke is at our commandment, and not like to be recovered by the Frenchmen again, as we trust, not doubting with God’s grace but that the castle and town shall shortly follow the same trade, for as this day, which is the 8th September, we began three batteries and have three mines going, besides one which hath done its execution, shaking and tearing off one of their greatest bulwarks. No more to you at this time, sweetheart, but for lack of time and great occupations of business, saving we pray you to give in our name our hearty blessings to all our children, and recommendations to our cousin Margaret, and the rest of the ladies and gentlewomen, and to our Council also. Written with the hand of your loving husband—Henry R.”—“Royal Letters.”
[255] Spanish Calendar, vol. 8. Hume.
[256] Spanish Calendar, vol. 8. Hume.
[257] Spanish Calendar, vol. 8. Hume.
[258] Ibid. The Duchess of Suffolk, a great friend of Katharine Parr’s, and widow of Charles Brandon, who had recently died, was the daughter of a Spanish lady and of Lord Willoughby D’Eresby, which title she inherited. She soon after married one of her esquires, Francis Bertie, and became a strong Protestant.
[259] Spanish Calendar, vol. 8. Hume. September 1546.
[260] Spanish Calendar, vol. 8. Hume. September 1546.
[261] Surrey prompted his sister on this occasion to appeal to the King for permission to marry Seymour, and to act in such a way that the King might fall in love with her, and make her his mistress, “so that she might have as much power as the Duchess d’Etampes in France.” The suggestion was specially atrocious, as she was the widow of Henry’s son.
[262] Spanish Calendar, vol. 8. Hume.
[263] Chronicle of Henry VIII. Hume.
[264] The author of the Chronicle of Henry VIII. makes Paget and his wife the first promoters of the match between Seymour and Katharine, though I can find no confirmation of his story. He says that the Queen being in the great hall with her ladies and Princess Mary, Lord Seymour came in as had been arranged, looking very handsome. Lady Paget whispered to the Queen an inquiry as to what she thought of the Lord Admiral’s looks, to which Katharine replied that she liked his looks very much. “All the ill I wish you, Madam,” whispered Lady Paget, “is that he should become your husband.” “I could wish that it had been my fate to have him for a husband,” replied Katharine; “but God hath so placed me that any lowering of my condition would be a reproach to me.” The arguments used to both lovers by Lady Paget are then detailed, and the final consent of Katharine to accept Seymour. There may have been a small germ of truth in this account, but it can hardly have happened as described, in view of the correspondence of the lovers now before us.
[265] This use of the words brother and sister as referring to the Herberts, who were no relations of Seymour’s, indicates that the latter and the Queen were already betrothed.
[266] State Papers, Domestic, vol. 1.
[267] Hearne’s Sylloge, &c.
[268] The deposition of Katharine Ashley. (Hatfield Papers, part 1.)
Transcriber’s Notes:
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