FOOTNOTES:
[1] In Swedish (or German) I should use the word punktnell to denote this mode of time-reckoning, since the calculation is based upon a punctum, a single point, not upon the whole unit of time. Unfortunately the word ‘punctual’ has quite another sense in English.
[2] Snouck Hurgronje, I. 201.
[3] Jochelson, Yukaghir p. 42.
[4] Jenks, p. 219.
[5] Schoolcraft, II, 129.
[6] Ibid. I, 57 B.
[7] Haddon, p. 303.
[8] Ling Roth, p. 133.
[9] See further Usener, Götternamen, p. 289. E. g. Pindar, Ol. XIII, 37, ἀελίῳ ἀμφ’ ἑνί (‘in one day’), Euripides, Helena 652, ἡλίους δὲ μυρίους μόγις διελθών (‘with difficulty passing through thousands of suns’), and in a sacred regulation ἐᾶσαι οὕτως ἔστε κα τρεῖς ἅλιοι γένωνται (‘to leave so until three suns have passed’), Blinkenberg, Die lindische Tempelchronik, p. 38, Part D, 1. 72, (Bonn, 1915) etc. In Latin still more frequently, e. g. Silius, Punica, III, 554, Bis senos soles, totidem per vulnera saevas emensi noctes, etc.
[10] Il. XXI v. 80 ἠὼς δέ μοί ἐστιν ἥδε δυωδεκάτη ὅτ’ ἐς Ἴλιον εἰλήλουθα.
[11] Il. XXIV v. 413 δυωδεκάτη οἱ ἠως κειμένῳ.
[12] Otherwise, but in my opinion erroneously, G. Bilfinger, Der bürgerliche Tag, p. 35.
[13] Tacitus, Germ. 11, nec dierum numerum sed noctium computant.
[14] Schrader, II. 235; Ginzel, I, 243; A. Fischer, p. 744.
[15] Fornander, I, 122.
[16] Taylor, p. 364.
[17] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³ I, 88.
[18] Mathias G., p. 210.
[19] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[20] Claus, p. 38.
[21] Cole, p. 323.
[22] Cranz, I, 239.
[23] Heckewelder, p. 523.
[24] Dunbar, p. 1.
[25] Swanton, p. 339.
[26] Mooney, p. 365.
[27] Riggs, p. 165.
[28] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[29] Powers, p. 77.
[30] Carver, p. 177.
[31] Radloff, p. 308.
[32] Spencer and Gillen, Centr. Austr., pp. 25 ff.
[33] Schrader, II, 235.
[34] Spencer and Gillen, Centr. Austr., pp. 25 ff.
[35] Radloff, p. 308.
[36] Partridge, p. 244.
[37] Velten, p. 353.
[38] Claus, p. 38.
[39] Loango Exp., III: 2, 140.
[40] Hammar, p. 156.
[41] Merker, p. 153.
[42] Schulze, p. 373.
[43] Foa, p. 119.
[44] Alberti, p. 69.
[45] Fabry, p. 223.
[46] Oliveau, p. 343.
[47] Spencer and Gillen, Across Austr., II, 270.
[48] Jenks, p. 219.
[49] Hose, p. 169.
[50] Wilken, p. 200.
[51] Crawfurd, I, 287 f.
[52] Marsden, Sumatra, p. 194.
[53] Haddon, p. 303.
[54] Forster, pp. 441 ff.
[55] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[56] Krause, p. 339.
[57] Crawfurd, I, 287.
[58] Merker, p. 153.
[59] Velten, p. 333.
[60] Mansfeld, p. 244.
[61] Stannus, p. 288.
[62] Wegener, p. 146.
[63] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[64] ὅταν ᾖ δεκάπουν τὸ στοιχεῖον, λιπαρῷ χωρεῖν ἐπὶ δεῖπνον.
[65] G. Bilfinger, Zeitmesser, p. 19; art. Horologium in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités.
[66] Paul, III, 447. See further Finn Magnusson.
[67] Arkiv för Nord. Filologi, 23, 1907, pp. 259 ff.
[68] Drake, p. 276.
[69] Hose, p. 169.
[70] Spencer and Gillen, Northern Tribes, p. 25; Spencer, pp. 444 ff.
[71] MacCaulay, p. 525.
[72] Fewkes, p 260.
[73] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[74] Beverley, p. 4.
[75] Ibid. p. 182.
[76] Handbook, p. 189.
[77] Du Pratz, I, 223.
[78] Mooney, p. 365.
[79] Hill Tout, p. 155.
[80] Gilij, II, 12.
[81] Molina, pp. 139 ff.
[82] Hammar, p. 156.
[83] Gutmann, p. 241.
[84] Weeks, JRAI, 39, p. 417.
[85] Koelle, p. 284.
[86] Westermann, p. 105.
[87] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 150.
[88] Merker, p. 153.
[89] Hollis, Masai, p. 332.
[90] Roscoe, JRAI, 32, p. 71.
[91] Roscoe, Baganda, p. 38.
[92] Junod, Thonga, II, 282.
[93] Schulze, p. 373.
[94] Man, pp. 336 ff.
[95] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[96] Maass, pp. 511 ff.
[97] Crawfurd, I, 287.
[98] Snouck Hurgronje, I, 199 ff.
[99] Snouck Hurgronje, I, 200 n. 2; translator’s note.
[100] Thurnwald, p. 334.
[101] Ibid., p. 346.
[102] Brown, p. 332.
[103] Fornander, I, 121.
[104] Malo, pp. 33 ff.
[105] Forster, pp. 441 ff.
[106] Wegener, pp. 146 ff.; Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 89. The former quotes the latter from the first edition, but Ellis l. c. leaves out the translation of the concrete terms for the times later than noon, and fills up the period from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m. with modern terms, e. g. ‘about 7’, ‘8 a. m.’ etc.
[107] Mathias G., pp. 210 ff.
[108] Brown, p. 348.
[109] Velten, p. 333.
[110] Nieuwenhuis, I, 318.
[111] Gutmann, p. 241.
[112] Hollis, Nandi, p. 96.
[113] Crawfurd, I, 287.
[114] Cp. [above, p. 27].
[116] Roscoe, Bantu, p. 140.
[117] ‘As the sun turned over to the unyoking of the oxen’.
[118] Feist, p. 262.
[119] Hollis, Nandi, pp. 96 ff.
[120] Sibree, pp. 69 ff.
[121] ἔσσεται ἢ ἠὼς ἢ δείλη ἢ μέσον ἦμαρ—Il. XXI, 111.
[122] εὗδον παννύχιος καὶ ἐπ’ ἠῶ καὶ μέσον ἦμαρ—Od. VII, 288.
[123] ὄφρα μὲν ἠὼς ἦν καὶ ἀέξετο ἱερὸν ἦμαρ—Od. IX, 56.
[124] ἦμος ... φάνη ... Ἠὼς—Od. IV, 431.
[125] ἦμος δ’ ἠέλιος μέσον οὐρανὸν ἀμφιβεβῃκη—Od. IV, 400.
[126] πᾶσαν δ’ ἠοίην μένομεν ... ἔνδιος δ’ ὁ γέρων ἦλθ’ ἐξ ἁλός—Od. IV, 447–50.
[127] δείελον ἦμαρ—Od. XVII, 606.
[128] Od. I, 422.
[129] ἦμος δ’ οὔτ’ ἄρ πω ἠὼς ἔτι δ’ ἀμφιλύκη νύξ—Il. VII, 433.
[130] ἅμ’ ἠοῖ—Il. VII, 331, Od. XVI, 2; ἅμα δ’ ἠοῖ φαινομένηφιν—Il. XI, 685; Od. IV, 407.
[131] Il. VIII, 538; Od. I, 24.
[132] ἠέλιος δ’ ἀνόρουσε λιπὼν περικαλλέα λίμνην οὐρανὸν εἰς πολύχαλκον, ἵν’ ἀθανάτοισι φαείνοι—Od. III, 1 f.
[133] οὔθ’ ὁπότ’ ἂν στείχῃσι πρὸς οὐρανὸν ἀστεροέντα, οὔθ’ ὅτ’ ἂν ἂψ ἔπὶ γαῖαν ἀπ’ οὐρανόθεν προτράπηται—Od. XI, 17.
[134] εὖτε γὰρ ἠέλιος φαέθων ὑπερέσχεθε γαίης—Il. XI, 735.
[135] ἠέλιος μὲν ἔπειτα νέον προσέβαλλεν ἀρούρας, ἐξ ἀκαλαρρείταο βαθυρρόου Ὠκεανοῖο οὐρανὸν εἲς ἀνιών—Il. VII, 421 ff.
[136] μέμβλωκε μάλιστα ἦμαρ—Od. XVII, 190.
[137] εἶσ’ ὑπὸ γαῖαν—Od. X, 191.
[138] ἐν δ’ ἔπεσ’ Ὠκεανῷ λαμπρὸν φάος ἠελίοιο ἕλκον νύκτα μέλαιναν—Il. VIII, 485.
[139] Od. XXII, 318.
[140] ἦμος δ’ ἠέλιος μετενίσσετο βουλυτόνδε—Il. XVI, 779; Od. IX, 58.
[141] ὥς οἱ ἐναργὲς ὄνειρον ἐπέσσυτο νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ—Od. IV, 841.
[142] ἦμος δὲ δρυτόμος ἀνὴρ ὡπλίσσατο δεῖπνον ... ἐπεί τ’ ἐκορέσσατο χεῖρας τάμνων δένδρεα μακρά—Il. XI, 86.
[143] ἦμος δ’ ἐπὶ δόρπον ἀνὴρ ἀγορῆθεν ἀνέστη κρίνων νείκεα πολλά—Od. XII, 439.
[144] ἀγορῆς πληθυούσης—Herod. IV, 181; even in a Delphian sacred decree, Syll. inscr. graec.³ 257; περὶ ἀγορὰν πλήθουσαν—Xen., Anab. II, 1, 7; ἀγωρῆς πληθώρη—Herod. II, 173.
[145] πρὶν ἀγορὰν πεπληθέναι—Pherekr., Autom. 9.
[146] ἀγορῆς διάλυσις—Herod. III, 104.
[147] ἀλλ’ ἴομεν· μάλα γὰρ νὺξ ἄνεται, ἐγγύθι δ’ ἠώς. ἄστρα δὲ δὴ προβεβήκε, παροίχωκεν δὲ πλέων νὺξ τῶν δύο μοιράων, τριτάτη δ’ ἔτι μοῖρα λέλειπται—Il. X, 251.
[148] ἦμος δὲ τρίχα νυκτὸς ἔην, μέτα δ’ ἄστρα βεβήκει—Od. XII, 312, and XIV, 483.
[149] Od. XIII, 93.
[150] cum a curia inter rostra et graecostasin prospexisset solem; a columna Maenia ad carcerem inclinato sidere supremam pronuntiavit, sed hoc serenis tantum diebus—Pliny, Nat. Hist., VII, 214.
[151] G. Bilfinger, Stundenangaben, Zeitmesser. Hora sexta is, for example, 6 o’clock, not the sixth hour. It seems to me as though hora refers to the hour-line.
[152] Bilfinger, Stundenang., p. 131; Ginzel, III, 89.
[153] ea hora qua incipit homo hominem posse cognoscere, XXV, 6.
[154] cum aperit esse pullorum cantus, XXXVI, 1.
[155] de pullo primo, XXXV, 1.
[156] Crantz, I, 294.
[157] p. 55.
[158] Wegener, p. 147.
[159] Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 89.
[160] Malo, p. 49.
[161] Wegener, p. 146; cp. [above, p. 29].
[162] Fornander, I, 121.
[163] Mooney, Rep., p. 365.
[164] Merker, p. 153.
[165] Westermann, p. 105.
[166] Hammar, p. 156.
[167] Schulze, p. 373.
[168] Malo, p. 33.
[169] Cp. [above, p. 28].
[170] Schulze, p. 373.
[171] Merker, p. 153.
[172] See [below, p. 40].
[173] Forster, p. 441.
[174] Mathias G., p. 210.
[175] Gutmann, p. 241.
[176] Crawfurd, p. 271.
[177] Velten, p. 333.
[178] Wilken, p. 200.
[179] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 150.
[180] Oliveau, p. 343.
[181] Forster, p. 441.
[182] Wegener, p. 148.
[183] Dibble, p. 107.
[184] Malo, p. 33.
[185] Nordenskjöld, Indianlif, p. 273.
[186] Holm, 10, 142, or 39, 85 and 106.
[187] Egede, p. 131.
[188] Drake, pp. 277 ff.
[189] Paul, III, 447; cp. [above, p. 21].
[190] See [above, p. 36].
[191] Sibree, pp. 69 ff.
[192] Mansfeld, p. 244.
[193] Snouck Hurgronje, I, 201.
[194] Brown, p. 332.
[195] Cp. Bilfinger, Der bürgerliche Tag, pp. 198 ff., and my Entstehung, p. 13.
[196] Bilfinger, Doppelstunde; for the other side see Boll, Sphaera, pp. 311 ff.
[197] Ginzel, III, 93 ff.
[198] Matthews, p. 4.
[199] Hesiod, Op., v. 448.
[200] Athenaeus, VIII, p. 360 C; for modern swallow-processions and songs see Abbot, p. 18.
[201] Baumeister, Denkm. des klass. Alt., III, p. 1985, fig. 2128.
[202] αἵτ’ (γέρανοι) ἐπεὶ οὖν χειμῶνα φύγον—Il. III, 4.
[203] ὄρνιθος φωνήν, Πολυπαίδη, ὀξὺ βοώσης ἤκουσ’, ἥτε βροτοῖς ἄγγελος ἦλθ’ ἀρότου ὡραίου—Theognis, vv. 1197 ff.
[204] Aristoph., The Birds, translated by J. H. Frere, vv. 709 ff.
[205] Cranz, I, 293.
[206] Wilson, p. 297.
[207] Stow, p. 112.
[208] Roscoe, Bantu, p. 140.
[209] Gilij, II, 20 ff.; ch. VII.
[210] Howitt, p. 432.
[211] Brown, p. 332.
[212] Thurnwald, p. 342.
[213] Mooney, Rep., p. 367.
[214] Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 352.
[215] Heckewelder, p. 525.
[216] Junod, Thonga, p. 20.
[217] Junod, Ronga, pp. 196 ff.
[218] Grabowsky, p. 102.
[219] Sibree, p. 57.
[220] Dieffenbach, II, 122 ff.
[221] Sechefo, p. 931.
[222] Matthews, p. 4.
[223] Schiefner, p. 196.
[224] Homfray, p. 62.
[225] Turner, p. 202.
[226] Dalsager, pp. 54 ff.; cp. Cranz I, 293 ff.
[227] See [below, pp. 66 ff].
[228] R. T. Str., pp. 226 ff.
[229] Cp. [below, p. 57].
[231] Handbook, p. 189.
[232] Schoolcraft, II, 129.
[233] Fewkes, 21 p. 19.
[234] Stevenson, p. 108.
[235] Bushnell, p. 17.
[236] Spencer and Gillen, Centr. Austr., p. 25.
[237] Gilij, II, 14; von den Steinen, Globus, p. 244.
[238] Ibid., p. 245.
[239] Krause, p. 339.
[240] Claus, p. 38.
[241] Hollis, Nandi, p. 94.
[242] Loango Exp. III: 2, 139.
[243] Torday and Joyce, 35, p. 413; 36, pp. 47 and 295.
[244] Mansfeld, p. 244.
[245] Ellis, Tshi, p. 215.
[246] Hobley, Akamba., p. 53.
[247] Cp. [below, p. 88 f].
[248] Wilken, p. 197; cp. below p. 70.
[249] Maass, p. 514.
[250] Fornander, I, 118 ff.
[251] Sheldon Dibble, p. 24.
[252] Malo, pp. 53 and 57, note 2.
[253] Forster, p. 436.
[254] Ibid., p. 371.
[255] von Bülow, 72, p. 239.
[256] Brown, p. 347.
[257] Stair, p. 37.
[258] Jenks, p. 219.
[259] Oliveau, p. 343.
[260] Erdland, p. 21.
[261] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[262] Meier, pp. 708 ff.
[263] Hale, p. 105.
[264] Hastings, p. 132.
[265] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[266] Nelson, p. 234.
[267] Bushnell, p. 17.
[268] Hill Tout, 34, 33.
[269] Teit, Thompson, pp. 238 f.
[270] Teit, Shuswap, p. 517.
[271] Handbook, p. 189.
[272] Powers, p. 294.
[273] Mooney, Rep., p. 370.
[274] Riggs, p. 165.
[275] Dunbar, p. 1.
[276] Schoolcraft, II, 129.
[277] Molina, pp. 319 ff.
[278] Beverley, p. 181.
[279] Ibid., p. 4.
[280] Mooney, Rep., p. 366.
[281] Cp. [below, p. 73].
[283] Wiklund, p. 5.
[284] Drake, p. 278.
[285] Jochelson, Yukaghir, p. 42.
[286] Claus, p. 38.
[287] Johnstone, p. 266.
[288] Barrett, p. 35.
[289] Merker, p. 155.
[290] Hollis, Masai, pp. 333 ff.
[291] Spieth, p. 312 and note.
[292] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 151.
[293] Loango Exp., III: 2, 139.
[294] Hammar, p. 156.
[295] Gutmann, p. 240.
[296] Roscoe, Bantu, p. 139.
[297] Weeks, p. 308.
[298] Sibree, pp. 53, 57.
[299] Ibid., p. 77.
[300] Schulze, p. 369.
[301] Irle, p. 224.
[302] Nisbet, II, 288.
[303] Malo, p. 60, n. 8.
[304] Ibid., p. 58, n. 5.
[305] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³, I, 87.
[306] Taylor, pp. 361 ff., 364 ff.
[307] Du Bois, p. 165.
[308] MacDonald, p. 64.
[309] Dennett, pp. 130 ff.
[310] Westermann, p. 103.
[311] von den Steinen, Globus, p. 245.
[312] Hastings, p. 69.
[313] Wilken, p. 199.
[314] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.
[315] Jenks, pp. 219 ff.
[316] The figures in brackets represent the number of days as given by Wilken. See below.
[317] Crawfurd, I, 297 ff.
[318] Wilken, p. 197.
[319] D’Enjoy; Ginzel, I, 467. The latter begins the list with the commencement of spring and gives dates. The number of days is in each case taken from d’Enjoy.
[320] Hiems et ver et aestas intellectum et vocabula habent, autumni perinde nomen et bona ignorantur—Tac., Germ., ch. 26; Schrader, II³, 223 ff.; Feist, p. 265.
[321] Fragm. 76 Bergk.
[322] De sign. temp., 21, 44, 48.
[323] Roscher, p. 84; the limits according to Galen, XVII A, 17.
[324] Thibaut, pp. 10 ff.; Ginzel, I, 315.
[325] Weinhold, Mon., pp.2 ff.; cp. I. Aasen, Norsk Ordbog.
[326] Vigfusson, I, 431.
[327] In der brache, in der zwibrache, in der herbst-sat, in der erne, im houwet, im hanfluchet, ze afterhalme und houwe, in der bonenarne, im brâchet, im wimmot, in der sât, im dem snite, laubbrost, laubrîse, haberschnitt, habererndte. Tille, p. 10; cp. below, ch. XI.
[328] Cp. [below pp. 78 ff].
[329] De temp. rat., ch. 13.
[330] Im rîs und im lôve, im rûwen und im blôten, bî strô und bî grase.
[331] Grimm, I, 74.
[332] Pfannenschmid, Germanische Erntefeste, Hanover, 1878, maintains that the quadripartite division was developed alongside of the tripartite, and bases his statement on a study of the principal festivals.
[333] Om en nordisk årstredelning, p. 248. I cannot however agree with the author in the direction indicated by the sub-title of his essay: “Is a trace of an old Germanic tripartite division of the year to be observed in our popular festivals?”
[335] For exceptions see Bilfinger, I, 8 ff.
[336] Bilfinger has brought forward his opinion with great penetration and wide learning, but his reasoning cannot stand before a searching criticism such as that amassed by Ginzel, III, 58 ff., and Brate, Nordens äldre tideräkning, Program of the Södermalm College, Stockholm, 1908, pp. 17 ff., and in particular developed and more profoundly based by Beckman, Alfræði, Intro. pp. 1 ff.; cp. an article by the same author in the Norwegian periodical Maal og Minne, 1915, p. 198. I might content myself with a simple reference to Beckman, since I agree with him on all important points, but as his article is written in Swedish and is therefore probably inaccessible to many, I add the following note which in the main was written long before it now appears, originally in connexion with my studies in the primitive history of the Christmas festival, worked out in the year 1914.
In point of fact it seems as though the objection which Bilfinger in his study of the Yule-tide festival, II, 120, note, makes against the criticism of Finnur Jonsson has not been answered (before Beckman): the objection is that no notice is taken of the fundamental idea of Bilfinger’s work on the Old Icelandic year—the cardinal point around which his whole demonstration revolves—viz. the relation of the Old Icelandic calendar to the calculation of Easter. Granting that the still heathen Icelanders or Norwegians knew the week (the Germanic peoples took over the week while yet in their heathen period, see my Studien zur Vorgeschichte des Weihnachtsfestes, Archiv f. Religionswiss., 19, 1918, p. 118) and made use of it in counting time, and that they later learnt approximately to know the length of the year—which is very easily conceivable in view of their lively intercourse with other nations—we have the elements out of which their calendar was developed, viz. the week and the year. To these must be added the old-established divisions of the year, summer and winter, which, on account of their importance for civil life, were introduced as fixed periods of time into the calendar. As a result of the adjusting of the reckoning in weeks to the year of 365, in leapyear 366, days, there arose a week-year with periodic interpolations of an embolimic week. This of necessity agrees with Bilfinger’s so-called ‘mean Easter year’, since both are constructed out of the same elements, it being assumed only that the week-days of the one calendar correspond to those of the other, and this is the case, since the week came to Iceland from the south. Bilfinger is not correct in calling (I, 71) the shifting Easter period a fragment of a week-year: in so doing he shuts his eyes to what he himself terms the quinary factor, i. e. that Easter Sunday falls varyingly on one of the five Sundays between March 22 and April 25 (the other days of the Paschal term being fixed accordingly). This fact, as has long ago been observed, makes the Easter period a fragment of a lunisolar year. A further development would lead to a lunisolar year that also took into account the reckoning in weeks. Bilfinger’s view of the matter is that the Icelanders for the sake of convenience eliminated the quinary factor from the Easter reckoning by taking the mean Easter Thursday as a fixed point of departure instead of letting the calendar follow the actual variation of this day: this roundabout method is unnecessary since the same result is arrived at by basing a system of time-reckoning on the year and the week. The aim of the Icelandic calendar, according to Bilfinger, was to fix the beginning of summer, a legally very important term. If this was the object in view it was, as Brate remarks (p. 21), not attained, for this day, Thursday of the week April 9–15, may fall in the Passion week so that it becomes useless for all business purposes. This proves on the contrary that the fixing of the beginning of summer is pre-Christian.
The last objection to Are’s account of the introduction of the Icelandic calendar, which Finnur Jonsson and Brate have allowed to stand, must also fall. According to Are the cyclical interpolation of a week was introduced by Torsten Surt about 960 A. D., while previously the year had 52 weeks, i. e. 1¼ days too few. Bilfinger objects that such a year is unthinkable, since in the course of 40 years it must anticipate itself by 50 days, and therefore in 292 years must have run through the whole circle of the seasons: the mid-winter festival must therefore for one generation have fallen in summer. Theoretically the objection is valid, but in practice not so (cp. the Egyptian shifting year), and the old calendars are administered practically. In the effort to arrive at an embolimic cycle mistakes are at first made, and the agreement with the solar year is once more brought about by means of intercalations irregularly introduced for practical reasons. How the ancient Roman calendar was treated we know: by the end of the Republic it had become thoroughly disorganised as a result of intercalations made for political purposes. Moreover the Roman year with its average length of 366¼ days was from the beginning not a whit better than the year of 364 days ascribed by Are to the Icelanders before Torsten Surt. We learn from inscriptions that in Athens still more irregular intercalations were made during the last decades of the 5th century. Such intercalations are the ruin of any system, but chronology must work with a system, and this fact often blinds the eye of the chronological student to the irregularity in the practical treatment of the calendar. Irregular intercalations of this kind are not indeed attested for Iceland, but it is evident that they must always appear of themselves in a defective calendar. The possibility of a treatment of this kind existed, since the spokesman of the laws had to proclaim publicly every year to the assembled people in the Althing notices about the calendar for the following year, among which the announcement of the intercalation held a special place. In these arguments I find myself in agreement with Beckman: I also agree with his statement as to the gradual increase in accuracy in the formation of the Icelandic week-calendar under the influence of the ecclesiastical calendar.
We conclude then that the cardinal points of the Icelandic calendar, which recur throughout Scandinavia and fall about three weeks behind the equinoxes or the solstices, are not of Christian origin: the agreement with what Bilfinger terms the ‘mean Easter Thursday’ is accidental. The date is due to climatic conditions. A contributory factor may have been the circumstance that mid-winter and midsummer fall just at the places where a shortening or lengthening of the day becomes observable.
[337] Småland and neighbouring provinces. Communicated by Dr. von Sydow.
[338] This practice has passed into the Lapp language: kess idja = week of the summer nights, talvidja = the winter nights. Wiklund, pp. 16 and 20.
[339] Þá skylldi blóta i móti vetri til árs, enn at miðjum vetri blóta til gróðrar; hit þriðja at sumri, þat var sigrblót—Heimskringla, Ynglingasaga, ch. 8.
[340] See e. g. [above, p. 70].
[341] Coquilhat, p. 367.
[342] Maass, p. 314. The names are those of the Arabic letters and also denote the years of an eight-year cycle, the years of which are said to be characterised by similar weather. The people are Islamite Malays. Astrology and the calendar have strongly influenced Sumatra and in particular Java; primitive modes of thought however recur under the surface.
[343] Brown, p. 331.
[344] Thurnwald, p. 346.
[345] Ibid.
[346] Routledge, p. 40.
[347] Hale, p. 105.
[348] Hastings, p. 132.
[349] Swoboda, p. 22.
[350] Brown, p. 331.
[351] Skeat and Blagden, I, 393.
[352] De Backer, p. 406.
[353] Hagen, p. 154.
[354] Brown, p. 347.
[355] Parkinson, p. 378.
[356] Cp. p. 57.
[358] Loango Exp., III: 2, 139.
[359] Roscoe, Baganda, pp. 37 ff.
[360] Id., Bantu, p. 72.
[361] Schiefner, pp. 191 ff.
[362] See [above, p. 75].
[363] Schiefner, pp. 198, 201 ff.
[364] Wirth, p. 211.
[365] Hale, pp. 106, 170.
[366] Mathias G., p. 211.
[367] Dennett, pp. 136 ff.
[368] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 264.
[369] Maass, p. 512.
[370] Evans, JRAI, 42, p. 395.
[371] Mommsen, Röm. Chronologie², pp. 47 ff.; bibliography in Ginzel II, 221 ff.
[372] Schulze, p. 369.
[373] Fabry, p. 224.
[374] Jenks, p. 219.
[375] Roscoe, Bantu, p. 140.
[376] Grabowsky, p. 102.
[377] Spieth, p. 311.
[378] Junod, Thonga, II, 282.
[379] Foa, p. 120. In these districts there are two seed-times and two harvests in the year.
[380] See [below ch. X].
[381] Schulze, p. 369.
[382] Musil, p. 256.
[383] Kisak Tamai, p. 97.
[384] von den Steinen, Globus, p. 246, n. 1.
[385] Ibid., p. 245: the last detail quoted from C. de Rochefort, Hist. naturelle et morale des Iles Antilles, Rotterdam, 1663, p. 56.
[386] Beverley, p. 181.
[387] Grimm, I, 85; Weinhold, Jahrt., p. 12.
[388] von den Steinen, Globus.
[389] Mathias G., p. 211.
[390] Weeks, JRAI, 39, 129.
[391] Schrader, II³, 227; Feist, p. 266.
[392] Cranz, I, 293.
[393] Nelson, p. 234.
[394] Mooney, Rep., p. 366.
[395] Dunbar, p. 1.
[396] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[397] Carver, p. 175.
[398] Powers, p. 77.
[399] Mallery, 4, p. 99.
[400] Hill Tout, pp. 34, 33.
[401] von den Steinen, Globus, p. 245.
[402] Weeks, Bakongo, p. 308.
[403] Handbook, p. 189.
[404] MacCauley, p. 524.
[405] Sechefo, p. 932, note 1.
[406] Stannus, p. 288.
[407] Wilson, p. 297.
[408] Musil, p. 227.
[409] Read, p. 64.
[410] Schrader, II³, 227; Feist, pp. 266 ff.
[411] De la Vega, I, 199.
[412] Johnstone, p. 266.
[413] Lane’s Dictionary, s. v.
[414] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 263 ff.
[415] Fornander, I, 124; cp. 119.
[416] Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 87.
[417] Codrington, p. 349.
[418] Prellwitz, in Festschr. für Friedländer, pp. 382 ff.; Türk, Hermes, 31, 1896, pp. 647 ff.
[420] Stannus, p. 288.
[421] Johnstone, p. 266.
[422] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[423] R. T. Str., p. 225.
[424] Fabry, p. 224.
[425] Thomas, Edo, p. 18.
[426] Foa, p. 120.
[427] Schulze, p. 369.
[428] Kisak Tamai, p. 97.
[429] Reed, p. 64.
[430] Mathias G., pp. 211 ff.
[431] Thomson, I, 198.
[432] Hammar, p. 156.
[434] Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 86.
[435] Hollis, Masai, pp. 261 ff.
[436] Holland, p. 234.
[437] Johnstone, JRAI, 32, p. 266.
[438] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 263 ff.
[439] Nicolovius, p. 7.
[440] von Brenner, p. 195.
[441] Hose and McDougall, II, 214.
[442] Cranz, I, 293; Dalsager, p. 55; Egede, p. 132.
[443] Alberti, p. 68.
[444] Drake, p. 279.
[445] Schulze, p. 369.
[446] Roscoe, JRAI, 32, p. 72; cp. id., Baganda, p. 37.
[447] Sprenger, pp. 137 ff.
[448] Ginzel, I, 251.
[449] Claus, p. 39.
[450] Merker, p. 156.
[451] Irle, pp. 222 ff.
[452] Heckewelder, pp. 525 ff.
[453] Dunbar, p. 1.
[454] Mooney, Siouan Tribes, p. 32.
[455] Mallery, 4, p. 88.
[456] Russel, p. 36.
[457] King, p. 215.
[458] Cp. King, pp. 95, 130, 143, 144.
[459] Kugler, Sternd. II: 1, pp. 153 ff.; Ed. Meyer, Gesch., I: 2², 331, together with the bibliography there given.
[460] Thureau-Dangin, Journal asiatique, 14, 1909, p. 337.
[461] King, pp. 146, 95.
[462] Kugler, Sternd., II, 236 ff.; King passim.
[463] King, p. 190.
[464] Ed. Meyer, Gesch., I, 2², 31 and 148, Chronol. pp. 185 ff., and elsewhere.
[465] See [above, pp. 91 ff].
[467] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[468] Il. XXII, 25 ff. translated by P. S. Worsley.
[469] Cp. my article in Arch. f. Religionswiss., 14, 1911, p. 429.
[470] Od. XI, 17; XII, 380; see [above, p. 35].
[471] ἀστέρ’ ὀπωρινῷ ἐναλίγκιον. ὅστε μάλιστα λαμπρὸν παμφαίνῃσι λελουμένος Ὠκεανοῖο—II. V, 5: ‘bathed in the Ocean’, since Sirius at his rising emerges like the sun from the ocean.
[472] οὔλιος ἀστὴρ παμφαίνων—II. XI, 62.
[473] ὀψὲ δυόντα Βοώτην—Od. V, 272.
[474] Il. XVIII, 489; Od. V, 275.
[475] οὐδέ οἱ ὕπνος ἐπὶ βλεφάροισιν ἔπιπτεν Πληιάδας τ’ ἐσορῶντι καὶ ὀψὲ δύοντα Βοώτην ἄρκτον κ. τ. λ.—Od. V, 271 ff., translated by A. S. Way.
[476] Il. XVIII, 486.
[477] Od. XIII, 93.
[478] Op., vv. 528 ff.
[479] vv. 414 ff.
[480] Pfeiffer, pp. 1 ff.
[481] Alcaeus, fr. 28a Matth.:—τέγγε πλεύμονα ϝοίνῳ· τὸ γὰρ ἄστρον περιτέλλεται. Cp. Theognis vv. 1039 f.
[482] Aeschylus, Agam., vv. 4 ff., translated by E. Thring.
[483] Schol. Aesch. Prom., 457; Soph. Palam., fr. 399 N2.
[484] Aesch., Prom., 453 ff., translated by R. Whitelaw.
[485] Soph., Oed. Rex, v. 113,—ἐξ ἦρος εἰς ἀρκτοῦρον ἑκμήνους χρόνους.
[486] Gundel, pp. 99 ff.
[487] Rehm.
[488] Sprenger, pp. 162 ff.
[489] Bogoras, II, 307 ff.
[490] Egede, pp. 131 ff.
[491] Holm, 10, 142, and 39, 106 and 85.
[492] Schiefner, p. 204.
[493] Swanton, p. 427.
[494] Carver, p. 253.
[495] Heckewelder, p. 527.
[496] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 110.
[497] Gatschett, p. 666.
[498] Dorsey and Swanton, p. 203.
[499] Du Bois, pp. 162 ff.
[500] Columbus, p. 635.
[501] von den Steinen, Zentralbras., pp. 359 ff., 436, 513.
[502] Krause, p. 340.
[503] Teschauer, pp. 734 ff.
[504] Nordenskiöld, Indianlif, p. 273, Indianer och hvita, p. 173.
[505] Ehrenreich, pp. 44 f., 72.
[506] Molina, pp. 319 f.
[507] Spieth, p. 557.
[508] Thomas, Ibo, p. 127.
[509] Arcin, p. 394.
[510] Weeks, Bakongo, pp. 293 ff.
[511] Weeks, JRAI, 39, pp. 417 ff.
[512] Westermann, p. 104.
[513] Claus, p. 39.
[514] Junod, Thonga, II, 285.
[515] Loango Exp., III: 2, pp. 135 ff.
[516] Schulze, pp. 367 ff.
[517] Bleek, p. 108.
[518] Rivers, pp. 593 ff.
[519] Skeat and Blagden, II, 724.
[520] Hose and MacDougall, II, 213 f., 139.
[521] Many names of stars are given, e. g. by Ridley and MacPherson, others by Kötz, pp. 30 ff. I give only a few examples; cp. also pp. [131 ff]. and [144].
[522] Spencer and Gillen, Central Australia, pp. 565 f., North. Tribes, pp. 628 ff.
[523] Strehlow, I, 19 f., 21 f., 24; II, 9.
[524] Howitt, pp. 431 f.
[525] Parker, pp. 95 ff.
[526] Ridley, p. 274.
[527] Brough-Smyth, I, 433, quoted by Kötz, p. 37.
[528] See [below, pp. 139 ff].
[529] R. T. Str., p. 219.
[530] Rivers, Mel., I, 173.
[531] Ibid., II, 552, quoting Parkinson, p. 376, from the statement of a native Moanu.
[532] Thurnwald, pp. 340 ff.
[533] Codrington, p. 348.
[534] Forster, p. 442.
[535] Wegener, p. 148.
[536] Erdland, pp. 24 ff.
[537] von Bülow, 72, p. 238.
[538] See further Kötz, pp. 43 ff.
[539] Mathias G., pp. 209 f.
[540] Wegener, p. 148.
[541] Brandeis, p. 78.
[542] Forster, p. 442.
[543] Fornander, I, 127, note 1.
[544] Dibble, p. 107.
[545] Taylor, p. 363.
[547] Christians, pp. 388 ff.
[548] Hale, p. 68.
[549] See [pp. 123], [125], [132], [136], [138], [139], [144].
[550] On this special point Andree has collected much material, which has been considerably augmented by Frazer.
[551] Bleek and Lloyd, I, 338 f.
[552] Schulze, p. 367.
[553] Parker, p. 95; cp. [above, p. 122].
[554] McKellar, quoted by Frazer, p. 307; cp. Ridley, p. 279; [below, p. 144].
[555] Strehlow, pp. 9 and 19 ff.
[556] Stanbridge, in MacPherson, pp. 71 ff.
[557] Brough-Smyth, in Kötz, p. 43.
[558] Dawson, quoted by Frazer, p. 308.
[559] Bogoras, II, 307.
[560] L’Heureux, JRAI, 15, 301.
[561] Wilson, quoted by Andree, p. 364; McClintock, quoted by Frazer, p. 311.
[562] Fewkes, quoted by Frazer, p. 312.
[563] Koch-Grünberg, II, 203 ff.
[564] Teschauer, pp. 734 ff.
[565] von den Steinen, Globus, p. 245.
[566] Cp. above p. 49.
[567] Gilij, II, 21.
[568] Grubb, quoted by Frazer, p. 309.
[569] De Angelis; Frazer, p. 309.
[570] Nordenskiöld, Indianer och hvita, pp. 173, 113.
[571] Id., Indianlif, p. 169.
[572] Frazer, p. 310, with references.
[573] Moffat, quoted by Frazer, p. 316.
[574] Kidd: Frazer, p. 116.
[575] McCall Theal: Frazer, p. 316.
[576] Callaway, p. 39.
[577] Junod, Thonga, II, 286.
[578] Stannus, p. 289.
[579] Hobley, JRAI, 41, 442.
[580] Hollis, Masai, pp. 275 ff.; cp. below, pp. [201 f].
[581] Globus, 82, 1902, p. 177.
[582] Winterbottom, quoted by Frazer, p. 318.
[583] Weeks, Bakongo, pp. 293 ff.
[584] See [above, p. 93].
[585] Weeks, 39, p. 129.
[586] Loango Exp., III: 2, pp. 135 and 138.
[587] Arcin, p. 394.
[588] St. John, I, 213 ff.
[589] Schaank, quoted by Andree, p. 364.
[590] Hose and McDougall, I, 109; II, 139, 213.
[591] Hose, JRAI, 23, p. 168.
[592] Schaank, quoted by Andree, p. 364.
[593] Nieuwenhuisen, quoted by Frazer, p. 315.
[594] Marsden: Frazer, p. 315.
[595] von Spreeuwenberg: Frazer, p. 313.
[596] Neuhauss: Frazer, p. 313.
[597] Haddon: Frazer, ibid.
[598] Haddon, p. 303.
[599] R. T. Str., pp. 218 ff.
[600] Landtman, pp. 482 ff.
[601] Codrington, p. 348.
[602] Brown, p. 332.
[603] Parkinson, pp. 377 ff.
[604] Wheeler, p. 37.
[605] Guppy, quoted by Frazer, p. 313.
[606] Thurnwald, pp. 340 ff.
[607] Codrington, p. 348.
[608] Christians, pp. 388 ff.
[609] von Bülow, 72, p. 238; the author expresses himself erroneously, as if it were a case of the entrance of a planet into a constellation, instead of the position of a fixed star.
[610] Pfeiffer, pp. 1 ff.
[611] See [above, pp. 130 f]., [137], [131], [125 f].
[612] G. Schmidt, quoted by Frazer, p. 317.
[613] Ridley, p. 279.
[614] Parker, pp. 95 ff.; cp. [above, p. 131].
[615] Ridley, p. 273.
[616] Manning, p. 168; cp. Frazer, p. 308.
[617] Reuterskiöld, pp. 72 and 119.
[619] Weeks, Bakongo, pp. 293 ff.
[620] Hollis, quoted by Frazer, p. 317.
[621] Nordenskiöld, Indianer och hvita, p. 173.
[622] Abbot, p. 70.
[623] Nordenskiöld, Kulturhist., p. 219.
[624] The Caffres—Alberti, p. 68; probably also among the ‘wild’ Kubu of Sumatra—Hagen, p. 155.
[625] Partridge, p. 244.
[626] Oliveau, p. 343.
[627] von Bülow, 93, 251.
[628] Spieth, p. 311.
[629] Sechefo, 4, p. 931.
[631] Macdonald, p. 291.
[632] Sechefo, p. 932.
[633] Thomas, Ibo, p. 127.
[634] Schoolcraft, II, 177.
[635] Roscoe, Bantu, p. 140.
[636] Spieth, p. 556.
[637] Stannus, p. 288.
[638] MacCaulay, p. 525.
[639] Thurnwald, p. 331.
[640] See further Frazer, IV: 2, 140 ff.
[641] Howitt, p. 428.
[642] Hanserak, p. 44.
[643] Musters, p. 203.
[644] Carver, p. 175.
[645] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[646] Seligmann, p. 193.
[647] Wollaston, p. 132.
[648] Thurnwald, pp. 332 ff.
[649] Bleek and Lloyd, I, 415.
[650] Livingstone, p. 235.
[651] Junod, Thonga, I, 51; II, 283.
[652] Roscoe, Bantu, p. 139 f.
[653] Gutmann, p. 238.
[654] Thomas, Ibo, p. 127.
[655] Stow, p. 112.
[656] Foa, p. 120.
[657] Arch. f. Anthropol., 12, 1913, p. 152.
[658] Møller, p. 50.
[659] Strabo, III, 4, 16 (p. 164).
[660] Coeunt, nisi quid fortuitum et subitum inciderit, certis diebus, cum aut inchoatur luna aut impletur: nam agendis rebus hos auspicatissimum initium credunt—Tac., Germ., XI.
[661] With this section cp. Webster, ch. V, Lunar Superstitions and Festivals.
[662] Spencer, p. 456.
[663] Cp. [below, p. 160].
[664] Homfray, p. 61.
[665] Man, p. 337.
[666] Heckewelder, p. 527.
[667] Reed, p. 64.
[668] Hambruch, p. 57.
[669] Krause, p. 339.
[670] Schulze, p. 370.
[671] Spencer, p. 333.
[672] Spencer and Gillen, Centr. Austr., p. 565.
[673] Junod, Thonga, II, 283.
[674] Cp. [above, p. 150].
[675] Spieth, p. 556.
[676] Skeat and Blagden, II, 660.
[677] Jenks, p. 219.
[678] Scheerer, p. 158.
[679] Brown, p. 332.
[680] Thurnwald, pp. 330 ff.
[681] Ray, in R. T. Str., p. 225.
[682] von den Steinen, p. 358.
[683] Ibid., p. 435.
[684] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[685] Adriani, quoted by Winkler, p. 440.
[686] Adriani and Kruijt, II, 264 ff.
[687] von Krämer, I, 356 ff.
[688] Malo, pp. 54 ff.
[689] Fornander, I, 120 ff.
[690] Fornander, p. 126.
[691] Mathias G., p. 211.
[692] Tregear, JRAI, 19, p. 114.
[693] Forster, pp. 439 ff.; cp. Tregear, Maori Dictionary, App. A.
[694] The names of the days (Ellis, Polyn. Res.³, I, 88) are very similar to those of Tahiti; cp. also Wegener, p. 147, n. 1.
[695] Collected by Christians, pp. 387 ff.
[696] These expressions give the time of day, cp. [above, p. 150].
[697] Hollis, Nandi, pp. 95 ff.
[698] Ginzel, I, 243.
[699] Boas, p. 648.
[700] Radloff, p. 308.
[701] Wirth, p. 364.
[702] Claus, p. 38.
[703] Hagen, pp. 154 ff.
[705] Merker, p. 156, n. 1.
[706] The twice-recurring verse τοῦ μὲν φθίνοντος μηνὸς τοῦ δ’ ἱσταμένοιο in Homer, Od. XIV, 162 and XIX, 307; Hesiod, Op., v. 780. Cp. my Entstehung, pp. 27 and 30 f.
[707] [Below, pp. 188] and [206 f].
[708] Stevenson, p. 108.
[709] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 144.
[710] Merker, pp. 154 ff.
[711] Hesiod, Op., v. 773.
[712] See my remarks in Arch. f. Religionswiss., 14, p. 432.
[713] Barrett, p. 35.
[714] Stannus, p. 288.
[715] Gutmann, pp. 238 ff.
[716] Merker, pp. 154 ff.
[717] De Backer, p. 407; for the Andamanese cp. [above, p. 155].
[718] See the passage from a Babylonian Creation epic quoted by Boll in Pauly-Wissowa’s Realcykl. der klass. Altertumswiss., VII, 2551.
[719] Mausser, p. 222.
[720] Compare the corresponding Chukchee months cited by Bogoras, below p. 220.
[721] Jochelson, Koryak, p. 428.
[722] Jochelson, Yukaghir, p. 41.
[723] Nelson, pp. 234 ff.
[724] Boas, Eskimo, pp. 644 ff.
[725] Dalsager, pp. 54 ff.; cp. Cranz, I, 293 ff.
[726] Schiefner, p. 204.
[727] Swanton, Tlingit, pp. 425 ff.
[728] Teit, Shuswap, pp. 517 ff.
[729] Teit, Thompson, pp. 237 ff.
[730] Ibid., pp. 238 ff.
[731] Teit, Lillooet, pp. 223 f.
[732] Boas, Kwakiutl, pp. 412 ff.
[733] Hill Tout, JRAI, 34, p. 34.
[734] Ibid., pp. 334 ff.
[735] Cp. the lists from the Yakuts p. 179 and the Tunguses p. 178.
[736] Hale, pp. 210 ff.
[737] Hastings, p. 66.
[738] De la Potherie, II, 331.
[739] Carver, pp. 175 ff.
[740] The translator quotes Loskiel, Gesch. der Mission der evangelischen Brüder unter die Indianer in Nordamerika, Barby, 1789.
[741] Heckewelder, p. 524.
[742] Jenks, Wild Rice, pp. 1089 f.
[743] Riggs, Dict., s. v. wi, ‘moon’.
[744] Clark, p. 16.
[745] Fletcher and La Flesche, p. 111.
[746] Mooney, Kiowa, pp. 368 ff.
[747] Dunbar, p. 1.
[748] Gatschet, p. 1.
[749] Beverley, p. 4.
[750] Clark, p. 372.
[751] Matthews, p. 4.
[752] MacCauley, p. 524.
[753] Bushnell, p. 17.
[754] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[755] Fewkes, 15, p. 256.
[756] Stevenson, p. 108.
[757] Handbook, p. 189, from Cushing.
[758] Russel, p. 36.
[759] Hastings, p. 69.
[760] E. g. Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 200.
[761] Chervin, p. 229; Nordenskiöld, Kulturh., p. 219.
[762] Gilij, II, 233.
[763] Krause, p. 339.
[764] Schulze, p. 370.
[765] Sechefo, 4, 931 ff., 5, 71 ff.
[766] Macdonald, JRAI, 19, p. 291.
[767] Junod, Ronga, II, 284 ff.
[768] Irle, p. 224.
[769] François, Nama und Damara, Magdeburg, 1895, p. 185 f., quoted from Ginzel, II, 142.
[770] Loango Exp., III: 2, 139.
[771] Burrows, p. 56. The land extends from 23° W. long., and runs eastwards to the Nile at the most northerly point of the Congo Free State.
[772] Westermann, pp. 103 and 299.
[773] Hobley, Akamba, pp. 52 ff.
[774] Barret, JRAI, 41, p. 35.
[775] Cole, p. 323.
[776] Hollis, Nandi, pp. 94 ff.
[777] Gutmann, pp. 239 ff.
[778] Mischlisch, p. 127.
[779] Thomas, Edo, p. 18.
[780] Etudes ethnogr., Rev. de Madag., août 1904, p. 148 f.
[781] Antan. Annual, 1886, p. 237.
[782] Grandidier, pp. 384 ff.
[783] Newbold, II, 356 ff.
[784] von Bremer, p. 233.
[785] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[786] Ginzel, I, 422 ff.; Friederich, p. 87.
[787] Forbes, p. 429.
[788] Cp. Landtman, p. 482. My additions are in brackets.
[789] See [above, p. 57].
[791] Christians, pp. 389, 394.
[792] Christians, p. 393, after Kubary.
[793] Kubary, pp. 107 ff.
[794] Hale, p. 68.
[795] Ibid., pp. 391 ff.
[796] Meineke, p. 105.
[798] Thomson, I, 198, Taylor, p. 362. The list is Taylor’s: Thomson’s is not so full, and is distinguished from the other in assigning a later position to the phases of the vegetation; it must therefore come from a more southerly district.
[799] Martin, II, Vocabulary, s. v. mahina, ‘moon, month’.
[800] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³, I, 86.
[801] Forster, pp. 438 ff.
[802] Fornander, I, 125.
[803] von Bülow, Globus, 72, p. 239; G. Turner, A hundred years ago and long before, London, 1884, makes the same statement, Krämer (I, 356) differs very little from it; cp. also Hale, pp. 169 ff. A quite different list is to be found in a work inaccessible to me—Pratt and Frazer, Some Folk-songs and Myths from Samoa, R. Soc. of New S. Wales, XXIII, 1891, p. 121. It is worth noting that here two names of months are said to mean a demon, another a forest spirit.
[804] Lister, p. 53.
[805] Dibble, pp. 24 ff.; Fornander, I, 119.
[806] Haddon, p. 303; so also R. T. Str., p. 225.
[807] Spencer and Gillen, Centr. Austr., p. 25.
[808] Spencer, p. 444.
[809] Codrington, pp. 349 ff.
[810] Brown, pp. 331 ff.
[811] Bogoras, I, 51 ff.
[813] Jenks, p. 219.
[814] Mooney, Kiowa, p. 368.
[816] Above, p. 183.
[817] Forster, p. 371.
[822] Thomas, Ibo, I, 127.
[823] Mathias G., p. 211.
[825] [Above, pp. 178], [180].
[830] Dubois, p. 165.
[834] The explanations given by Muss-Arnolt are known to me only through Ginzel, I, 117 ff.
[835] The respective explanations are from Kugler, II: 1, pp. 176 ff., and Thureau-Dangin.
[836] Hrozný, pp. 85 ff.
[837] I Kings, Chap. VI and VIII.
[838] Dillman, p. 926, König, p. 612 ff., and elsewhere.
[840] Schiaparelli, A. Test., p. 139.
[841] König, p. 636.
[842] Wellhausen, Proleg., p. 110.
[843] See [below, pp. 272 ff].
[844] Finally discussed by Marti.
[845] I Kings VI, vv. 1, 37, and 38; VIII, 2.
[846] Exod. II, 2, Moses’ mother ‘hid him three months’.
[847] i. e. ‘month of the days’, Deut. XXI, 13, II Kings XV, 13.
[848] Deut. XXXIII, 14.
[850] I have examined the passages by the aid of Mandelkern’s Concordance and the analysis of sources in Kautzch’s translation of the Bible: for the numbered months cp. also Wellhausen, Proleg., p. 110.
[851] I Sam. XX.
[852] First in the somewhat later narrative of Elisha, II Kings IV, 23; then in Amos VIII, 5; Isaiah I, 13; XLVII, 13; LXVI, 23, etc.
[853] Num. XXIX, 6; XXVIII, 11, 14,
[854] I Sam. XX, 28, ‘the morrow after the new moon’.
[855] First the Yahwist, Ex. XXXIV, 18, and his reviser, XIII, 4 ff.; XXIII, 15; XXXIV, 18; further the Deuteronomist, XVI, 1, and in Ex. XII, 2.
[856] Judges XI, 37 ff.
[857] One month: Lev. XXVII, 6; Num. III, (often); IX, 22; XVIII, 16; XXVI, 62; I Kings IV, 7, 27; V, 14 (in the history of Solomon); several months: I Sam. XXVII, 7 (the old History of the Kings); II Sam. II, 11; V, 5; VI, 11; XXIV, 8, 13; I Kings XI, 16; II Kings XV, 8; Deut. XXIII, 31; XXIV, 8.
[858] The Elohist, Gen. XXIX, 14; the Yahwist, Num. XI, 20; Jud. XIX, 2; XX, 47.
[859] See [below, pp. 272 ff].
[860] Enumerated by Ginzel, I, 240; cp. Wellhausen, Reste, p, 94, note 1.
[861] Wellhausen, Reste, pp. 96 (with note 1), 97.
[862] Cranz, I, 293, Dalsager, p. 54; cp. Holm, 10, p. 141, and 39, p. 105, respectively.
[864] Mallery, 4, p. 99; cp. Riggs, Grammar, p. 165.
[865] Dunbar, p. 1.
[866] Macdonald, p. 291.
[867] Friederich, p. 88.
[869] Winkler, p. 439.
[870] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[871] Maes, p. 627.
[872] Thomas, Ibo, I, 127.
[873] Beverley, p. 181.
[874] Jochelson, Yukaghir, p. 42.
[875] Jochelson, Koryak, p. 428.
[877] Matthews, p. 4.
[878] Carver, p. 175.
[881] Hollis, p. 334.
[882] Ginzel II, 41, 44.
[883] Dalman, p. 3.
[884] Boas, Eskimo, pp. 644 ff.
[885] Boas, Kwakiutl, pp. 412 ff.
[886] Dunbar, p. 1.
[887] Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 86.
[889] Dubois, p. 165.
[890] [Above, pp. 197] and [199].
[894] Petrus Martyr, De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, Basileae, 1521; quoted by Ginzel, I, 446, note 1.
[895] Loango Exp., III: 2, 138.
[896] Macdonald, p. 291.
[897] Friederich, p. 86.
[898] Taylor, p. 362.
[899] Thomson, I, 198.
[900] Tregear, p. 114.
[901] De Backer, p. 407.
[902] Brandeis, p. 78.
[903] Malo, p. 59.
[904] Quoted by Malo, p. 59, note 7.
[906] Winkler, pp. 436 ff.
[908] Wellhausen, Reste, pp. 88, 99.
[909] Sprenger, p. 144.
[910] Wellhausen, Reste, p. 96; Vakidi, pp. 17 ff.
[911] I cannot go further into this, but refer to Ginzel, I, 243 ff., though he has far from exhausted the subject. Wellhausen’s treatment (l. c.) is suggestive but too dogmatic, and he leaves the nasî out of account. More recently Moberg has examined in detail the Arabian traditions: for particulars of his researches I refer to his paper, Den muhammedanska traditionen i fråga om an-nasî, St. Tegn., pp. 465 ff. His conclusion is that originally nasî was partly the term for the insertion of the intercalary month, and also probably the name of the intercalary month itself.
[912] For quotations see Sprenger, pp. 145 ff., also Albiruni, in Ginzel I, 245.
[913] See my Entstehung etc., p. 47.
[914] Sprenger’s hypothesis that the pre-Mohammedan Arabians had the lunar year but that the feast of pilgrims was held before the full moon preceding the spring equinox is also false: for the names of months shew that the feast was connected with a definite month.
[915] I give here the English translation of Sachau, p. 73, which adds rabi I in brackets as an explanation. I am indebted to Prof. Moberg for the literal translation of the passage:—“The first nasî fell in the muharram, and safar was called by this name and rabi I by the name safar, and from this they let the months revolve in the series. The second nasî fell in safar, and the month following that (rabi I: Sachau) was again called safar, and so on, until the nasî had run through all twelve months and came back again to muharram.” As a result of the first intercalation rabi I became safar, therefore rabi II = rabi I, after the second the names are pushed another stage forwards, therefore the original safar = after the first intercalation rabi I, after the second rabi II. I have added a reference to the original situation.
[916] Caussin, p. 349.
[918] Kugler, Erg., p. 153.
[919] Kugler, I, 35 ff., II, 88 ff.
[921] Kugler, I, 228 ff., Erg., p. 169.
[922] The connexion of the number of the 12 signs of the zodiac with the months has often been contested, but in my opinion erroneously.
[923] Kugler, Erg., p. 131; cp. also Weissbach, pp. 281 ff.
[924] For a general view I refer to Bezold’s essay.
[925] Cp. [above, p. 243].
[926] See Landsberger, pp. 44 ff.
[927] Ibid., p. 30, note 4.
[928] Kugler, II, 187 ff.; Weidner, Memnon, 6, 65 ff.
[929] Kugler, II, 248 ff.
[930] Kugler, II, 253, and elsewhere: the passage is often quoted.
[931] Schiaparelli, Bab., p. 229.
[932] Schiaparelli, Bab., p. 230.
[933] Weidner, p. 73; for the 27-year period in question see [below, p. 264].
[937] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.
[938] Dubois, p. 165.
[940] See my article Kalendæ Januariæ, Arch. f. Religionswiss., 19, 1918, in particular pp. 68 ff.
[941] R. T. Str., p. 226.
[943] Grabowsky, p. 102.
[944] Bartram, p. 483.
[945] Powers, p. 438.
[946] Callaway, pp. 406, 413.
[947] Johnstone, p. 266.
[948] Junod, Thonga, I, 368 ff.
[949] Leonard, pp. 434 ff.
[950] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³, I, 351.
[951] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.
[952] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 150.
[953] von Bülow, p. 239.
[954] Handbook, p. 189.
[955] Mooney, Kiowa, pp. 366 ff.
[956] Gatschet, p. 17.
[957] Bushnell, p. 17.
[958] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[959] Teit, Thompson Indians, p. 237.
[960] Teit, Shuswap, p. 518.
[961] Turner, p. 202.
[962] Jochelson, Yukaghir, p. 428.
[963] Holm, 10, p. 141, and 39, p. 105.
[965] See Dillmann, pp. 914 ff., König, pp. 624 ff., and the authorities there cited.
[966] Exod. XXIII, 16, XXXIV, 22.
[967] Cp. [above, p. 268].
[968] See [above, p. 234].
[969] Lev. XXIII, 24.
[970] Grubb, p. 139.
[971] Liebstadt, quoted by Frazer, p. 309.
[972] Teschauer, p. 736.
[973] Gumilla, quoted by Frazer, p. 310; cp. Gilij, [above, p. 49].
[974] von den Steinen in Globus, from old sources difficult of access and in part in manuscript.
[975] Kidd, quoted by Frazer, p. 116.
[976] Callaway, p. 397.
[977] Friederich, p. 86.
[978] Thurnwald, p. 342.
[979] Mathias G., p. 211.
[980] Ellis, Polyn. Res.³, I, 312.
[981] Ibid., p. 87; Wegener, p. 147.
[982] Ed. Meyer, Chron., p. 20.
[983] Cp. [above, pp. 248 f]., and especially the Pleiades year, pp. [274 ff].
[984] Grimm, p. 105.
[985] Abbot, pp. 11 ff.
[986] von Hahn, II, 111.
[987] Grimm, pp. 101 ff.
[988] Grimm, p. 104.
[989] Grimm, pp. 98 ff.
[990] koložeg, also December. The name cannot be taken as referring to the disc of the sun; popularly it is said that once it was so cold during this month that the people had to burn even their waggons in order to warm themselves.
[991] Yermoloff, p. 54.
[992] According to Yermoloff, p. 428, October.
[993] The Czechs have for some centuries distinguished červen and červenec as June and July respectively, or also:—‘the little č.’ = June, ‘the great č.’ = July.
[994] Yermoloff, p. 394.
[995] The much-disputed name Hornung is rightly explained by Bilfinger, Bes. Beil. des Staats-Anzeigers f. Württemberg, 1900, pp. 193 ff. It describes the month as ‘the one that has been curtailed of its rights’ (cf. Icel. hornungr), since it has fewer days than the others: cf. the Flemish term het kort mandeken. The same writer, Zts. f. deutsche Wortforschung 5, 1903, pp. 263 ff., satisfactorily explains Sporkel as the month in which the vines are pruned; the name Rebmonat has the same sense. Further he conjectures that as November is the slaughtering month and Louwmaend (= January) is the tanning month, Sellemaend takes its name from the sale of the hides.
[996] Ebner, p. 9.
[997] Ibid., p. 5.
[998] Weinhold, Mon., pp. 31 ff.
[1000] Tille, pp. 19 and 15.
[1001] This pair is evidently to be explained otherwise: cp. Bilfinger, [above, p. 289], [note 1].
[1002] Beda, De temp. rat., c. 15.
[1003] This interpretation however involves the difficulty that hreðe is usually written without h (Ekwall).
[1004] Hampson, I, 422 ff.
[1005] Bibl. der angelsächs. Poesie, herausgeg. v. C. W. M. Grein, II, Göttingen, 1858, pp. 1 ff.
[1006] Hickes, I, 215.
[1007] The quotations are given in the Oxford Dictionary; see further Hampson, II, 194.
[1008] Aubrey, Rom. Gentilisme, 1686–7.
[1009] Bilfinger, Unters., II, 125 ff.
[1010] Lið, ‘ship’, liða, ‘seafarer’ have short i and could not give þriliði.
[1011] F. Kluge, Nominale Stammbildungslehre, 2nd ed., 1899, p. 66. The word is used in Coloss. II, 16, and translates Greek νεομηνία; this word really means ‘new moon’, but in later Greek any festival. Hence it is not very surprising that Ulfilas should have put ‘full moon’ for νεομηνία.
[1012] Bilfinger, Unters., I, 7.
[1013] Worm, p. 48; Finn Magnusson in Edda III, 1044 ff., whence the translations are taken.
[1014] Edda III, 1044 ff.
[1015] Weinhold, Mon., p. 23, without giving source.
[1016] Worm, pp. 43 ff.
[1017] Hickes, I, 215, written Blindemanet.
[1018] Edda III, 1044 ff.
[1019] Hickes, loc. cit., has as variants 1, Ism., 10, Riidm., 11, Winterm.
[1020] The history of the Swedish list of months is dealt with in detail by the present writer in the essay De svenska månadsnamnen, Stud. Tegn., pp. 173 ff., to which the reader is referred for the documents.
[1021] Ibid., pp. 177 ff.
[1022] Bilfinger, Unters., I, 32.
[1023] Weinhold, Mon., pp. 38 and 58; Axel Olrik, Zeitschr. des Vereins f. Volkskunde, 20, 1910, p. 57.
[1024] Unters., I, 49 ff.
[1025] Celsius, pp. 211, 65.
[1026] Beckman, Stud. Tegn., pp. 200 ff.
[1027] Beckman, loc. cit., tries to prove the heathen origin of the computation of the disting and its independence of the Easter reckoning by the statement that the former follows the phenomena of the heavens, the latter the rule of computation, which may lead to a different result. Unfortunately this conclusion cannot be considered too binding, since for the people in general, who knew nothing about this rule,—how late in medieval times the rune-staves appeared we do not know, but certainly not at the beginning of the Middle Ages—it was still absolutely necessary to determine in some degree the time of fasting and the Easter time. And if the absolutely correct calculation could not be made, it was still better than nothing to have one that was at least approximate and easy to make. The fact that the moon of fasting was calculated from the phenomena of the heavens is expressly stated in the rule as given [above, p. 301].
[1028] Saga of Saint Olaf, ch. 76.
[1029] Olaus Andreae and Gerardus Erici, 1600; Petrus Gisæus, 1603.
[1030] Ny inkombling = ‘new-comer’, ‘intruder’.
[1031] Celsius, p. 111.
[1032] See [above, p. 299].
[1033] J. Häyhä, III, 101 ff.
[1034] There can here be no question of the Catholic regulation of the moons by the Epiphany Day, since if this were assumed the first heart-moon could not begin earlier than Dec. 27, and would therefore not come within the winter solstice, as the account says it must.
[1035] Schiefner, p. 217.
[1036] Wiklund, pp. 5 ff.
[1037] Act. soc. scient. fennicae, 12, 1883, p. 166.
[1038] See [above, p. 300].
[1039] Cranz, I, 293; Dalsager, p. 54.
[1040] Holm, 10, p. 141; 39, p. 105.
[1041] Ibid., 142, 104.
[1042] Turner, p. 202.
[1044] Stevenson, pp. 108 ff., cf. 148 ff.
[1045] Fewkes, pp. 256 ff.
[1046] Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 199 ff.
[1047] Callaway, p. 395.
[1048] Casalis, quoted by Frazer, p. 117.
[1049] Meier, pp. 706 ff.
[1050] Parkinson, p. 378.
[1051] Forster, p. 436.
[1052] Fornander, p. 127.
[1053] νῆσός τις Συρίη ... Ὀρτυγίης καθύπερθεν, ὅθι τροπαὶ ἠελίοιο—Od. XV, 403.
[1054] Hesiod, Op., 564 and 663 respectively.
[1055] Cf. my Årets folkliga fester, p. 157.
[1056] [Above, pp. 21 f].; so also Ginzel, III, 57.
[1057] Snorre’s Edda, I, 150; cf. [above, p. 21].
[1058] Flateyjarbók, I, 539.
[1059] Riste, pp. 6 and 8.
[1061] Nieuwenhuis, I, 317.
[1062] Ibid., I, 160.
[1063] Hose and McDougall, I, 106 ff.; unfortunately I have not had access to the work of Hose quoted by Frazer on p. 314, n. 3, Various Modes of computing the Time for Planting among the Races of Borneo, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, no. 42, Singapore, 1905.
[1064] Crawfurd, I, 300 ff.
[1065] Hose and McDougall, p. 108.
[1066] Ibid., I, 109; II, 139.
[1067] p. 104.
[1068] Mooney, Siouan Tribes, p. 32.
[1069] Powers, p. 352.
[1070] Du Pratz, III, 237 ff.
[1071] Dunbar, p. 1.
[1073] Alberti, p. 68.
[1074] Claus, p. 38.
[1076] Chervin, p. 229.
[1077] Roscoe, Baganda, p. 42.
[1078] Kötz, p. 21.
[1079] Swoboda, p. 22.
[1080] Reed, p. 64.
[1081] Codrington, p. 353.
[1082] Ibid., p. 272.
[1083] Thurnwald, p. 331.
[1084] Brandeis, p. 78.
[1085] Gatschet, p. 17.
[1086] Thomas, Austr., p. 27.
[1088] Jochelson, Yukaghir, pp. 40 ff.
[1089] Barrett, p. 35.
[1090] Stannus, p. 288.
[1091] Landtman, communicated by letter.
[1092] Weeks, Bakongo, pp. 199 ff.
[1093] Hammar, p. 156.
[1094] Torday and Joyce, 35, 413; 36, 47 and 277.
[1095] Weeks, p. 200.
[1096] Thomas, Edo, I, 18.
[1097] Thomas, Ibo, I, 127.
[1098] Loango Exp., III: 2, 139.
[1099] Ellis, Yoruba, pp. 142 ff.
[1100] [Above, p. 90]; Dennett, pp. 133 ff.
[1101] Conradt, p. 15.
[1102] Ellis, Tshi, p. 216.
[1103] Ibid., p. 219.
[1104] Thomas, Edo, I, 18.
[1105] Ellis, Yoruba, p. 149.
[1106] Wilken, p. 199.
[1107] Ibid., p. 200.
[1108] Ginzel, I, 414 ff.; Crawfurd, I, 289 ff., Wilken, pp. 197 ff.
[1109] References in Webster, pp. 103 ff., where also will be found more about the African market-days.
[1110] Garcilasso de la Vega, I, 6 and 35; Webster, pp. 119 ff.
[1111] Quoted from Hehn, p. 114.
[1112] II Kings, IV, 23.
[1113] Macrob., I, 16, 28 ff.
[1115] W. Backer, Zeitschr. f. d. altest. Wiss., 29, 1909, 148 ff.
[1116] Jerem. XVII, 21 ff.
[1117] Nehem. X, 31.
[1118] Nehem. XIII, 15 ff.
[1119] Spencer and Gillen, Nat. Tribes, pp. 169 ff.
[1120] P. 336.
[1122] Nieuwenhuis, I, 161.
[1123] Martin, p. 290.
[1125] Jenks, pp. 206 ff.
[1126] Leonard, pp. 434 ff.
[1127] Jochelson, Koryak, pp. 86 ff.
[1128] Cp. [above, p. 269].
[1129] Powers, p. 305.
[1130] Cp. Mauss, Essai sur les variations saisonnières des sociétés Eskimos, L’année sociologique, 9, 1904–5, pp. 96 ff. That the time of freedom from work should become a festival time is obvious and is simpler than Mauss seems to think; the point deserved noting among other peoples also.
[1131] Cp. my Årets folkliga fester, p. 161.
[1134] Du Pratz, II, 354 ff.
[1135] Foa, p. 120.
[1136] Nisbet, II, 287.
[1137] Kötz, p. 21.
[1138] P. 331; cp. the handbooks, and Förster’s essay.
[1139] Lev. XXIII, 5, 6, and 34; cp. Ezekiel XLV, 21 ff.
[1140] Exod. XXXIV, 18, XXIII, 15, le moed chodesh ha-abib; cp. Exod. XIII, 4 ff.
[1141] XVI, I.
[1143] Judges IX, 27; XXI, 19 f.; Nowack II, 151.
[1144] Exod. XXXIV, 22.
[1145] Numbers IX, 11 ff.
[1146] Perhaps Solomon also celebrated the dedication of the Temple and the Feast of Tabernacles in the same month: Nowack, II, 151, n. 2.
[1147] Cp. my article in Arch. f. Religionswiss., 14, 1911, p. 441, and my Entstehung etc., p. 33.
[1148] Warneck, pp. 350 ff.
[1150] Cranz, p. 229.
[1151] [Above, pp. 196] and [313].
[1152] [Above, pp. 195] and [313].
[1153] Ginzel, I, 436.
[1155] Chervin, p. 229.
[1158] Cp. my Entstehung etc., pp. 51 ff.
[1159] Friederich, p. 88.
[1160] Brough-Smyth, I, 432, quoted by Kötz, pp. 26 f.
[1162] R. T. Str., p. 224.
[1163] Gilij, II, 21.
[1165] Jenks, p. 219.
[1168] Macdonald, p. 291.
[1169] Hose and McDougall, pp. 106 ff.; cp. [above, p. 318].
[1170] [Above, pp. 318] and [317].
[1171] Crawfurd, I, 300 f.
[1172] Ellis, Tshi, p. 216.
[1173] Mischlich, p. 127.
[1174] Fewkes, pp. 258 ff.; cp. [above, p. 313].
[1175] Stevenson, p. 108 f.; cp. [above, p. 312].
[1176] W. D. Alexander, quoted by Malo, p. 59, n. 7.
[1177] Bastian, quoted by Kötz, p. 62.
[1178] White, quoted by Kötz, p. 63.
[1179] Loango Exp., III: 2, 138, note; cp. [above, p. 248].
[1182] Erdland, pp. 16 ff.; cp. [above, p. 126].
[1183] Parkinson, p. 377.
[1184] Kubary, p. 62.
[1185] Forster, p. 441; cp. [above, p. 125].
[1186] Kötz, p. 64.
[1188] Ellis, Pol. Res.³, I, 89 ff.
[1189] Maass, p. 512.
[1190] Feist, p. 262.
[1191] With this section compare my Entstehung etc., where a fuller discussion and authorities are given.
[1192] [Above, pp. 33 ff]., [46 f]., [72 f]., [110 ff].
[1193] ἠλιτόμηνος, Il. XIX, 118.
[1194] [Above, pp. 313] and [167].
[1195] Fotheringham in his interesting paper on Cleostratus (Journ. of Hell. Studies, 39, 1919, 177) tries to explain this alternation by the intercalation; if a month was intercalated the games would be transferred from Parthenios to Apollonios. This is in my opinion impossible. The Greek feasts were bound up with the months, which were named from some of them; this association prevented a feast from being transferred to a month with another name, i. e. the feast was fixed with reference to the name of the month, not to its number.
[1196] Axel W. Persson, Die Exegeten und Delphi, Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, vol. 14, 1918, Nr. 22.
[1197] [Above, p. 330]. My statement in Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, 14, 1911, pp. 435 and 448 n. 1, is to be tested by this. It agrees exactly.
[1198] See my Griechische Feste, p. 397.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Names beginning with Mc or Mac sometimes had a space before the rest of the name, for example ‘Mac Pherson’; this space has been removed.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
[Table of Contents]: ‘P. 78 NOTE 1’ replaced by ‘P. 78 NOTE 2’.
[Pg 48]: ‘nights in sucession’ replaced by ‘nights in succession’.
[Pg 73]: ‘grishna, hot season’ replaced by ‘grishma, hot season’.
[Pg 184]: ‘goose moonth’ replaced by ‘goose month’.
[Pg 207]: ‘lakabutik kiik’ replaced by ‘lakubutik kiik’.
[Pg 242]: ‘to accomodate their’ replaced by ‘to accommodate their’.
[Pg 264]: ‘astromony is’ replaced by ‘astronomy is’.
[Pg 338]: ‘Ifejiohu, god’ replaced by ‘Ifejioku, god’.
[Pg 375]: ‘London [1841]’ replaced by ‘London (1841)’.
[Pg 377]: ‘Meineke, C. E.’ replaced by ‘Meinicke, C. E.’.
[Pg 380]: ‘Vega, Garcilasso’ replaced by ‘Vega, Garcilaso’.
[Addendum]: ‘P. 78 NOTE 1’ (Footnote 335) replaced by ‘P. 78 NOTE 2’ (Footnote 336).
[Footnote 692]: ‘Treager’ replaced by ‘Tregear’.
[Footnote 693]: ‘cp. Treagear’ replaced by ‘cp. Tregear’.
[Footnote 728]: ‘Teit, Shushwap’ replaced by ‘Teit, Shuswap’.
[Footnote 900]: ‘Treagear, p.’ replaced by ‘Tregear, p.’.
[Footnote 923]: ‘Erg., 131’ replaced by ‘Erg., p. 131’.