On Molecular and Microscopic Science, Volume 2 (of 2)

by Mary Somerville

INDEX.

A

• Abrothallus, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
• Absorption of light and heat, i. 34
  • effects of, i. 35, 36
  • generally independent of colour, i. 36
  • Melloni’s investigations into the laws of, i. 38
  • Prof. Tyndall’s experiments, i. 38
  • amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfumes of flowers and plants, i. 43-45
  • experiments showing radiation to be equal to absorption, i. 46
  • great absorption of olefiant gas, i. 47
  • absorptive power of aqueous vapour, i. 53
  • dynamic absorption, i. 49
  • absorption a phenomenon irrespective of aggregation, i. 53
  • absorption of invisible rays by solids, liquids, and gases, i. 65
• Absorption bands in the red and green parts of the solar spectrum, i. 131
• Acalepha, the simple hydra a phase in the life of the, ii. [91]
• Acalephæ, Campanograde, characters of, ii. [103]
• Acalephæ, Ciliograde, characters of the, ii. [101]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [103]
• Acalephæ, Physograde, characters of, ii. [107]
• Acanthometræ, structure and habitat of, ii. [19]
• Acetic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Acetic fermentation, fungus producing, i. 288
• Acetylene, formation of, i. 97
• Acetylene, chemical composition of, i. 128
• Achlya prolifera, structure and reproduction of, i. 220
• Acids, their affinity for alkalies, i. 96
• Acineta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [77], [78]
  • food of, and mode of seizing it, ii. [78]
• Acorn-shell, structure of the, ii. [213]
• Acrocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
• Acrocladia mamillata, spines of the, ii. [180], [181]
• Acrosticheæ, characters of the, i. 359, 360
• Actinia sulcata, structure of, ii. [132]
• Actinian polype, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [130], [131]
• Actinian zoophytes, characters of, ii. [130], [131]
  • thread-cells, ii. [132]
  • structure of, ii. [134-136]
• Actinism of star-light, i. 55
  • of moon-light, i. 55
  • of sun-light, i. 56
• Actinocyclus undulatus, structure of, i. 199, 200
• Actinomma drymodes, structure of, ii. [21]
• Actinophrys sol, structure and reproduction of, ii. [16-18]
  • certain degree of instinct exhibited by, ii. [18]
  • its enemy, the Amœba, ii. [18]
• Adder’s tongue fern, i. 365
• Adiantieæ, characters of the groups, i. 358
• Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, or maiden’s-hair fern, structure and habitat of, i. 359
• Adriatic sea, Foraminifera in the ooze of the bed of the, ii. [51]
• Adularia, or moonstone, fluorescent property of, i. 66
• Æcidium, characters of, i. 280
• Ægean sea, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
• Æthalium septicum, structure and habitat of, i. 270-272
  • Amœba-like motions of, i. 270
  • mode of reproduction of, i. 271
• Affinity, chemical, of kind and of degree, i. 95
  • relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
• Agaricini, the order, i. 261
• Agaricus, the genus, i. 261, 263
  • structure of the, i. 263
• Agaricus arvensis, spawn of, i. 262
• Agaricus campestris, or common mushroom, i. 261
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 261
• Agaricus gardneri, luminosity of, i. 264
• Agaricus olearius, luminosity of, i. 264
• Air, a non-conductor of electricity, i. 32
  • amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
  • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • effect of the rays of the sun falling on the earth through pure dry air, i. 53
  • spectrum analysis of the component parts of the atmosphere, i. 139
• Air-vessel of Nereocystis Lutkeana, i. 249, 250
• Alaria esculenta, fruit of, i. 249
• Alaria Pylaii, fruit of, i. 249
• Albumen, formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Alcohol, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Alcyon zoophytes, characters of, ii. [119], [120]
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [120-123]
• Alcyonidium elegans, structure of, ii. [120]
• Alcyonium digitatum, or dead man’s fingers, structure of, ii. [121], [122]
• Aldebaran, spectrum of, i. 155
• Algæ, i. 179
  • classification of the group, i. 179-181
  • green Algæ, i. 181-220
  • zones or degrees of depth at which different Algæ exist, ii. [221], [258], [259]
  • brackish water often a cause of change in the form of Algæ, i. 245
  • colossal Algæ of the North Pacific, i. 245
  • rings of growth of some of the larger sea-weeds, i. 252
• Alizarine blue, from what obtained, i. 124, 125
• Alkalies, their affinity for acids, i. 96
• Alkaloids, chemical structure of, i. 427
• Allosorus crispus, or parsley fern, structure and habitat of, i. 358
• Allotropism, i. 8
  • of carbon, i. 15
• Alsophileæ, structure of, i. 360
• Alum, a free radiator but a bad conductor of radiant heat, i. 37
  • partial decomposition of, by diffusion, i. 109
  • manufacture of, i. 120
• Alumina, effect of electricity on, i. 32
• Aluminum, i. 4
  • spectrum of, i. 65
• Amalgams of metals, illustrating the relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
• Amansia, structure of, i. 242
• Amaryllidaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
• America, North, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
• Amidogen combines with other substances and simple atoms as if it were a simple element, i. 106
• Ammonia, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • characteristics and constituents of, i. 119
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
  • combination forming, i. 107
  • carbonate of, i. 119
  • extent of the manufacture of, i. 120
  • muriate of, i. 120
  • manufacture of, i. 120
  • sulphate of, i. 120
  • how manufactured, i. 120
• Ammonium, sulphide of, i. 119
• Amœba princeps, structure, motions, food, and reproduction of, ii. [13-16]
  • its capture of the Actinophrys, ii. [18]
  • a new species found in dust from Egypt, ii. [65]
• Amorphous substances, conduct of, under magnetic influence, i. 76
• Amphicora, two eye-specks in the tail of, ii. [158]
• Amphidetus, spines of the, ii. [180]
• Amphipoda, characters of the, ii. [201]
• Amphithoæ, structure of, ii. [203]
• Analysis, chemical, electricity and light instruments of, i. 95
  • the most powerful means of, i. 96
• Andræa subulata, leaves of, i. 330
• Andræaceæ, characters of the tribe, i. 328
• Angiocarpei, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 309, 310
• Angiopteris evecta, perfume from, i. 364, 365
• Angræcum sesquipedale, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 402
• Anguillulæ, eel-like entozoa, structure and habitat of, ii. [147], [148]
• Anemone, sea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [130], [131]
• Aniline, formation of the fulminate of, i. 92
  • combination forming, i. 107
  • how produced, i. 121, 122
  • constituents and characteristics of, i. 122
  • formation of the aniline colours, i. 122, 123
    • mauve, i. 122
    • magenta, i. 122
    • purple, i. 123
    • yellow, i. 124
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
• Aniline, acetate of, i. 123
• Animals, functions of the frame of, ii. [1]
  • sarcode and muscle, ii. [2]
  • blood, ii. [2]
  • waste and repair, ii. [3]
    • food, ii. [3]
  • animal heat, ii. [3]
  • the heart, digestion, heat, and respiration, ii. [4]
  • nerve-force of animals, ii. [4]
  • nervous system, ii. [5]
    • structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord, ii. [8]
  • intelligence, or the mental principle, in animals, ii. [11], [12]
• Anise seed, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Annelida, characters of the, ii. [149]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [160]
  • luminosity of, ii. [160]
  • fossil remains of, ii. [161]
• Annulosa, or worms, characters of, ii. [144]
• Anomura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [197]
• Antennaria Robinsonii, mode of reproduction of, i. 296
• Antennariei, structure of, i. 296
• Anthoxanthum odoratum, or sweet-scented vernal grass, mode of reproduction of, i. 386
• Anthozoa zoophytes, or living flowers, characters of, ii. [119]
• Antiaris toxicaria, causes of the virulence of, i. 426
  • fruit of, innocuous, i. 426
• Antozone, i. 8
• Aphrodita hystrix, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [159]
• Apolemia contorta, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [108], [109]
• Apple, fructification of the, i. 381
• Apus cancriformis, structure of the, ii. [210]
• Aqueous vapour, i. 53
  • absorptive power of, i. 53-55
• Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii, structure of, i. 199
• Arcella, structure and mode of formation of the shell of, ii. [21], [22], [23]
• Aregma speciosum, spores of, i. 276
• Arenicola, structure of, ii. [157]
• Arragonite, i. 108
  • external and internal alteration of, by heat, i. 108
• Artemia salina, structure of, ii. [210]
• Artocarpus, or bread-fruit tree, i. 426
• Arum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
  • water secreted by the, at night, i. 429
• Arundo Donax, size of the, i. 386
• Ascaris lumbricoïdes, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [147]
• Asci, or sporidia sacs, of Ascomycetes, i. 290
• Ascidia virginea, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. [224], [225]
• Ascidians, or Tunicata, character of, ii. [222]
  • compound or social gelatinous, ii. [222]
  • star-like, ii. [224]
• Ascomycetes, structure of, i. 290
• Ascophora elegans, fructification of, i. 226
• Ashes, i. 14
• Aspergillus dubius, spores of, i. 286
• Aspergillus glaucus, spores of, i. 286
• Asphalt, sources of, in various parts of the world, i. 126
• Aspidieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 346, 348
• Asplenieæ, characters and habitat of the group, i. 351, 352, 353
• Asplenium lanceolatum, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 354
• Asplenium marinum, structure and habitat, i. 355, 356
• Asplenium Ruta-muraria, or wall rue, structure, habitat, and reproductive organs of, i. 353, 354
• Asteroïdea, or star-fishes, characters of the, ii. [169]
  • fossil star-fishes, ii. [174]
• Athyrium Filix-fœmina, or lady fern, herbaceous caudex of, i. 340
  • structure and fructification of, i. 352, 353
• Atlantic Ocean, profound depths of, north and south, ii. [49]
  • foraminifera at great depths in the, ii. [49], [50]
• Atmolysis, or method of analysing gases, i. 111
• Atmosphere, effect of the heat radiated by the moon on the higher regions of the, i. 55
  • opalescence of the, and its effect on the chemical power of the sun’s light, i. 55
  • causes of this opalescence, i. 55
  • its permeability to every kind of chemical rays, i. 58
• Atmosphere of the sun, thirteen terrestrial substances in the, i. 59
• Atolls, or coral lagoons, ii. [140]
• Atoms or molecules of matter, power of atoms of matter on the rays of the solar beam, i. 58
  • aggregation of matter by electricity, i. 74
  • effect of the physical forces on molecular arrangement, i. 90, 91
  • proof of the individuality and polarity of the atoms of matter, i. 91
  • effect of motion, i. 91
• Atoms: effect of catalysis, i. 91
  • of matter, i. 2
  • cohesion of, i. 25
  • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
  • the atomic theory, i. 93
  • the law of definite proportions, in combination and resolution of the component parts of substances, i. 94
  • affinity of kind and of degree, i. 95
  • force of chemical combination, i. 97, 98
  • relative atomic weights, i. 99
    • table of atomic weights compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
    • relation between the atomic weights and the specific gravities of substances, i. 100
    • capacities of atoms for heat and electricity, i. 100, 101
  • law of equivalency in weight and volume, i. 102, 103
    • substitution the basis of this law, i. 104
    • sequence of atomic numbers, i. 105
  • groups of substances whose atomic weights are in regular arithmetical series, i. 106
  • groups of combined atoms called compound radicles, i. 106
  • the polyatomic theory, i. 107
  • the force of molecular attraction more powerful than gravitation, i. 109
  • internal movement of molecules of matter in a gaseous state, i. 113
• Aulocantha scolymantha, structure of, ii. [21]
• Avicula margaritacea, or pearl oyster, nacreous lining of shell of, ii. [234]
• Azores, the black mildew of the, i. 297
• Azote in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Azuline dye, production of, i. 123

B

• Babylon, the asphaltic mortar used in building, i. 126
• Bacillaria cursoria, motion of, i. 203
• Bacillaria paradoxa, motion of, i. 203
• Back, Sir George, his arctic journey, i. 308
• Bacteria, their structure, size and habitat, ii. [64]
• Bæomyces, structure of, i. 306
• Balanidæ, structure of, ii. [213]
• Balanus balanoïdes, development of, ii. [216]
• Balanus culcatus, structure of, ii. [213-215]
• Baldness caused by fungi, i. 275
• Balms, chemical combination forming the principle of the, i. 97
• Bamboo, size and structure of, i. 386
• Bangia, characters of the genus, i. 222
• Bangia ceramicola, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 223
• Bangia ciliaris, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
• Bangia fuscopurpurea, structure and reproduction of, i. 223
• Barium, i. 3
  • one of an isomeric triad with calcium and strontium, i. 105
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
  • effect of high temperature, i. 143
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Bark of trees, structure of, i. 406, 407
• Baryta, green coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
• Batarrea, structure of, i. 267
• Batrachospermeæ, habitat and structure of, i. 210
• Bean, common, fungus of the, i. 280
• Beans, caseine obtained from, i. 125
• Beer, yeast of, i. 287
• Beetles, fungi in the stomachs of, i. 274
• Begonia, structure and mode of reproduction, of, i. 376
• Bengal, Bay of, causes of the scarlet colour of the, ii. [72]
• Benzol, combination forming, i. 118, 127
  • constituents and characteristics of, i. 121
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
• Bergamot, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Beroë Forskalia, structure of the, ii. [102], [103]
• Bhang, whence obtained, i. 427
  • intoxicating effect of, i. 427
• Biddulphia pulchella, structure of, i. 198
• Bignonia, fructification of, i. 381, 382
• Bilin, polishing slate of, of what it consists, i. 206
• Biscay, Bay of, zones of Algæ in the, i. 259
• Bisection, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
• Bismuth, diamagnetism of, i. 75, 76
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Bittern, i. 18
• Bleaching properties of:—
  • chlorine, i. 19
  • bromine, i. 20
  • iodine, i. 21
• Blechnum Spicant, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 356, 357
• Blood, formation and functions of, ii. [2], [3]
• Blue dyes, i. 123, 124
• Bog moss, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 332
• Boleti, habitat and structure of the, i. 265
• Boletus æneus, large amount of heat evolved by, i. 265
• Bombyx rubi, fungi destructive of, i. 282
• Boron, i. 18
  • whence obtained, i. 18
  • insolubility of, i. 18
  • heat at which it burns, i. 18
• Botrychium, habitat of the genus, i. 366
• Botrychium Lunaria, or moonwort, structure and habitat of, i. 366
• Botryllidæ, or star-like Ascidians, ii. [224]
• Botrytis Bassiana, a fungus parasite of the silk-worm, i. 274
• Botrytis curta, development of, i. 294
• Botrytis, the cause of the murrain in potatoes, i. 284
  • structure of, i. 284
• Brachionus pala, structure of, ii. [162-166]
• Brachyura, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [189-197]
• Brackens, i. 358
• Brain, structure and functions of the, ii. [8]
• Branchipes stagnalis, structure of, ii. [210]
• Bread, fungus which attacks, hot from the oven, i. 296
• Bread-fruit tree, food obtained from the, i. 426
• Bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361
• Bromine, i. 18
  • whence obtained, i. 18
  • properties of, i. 20, 22
  • Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
  • spectrum of, i. 21
  • amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42, 43
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 140
• Bryei, characters and structure of the, i. 329
• Bryopsis, structure and habitat of, i. 219, 224
• Bryozoa, or Polyzoa, characters of, ii. [218]
• Buckthorn, green dye obtained from, i. 124
• Buds of trees, structure and functions of, i. 411
• Bugula avicularia, structure of, ii. [220]
• Bulbous plants, beauty of, i. 387
• Bulbous plants, structure and reproduction of, i. 388
• Bunt, germination of the spores of, i. 281

C

• Cadmium, i. 4
  • spectrum of volatilized cadmium, i. 64
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Cæomacei, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
• Cæsium, i. 3, 4
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • one of an isomeric triad with rubidium and potassium, i. 105
  • M. Bunsen’s discovery of the metal by spectrum analysis, i. 134, 135
  • mode of distinguishing it from potassium, i. 136
  • its properties, i. 136
  • changes in its spectrum by high temperature, i. 144
• Caffeine, the neutral crystallisable principle of coffee, i. 428
• Caladium distillatorium, water secreted by at night, i. 429
• Calanus, structure and social habits of the, ii. [206]
  • bloody water formed by the, ii. [206]
• Calanus pontilla, structure of, ii. [206]
• Calanus sanguineus, structure of, ii. [206]
• Calcarina, intermediate skeleton of, ii. [42], [43]
• Calcium, i. 3, 4
  • one of an isomeric triad with strontium and barium, i. 105
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
    • effect of high temperature, i. 143
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Caliciei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 309
• Calicium inquinans, spores of, i. 309
• Calicium tympanellum, organs of reproduction of, i. 301
• Calico-printing, use of oxalic acid in, i. 116
• Callithamnion, structure of the genus, i. 231
• Callithamnion corymbosum, structure and reproductive organs of, i. 231, 232
• Callithamnion sparsum, structure of, i. 231
• Calorescence, property of, in some solids and liquids, i. 61
• Calyx of flowering plants, i. 378
• Cambium of plants, structure of, i. 407, 417
• Camptosorus, or walking fern, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 352
• Campylopus lamellinervis, leaves of, i. 330
• Canada, enormous quantities of petroleum in, i. 126
• Caoutchouc, whence obtained, i. 426
• Carbazotic acid, constituents of, i. 121
• Carbohydrates, combinations forming the, i. 116
• Carbolic acid, combination forming, i. 107, 120, 121, 128
  • its property of arresting putrefaction, i. 121
  • becomes solid when dried and purified, i. 121
• Carbon, i. 13
  • allotropism of, i. 15
  • at variance with the geometrical system of crystallization, i. 15
  • analogy between carbon and silicon, i. 18
  • effect of the combination of the atoms of carbon and oxygen in combustion, i. 30
  • property of the bisulphide of, in the transmission of heat, i. 36
  • effect of a discharge of the nitric acid electric battery, with carbon balls on the terminals, i. 84
  • will not combine directly with hydrogen, i. 97
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectra of the compounds of carbon, i. 146
  • bisulphide of, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 40
    • opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
  • in coal gas, i. 118
  • how freed from coal gas, i. 118
• Carbonic acid gas, i. 14
  • reduced to a solid, i. 15
  • weight of the atoms of, compared with those of hydrogen, i. 99
  • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • how freed from coal gas, i. 118
  • one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
• Carbonic oxide, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
  • action of different thicknesses of, on radiant heat, i. 48
  • the poisonous quality of coal gas, i. 118
• Carcinus mœnas, structure and reproduction of, ii. [192], [195]
  • moulting and power of reproducing limbs, ii. [197]
• Cardium, or cockle, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [230], [231]
• Carpenteria, structure and habitat of the, ii. [57]
  • a link between the Foraminifera and the sponges, ii. [57]
• Carrigeen, or Irish moss, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 235, 236
• Caryophyllia Smithii, its formidable artillery, ii. [133], [134]
  • structure and development of, ii. [134], [135]
• Caryophyllia Smithii, locomotion of, ii. [135]
• Caseine, or cheese, used as a mordant, i. 125
  • obtained also from pease and beans, i. 125
  • formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Cassava, or Manihot, food obtained from the, i. 426
• Cassis, or helmet shells, structure of, ii. [234]
• Catalysis, effect of, on molecular arrangement, i. 91
  • instances of, i. 91, 92
• Catasetum, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 601
• Caterpillars, fungus destructive of, i. 282
• Caulerpas, where found, i. 219
• Celidium, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
• Cellipora, structure of, ii. [218]
• Cells, vegetable. See Vegetation
• Cellulose, produced by plants, i. 419
• Cellularia ciliata, structure of, ii. [219], [220]
• Cephalopoda, naked, characters of, ii. [245]
• Ceramiaceæ, beauty and habitat of, i. 231
  • characters of the genus, i. 232
• Ceramium ciliatum, structure and organs of reproduction of, i. 232
• Ceratopteridineæ, or Parkeriaceæ, characters, structure, and habitat of the group, i. 345, 363
• Cerealia, the grasses from whence they were derived unknown, i. 383
• Cestum Veneris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [103]
• Ceterach, characters of the genus, i. 354
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 354
  • brought by ocean currents to Europe, i. 355
• Ceterach officinarum, or scaly spleen-wort, structure, organs of fructification, and habitat of, i. 354, 355
• Cetraria, or Iceland moss, characters of the genus, i. 304
• Cetraria tristis, structure of, i. 304
• Ceylon, the black mildew of, i. 297
• Chamomile flowers, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Chantarelle, veins of the, i. 264
• Characeæ, structure and habitat of, i. 312
  • fluid currents of, i. 312, 313
  • reproductive organs of, i. 313
• Chara fragilis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 314, 315
• Charcoal, i. 13
  • as a conductor of electricity, i. 32
• Cheese, blue and brick-red moulds on, i. 285
• Cheilanthes odora, scent of, i. 347
• Chelidonine, whence obtained, i. 427
• Chemistry, laws placing it on a strictly numerical basis, i. 93
• Chimneys of bad construction, i. 14
• Chiodecton monostichum, structure and habitat of, i. 309
• Chiodecton myrticola, habitat of, i. 309
• Chirodota, structure and habitat of, ii. [186]
• Chirodota lævis, wheels of the, ii. [186]
• Chirodota myriotrochus, wheels of the, ii. [186]
• Chloride of lime, i. 19
• Chlorides, spectra of the, i. 146, 147
• Chlorine, i. 18
  • whence obtained, i. 18, 19
  • properties of, i. 19, 22
  • affinity for hydrogen, i. 19, 20
  • substances produced by the combination of chlorine with oxygen, i. 20
    • and with nitrogen, and with sulphur, i. 20
  • Professor Schönbein’s views as to, i. 20, 21
  • spectrum of, i. 21
  • absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42
  • its affinity for iodine, i. 96
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 140
• Chlorine gas, substances which take fire spontaneously in, i. 19
  • combustion of, i. 19
• Chlorospermeæ, characters of, i. 180
  • structure and development of, i. 181
• Chondrus crispus, or Carrigeen, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235, 236
  • effect of fresh water on the form of, i. 243
• Chorda filum, structure and habitat of, i. 245
• Chordaria divaricata, spore cysts of, i. 246
• Chordariæ, structure of, i. 245
• Chrysophonic acid, whence obtained, i. 303
• Chylocladia kaliformis, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 235
• Cibotium Barometz, caudex of, i. 350
• Cidaris, spines of the, ii. [180]
• Cinchoneæ, alkaloids obtained from, i. 427
• Cinchonine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
• Cirripedia, characters of the, ii. [213]
• Cladocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
• Cladocera, characters of the order, ii. [208]
• Cladonia, structure of, i. 306
• Cladophora, structure of the genus, i. 222
• Cladophora pellucida, structure of, i. 222
• Claudea, structure of, i. 242
• Clavariei, structure and habitat of, i. 266
• Clio pyramidata, structure of, ii. [242], [243]
• Cliona, structure and burrowing apparatus of, ii. [60]
• Clione borealis, structure and habitat of, ii. [243]
  • fossil remains of, ii. [244]
• Closterium, double circulation of the internal fluid in, i. 193
• Closterium lunula, structure and development of, i. 193
• Cloud, force of the chemical combination requisite to form a, i. 98
• Cloves, oil of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Club mosses. See Lycopodiaceæ
• Coal, i. 13
  • effect of the consumption of a pound of, in a steam-engine, i. 29, 30
  • energy in abeyance in the coal existing in the whole globe, i. 30
• Coal gas, i. 117, 118
  • poisonous quality of, i. 118
  • explosive quality of, i. 118
  • impurities from which it is freed, i. 118
  • uses of the black fœtid gas water resulting from the distillation of coals, i. 119
• Coal tar, i. 120
  • substances produced from, by distillation, i. 120
  • colours, i. 121, 122
• Cobalt, i. 4, 5
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
  • effect of heat in the magnetism of, i. 77
• Coccocarpei, characters of, i. 307
• Coccocarpia smaragdina, section of, i. 300
• Coccospheres, found at a vast depth in the ocean, ii. [51]
• Cockle, structure and mode of life of the, ii. [230], [231]
• Codium, structure and habitat of, i. 219-224
• Codium Bursa, structure of, i. 224
• Codium tomentosum, structure of, i. 214
• Coffee, active principle of, i. 428
• Cohesion, properties of, i. 25
  • in solids, i. 25
  • in liquids, i. 25
• Cohesion: reciprocal attractions between solids and liquids, i. 25
  • instance of the power of the cohesive force, i. 91
• Colchicum, or meadow saffron, mode of reproduction of, i. 388
  • poisonous alkaloid obtained from, i. 427
• Collemacei, structure and habitat of, i. 307
• Colloid bodies, i. 109, 110
  • less diffusible than crystalloids, i. 109
  • permeable to solutions of crystalloids, but impermeable to solutions of colloids, i. 110
  • characteristics of colloids, i. 111
• Collomia grandiflora, fructification of, i. 380
• Colocasia, water secreted by, i. 430
• Colour, causes of, in flowers, green leaves, dyed cloth, gold, and copper, i. 35, 36
• Colouring matter of flowers and plants, i. 428, 429
• Comatula, structure of, ii. [175], [176]
• Combination, chemical, i. 94
  • the law of definite proportions, i. 94, 95
  • force of, i. 97, 98
• Combustion, effect of, in the consumption of coal in the steam-engine, i. 29, 30
  • combustion a case of impetus, i. 30
• Comets, spectra of, i. 159
  • note, 163
• Conferva glomerata, development of, i. 207
• Confervaceæ, habitat of, i. 206, 207
  • structure and development of, i. 207
  • reproduction of, i. 208
  • modes of action of the vital forces of, i. 210
• Confervæ, cells and development of, i. 171
• Confervæ, marine, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 221, 222.
• Conidium, or spore-dust cell, of fungi, i. 279
• Coniomycetes, characters of the family of, i. 275
• Conjugatæ, structure of the genus, i. 216
• Conjugation, propagation of diatoms by, i. 200, 204
• Constantinea rosa marina, i. 235
• Constantinea sitchensis, i. 235
• Copepoda, characters of the, ii. [204]
• Copper, properties of, i. 4
  • colour of, in reflected and absorbed light, i. 35, 36
  • its power of transmitting electricity, i. 90
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectra of copper and its compounds, i. 145, 146
• Copper, peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
• Coral, structure of the coral polypes, ii. [133], [134]
  • composition of the stony substance of, ii. [137]
  • reef-building corals, ii. [138]
  • red, ii. [125]
  • white, ii. [127]
• Corallina officinalis, mode of reproduction of, i. 230
  • structure and development of, i. 240
• Corallines, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 240
• Corallium Johnstoni, structure and habitat of, ii. [127]
• Corallium rubrum, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [125], [126], [127]
  • coral fishing in the Mediterranean, ii. [126]
• Corallium secundum, structure of, ii. [127]
• Cordyceps miliaris, characters of, i. 283, 293
• Cordyceps purpurea, the second form of ergot, i. 293
  • structure of, i. 293
• Cordyceps Robertsii, form of, i. 293
• Coremium glaucum, production of, i. 287
• Corolla of flowering plants, i. 378
• Corundum, i. 4
• Corynidæ, characters of the family, ii. [90]
• Cosmarium, structure and development of, i. 194
• Cotton, dyes for, i. 125
  • necessity for mordants for fixing cotton dyes, i. 125
  • enormous manufacture of cotton in Britain, i. 125
• Cowries, shells of, ii. [234], [235]
• Cow-tree, beverage obtained from the, i. 426
• Crabs, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [189-197]
  • hermit, structure of, ii. [197]
  • king, fossil, ii. [211]
  • spider, structure of, ii. [211]
• Creosote, i. 121
  • its property of preventing the decay of organic matter, i. 121
• Cressylic acid, how produced, i. 120, 121
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
• Cristallaria compressa, form of, ii. [28]
  • structure of, ii. [39]
• Cristata, siliceous skeleton of, ii. [60]
• Crocus, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 387, 388
• Cruoria pellita, tetraspores of, i. 237
• Crustacea, characters of the, ii. [188]
  • fossil crustacea, ii. [211]
• Crustacea, Decapod. See Decapods
• Cryptogamia, spores of, i. 177, 178
• Cryptonemiaceæ, multitude of forms of, i. 234
  • structure of, i. 234
• Crystal, rock, its transmission of chemical solar rays, i. 65
  • absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
  • change of position of the optical axes of the crystals of, by heat, i. 73
• Crystallization, relation of polarization of light and heat to crystallization, i. 70, 71
  • axes of symmetry of crystals, i. 71, 72
  • change of position of the optical axes of crystals by heat, i. 72
  • effect of pressure on the optical axes of crystals, i. 73
  • influence on the aggregation of, i. 73, 74
  • probable origin of the crystalline form, i. 74
  • causes of the variety of forms assumed by matter, i. 74
  • deviation of dimorphous crystals from the general law of crystallization, i. 75
  • proof of the connection between the magnetic forces and crystalline structure, i. 76
  • conditions of the position which crystals take with regard to the magnetic force, i. 76
• Crystalloids, or crystalline substances, diffusibility of, i. 109
• Crystals, water an essential element in, i. 107
  • alterations in crystals by heat, i. 108
• Cunina octonaria, larvæ of, parasites of the Turritopsis nutricula, ii. [100]
• Cusconine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
• Cuthbert’s, St., beads, ii. [175]
• Cutaneous diseases caused by fungi, i. 274
• Cutleria multifida, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 248
• Cuttle fish, structure of the, ii. [245-247]
• Cyanogen, combines with other substances and simple atoms, as if it were a simple element, i. 106
  • combination forming it, i. 106
• Cyathea medullaris, used as food in New Zealand, i. 360
• Cyatheæ, structure of, i. 360
• Cyatheineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
  • sporangia of, i. 343
  • structure and fructification of, i. 360
• Cycloclypeus, structure and habitat of, ii. [48]
• Cyclops quadricornis, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [205], [206]
• Cydippe pileus, structure of, ii. [101], [102]
• Cymothea, their food and mode of taking it, ii. [203]
• Cyprææ, or cowries, shells of, ii. [234], [235]
• Cypris, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [207], [208]
• Cystopteris, characters and habitat of the genus, i. 348, 349
• Cystopus candidus, or Uredo candida, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
• Cystopteris fragilis, or brittle bladder fern, structure and habitat of, i. 349
• Cystoseira, structure and habitat of, i. 255
• Cystoseireæ, habitat of, i. 255
• Cyttaria, the food of the Fuegians, i. 292
  • habitat of the, i. 292

D

• Dactylocalyx pumiceus, spicula and skeleton of, ii. [60]
• Daphnia pulex, or arborescent water-flea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [208]
• Dasya, structure of, i. 241, 242
• Dasyglœa, structure of, i. 215
• Datura sanguinea, intoxicating effect produced by a drink obtained from, i. 427
• Davallia canariensis, or hare’s-foot fern, i. 351
• Davallieæ, structure and habitat of, i. 350, 351
• Dead bodies, agents in the decomposition of our, ii. [67]
• Decapoda, structure of, ii. [245]
• Decapods, tribes of the, ii. [188]
  • characters of the, ii. [189]
• Delesseria alata, structure of, i. 243
• Delesseria angustissima, structure of, i. 243
• Delesseria sanguinea, structure and habitat of, i. 239
• Dematiei, structure of, i. 283
• Dendritina elegans, form of, ii. [28]
  • structure of, ii. [32]
• Dendritine variety of the Peneroplis, characters and habitat of, ii. [32]
  • fossils of, ii. [33]
• Dennstædtia, indusium of, i. 350
• Deparia prolifera, sorus and indusium of, i. 350
• Desmidiaceæ, structure and development of, i. 191 et seq.
  • their habitat, i. 195
• Dextrine, production of in plants, i. 421
• Dialysis, as a method of separating and analysing substances, i. 108
  • what constitutes dialysis, i. 110
  • Prof. Graham’s instrument for, i. 110
  • an extraordinary result of, i. 110
• Diamagnetism, i. 75
• Diamond, i. 13, 15
  • heat required to consume the, i. 15
  • crystallisation of the, i. 15
  • its resistance to electricity, i. 90
• Dianthine, production of, i. 127
• Diastase, production of, in plants, i. 420
• Diatoma vulgare, structure and development of, i. 197
• Diatomaceæ, or Brittleworts, found all over the globe, i. 196, 204
  • variety of forms of, i. 196
  • structure of, i, 197
  • development of, i. 200
  • social plants, i. 205
  • food for many aquatic animals, i. 205
  • fossil deposits of shells of, i. 206
  • enormous geological changes caused by, i. 206
• Dicksonia antarctica, structure of, i. 349
• Dicksonia lanata, structure of, i. 349
• Dicksonia squarrosa, habitat of, i. 349
• Dicksonieæ, i. 349
  • structure of, i. 350
• Dicotyledonous, or exogenous, plants, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 404-428
• Dicranei, structure of, i. 329
• Dictyopodium trilobum, structure and habitat of, ii. [20]
• Dictyota, structure of the genus, i. 246
• Dictyota dichotoma, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 247
• Dictyoteæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 246
• Dictyurus purpurascens, structure of, i. 242
• Difflugia, structure and minuteness of the shells of, ii. [22]
  • their architecture, ii. [23]
• Difflugia pyriformis, structure, and habitat, and mode of propagation of, ii. [22], [23]
• Diffusibility, most substances differ in, i. 109
  • partial decomposition of definite chemical compounds by, i. 109
  • reciprocal diffusion of gases through porous plates, i. 111-113
  • the diffusing instrument used by Prof. Graham, i. 112
• Digestion, chemical powers causing, ii. [4]
• Dimorphism, contrasted with isomorphism, ii. [99]
• Diphyidæ, structure and habitat of the, ii. [103]
• Diplazieæ, characters of the group, i. 352
• Diplazium, structure and fructification of, i. 352
• Distillation, ordinary, i. 117
  • destructive, i. 117
    • of coal, i. 117
• Distomata, characters of the, ii. [146]
• Dracæna Draco, or dragon tree of Teneriffe, i. 387
• Drummond’s light, how produced, i. 30
  • the continuous spectra of, i. 132
• Dry rot in wood, cause of, i. 266
  • on various substances, i. 285
• Dulses, red, i. 235
• Dumontia filiformis, structure of, i. 235
• D’Urvillæa, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 256
• Dyes obtained from aniline, i. 122-124
  • vegetable dyes, i. 124
  • mordants for cotton when dyed, i. 125
  • effects of electricity and the east wind on the process of dyeing, i. 126
  • obtained from preparations of petroleum, i. 127
  • obtained from lichens, i. 303
  • blue dye obtained from some club mosses, i. 374

E

• Ear-shell, structure of the, ii. [234]
• Earth, quantity of heat which would be generated if it were arrested in its orbit, i. 27
  • and if it struck the sun, i. 28
• Earth light, causes of, i. 68
• Earth-worm, structure and food of the, ii. [151], [152]
• Echinodermata asteroïdea, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, ii. [169-174]
• Echinodermata crinoïdea, or stone-lilies, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [175], [176]
  • fossil remains of, ii. [175]
• Echinodermata Echinoïdea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [177-182]
• Echinodermata: fossil Echinidæ, ii. [182], [183]
• Echinodermata Holothuroïdea, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [183]
• Echinodermata Sipunculidæ, characters of, ii. [186], [187]
• Echinodermata Synaptidæ, characters of the order of, ii. [184], [185]
• Echinus, structure of, ii. [176], [177]
• Echinus miliaris, spines of the, ii. [181]
• Ecklonia, structure and habitat of, i. 252
• Ecklonia buccinalis, structure of, i. 250
• Ectocarpeæ, form, structure, and habitat of, i. 244, 245
• Ectocarpus pulsillus, fruit of, i. 245
• Effusion of gases by pressure, i. 109, 110
  • Prof. Graham’s experiments, i. 113
• Electricity, i. 30
  • permanent and regular current of, over the earth, in the atmosphere and in the surface of the earth, i. 31
  • thunder and lightning, i. 31
    • force exerted in the creation of the deep, i. 31
  • the voltaic battery and the electro-magnetic induction apparatus, i. 31, 32
  • reciprocity of action of electricity and heat, i. 31
  • electricity produced by chemical action, and conversely, i. 32
  • intensity of the light and heat of the electric spark, i. 32
    • produced by fifty Bunsen elements, i. 32
  • conducting power of charcoal, i. 32
  • air and glass non-conductors, i. 32
  • proof of the correlation of heat and electricity, i. 33
  • motion of the atoms of a conducting wire during the passage of an electric current, i. 33
  • effect on a conducting wire of an invariable transit of electricity sent from the same pole of an inductive apparatus, i. 33
  • difference between electric and magnetic currents, i. 33
  • influence of electricity on the aggregation of matter, i. 74
  • ratio between the specific heat and weight of the atoms of matter, i. 74
  • influence of magnetism on the stratified appearance of the electric light, i. 78
  • extreme heat and light of electric discharges, i. 84
    • the arc discharge, i. 84
  • cause of the stratified discharge, i. 85
  • effect of varied intensity on electric discharges, i. 86, 87
  • effect of varied resistance on electric discharges, i. 88, 89
  • varied facility with which substances transmit electricity, i. 90
  • illustration of the action of electricity and magnetism on light, i. 90
  • instances of the correlation of electricity and heat, i. 91
  • voltaic electricity, and its combination and resolution of substances according to the law of definite proportions, i. 94
  • Faraday’s law of the quantity of electricity required to separate and unite the same atoms, i. 94
  • superiority of voltaic over static electricity, i. 95
  • electricity the most powerful instrument of analysis, i. 95
  • capacity of atoms for electricity, i. 100
    • a given quantity of electricity required to separate combined substances into their component parts, i. 101
  • spectrum analysis of the electric spark, i. 138
  • development of electricity in plants and flowers, i. 430
  • electric currents in the nerves and muscles of animals, ii. [7]
• Electro-chemical action in heterogeneous atoms of matter, i. 95
• Electro-magnetic induction apparatus, i. 31
  • Ruhmkorff’s, i. 32
• Elvellacei, characters of the, i. 290
• Empusa Muscæ, or fly fungus, i. 274
• Encalypta vulgaris, organs of fructification of, i. 326
• Encrinites, structure of, ii. [175]
• Endocarpei, structure and habitat of, i. 310
• Endocarpon lacteum, structure and organs of reproduction of, i. 299
• Endogenous plants, i. 383-403
• Enteromorpha, characters of the genus, i. 223
• Enteromorpha intestinalis, structure and habitat of, i. 223, 224
• Entomostraca, characters of the, ii. [203]
• Entophytes, characters of the group of, i. 275, 276
  • sporangia, or spore-cells, of, i. 279
• Entozoa, characters of the order of, ii. [144]
  • transformations of the young of the, ii. [146]
• Eolis, the crowned, structure of, ii. [240], [241]
• Eozoön Canadense, may be regarded as the first appearance of animal life upon the earth, ii. [54]
  • found in fundamental quartz rocks, ii. [54]
  • structure of, ii. [55]
  • range of its existence, ii. [56]
• Epipactis palustris, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 397, 398
• Epiphytes, characters of the group of, i. 275
• Epithemia, mode of development of, i. 202
• Epizoa, or suctorial crustacea, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [212]
• Equisetaceæ, or horse-tails, characters of, i. 367
  • contrasted with ferns, i. 369
  • large quantity of silex in, i. 369
  • size and habitat of fossil and existing species, i. 369
• Equisetum giganteum, structure and fructification of, i. 368
• Ergot, Cordyceps the second form of, i. 293
• Errantia, structure and habitat of the, ii. [156], [157], [161]
• Erysiphe, mildew formed by, i. 295
• Eschara, structure of, ii. [218]
• Ether, sulphuric absorption of radiant heat by, i. 40
• Eucamptodon perichætialis, leaves of, i. 330
• Eucyrtidium, structure of, ii. [20]
• Euglena acus, structure of, ii. [72]
• Euglena sanguinea, structure of, ii. [72]
• Euglena, structure of the genus, ii. [72]
• Euglyphæ, structure and habitat of, ii. [22]
• Eunice, structure of, ii. [157]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [160]
• Euparmeliaceæ, characters of the group, i. 304
• Euphorbiaceæ, or spurgeworts, poisons and food supplied by the, i. 425, 426
• Evernia flavicans, colour of, i. 303
• Evernia jubata, structure of, i. 302
• Evernia vulpina, i. 303
  • brown dye obtained from, i. 303
• Exchange, law of, i. 35
  • independent proofs of the, i. 35, note
• Exidia Auricula Judæ, or Jew’s Ear fungus, structure and fructification of, i. 266
• Excœcaria Agallocha, poison of the, i. 426
• Exogenous plants, i. 404-408
• Eyes of man, fungi in, i. 275

F

• Fairy rings of the fields, i. 262
• Faujasina, structure of, ii. [45]
• Felspar, fluorescence of, i. 66
• Fermentation, fungi producing, i. 286-288
  • minuteness and lowness of organization of the ferments, ii. [68]
  • habitat of the, ii. [68]
• Fibrin, formation and structure of, in vegetable organisms, i. 423
• Fig, common, juices of fruit of, changed into sugar, i. 426
  • poison of the white juice of the, i. 426
• Filariæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [147]
• Filices, or ferns, structure and habitat of, i. 335
  • range of non-arborescent ferns, i. 335
  • number of species in North America, Britain, and in other places, i. 336
  • development of spores, i. 336, 337
  • roots and stems of, i. 339
  • leaf-stalks of, i. 340
  • fronds of, i. 340, 341
  • structure of tree-ferns, i. 341
  • fructification of, i. 341
    • sori, i. 341, 342
    • sporangia, i. 342, 343
  • foundation of the systematic arrangement of the ferns, i. 343
    • annulate and exannulate ferns, i. 344
• Film fern, structure and habitat of, i. 362
• Fire-damp of coal mines, i. 118
• Fireworks, mode of the obtaining of different colours in, i. 132
• Fish, phosphorescence of, i. 67
• Flowering fern, i. 364
• Flowers, absorption of radiant heat by the perfumes of, i. 44
  • weight of the perfumes, i. 45
  • chemical combinations forming the perfumes of, i. 97
  • general structure of flowering plants, i. 378
  • chemical nature of the colours of, i. 428, 429
• Fluorescence, property of, in some solids and liquids, i. 60
  • Sir D. Brewster’s discovery of, i. 66
  • Professor Stokes’s examination of the fluorescent spectra of metals, i. 64
  • employed in tracing substances in impure chemical solutions, i. 67
  • rapid absorption accompanied by copious fluorescence, and the converse, i. 67
  • essential difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence, i. 67, 68
• Fluorine, i. 18
• Fluor spar, i. 18
  • crystals of, i. 18
  • acid obtained from, i. 18
  • fluorescence of, i. 60, 66
  • absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
  • phosphorescence of, i. 66
• Flustra, or sea-mat, structure of the, ii. [218]
• Fly fungus, i. 274
• Fontinalei, structure and habitat of, i. 331
• Food, miraculous descent of, i. 305
  • lichens as, i. 305, 308
  • importance of, to the animal frame, ii. 3
• Foot-pound, the, of Mr. Joule, i. 26
  • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
• Foraminifera, structure and geological importance of, ii. [27]
  • various forms of, ii. [28]
  • order of porcellanous foraminifera, ii. [30]
  • order of arenaceous foraminifera, ii. [36]
  • order of vitreous foraminifera, ii. [37]
  • abundance of fossil foraminifera in the sedimentary strata, ii. [52]
  • mode of obtaining casts of, ii. [53]
  • comparison of foraminifera recent and fossil, ii. [53]
  • the Eozoön Canadense, ii. [54]
  • the Carpenteria a link between the foraminifera and sponges, ii. [57]
• Force, i. 23
  • store of, eternal and unchangeable, i. 24, 25
  • cohesion, i. 25
    • in solids, i. 25
    • in liquids, i. 25
    • reciprocal attraction between solids and liquids, i. 25
  • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
  • heat generated by impetus, i. 27
  • unit, or mechanical equivalent of heat, i. 29
  • combustion a case of impetus, i. 30
  • energy existing in the coal fields on the globe, i. 30
  • magnetism and electricity, i. 30
  • influence of force on the aggregation of matter, i. 73
    • power of electricity in this respect, i. 74
    • relations between the force of magnetism and atoms of matter, i. 75
  • effect of the physical forces on molecular arrangement, i. 91
    • electricity, i. 91
    • motion, i. 91
    • catalysis, i. 91
  • force of chemical combination, i. 97, 98
  • relation between chemical affinity and mechanical force, i. 98
• Formic acid, synthetical formation of, i. 424
• Fragillaria, development of, i. 201
• Fraunhofer’s lines, i. 129
• Frond, or thallus, of lichens, i. 301
  • of ferns, i. 340, 341
• Fruit, chemical combinations forming the perfumes of, i. 97
  • preserved, greenish and grey moulds on, i. 285
  • fungus on decayed, i. 290
• Fucaceæ, structure and fructification of, i. 244, 250, 251
• Fuci, sexual fructification of, i. 253
• Fucoideæ, habitat of some, i. 256
• Fucus platycarpus, male and female cells of, i. 253, 254
• Fucus vesiculosus, or bladder-wrack, structure and fructification of, i. 252, 253
  • form of, in the Mediterranean, i. 258
• Fuegians, staple food of the, i. 292
• Funaria hygrometrica, structure of, i. 324, 327
• Fungi, enormous numbers of, i. 260
  • structure of, i. 260
  • two principal groups of, i. 260
  • families of, i. 261, et seq.
  • poisonous matter in all, i. 264
  • luminous, i. 264
  • stems of, i. 268
  • spawn of the gelatinous or creamy fungi, i. 269
  • universality of the lower fungi, i. 273
    • destruction caused by them, i. 273
    • parasitic fungi, i. 274
  • conidium, or spore-dust cell, i. 279
  • propagation of fungi by fragments of spawn, i. 281
  • extreme minuteness and profusion of fungi, i. 297
  • sudden and often disastrous appearance of the lower fungi, i. 297
  • conditions necessary to the development of fungi, i. 297
• Furcellaria fastigiata, mode of reproduction of, i. 229
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 235, 238
• Fusarium tremelloides, its identity with the nettle Peziza, i. 292

G

• Galeolaria lutea, structure, development, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [107], [108]
• Garancine, from what obtained, i. 124
• Gas coal. See Coal gas.
• Gases, absorption and radiation of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38
  • relation between the density of the gas and the quantity of heat extinguished or absorbed, i. 40
  • experiments on coloured gases, i. 40
  • table showing the absorption of various gases at a common pressure, or tension of one atmosphere, i. 41
  • table of absorption for one inch of tension, i. 4
  • causes of the difference between the absorptive power of compound and simple gases and vapours, i. 42
  • radiation equal to absorption, i. 46
  • action of different thicknesses of the same gas or vapour on radiant heat, i. 47
  • dynamic absorption and radiation, i. 49
  • great opacity of a gas to radiations from the same gas, i. 52
  • the specific heat of compound gases generally greater than that of their component elements, i. 101
  • law of equivalency in weight of, i. 102
  • diffusion of, i. 111
    • Prof. Graham’s experiments, i. 112
  • effusion of, 109, 110, 113
    • Prof. Graham’s experiments, i. 113
  • atmolysis, or method of analysing gases, i. 111, 112, 114
  • internal movement of molecules of matter in a gaseous state, i. 113
  • coal gas, i. 117
    • spectrum analysis of, i. 139
    • oxygen, i. 139
    • hydrogen, i. 139
    • nitrogen, i. 140
    • chlorine, i. 140
    • bromine, i. 140
    • iodine, i. 140
    • superposed spectra of rarefied compound gases, i. 141
    • researches of M.M. Bunsen and Kirchhoff, i. 141
  • spectra of the rarefied vapours of:—
    • sodium, i. 141
    • iron, i. 142
    • calcium, i. 142
    • strontium, i. 142
    • lithium, i. 142
    • barium, i. 142
    • magnesium, i. 142
    • effect of high temperature on various spectra, i. 142, 143
    • effects of pressure on various spectra, i. 145
• Gasteromycetes, characters of the family, i. 267
• Gastropoda, structure of the shells of, ii. [234]
  • structure of the animal, ii. [235]
  • tongue of the, ii. [239]
• Gelidiaceæ, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 238
• Gelidium corneum, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 238
  • form of, i. 243
• Gems, crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
• Geranium, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Glass, a non-conductor of electricity, i. 32
  • property of, in regard to the transmission of light, i. 36
  • impervious to chemical solar rays, i. 63
• Gleichenineæ, sporangia of, i. 34
  • structure and habitat of, i. 344, 360
• Globigerina bulloïdes, form of, ii. [28]
• Globigerina, structure of the genus, ii. [40], [41]
• Globigerinæ, abundance of at vast depths in the ocean, ii. [49-51]
• Globigerinidæ, characters of the family of, ii. [40]
• Glycerine, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Glyphidei, characters of the order, i. 309
• Glucinum, i. 4
• Gold, colour of, in reflected and in absorbed light, i. 35, 36
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
• Gonidia, propagation of diatoms by, i. 202, 204
  • of lichens, i. 300
• Goniometer, i. 38
• Gorgonia graminea, structure and habitat of, ii. [124], [125]
• Gorgonia verrucosa, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [124]
• Gorgoniidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [123], [124]
  • the three natural groups of, ii. [124]
• Gracilaria compressa, i. 239
• Gracilaria lichenoides, or Ceylon moss, i. 239
• Gracilaria armata, mode of reproduction of, i. 230
• Graminaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 385, 386
• Grammatophora serpentina, structure and development of, i. 197
• Graphidei, characters of the order, i. 308
  • habitat of the, i. 309
• Graphite, form of the crystals of, i. 15
  • natural, little or no porosity of, i. 112
  • porosity of artificial graphite, i. 112
• Grasses, silica in the stalks and leaves of the, i. 17
• Grasses, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 385-387
• Gravitation, force of, less powerful than that of molecular attraction, i. 109
• Gravity, specific, of atoms, i. 100
• Green dye, obtained from the buckthorn, i. 124
• Griffithsia, structure, habitat, and organs of reproduction of, i. 233
• Grimmiei, structure of the tribe, i. 329
• Grinnelia americana, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 230, 239
• Gromia oviformis, structure of, ii. [26], [27]
• Gromiæ, structure of the genus, ii. [25-27]
• Guano, mauve dye obtained from, i. 125
• Guernsey, richness of the iodine obtained from the sea-weeds of, i. 258
• Guinea worm, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [147]
• Gums, formation of, i. 422
• Gymnogramma rutæfolia, remarkable distribution of, i. 336
• Gyrophora, structure of the genus, i. 308

H

• Hairs of plants, structure of, i. 411
• Halichondria panicea, mode of propagation of, ii. [60], [61]
• Haliomma, structure of, ii. [21]
• Haliotis splendens, or ear-shell, structure of, ii. [234]
• Haliseris, structure of, i. 247
• Halogens, spectra of the, i. 146
• Halurus, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 233
• Hare’s-foot fern, i. 351
• Hart’s-tongue fern, caudex of, i. 340
  • structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 351, 352
• Heart, and organs representing it in the lower animals, ii. [4]
• Heat generated by impetus, i. 27
  • quantity of heat which would be generated if it were arrested in its orbit, i. 27
  • probable cause of the heat of the sun, i. 28
  • effect of the absorption of heat on a body in expansion and contraction, i. 28
  • specific heat, i. 28
  • mechanical equivalent of heat, i. 29
    • causes of the heat which is the motive force of the steam-engine, i. 29
  • reciprocal action of heat and electricity, i. 31
  • intensity of the heat of the electric spark, i. 32
  • proof of the correlation of heat and electricity, i. 33
  • constancy in the amount and refrangibility of the light and heat absorbed and radiated, i. 34
  • property of some substances in the transmission of heat, i. 36
  • substances which transmit radiant heat freely but radiate badly, and vice versâ, i. 37
  • Tyndall’s experiments on the radiation and absorption of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38
  • relation between the density of the gas and the quantity of heat extinguished or absorbed, i. 40
  • absorption of radiant heat by the vapours of volatile liquids, i. 40
  • Prof. Tyndall’s experiments showing the radiation to be equal to the absorption of radiant heat, i. 46
  • action of different thicknesses of the same gas or vapour on radiant heat, i. 47
  • dynamic absorption and radiation, i. 49
  • dynamical evolution of heat, i. 52
  • experiment illustrating the change of heat into light, i. 62
  • polarization of heat and light, i. 68, 69
  • by reflection and refraction, i. 69
  • effect of heat on the magnetism of iron, nickel, and cobalt, i. 77
  • extreme heat and light of electric discharges, i. 84
  • instances of the correlation of electricity and heat, i. 91
  • capacity of atoms for heat, i. 100
    • Mr. Croll’s experiments, i. 101
  • effects of heat on vegetation, i. 169
  • large amount of heat evolved by vegetables, i. 265
  • cause of animal heat, ii. [63]
• Helix, or snail, tentacles of, ii. [236]
• Helix aspersa, structure of the tongue of, ii. [237]
• Helix pomatia, teeth of, ii. [237]
• Hellebore, white, poisonous alkaloid of, i. 427
• Helmet shell, structure of, ii. [234]
• Helminthosporium Hoffmanni, spores of, i. 285, 286
• Helminthosporium nodosum, spores of, i. 286.
• Helvella, structure and habitat of, i. 291
• Hepaticæ, or liverworts, characters of the, i. 316
• Hepialus virescens of New Zealand, Cordyceps Robertsii of the, i. 293
• Herschel, Sir W., his discovery of invisible rays of light of high heating power, i. 36
• Hewardia, structure of, i. 359
• Himanthalia lorea, structure, fructification and habitat of, i. 256
• Holly fern, structure of, i. 347
• Holothuridæ, or sea-cucumbers, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [183-186]
• Hop, fungus constituting the mildew of the, i. 295
• Hormosiphon arcticus, wide distribution of, i. 212
• Hormotrichum, structure of the genus, i. 222
• Hormotrichum collabens, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 222
• Hyacinth, structure and mode of reproduction of the, i. 388
• Hyalæa, structure of the, ii. [242]
• Hydra fusca, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [84], [85]
• Hydra viridis, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [85]
• Hydra vulgaris, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [85]
• Hydræ, structure of, ii. [81], [84]
  • mode of propagation of, ii. [84]
  • compound fresh-water Hydræ, ii. [85]
  • development of medusa-buds, ii. [95]
  • alternation of generation of hydræ and medusæ, ii. [96]
• Hydraulic machine, bog moss acts as a, i. 333
• Hydridæ, characters of the group, ii. [81]
• Hydrobromic acid, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 42
• Hydrochloric acid, absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41, 42
• Hydrodictyon utriculatum, structure and habitat of, i. 211
  • reproduction and development of, i. 211
• Hydrofluoric acid, i. 18
• Hydrogen gas, i. 11
  • affinity of chlorine for hydrogen, i. 19
  • absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
  • proportion of hydrogen to oxygen in the composition of water, i. 94
  • will not combine with carbon, i. 97
  • weights of the atoms of, as compared with those of oxygen, i. 99
  • probable cause of its greater cooling power than that of oxygen, i. 115
  • one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 139, 144
    • and of hydrogen, carburetted and attenuated, during and after decomposition, i. 141
  • carburetted, one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
  • marsh-gas and fire-damp, i. 118
  • peroxide of, i. 9
    • combination forming, i. 104
  • combines with other substances and simple atoms as if it were a simple element, i. 106
  • sulphuretted, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
    • opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
    • one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
    • how freed from coal gas, i. 118
• Hydrozoa, campanograde, characters of, ii. [103]
  • ciliograde, characters of the, ii. [101]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [103]
  • oceanic, structure of, ii. [81], [86]
  • compound oceanic, structure of, ii. [87]
  • medusiform zooids, ii. [88], [89]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [89], [90]
• Hymenomycetes, family of, i. 261
• Hymenophyllum, stem of, i. 339
• Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, or film fern, structure and habitat of, i. 362
• Hymenophyllum unilaterale, habitat and structure of, i. 362
• Hyphomycetes, characters of the family, i. 282
• Hypogæi, structure and fructification of the subterranean sub-order of, i. 267, 268
• Hyponitrous acid, combination forming, i. 95
• Hypopterygium Smithianum, leaves of, i. 330

I

• Ice, absorption of invisible rays by, i. 65
  • believed to be a colloid body, i. 111
• Iceland moss, characters of, i. 304
• Iceland spar, polarization of light and heat in, by refraction, i. 69
  • change of position of the optical axes of the crystals of, by heat, i. 73
• Ileodictyon, eaten as food, i. 268
• Impetus, i. 26, 27
  • heat generated by, i. 27
  • combustion a case of, i. 30
• Indian rubber, dissolved by naphtha for waterproofing, i. 120
• Indium, discovery of the metal so called, i. 137
  • properties of, i. 137
• Infusoria, structure, form, and habitat of, ii. [63]
  • abundance of infusoria in the atmosphere, ii. [63], [64]
  • different states of development in one and the same animal, ii. [65]
  • groups of, of opposite characters in the same liquid, ii. [66]
  • the agents in the decomposition of animal matter, ii. [67]
  • minuteness of the ferments, ii. [68]
  • cilia of Infusoria, ii. [68]
    • as organs of locomotion, ii. [69]
  • cell constituting the body of Infusoria, ii. [70]
  • food and organs of digestion of, ii. [70]
  • transparent contractile vesicles, ii. [71]
  • modes of propagation, ii. [74] et seq.
  • in a state analogous to hybernation, ii. [78], [79]
  • functions assigned to Infusoria in the economy of nature, ii. [79]
• Insects, phosphorescence of, i. 167
• Intelligence, or the mental principle, of animals, ii. [11], [12]
• Iodine, i. 18, 21
  • whence obtained, i. 19
  • properties of, i. 21, 22
  • spectrum of, i. 21
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • preparation of, from sea-weeds, i. 128
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 140, 141
  • iodine richer at Guernsey than elsewhere, i. 258
• Iris germanica, vertical section showing the cellular tissue of, i. 173
• Iron heated by percussion or impetus, i. 27
  • effect of electricity on, i. 32
  • effect of magnetism of, i. 75, 76, 77
  • and of heat on the magnetism of, i. 77
  • feeble affinity of iron for mercury, i. 98
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
• Isaria, its structure and habitat, i. 282
  • its destruction of caterpillars, i. 282, 293
• Isaria crassa, characters of, i. 283
• Isaria farinosa, characters of, i. 283
• Isariacei, structure and habitat of, i. 282
• Isidæ, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [125]
• Isis, structure of the genus, ii. [125]
• Isomeric substances, i. 104
  • law of the sequence of three isomeric bodies, and their respective atomic numbers, i. 105
• Isomorphism, property of, in determining atomic weights, i. 99
• Isomorphous substances, conduct of, under magnetic influence, i. 76
• Isopoda, characters of the order, ii. [202]

J

• Jam, greenish, and grey moulds on, i. 285
• Jungermanniaceæ, or scale mosses, structure, fertilization, and development of, i. 320-322
• Jupiter, the planet, spectrum of, i. 157, 161
  • constitution of, i. 158

K

• Katsup made from the morel, i. 292
• Kelp, i. 258
  • former and present uses of, i. 128
• Kerona silurus, structure and food of, ii. [69]

L

• Labellum of orchids, i. 401
• Lactarii, laticiferous vessels of, i. 263
• Lady Fern, herbaceous caudex of, i. 340
  • structure and fructification of, i. 352, 353
• Lagenidæ, characters and habitat of the family, ii. [39]
• Lagoons formed by corals, ii. [140-143]
• Laminaria bulbosa, structure and fruit of, i. 248
• Laminaria debilis, structure of, i. 248
• Laminaria digitata, or oar-weed, structure of, i. 249
  • richness of the iodine obtained from, at Guernsey, i. 258
• Laminaria radiata, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 250
• Laminaria saccharina, or devil’s apron, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 249
• Laminariæ, submarine forests of, i. 248
• Lanosa nivalis, the probable cause of the mildew in rye, i. 297
• Lastrea, structure of the genus, i. 346
• Lastrea æmula, structure of, i. 346
• Lastrea filix-mas, structure of, i. 340
• Lastrea rigida, scent of, i. 347
• Lastrea Thelypteris or marsh fern, structure of, i. 346
• Latex, structure of the, in plants, i. 417
• Laughing-gas, or protoxide of nitrogen, combination forming, i. 95
• Laurel, oil of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Laurencia dasyphylla, antheridia of, i. 241
• Laurencia pinnatifida, or pepper dulse, structure, habitat, and mode of propagation of, i. 241
• Laurencia tenuissima, antheridia of, i. 241
• Laurenciaceæ, characters of, i. 240, 241
• Laurentian system, ancient formation of the crystallized limestone near the base of the, ii. [54]
• Lavender, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
• Lead, its resistance to electricity, i. 90
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Leathesia, structure of, i. 245
• Leaves of plants, structure and functions of, i. 410
• Lecanora affinis, section of, i. 300
  • structure and habitat of, i. 305
• Lecanora esculenta, habitat of, i. 305
• Lecidea, characters of the genus, i. 306
• Lecidea geographica, great age of, i. 306
• Lecidinei, characters of the order, i. 306
• Leeches, structure of, ii. [149-151]
• Lemon, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Lepadidæ, structure of, ii. [213], [215]
• Lepas anatifera, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [215]
• Lepidodendron, structure of the fossil, i. 375
• Lepidostrobus ornatus, structure of, i. 375
• Lepraliæ, structure of, ii. [219]
• Leptopteris, characters of, i. 364
• Lessonia, arborescent, forests of, i. 251
• Lessonia nigrescens, structure of, i. 251
  • rings of growth of, i. 252
• Leucobryum, structure of, i. 329
• Leucobryum glaucum, leaves of, i. 330
• Leveillea, structure of, i. 242
• Libanea crab, a parasite of the medusæ, ii. [100]
• Lichens, characters and habitat of, i. 298
  • two groups of—Gymnocarpei and Angiocarpei, i. 299
  • horizontal lichens, i. 299
  • gonidia, i. 300
  • asci, i. 301
  • thallus or frond, i. 301
  • dyes obtained from, i. 124, 303
  • brilliancy of the colours of, i. 304
• Lichina, characters of the genus, i. 310
• Lichinei, characters of the group, i. 310
• Life, the mystery of, i. 97
  • instances of individual combined with a common life in the lower orders of animals, ii. [38]
• Light, probable cause of the, of the sun, i. 28
  • Drummond’s light, how produced, i. 30
  • intensity of the, of the electric spark, i. 32
  • chemical action of, i. 34
    • amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
  • constancy of the amount and refrangibility of light and heat absorbed and radiated, i. 34
  • causes of colour of flowers, leaves, dyed cloth, and gold and copper, i. 35, 36
  • property of some substances in the transmission of radiant light and heat, i. 36
  • invisible rays of high heating power existing beyond the red end of the solar spectrum, i. 36
  • Melloni’s investigation of the laws of radiation and absorption of radiant heat in solid and liquid matter, i. 38
  • chemical power of the light of the moon and stars, i. 55
  • and of solar light, i. 56
    • effect of the opalescence of the atmosphere on the light of the sun, i. 55
  • probable causes of the blueness of the sky, and the brightness of the tints at sun-rise and sun-set, i. 58
  • solar spectrum, i. 58
    • myriads of ethereal waves constituting the seven colours of the, i. 58
  • fluorescent or degraded light, i. 60
  • experiment illustrating the change of heat into light, i. 62
  • absorption of invisible rays, by solids, liquids, and gases, i. 65
  • causes of earth light, i. 66
  • polarization of light and heat, i. 68, 69
    • by reflection and refraction, i. 69
  • relation of polarization to crystallization, i. 70, 71
  • M. Gassiot’s experiments on stratified electric light, i. 78
  • influence of magnetism on the stratified light, i. 78
  • cause of the stratified discharge, i. 85
  • effect of varied intensity on electric discharges, i. 86
  • action of magnetism and electricity on light, i. 90
  • delicate power of analysis in light, i. 95
  • Dr. Young’s establishment of the undulatory theory of light, i. 129
  • Drummond’s light, i. 132
  • coloured light obtained from the combustion of the salts of different metals, i. 132
  • effects of light on vegetation, i. 168, 169
  • effects of light as an exciting cause in the vegetable world, i. 431
• Lightning, spectrum of, i. 147
• Ligneous tissue, i. 174, 175
• Liliaceæ, structure and development of the, i. 388
• Limboriei, structure and habitat of the, i. 310
• Lime, carbonate of, different modifications assumed by, i. 74
  • chloride of, properties of, i. 19
  • oxalate of, formation of, i. 117
• Limestones, probable history of the oldest, ii. [52]
  • the nummulitic, ii. [53]
  • the limestone formed by the Eozoön Canadense, ii. [54]
• Limnoria lignorum, structure of, ii. [203]
• Limpet, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. [238], [239]
• Limulus, fossil remains of, ii. [211]
• Lindsæeæ, characters of, i. 351
• Lingbya, structure of, i. 213
• Lingula flags, fossil animals composing the, ii. [53]
• Listera ovata, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 399
• Lithium, i. 3
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 133
  • existence of lithium in all three kingdoms of nature, i. 134
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
  • effect of high temperature, i. 142, 143
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
• Litmus, or orchil, from what obtained, i. 124, 303
• Lituola, structure of the genus, ii. [37]
• Lituolidæ, characters of the family of, ii. [36], [37]
• Liver worts. See Hepaticæ
• Lobophylla angulosa, structure of, ii. [135], [136]
• Locomotion of some diatoms, i. 204
• Lo-hao, a Chinese green dye, i. 124
• Loligo vulgare, or squid, structure of, ii. [245], [246]
• Lomaria, characters of the genus, i. 357
• Lomariopsis, characters of, i. 360
• Loxades bursaria, structure of, ii. [72]
• Loxades bursaria, mode of propagation of, ii. [75]
• Lucifer, characters of the genus, ii. [200]
  • matches, i. 17
• Luminosity of the medusæ in warm seas, ii. [99]
  • of Annelida, ii. [160]
  • of Pyrosomidæ, ii. [226]
• Lycoperdon giganteum, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 267
• Lycoperdon, structure and fructification of, i. 267
• Lycopodiaceæ, or club mosses, characters of, i. 373
  • habitat and fructification of, i. 373, 374
  • uses to which they have been applied, i. 374
• Lycopodium, or wolf’s-claw, characters of the genus, i. 374
• Lycopodium clavatum, structure and habitat of, i. 374
  • inflammability of the dried spores of, i. 374
• Lycopodium inundatum, structure and habitat of, i. 374
• Lygodium articulatum, structure of, i. 363
• Lymnæa, or pond snail, distoma of the, ii. [146]

M

• Macrocystis pyrifera, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 250
• Macrura, characters of the, ii. [189]
  • fossil remains of, ii. [211]
• Madder, dyes obtained from, i. 124, 125
• Magenta, or aniline red, Dr. Hofmann’s discovery of, i. 122
  • how produced, i. 122
  • purple dye produced by mixing it with aniline, i. 123
• Magnesium, i. 3, 4
  • spectrum of, i. 65
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
  • shown to be one of the metals existing in the sun, i. 151-153
  • spectrum of the light of a magnesium flame, i. 153, 154
  • its use in photography, i. 154
• Magnetism, i. 30
  • periodic and secular variations of, i. 30
    • probably stand in some periodic connection with the solar spots, i. 30, 31
  • probable cause of terrestrial magnetism, i. 31
  • difference between magnetic and electric currents, i. 33
  • relations between the force of magnetism and the atoms of matter, i. 75
  • all substances either magnetic or diamagnetic, i. 75
  • proof of the connection between the magnetic forces and crystalline structure, i. 76
  • conduct of amorphous and isomorphous substances under magnetic influence, i. 76
  • action of magnets upon matter most powerful in the line of maximum density, i. 76
  • conditions of the position which crystals take with regard to the magnetic force, i. 76
  • magnetic changes in the relations and distances between the ultimate atoms of matter, i. 77
  • effect of magnetism on the stratified appearance of the electric light, i. 78
  • causes of the polarity of a magnet, according to Ampère, i. 80
  • action of magnetism on the stratified discharges of electric light, i. 82
  • illustration of the action of magnetism and electricity on light, i. 90
• Maiden’s hair fern, structure and habitat of, i. 359
• Malaxis paludosa, or bog malaxis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 400
• Malic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Manchineel, poison of the, i. 426
• Manganese, peroxide of, relative weight of the atoms of oxygen and metal in, i. 99
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
• Manihot, or Cassava, food obtained from the, i. 426
• Marasmius Oreades, spawn of, i. 262
• Marattia salicina used as food, i. 365
• Marattiaceæ, characters of the group, i. 364
• Marchantia polymorpha, structure, development, fructification, and habitat of, i. 317-320
• Marchantiaceæ, characters of the order, i. 317
• Mars, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 161
• Marsh-gas, i. 118
  • amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
• Marsilea, characters of the genus, i. 372
• Marsileaceæ, or Rhizospermæ, characters of the tribe, i. 371
• Matonineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
• Matter, molecules of, i. 2
  • agency of electricity in the chemical composition and decomposition of, i. 32
  • decomposing and elective power of, i. 35
• Mauve, Dr. Hofmann’s discovery of the aniline colour, i. 122
  • at first made from orchil, i. 124
  • derived from guano, i. 125
• Mediterranean sea, zones of algæ in the, i. 259
  • foraminifera, the ooze in the bed of the, ii. [51]
• Medusæ, form and structure of, ii. [91]
• Medusæ, pulmograde, form and structure of, ii. [91], [92]
  • naked-eyed medusæ, ii. [91-96]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [94]
  • armed or stinging medusæ, ii. [99]
  • luminosity of, in warm seas, ii. [99]
  • development of medusa-buds, ii. [96]
  • alternation of generation of hydræ and medusæ, ii. [96]
  • covered-eyed medusæ, ii. [97]
  • parasites of, ii. [99]
  • abundance of species of, ii. [100]
  • food of medusæ, ii. [101]
• Medusa-buds, development of, ii. [95]
• Medusiform zooids of hydrozoa, ii. [88], [89]
• Melanconiei, characters of the group of, i. 281, 282
• Melanogaster, the red truffle of Bath, i. 268
• Melanospermeæ, characters of, i. 181
  • marine forests of, i. 244
  • structure of the, i. 244, et seq.
• Mercury, conditions under which he may be habitable, i. 55
• Mercury, its feeble affinity for iron, i. 98
• Meridion circulare, structure and development of, i. 200, 201
• Merulius lacrymans, the cause of dry rot in wood, i. 266
• Mesocarpus, reproduction of, i. 217
• Mesogloias, structure of, i. 245
• Metals and their properties, i. 3
  • alkaline metals, i. 3
  • of alkaline earths, i. 3
  • from non-alkaline earths, i. 4
  • avidity of some of them for oxygen, i. 4
  • metals whose oxides are not reducible by heat, i. 4
    • diatomic metals, i. 4
    • triatomic metals, i. 5
  • conduction of heat and radiation, i. 5
  • vaporization, i. 5
  • spectra of volatilized metals, i. 64
  • coloured light obtained from the combustion of the salts of different metals, i. 132
  • spectrum of, not always the same, i. 145
  • number of the metals of which the spectra has been determined i. 147
  • metals shown to exist in the sun, i. 151-153
    • and not to exist in it, i. 154
  • metals contained in every plant, i. 414
• Meteorites probably not of solar origin, i. 153
• Mica, opacity of, to the invisible rays, i. 65
• Mignonette, weight of the perfume of, i. 45
• Mildew of the vine, hop, &c., i. 295
  • the black mildews of the Azores and Ceylon, i. 297
• Miliola, structure and habitat of, ii. [30]
  • abundance of, in the seas of the Eocene period, ii. [31]
• Miliolidæ, characters of the order, ii. [30]
• Milk sap of plants, i. 425
  • vessels of plants, i. 417
• Milleporæ complanata or palmipora, structure of, ii. [141]
• Mimosa pudica, irritability of the tissues of, i. 432
• Mind and matter connection between, ii. [5]
• Molecules of matter, i. 2
  • cohesion of, i. 25
  • unit of mechanical force, i. 26
  • causes of the ethereal undulating motions of, i. 34, 35
  • See Atoms
• Mollusca, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [229], et seq.
  • shells of the, ii. [232]
  • naked, ii. [240]
  • winged, ii. [240]
• Monas corpusculus, extreme minuteness of, ii. [63], [67]
  • and of its ova, ii. [67]
• Monocotyledonous, or endogenous plants, structure, growth, and reproduction of, i. 383
  • seeds of this class, i. 383
  • stems, or axes, i. 384
  • remarkable plants belonging to the monocotyledons, i. 387
• Monostoma, or one-mouthed medusæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [97]
• Monormia, habitat and structure of, i. 212
• Moon, interception of the heat radiated by the full, by the earth’s atmosphere, i. 55
  • its effect on the higher regions of the atmosphere, i. 55
  • chemical power of the moon’s light, i. 55
• Moonstone, or adularia, fluorescent property of, i. 66
• Moonwort, structure, and habitat of, i. 366
• Morchella esculenta, the morel, i. 291
  • katsup made from, i. 292
• Mordants for fixing dyes in cotton cloth, i. 125
• Morphine, the probable narcotic principle of opium, i. 427
• Mother-of-pearl, composition of, ii. [234]
• Motion, effect of, on molecular arrangement, i. 91
• Moulds, fungus, on various substances, i. 285
• Mucedines, structure of the, i. 283
  • the origin of all fermentation, i. 289
• Mucorini, or moulds, structures of the, i. 296
  • habitat of the, i. 296, 297
• Muriatic acid, formation of, i. 20
  • action of, upon ammonia, i. 120
• Musci, or Mosses, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 3
  • antheridia of, i. 324
  • sporangia of, i. 325
  • gemmæ or buds, i. 327
  • leaves of, i. 330
  • aquatic mosses, i. 331
  • peat, i. 333
  • uses of mosses, i. 334
• Muscle, structure and functions of, ii. [2]
  • functions of the muscles, ii. [5]
  • electric currents formed in the muscles, ii. [7]
  • muscular respiration, ii. [8]
• Mushrooms, i. 261
  • mycelium, or spawn, i. 262
• Musk, power of absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 45
• Mussel, structure of the gills of the common, ii. [230]
• Mycelium or mushroom spawn, i. 261, 262
• Mysis, or opossum shrimps, structure of, ii. [199]
• Myxogastres, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 269, 270
  • their Amœba-like motions, i. 270

N

• Naïs, structure and habitat of the, ii. [152], [153]
• Naphtha, manufacture of, i. 120
  • uses to which it is applied, i. 120
  • sources of, in various parts of the world, i. 126
  • naphtha procured by the distillation of petroleum, i. 127
• Naphthalin, production of, i. 127
• Narcotics, exciting, known to almost all people, however savage, i. 427
• Navicula, structure of, i. 198
• Naviculæ, spontaneous locomotion of, i. 202
• Nebulæ, spectra of various, i. 158-160, 163
  • constitution of the, i. 163
  • probable existence of primordial nebulous matter according to the theories of Sir W. Herschel and La Place, i. 164
• Nectria, characters of the genus, i. 295
• Nectria Peziza, structure of, i. 295
• Nematoid entozoa, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [146]
• Nemertes gigas, or great band worm, nervous system of, ii. [158]
• Neotteæ, characters of the British tribe of, i. 397, 398
• Neottia Nidus-avis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 400
• Nephrolepis tuberosa, characters and habitat of, i. 348
• Nereis, structure of, ii. [157]
• Nereis diversicolor, mode of reproduction of, ii. [160]
• Nereocystis Lutkeana, structure and habitat of, i. 249
• Nerve-force of animals, ii. [4], [6]
  • chemical powers generated by, ii. [6]
• Nerves of animals, structure and functions of, ii. [5]
  • electric currents in the, ii. [7]
  • structure and functions of the brain and spinal cord, ii. [8]
  • the nervous systems of the higher and lower animals, ii. [9-11]
• Nervous system of animals, ii. [5]
• Nickel, i. 4, 5
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
  • effect of heat on the magnetism of, i. 77
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
• Nidulariacei, characters of the order of, i. 272, 273
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 273
  • habitat of, i. 273
• Nitella flexilis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 312
• Nitophyllum, structure and fronds of, i. 238, 239
• Nitric acid, combination forming, i. 95
• Nitrogen gas, i. 12
  • combination of nitrogen with chlorine, i. 20
  • absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
  • fulminates compounds of, i. 92
  • number of combinations of, with oxygen, i. 95
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 140, 145
    • in high temperature, i. 144
  • binoxide of, combination forming, i. 95
  • chloride of, catalysis of, i. 91
  • iodide of, catalysis of, i. 91
  • protoxide of, or laughing gas, combination forming, i. 95
• Nitrous oxide, absorption of, radiant heat by, i. 41, 43
  • combination forming, i. 95
• Noctiluca miliaris, structure and mode of propagation of, ii. [73], [74]
• Noctiluci, their food, i. 205
• Nodosaria, characters of the genus, ii. [39]
• Nodosaria rugosa, shell of, ii. [28]
  • structure of, ii. [39]
• Nodosaria spinicosta, form of, ii. [28]
  • structure of, ii. [39]
• Nostoc commune, wide distribution of, i. 212
• Nostochineæ, structure and habitat of, i. 211
  • reproduction of, i. 212
  • wide distribution of, i. 212
• Nullipores, structure and habitat of, i. 142
• Nummulites, structure of the, ii. [44-46]
  • circumstances favouring their existence in the Tertiary period, ii. [53]

O

• Ocean, force exerted in the creation of the, i. 31
• Octoblepharum albidum, leaves of, i. 330
• Octopods, structure of, ii. [245]
• Octopus vulgaris, or poulpe, structure of, ii. [245-247]
• Odonthalia, structure of, i. 242
• Œdogonium capillare, reproduction of, i. 216
• Oïdium, structure and habitat of, i. 290
• Oïdium Tuckeri, or vine mildew, fungus producing, i. 295
• Oils, dead, manufacture of, i. 120
  • essential, chemical combinations forming, i. 97
  • vegetable, i. 422
  • formation of fixed and essential, artificially, i. 424
• Oleandra, characters of the genus, i. 347
• Oleandra neriiformis, structure of, i. 347
• Olefiant gas, absorptive power of, i. 39, 40, 41
  • amount of absorptive power, i. 41
  • great absorption of, i. 47
  • formation of, i. 97
  • amount of carbon in, i. 105
  • one of the illuminants in coal gas, i. 118
  • chemical composition of, i. 128
• Olefiant oil, i. 104
• Olive oil, i. 422
• Onion, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
• Oniscus, common wood-louse or slater, structure of the, ii. [202]
• Onoclea, characters of the genus, i. 348
• Onoclea sensibilis, characters and habitat of, i. 348
• Oolina claxata, shell of, ii. [48]
• Opacity in liquids and solids synonymous with accord, i. 37
  • causes of opacity, i. 37
• Operculina, structure of, ii. [38], [46]
  • an instance of an individual combined with a common life, ii. [38].
• Ophioglossaceæ, characters of the group, i. 365
• Ophioglossum, characters of the genus, i. 365
• Ophioglossum vulgatum, structure and habitat of, i. 365
• Ophionyx, structure of, ii. [173]
• Ophiuridæ, or snake stars, structure of, ii. [172], [173]
  • power of reproducing rays, ii. [173]
• Ophrys apifera, or bee ophrys, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 397
• Ophrys, fly, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 396
• Opium, alkaloids obtained from, i. 427
  • almost universal use of, in the East, i. 427
• Orange, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
  • fructification of the, i. 381
• Oranges, fungus of decayed, i. 290
• Orbitolite, characters of the, ii. [33]
  • a fossil gigantic one found in Canada, ii. [54]
• Orbitolites complanatus, structure of, ii. [33], [34]
  • development and varieties of, ii. [35], [36]
  • habitat of, ii. [36]
• Orchids, their structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction, i. 388-403
  • theoretical structure of, i. 403
• Orchil, whence obtained, i. 303
  • from what obtained, i. 124
• Orchis mascula, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 389, et seq.
• Orchis pyramidalis, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 393, et seq.
• Oscillatoria littoralis, structure and motions of, i. 213
• Oscillatoria spiralis, motions of, i. 213
• Oscillatoriæ, structure, habitat, and motions of, i. 213
  • reproduction of, i. 214
• Osmunda regalis, structure and habitat of, i. 363
• Osmundineæ, characters of, i. 363
  • sporangia of, i. 343
  • characters of the group, i. 345
• Ostrapods, characters of the, ii. [207]
• Otolites of Gastropoda, ii. [236]
• Otolites of Thaumantias, ii. [93]
• Ovulata, siliceous skeleton of, ii. [60]
• Oxalic acid, former and present modes of making, i. 116
  • produced by lichens, i. 303
  • synthetical formation of, i. 424
• Oxygen, i. 6-11
  • effect of the combination of the atoms of oxygen and carbon in combustion, i. 30
  • absorptive power of ozonized oxygen, i. 43
  • absorptive power of, i. 39, 41
  • proportion of oxygen to hydrogen in the composition of water, i. 94
  • limit to the number of combustions of, with nitrogen, i. 95
  • weight of the atoms of, in the peroxide of manganese, i. 99
  • weight of the atoms of, compared with those of hydrogen, i. 99, 100
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 139
  • inhalation and exhalation of, by plants, i. 416, 417
• Oysters, iodine found in, i. 19
• Ozone, i. 7
  • effect of the combination of ozone and oxygen in the absorption of radiant heat, i. 43
  • Prof. Tyndall’s conjecture as to the production of ozone, i. 44
  • its affinity for iodine, i. 96
  • its possible effect on the solar spectrum, i. 132
  • production of, i. 17

P

• Padina Pavonia, or Peacock’s tail laver, structure of, i. 247
• Pagurus, or hermit crab, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [197]
• Palm, stem or axis of a, i. 384
  • growth and reproduction of palms, i. 384, 385
• Palmoglœa macrococca, structure and development of, i. 182
• Palmyra palm, growth of the stem of, i. 385
• Pandanus or screw pine, roots and habitat of, i. 387
• Papillaris, siliceous skeleton of, ii. [60]
• Paraffin, i. 105
  • crystals of, how produced, i. 127
• Paraffin oil and candles, i. 119, 127
• Paramœcium caudatum, cilia and mouth of, ii. [68], [69]
  • immense propagation of, ii. [74]
• Parkeriaceæ, or Ceratopteridineæ, structure and habitat of, i. 363
• Parmelia saxatilis, structure and habitat of, i. 305
• Parmeliacei, structure of the, i. 302
  • characters of the group, i. 304
• Parmelia parcolerina, yellow dye obtained from the, i. 124
• Parmelia parietina, dye obtained from, i. 303
• Passalus cornutus, parasitic fungus in the stomach of, i. 274
• Patchouli, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Patellidæ, or limpets, structure, food, and habitat of, ii. [238], [239]
• Paulia perforata, organs of reproduction of, i. 301
• Pea mildew, fungus producing the, i. 295
• Peach, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291
• Pear, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291
• Pearl oyster, nacreous lining of shell of, ii. [234]
• Pease, caseine obtained from, i. 125
• Peat, and peat mosses, i. 333
• Pecten, or scallop, eyes of the, ii. [235]
• Pediastrum, structure and development of, i. 194
• Pedicellaria globosa, structure of, ii. [180]
• Pelagia, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [97]
• Peltigeri, characters of the group, i. 305
• Peneroplis, structure of, ii. [31], [32]
• Penicillia mould, structure of the, i. 285
• Penicillium armeniacum, spores of, i. 285, 286
• Penicillium candidum, production of, i. 287
• Penicillium glaucum, structure and habitat of, i. 286, 287
  • its polymorphous character, i. 287
  • in the yeast of beer, i. 288
  • its production of acetic fermentation, i. 288
• Pennatula phosphorea, structure and habitat of, ii. [128]
  • modes of reproduction of, ii. [129]
• Pennatulidæ, or sea-pens, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [128], [129]
• Pentacrinites, structure of, ii. [175]
• Pentacrinus caput-Medusæ, structure and habitat of, ii. [175]
• Pentacrinus Europæus, structure of, and change to a comatula, ii. [176]
• Peppermint, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
• Peranemeæ, or Woodsieæ, characters of the group, i. 350
• Perfumes of flowers and plants, absorption of radiant heat by the, i. 44
  • weight of the perfumes, i. 45
  • chemical combinations forming, i. 97
• Peridinium, structure and habitat of, ii. [72]
  • scarlet colour it gives to the sea, ii. [72], [75]
  • mode of propagation of, ii. [75]
• Perisporacei, structure and habitat of, i. 295
• Periwinkle, tongue of, ii. [239]
• Peronospora infestans, its destruction of the potato, i. 284
  • structure and mode of working, i. 284, 285
  • its effects on the branches and wood of trees, i. 285
• Perophora Listeri, structure, habitat, and development of, ii. [222], [223]
  • larva of, ii. [224]
• Petroleum, enormous quantities of, in North America, i. 126
  • the Babylonian petroleum fountains of Is, i. 126
  • geological formation in which it occurs, i. 126
  • dangers of petroleum wells, i. 127
  • substances yielded by it on destructive distillation, i. 127
• Peyssonnelia, habitat of, i. 237
• Peziza aurantia, cells of staff-shaped particles of, i. 291
• Peziza elegans, beauty and habitat of, i. 291
• Peziza vesiculosa, force of its ejection of its sporidia, i. 292
• Pezizæ, structure and habitat of the genus, i. 290, 291
  • fructification of, i. 291
  • eel-shaped particles or antherozoids of, i. 292
  • force with which many of them eject their sporidia, i. 292
• Phacopsis, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
• Phalloidei, structure of, i. 268
• Phallus Mokusin, a food of the Chinese, i. 268
• Phascei, characters of, i. 329
• Phenic acid, i. 123
• Phenyle, chemical composition of, i. 128
• Philomedusa Vogtii, a parasite of the medusæ, ii. [100]
• Phonolite stone, on the Rhine, of what it consists, i. 206
• Phosphorescence, property of, i. 66
  • of insects, fish, and plants, i. 67
  • of inorganic substances, i. 67
  • essential difference between phosphorescence and fluorescence, i. 67, 68
• Phosphorescent light of luminous fungi, i. 264
  • causes of this, i. 264
• Phosphorus, i. 17
  • whence procured, i. 17
  • red allotropic, i. 17
  • takes fire spontaneously in chlorine gas, i. 19
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
• Photography, importance of the magnesium light in, i. 154
• Phyllodoce, structure of, ii. [157]
• Phyllopoda, characters of the order, ii. [209]
• Physalia, or ‘Spanish man-of-war,’ structure, and modes of locomotion and reproduction of, ii. [111-114]
• Physaliidæ, characters of the order, ii. [111]
• Physomycetes, characters of the order, i. 296
• Physophora hydrostatica, structure and habitat of, ii. [109], [110]
• Physophoridæ, characters of the family of the, ii. [109-111]
• Pillwort, structure and habitat of, i. 371, 372
• Pilularia globulifera, or pillwort, structure and habitat of, i. 371
• Pilularia minuta, structure of, i. 371
• Pinna, structure of the shell of, ii. [233]
• Pitch, manufacture of, i. 120
• Planets, spectra of the, i. 157, 158, 161, 162
• Plants, absorption of radiant heat by the perfumes of, i. 44
  • weight of the perfumes, i. 45
  • phosphorescence of, i. 67
  • their synthetic process of rearing their fabrics, i. 96
  • this process imitated by artificial means, i. 96
  • chemical nature of the colouring matter of, i. 428, 429
• Platinum, properties of, i. 5
  • how vaporized, i. 30
  • effect of electricity on, i. 32
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
  • its resistance to electricity, i. 90
• Pleurocarpi, characters and habitat of the group, i. 328
• Pleurosigma angulatum, structure of, i. 198, 199
• Plumbago, or natural graphite, little or no porosity of, i. 112
• Podocyrtis Schomburgi, structure and habitat of, ii. [20], [21]
  • fossil and existing species of, ii. [20]
• Poisons, vegetable, i. 425, 426
• Polarization of light and heat, i. 68, 69
  • relation of polarization of light and heat to crystallization, i. 70, 71
• Pollen of flowering plants, i. 379
• Polyatomic theory, the, i. 107
• Polycystina, structure and habitat of the, ii. [19], [20]
• Polygastria, a name for the Infusoria, ii. [71]
• Polyides rotundus, mode of reproduction of, i. 229
  • structure and mode of propagation of, i. 237, 238
• Polynoë, structure of, ii. [160]
• Polypary of the Alcyon zoophytes, ii. [123]
• Polypes. See Hydrozoa
• Polypodiaceæ, characters of the order, i. 344
  • sporangia of, i. 343
• Polypodineæ, characters of the group, i. 344
  • habitat of the, i. 345
• Polypodium, structure and habitat of the genus, i. 345
  • vulgare, fronds of, i. 340, 345
  • sori of, i. 342, 345
  • structure of, i. 345
• Polyporei, structure, habitat, and growth of, i. 264, 265
• Polysiphonia, structure of the genus, i. 233
• Polysiphonia elongata, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 234
• Polystichum, characters of the genus, i. 347
  • sorus and indusium of, i. 347
• Polystichum aculeatum, characters of, i. 348
• Polystichum angulare, characters of, i. 348
• Polystichum Lonchitis, structure of, i. 347
• Polystichum proliferum, organs of reproduction of, i. 348
• Polystomella, characters of the genus, ii. [47]
• Polystomella crispa, form of, ii. [28]
  • structure and habitat of, ii. [47], [48]
  • cristata, form of, ii. [28]
  • striato-punctata, habitat of the, ii. [48]
• Polytrichei, characters of the tribe, i. 329
• Polytrichum commune, organs of fructification of, i. 325
• Polytrichum dendroides, structure of, i. 329
• Polyzoa, or Bryozoa, characters of, ii. [218]
• Polyzonia cuneifolia, structure of, i. 242, 243
• Porites, or reef-building corals, ii. [140]
• Porphyra laciniata, structure and habitat of, i. 227
• Porphyra vulgaris, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 227
• Porpita, characters of the genus, ii. [117]
  • glandifera, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, ii. [117], [118]
• Potash, caustic, effect of the heating of, by an electric discharge, i. 84
  • its effect on electricity in a vacuum tube, i. 86
  • cyanate of, combination forming, i. 106
  • nitrate of, its opacity to the invisible rays, i. 65
  • oxalate of, formation of, i. 117
  • violet coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
  • in the land plants, i. 414
• Potassium, i. 3
  • affinity for oxygen, i. 96
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • one of an isomeric triad with cæsium and rubidium, i. 105
  • iodide of, whence obtained, i. 19
• Potato, fungi causing the murrain in the, i. 284, 285
  • mode in which the injury is done, i. 284
  • poisonous nature of the leaves and berries of the, i. 426, 427
• Poulpe, structure of the, ii. [245]
• Praya diphys, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [103-106]
• Propagation of diatoms by bisection, by conjugation, and by gonidia, i. 200
• Protein produced by plants, i. 419
• Protococcus pluvialis, structure and development of, i. 184
  • cycles of reproduction, i. 186
• Protococcus viridis, abundance of, found in dust from Egypt, ii. [65]
• Protophytes, structure and development of, i. 182
• Protoplasm of plants, structure and function of, i. 412, 413
• Protozoa, structure of the, ii. [13]
• Pterideæ, characters of the group, i. 357
• Pteris, characters of the genus, i. 357
• Pteris aquilina, stems of, i. 339
  • or bracken, structure, mode of reproduction, and habitat of, i. 357, 358
• Pteris esculenta of New Zealand, i. 358
• Pteris serrulata, development of spores of, i. 337
  • antheridium and spermatozoids of, i. 338
• Pteris serrulata: archegonium of, i. 338
• Pucciniæ, structure and habitat of the sub-order, i. 276, 277
• Puccinia Amorphæ, spores of, i. 276
• Puccinia Fabæ, structure, habitat, and method of reproduction of, i. 280
  • alternation of generations of, i. 280
• Puccinia Graminis, spore-cases of, i. 280
• Puccinia lateripes, spores of, i. 276
• Puff-balls of the meadows, i. 267
• Purple dyes, i. 123, 124
• Pycnogonoïdea, or spider crabs, structure and habitat of, ii. [211]
• Pyrosomidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of the, ii. [225]
• Pyxinei, characters of the, i. 307

Q

• Quartz, rock-crystal the purest form of, i. 17
  • certain thickness of, not transparent to invisible rays of light, i. 65
  • axis of symmetry of, i. 72
  • aqueous solution of, i. 110
    • characteristics of the, i. 111
• Queen conch, shell of, ii. [234]
• Quinine, structure of, and whence obtained, i. 427
• Quinqueloculina Bronniana, form of, ii. [228]

R

• Radiation of light and heat, i. 34, 35
  • effects of, i. 35, 36
  • generally independent of colour, i. 36
  • Professor Tyndall’s experiments, i. 38
  • experiments showing radiation to be equal to absorption, i. 46
  • dynamic radiation, i. 49
  • absorption a phenomenon irrespective of aggregation, i. 53
• Radicles, compound, i. 106
• Ramalina calicaris, gluten of, i. 303
• Ramalina polymorphum, dyes obtained from, i. 303
• Ramalina scopulorum, dyes of, i. 303
• Raphides, structure and formation of, i. 424, 425
• Red Sea, foraminifera in the, ii. [51]
• Reed, Cordyceps on the ergot of the, i. 293
• Reed, Italian, vegetable tissues represented in, i. 175, 176
• Reef-building corals, ii. [138-142]
• Reefs, barrier, formation of, ii. [143]
• Resins, formation of, i. 422
• Respiration, chemical powers causing, ii. [4]
• Respiration of the muscles, ii. [8]
• Reticularia, characters of the order, ii. [24]
• Reticularia maxima of cucumber beds, i. 269
• Rhabdonia Coulteri, mode of propagation of, i. 236
• Rhamnus cathartica, M. Charwin’s discovery of a green dye obtained from the, i. 124
• Rhizocrinus Lofotensis, structure of, ii. [175]
• Rhizopoda, structure of the, ii. [13]
  • simple Rhizopods, forms of, ii. [22]
• Rhizoselenia, enormous masses of, in the Indian Ocean, i. 205
• Rhizospermæ. See Marsileaceæ
• Rhizostoma, or many-mouthed medusæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [97], [98]
  • food of, ii. [98]
• Rhodomelaceæ, structure &c. of, i. 241
• Rhodospermeæ, characters of the, i. 180
  • structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 227, et seq.
  • causes which affect the form and limits of, i. 243
• Rhodymenia palmata, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 236
• Rhodymeniaceæ, structure of, i. 236
• Ricciaceæ, or Crystalworts, characters of the order, i. 316
• Richmond, in Virginia, siliceous deposit upon which it stands, i. 206
• Riella, characters of the genus, i. 316, 317
• Rivularia, structure of the genus, i. 213, 215
• Rivularia nitida, structure and motions of, i. 213, 215
• Rocella fuciformis, dye and orchil obtained from, i. 303
• Rocella tinctoria and fusiformis, blue and purple dyes obtained from, i. 124
• Rock-crystal, formation of, i. 17
• Rock-salt, chlorine obtained from, i. 18
  • permeable to radiant heat but radiates badly, i. 37
• Roots, downward tendency of, i. 382
  • structure and functions of, i. 409
• Rosalina ornata, structure of, ii. [41]
• Rosaniline, or roseine, the base of aniline, i. 123
  • production of, i. 123
• Rosaniline, chemical composition of, i. 128
• Rosemary, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Roses, otto of, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Rotalia, structure of, ii. [38]
• Rotalia Beccarii, habitat and structure of, ii. [42]
• Rotaline group of foraminifera, ii. [44]
• Rotifer, common, structure of the, ii. [167]
• Rotifera, characters of the, ii. [162]
  • mode of reproduction of the, ii. [162]
• Rubia tinctorum, madder obtained from the roots of, i. 124
• Rubidium, i. 3, 4
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • one of an isomeric triad with cæsium and potassium, i. 105
  • M. Bunsen’s discovery of the metal by spectrum analysis, i. 134, 135
  • mode of distinguishing it from potassium, i. 135
  • properties of, i. 136
  • where found, i. 136
• Ruby, i. 4
• Ruhmkorff’s electro-magnetic induction apparatus, i. 32
• Russulæ, laticiferous vessels of, i. 263
• Rust of wheat, i. 281
• Rye, probable cause of the mildew of, i. 297
• Rytiphlæa pinastroides, antheridia of, i. 243
• Rytiphlæa tinctoria, antheridia of, i. 242

S

• Saffron, meadow, poisonous alkaloid obtained from, i. 427
• Sagartia miniata, structure and habitat of, ii. [132]
  • its deadly weapons, ii. [132], [133]
• Salpa maxima, structure of, ii. [226], [227]
• Salpa mucronata, vast shoals of, ii. [228]
• Salpa zonaria, young of, ii. [227]
• Salpi, their food, i. 205
• Salpidæ, characters of the, ii. [226-228]
• Salt, change of volume of, by chemical combination, i. 20
  • partial decomposition of, by diffusion, i. 111
  • yellow coloured light produced by the combustion of, i. 132
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 134
• Salt: more universally diffused than any other matter, i. 134
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 141
• Sand of the sea-shore, the debris of quartz rocks, i. 17
• Sandal wood, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Sandhopper, structure of the, ii. [201], [202]
• Sap milk, composition and formation of, i. 425
• Sapindaceæ, or soapworts, fruits of, innocuous, i. 426
• Sapphire, i. 4
• Sapphirina fulgens, structure and habitat of, ii. [204], [205]
• Sarcode, structure and functions of, ii. [2]
• Sarcophycus of the Antarctic Ocean, i. 256
• Sarcophycus potatorum, fruit of, i. 256
• Sargassum, habitat of the, i. 255
• Sargassum bacciferum, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 257
• Sargassum vulgare, structure, fruit, and habitat of, i. 257
• Saturn, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 161
• Sausages, fatal effects caused by, i. 285
• Saw-dust, manufacture of into oxalic acid, i. 116, 117
• Scalariæ, tongues of, ii. [239]
• Scallop, or pecten, eyes of the, ii. [235]
• Schistocarpi, characters of the group, i. 328
• Schistostegei, structure and habitat of, i. 331
• Schizæa, structure of, i. 363
• Schizæineæ, characters of the, i. 363
  • sporangia of, i. 343
  • characters of the group, i. 345
• Sclerogen, i. 175
  • production of, in plants, i. 421
• Scolopendrieæ, characters of, i. 351, 352
• Scolopendrium, structure and development of the caudex of, i. 340
• Scolopendrium vulgare, or Hart’s-tongue fern, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 351, 352
• Screw pine, roots and habitat of, i. 387
• Scutella, spines of the, ii. [180]
• Scutula, organs of reproduction of, i. 307
• Sea-cucumbers, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [183]
• Sea-eggs, or sea-urchins, structure of, ii. [176] et seq.
• Sea-fans, structure of the, ii. [125]
• Sea-mat, structure of, ii. [218]
• Sea-nettles, vast shoals of, ii. [100], [101]
• Sea-pens, structure of, ii. [128], [129-131]
• Sea-salt, chlorine obtained from, i. 18
• Sea-serpent of Celebes, ii. [186]
• Sea-slugs, structure of, ii. [239], [240]
• Sea-weeds, former and present uses of, i. 128
• Seeds of two lobes, i. 177
  • of one lobe, i. 177
  • of plants, i. 381, 382, 383, 404
• Selaginella, structure and habitat of, i. 374
• Selenium, atomic weight of, i. 105
  • its properties analogous with those of sulphur and tellurium, i. 105
• Sepedonium mycophilum, spores of, i. 286
• Sepia, or cuttle fish, structure of, ii. [245], [246], [247]
• Serpentine marble of Tyree and of Connemara, composition of, ii. [56]
• Serpula, structure of, ii. [155]
• Sertularia cupressina, structure of, ii. [87]
• Sertulariidæ, characters of the family of, ii. [90], [91]
  • modes of propagation of, ii. [91]
• Shells of mollusks, ii. [234]
• Shrimps, opossum, ii. [199], [200]
• Sigillaria, structure of the fossil, i. 375
• Silex, quantity of, in the Equisetaceæ, i. 369
  • in the grasses, i. 386
• Silica, abundance of, i. 17
  • in the stalks and leaves of the grasses, i. 386
  • effect of electricity on, i. 32
• Silicon, i. 17
  • combined with oxygen gas forms rock-crystal, i. 17
  • three different states in which it exists, i. 18
  • analogy between silicon and carbon, i. 18
  • Professor Graham’s limpid solution of, i. 18
• Silk, dyes for, i. 125
  • mode of preparing it if it is to be moiré, i. 125
  • advantages of the climate of Lyons in the manufacture of, i. 126
• Silk-worm, a fungus parasite of the, i. 274
• Silver, affinity of, for oxygen, i. 5
  • conduction of heat and radiation, i. 5
  • iodine found in combination with, i. 19
  • crystals of, formed artificially by electricity, i. 74
  • transmissive power of, of electricity, i. 90
• Sipunculidæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [186], [187]
• Sky, probable cause of the blue colour of the, i. 58
• Slate, polishing, of Bilin, of what it consists, i. 206
• Smoke, i. 14
• Smut of wheat, i. 281
• Snails, structure of, ii. [235-237]
• Soda, chlorate of, singular property of, in crystallization, i. 75
• Soda, oxalate of, formation of, i. 117
• Soda, silicate of, i. 110
  • Prof. Graham’s dialysis of, i. 110
• Soda, former and present mode of procuring, i. 128
  • yellow coloured light produced by the combustion of, i. 132
  • abundance in the Algæ, i. 414
• Sodium, i. 3
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 141
  • chloride of, spectrum of, i. 146
  • reversion of the coloured lines of sodium burning in air, i. 150
• Solar spectrum, i. 58
  • myriads of ethereal waves constituting the seven colours of the, i. 58
  • rayless spaces crossing the, at right angles, i. 59
  • length of the undulations of the ether producing the impression of the colours of the solar spectrum, i. 59
  • mode of bringing the invisible rays of the chemical spectrum before the human eye, i. 59
  • fluorescence and calorescence, i. 60-62
  • experiments producing the long spectrum, i. 63
  • spectra of volatilized metals, i. 64
  • absorption of invisible rays, i. 65
  • discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton of the solar spectrum and the laws of coloured rings, i. 129
  • Fraunhofer’s lines, i. 129, 148
    • MM. Bunsen and Kirchhoff’s experiments, i. 130, 148
    • Mr. Glaisher’s experiments, i. 130
  • absorption bands, i. 131
    • Sir D. Brewster’s discovery, i. 131
  • coincident dark and coloured lines, i. 148
  • reversion of the coloured lines, i. 149
  • Prof. J. P. Cook’s discoveries, i. 149
  • M. Foucault’s discoveries, i. 149
  • M. Kirchhoff’s discovery of the law of exchanges, i. 150
  • metals shown by MM. Kirchhoff and Angström to exist in the sun, i. 151-153
    • and those proved to have no existence in the sun, i. 154
• Solferino, production of, i. 127
• Solids, the specific heat of compound, generally greater than that of their component elements, i. 101
• Solorina, structure of the genus, i. 305
• Solorina crocea, structure of, i. 306
• Solorina saccata, structure of, i. 305
• Space, matter wandering in, i. 28
• Spearmint, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
• Specific gravity, i. 26
  • unit of, i. 26
• Spectra, continuous, from glowing solids and liquids, i. 132
  • spectrum analysis, i. 133
    • experiments of Sir David Brewster and Mr. Fox Talbot, i. 133
    • spectrum of rubidium and cæsium, i. 136
      • of thallium, i. 136, 137
      • of indium, i. 137
      • of the flame of the iron in the manufacture of the Bessemer steel, i. 137, 138
      • of gases, i. 139, et seq.
      • of metals not always the same, i. 145
      • of the halogens, i. 146
      • of the vaporized mixture of five chlorides, i. 147
      • of lightning, 147
      • of the sun. See Solar spectrum
      • of the fixed stars, i. 155, 162, 163
      • of temporary and periodic stars, i. 156, 157
      • of the planets, i. 157, 158, 161
      • of various nebulæ, i. 158-160
• Spermatozoids of confervaceæ, i. 210
• Sphæria aquila, structure and habitat of, i. 295
• Sphæria bombarda, structure of, i. 295
• Sphæria, candle-snuff, habitat of, i. 295
• Sphæria Desmazierii, development of, i. 294
• Sphæria miliaris, characters of, i. 283
• Sphæriacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 293
  • development of, i. 294
• Sphærobolus, force with which its sporangium is ejected, i. 273
• Sphærococcoideæ, characters of the, i. 238
• Sphærococcus coronopifolius, mode of reproduction of, i. 236, 238
• Sphærococcus, habitat of the genus, i. 239
• Sphærophorei, characters of the, i. 310
• Sphæroplea annulina, structure and reproduction of, i. 208, 209
• Sphagnei, characters of, i. 331
• Sphagnum latifolium, leaves of, i. 330
• Sphagnum, or common bog-moss, structure, fructification, and habitat of, i. 332
  • uses of, in Lapland, i. 334
• Spikenard, amount of radiant heat absorbed by the perfume of, i. 44
• Spinal cord, structure and functions of the, ii. 8
• Spines of plants, structure and formation of, i. 411
• Spirogyra, mode of reproduction of, i. 218
• Spirulina tenuissima, motions of, i. 213
• Splachnei, characters of the tribe, i. 330
• Splachnum ampullaceum, structure and habitat of, i. 331
• Splachnum vasculosum, structure and colour of, i. 330
• Spondylus gædaropus, eyes of the, ii. [235]
• Sponges, iodine found in, i. 19
• Sponges, the Carpenteria, a link between the foraminifera and the, ii. [57]
  • structure and development of, ii. [57]
  • varieties in size, structure, and habits of the marine sponges, ii. [60]
  • propagation of, ii. [60], [61]
  • structure of fresh-water sponges, ii. [61]
  • fossil sponges, ii. [62]
• Spongilla fluviatilis, structure and development, and propagation of, ii. [61]
• Spongiocarpeæ, structure and mode of propagation of, i. 237, 238
• Spores of Cryptogamia, i. 177, 178
• Sporidia, or spore-bearing cells, of Ascomycetes, i. 290
• Sporidiiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260
  • orders of, i. 260, 261
• Sporiferi, structure and fructification of, i. 260
  • orders of, i. 260
• Sporopodium Leprieurii, ascus of, i. 300
• Spurgeworts, poisons and food supplied by the, i. 425, 426
• Squamariæ, structure and modes of propagation of, i. 237
• Squid, structure of the, ii. [245], [246]
• Squilla Desmarestii, structure of, ii. [198]
• Squilla mantis, structure of, ii. [198]
• Stamens of flowering plants, i. 379
• Starch, production of, by plants, i. 420
• Star-fishes, structure of, ii. [169]
• Stars, absorption of the heat radiated by the, by the earth’s atmosphere, i. 55
  • chemical power of the light of the, i. 55
• Stars, falling, i. 28
• Stars, fixed, constitution and spectra of the, i. 154, 155, 162, 163
  • spectra of periodic stars, i. 156
• Staurastrum, structure and development of various species of, i. 192
• Steam-engine, equivalence between the mechanical work and heat of the, as between cause and effect, i. 29
  • causes of the motive force in the, i. 29
• Steel, effect of magnetism on, i. 77
  • importance of the spectrum analysis in the manufacture of, by Bessemer’s process, i. 137, 138
• Stegobolus Berkeleianus, structure and organs of development of, i. 299
• Stelleridæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [169-172], [174]
• Stems of plants, structure of, i. 384, 405
• Stenochlæna, stem of, i. 339
• Stephanosphæra pluvialis, structure and development of, i. 187-189
• Stickleback, entozoön of the, ii. [145]
• Sticta, structure of the genus, i. 304
• Sticta pulmonacea, structure and habitat of, i. 304
• Stilbacei, structure and habitat of, i. 283
• Stomach, human, fungus in the, i. 275
• Stomapoda, characters of the, ii. [198]
• Stomata of plants, structure of the, i. 405, 406
• Stone-lilies, structure of, ii. [174], [175]
• Strawberry, fructification of the, i. 381
• Strombus gigas, or queen conch, shell of, ii. [234]
• Strontium, i. 3
  • one of an isomeric triad with calcium and barium, i. 105
  • red-coloured light obtained by the combustion of, i. 133
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 133
  • spectrum analysis of the rarefied vapour of, i. 142
    • effect of high temperature, i. 142, 143
• Strychnos nux vomica, fruit of, food for birds, i. 426
• Substitution, direct or indirect, the basis of the modern doctrine of equivalents, i. 104
• Succinic acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Sugar, production of, in plants, i. 421
• Sugar-cane, size and structure of, i. 386
• Sulphur, i. 16
  • extensive range of affinities of, i. 16
• Sulphur: dimorphism and allotropism of, i. 16
  • combination of chlorine with sulphur, i. 20
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100, 105
  • its analogous properties with selenium and tellurium, i. 105
  • spectrum analysis of, in different temperatures, i. 144
• Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, i. 16
• Sulphurous acid, amount of absorption of radiant heat by, i. 41
• Sun, probable cause of the light and heat of the, i. 28
  • probability of the periodic connection of the solar spots with magnetic phenomena, i. 30, 31
  • amount of force exerted by the sun’s light within the limits of the terrestrial atmosphere, i. 34
  • chemical action of the light of the sun, i. 56
  • effect of the opalescence of the atmosphere on the chemical power of the sun’s light, i. 57
• Sun, spectrum of the, i. 58
  • thirteen terrestrial substances in the sun’s atmosphere, i. 59
  • metals shown by M. Kirchhoff to exist in the sun, i. 151-153
  • and those proved not to exist in it, i. 154
  • the structure of the sun in some respects still a mystery, i. 164
  • the luminous gaseous atmosphere of the, i. 164
  • mottled appearance of the photosphere of the sun, i. 164, 165
  • the faculæ, i. 165
  • the red flames or protuberances round the edge during a total eclipse, i. 165
  • the solar spots, i. 166
    • their periodicity, i. 166
    • appear to be influenced by the planet Venus, i. 166
• Sun-rise and sun-set, causes of the bright tints at, i. 58
• Surirella, mode of development of, i. 202
• Synapta, structure of the genus, ii. [185]
• Synapta digitata, structure and habitat of the, ii. [185]
• Syncladei, structure of the branches of, i. 328
• Syncoryna Sarsii, structure and development of zooids of, ii. [90]
• Synthesis, in the animal and vegetable creation, i. 96

T

• Tænia, or tape-worm, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [145]
  • transformation of the young of, ii. [146].
• Tænioïdæ, characters of, ii. [144]
• Talitrus, or sand-hopper, structure of, ii. [201], [202]
• Tar, coal. See Coal tar
• Tardigrada, characters of the, ii. [161]
• Tartaric acid, chemical combination forming, i. 97
• Tea, active principle of, i. 428
• Tellurium, atomic weight of, i. 105
  • its properties analogous to those of sulphur and selenium, i. 105
• Terebella conchilega, structure of, ii. [153-155]
• Textularia, structure and habitat of the genus, ii. [41]
  • fossils of, ii. [42]
• Textularia Mayeriana, form of, ii. [28]
• Thalassicolla morum, structure of, ii. [21]
• Thalassicollæ, structure of, ii. [21]
• Thalassiophyllum Clathrus, habitat and structure of, i. 250
• Thallium, i. 3, 4
  • effect of the spectrum from an electric spark between points of, i. 64
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • Mr. W. Crookes’s discovery of the metal so called, i. 136
  • spectrum analysis of, i. 137
  • properties of, i. 137
  • where found, i. 137
  • changes in the spectrum of, by high temperature, i. 144
• Thallus or frond, of lichens, i. 301
• Thaumantia pilosella, form and structure of, ii. [92]
  • otolites of, ii. [93]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [94]
• Thorinum, i. 4
• Thunder-dirt of the New Zealanders, i. 268
• Thyme, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
• Timmia, leaves of, i. 330
• Tobacco, spectrum analysis of, i. 136
• Tobacco, narcotic effect of, and as a relief from hunger, i. 428
• Toluidine, property of, in producing the aniline colours, i. 122
• Toluol, constituents of, i. 121
• Topaz, oriental, i. 4
• Torula cerevisiæ, structure, development, and cell-multiplication of, i. 287
• Transparency in liquids and solids synonymous with discord, i. 36
  • causes of transparency, i. 37
• Transpiration of gases, i. 110, 114
• Tree ferns, structure of, i. 341
• Trees, constitution of the stems of, i. 174
• Tremellini, structure, habitat, and fructification of, i. 266
• Trepang, used as food, ii. [184]
• Triceratium favus, structure and habitat of, i. 199
• Triceratium genus, structure and habitat of, i. 199
• Trichodesmium erythræum, structure, habitat, and reproduction of, i. 215, 216
• Trichogastres, characters of the group, i. 267
• Trichomanes radicans, or bristle fern, structure and habitat of, i. 361
• Trichomanineæ, characters of the group, i. 345
  • characters and habitat of, i. 360, 361
• Trilobites, structure of, ii. [203]
• Tripe de Roche, structure of, i. 308
• Triphragmium dubens, spores of, i. 276
• Tripoli stone on the Rhine, of what it consists, i. 206
• Trochus granulatus, structure of, ii. [237], [238]
• Trochus zizyphinus, palate of, ii. [237]
• Truffle, structure and habitat of the, i. 292, 293
  • modes of tracing them, i. 293
  • the red, of Bath, i. 268
• Trypethelium Sprengelii, pustules and sporidia of, i. 299
• Tuberacei, characters and habitat of the order, i. 292
• Tubicola, structure of, ii. [153]
  • found in all seas, ii. [161]
• Tubipora, characters of the family of, ii. [129]
• Tubipora musica, structure and mode of reproduction of, ii. [130]
• Tubipora purpurea, habitat of, ii. [130]
• Tubularia, form and structure of the family, ii. [91]
  • mode of propagation of, ii. [91]
• Tulip, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
• Tunicata, or Ascidians, characters of, ii. [222]
  • groups of, ii. [222], et seq.
• Turbellariæ, structure of the, ii. [148]
• Turkey red, from what obtained, i. 124
• Turpentine, oil of, takes fire in chlorine gas, i. 19
• Turritopsis nutricula, larvæ of the Cunina octonaria, parasites of, ii. [100]

U

• Ulva, structure and reproduction of, i. 171, 225
• Ulva bullosa, reproduction of, i. 227
• Ulva lactuca, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226
• Ulva latissima, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 225-227
• Ulva Linza, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 226
• Umbilicaria, structure and habitat of, i. 308
• Upas-tree of Java, causes of the virulence of, i. 426
  • fruit of, innocuous, i. 426
• Uranium, i. 4, 5
  • nitrate of, phosphorescence of, i. 67
• Uranite, yellow, fluorescent property of, i. 66
• Uredines, structure and habitat of the, i. 277
• Uredo, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 277
• Uredo candida, or Cystopus candidus, structure, habitat, and mode of reproduction of, i. 278
• Uredo linearis, the rust on the leaves and chaff scales of wheat, i. 281
• Uromyces appendiculatus, or fungus of the common bean, i. 280
• Usnea, structure of, i. 302
• Usnea melaxantha, splendour of, i. 304
• Usnea Taylori, splendour of, i. 304
• Usneæ, brilliancy and wide diffusion of the, i. 304
• Usnic acid, produced by lichens, i. 303
• Uva di mare, fruit of, i. 257

V

• Vacuum tubes, i. 78, note
  • electric discharges in, i. 78, 79
• Valvulina, structure of, ii. [37]
• Vanilla, reproduction of, i. 402
• Vapours, absorption of radiant heat by gases and vapours, i. 38
  • radiation of, equal to absorption, i. 46
• Variolaria dealbata, litmus or orchil obtained from, i. 124
• Vaucheria, character of the genus, i. 218, 224
  • structure, habitat, and modes of reproduction of, i. 218
• Vaucheria marina, structure and habitat of, i. 224
• Vaucheria sessilis, mode of reproduction of, i. 219
• Vaucheria velutina, habitat of, i. 224
• Vegetable world, microscopic structure of the, i. 167
• Vegetation, i. 167
  • effects of light and heat on, i. 168, 169
  • the primordial cell, the universal framework or skeleton of the vegetable world, i. 170, 172
  • formation of cellular tissue, i. 171, 173
  • fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of trees, i. 173
    • the vascular ducts, i. 73
    • the pitted tissue, i. 174
    • the woody fibre, i. 174
      • sclerogen, i. 175
  • the laticiferous vessels, or vasa propria, i. 176, 177
  • seeds and spores, i. 177
  • cycles of existence in the vegetable world, i. 178, 186
  • variation of marine vegetation, horizontally and vertically with the depth, i. 258
  • instance of mechanical power exerted by vegetable matter, i. 269
  • seeds brought to Europe by the great Atlantic currents, i. 355
  • gradual changes of structure from the lowest to the highest cryptogamic forms, i. 375
    • reproduction and fructification, i. 376, 377
  • general structure of flowering plants, i. 378
    • calyx and corolla, i. 378
    • stamens and pollen, i. 379
    • pistil, ovary, and style, i. 380
    • fructification, i. 381
  • monocotyledonous, or endogenous plants, their structure, growth, and reproduction, i. 383
    • the earliest dawn of plant life, as shown in the colourless protoplasm of the grasses, i. 387
    • bulbous plants, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 388
    • orchids, their structure and fructification, i. 389
  • dicotyledonous, or exogenous plants, i. 404-428
    • seeds, i. 404
    • stems, i. 405
    • stomata, i. 405, 406
    • bark, i. 406, 407
    • cambium, i. 407
    • wood, i. 408
    • roots, i. 409
    • leaves, i. 410
    • buds, spines, and hairs, i. 411
    • protoplasm, i. 412
    • chemical elements of vegetable matter, i. 413
    • sap and sap motion, i. 415-417
    • inhalation and exhalation of oxygen, i. 416, 417
    • latex, i. 417
      • milk vessels, i. 418
    • chemical functions, i. 419
      • cellulose, i. 419, 420
      • starch, i. 420
      • sclerogen, or colouring matter of wood, i. 421
      • sugar, i. 421
      • oils, resins, and wax, i. 422, 423
      • albumen, fibrin, and casein, i. 423
      • raphides, i. 424
      • milk sap, i. 425
      • colouring matter of flowers, chemical nature of, i. 428, 429
    • water secreted by plants night and morning, i. 429
    • electricity developed by plants and flowers, i. 430
    • irritability of the tissues of plants, i. 430
      • light the most universal and important exciting cause in the vegetable world, i. 431
• Velella spirans, structure and modes of locomotion and reproduction of, ii. [114-116]
  • food of, ii. [116]
  • habitat of, ii. [117]
• Velellidæ, characters of the order, ii. [111], [114]
• Venus, the planet, spectrum of, i. 158, 162
• Veratrum album, or white hellebore, poisonous alkaloid of, i. 427
• Verrucariei, structure of, i. 310
• Verrucaria muralis, structure and habitat of, i. 310
• Verrucaria variolosa, structure and development of, i. 299, 300
• Vibrissea, motions of the sporidia in, i. 292
• Vibrios found in dust from Egypt, ii. [65]
  • agents in the decomposition of organic matter, ii. [66], [67]
  • difference between vibrios and mycoderms, ii. [66]
  • extreme tenacity of life of the vibrios, ii. [67]
• Vine, fungus constituting the mildew of the, i. 295, 297
• Vinegar plant, fungus producing the, i. 288
• Virgularia juncea, ii. [129]
• Virgularia mirabilis, mode of reproduction of, ii. [129]
• Virgulariæ, structure and mode of reproduction of the, ii. [129]
• Vis viva, or impetus, i. 26, 27
  • heat generated by, i. 27
  • combustion, a case of, i. 30
• Vittarieæ, characters of the group, i. 356
• Volatility of a compound, law of, i. 22
• Voltaic battery, i. 31
• Voltaic electricity. See Electricity
• Volvocineæ, structure and reproduction of, i. 187, 189
• Volvox globator, structure and development of, i. 189
• Vorticella nebulifera, diversity of their reproductive powers, ii. [75], [76]
• Vorticellæ, structure of the, ii. [76]
  • food of, and mode of taking it, ii. [76], [77]
  • mode of reproduction of, ii. [77]
• Vulpinic acid, whence obtained, i. 303

W

• Walking fern, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 352
• Walnut, cause of blistered leaves of the, i. 291
• Wasp, a West Indian, killed by fungi, i. 293, 294
• Water almost impervious to heat, i. 36
  • proportions of oxygen and hydrogen in, i. 94
  • combination and decomposition of, i. 94
  • force of the chemical combination requisite to form a gallon of, from the combustion of the two gases, i. 97, 98
  • force required to freeze water, i. 98
  • amount of voltaic electricity required to separate a given quantity of water into hydrogen and oxygen, i. 101
  • the most common radicle in the inorganic and organic world, i. 107
  • the water of crystallization, and the effect of heat upon it, i. 108
  • production of aqueous solutions of organic and inorganic matter, i. 111
  • water secreted night and morning by plants, i. 429
• Water-flea, arborescent, structure of the, ii. [208]
• Waterproofing, India rubber prepared for, i. 120
• Wax, vegetable, formation of, i. 422, 423
  • functions of, i. 423
• Wheat, probable causes of the rust and smut of, i. 281
  • Cordyceps on the ergot of, i. 293
• Whelks, tongues of, ii. [239], [240]
• Wood-louse, or slater, structure of, ii. [202]
• Wood of trees, fibro-vascular bundles constituting the wood of, i. 173, 174
  • structure of, i. 408
• Woodsia, structure of, i. 349
• Woodsia ilvensis, structure and fructification of, i. 350
• Woodsieæ, or Peranemeæ, characters of the group, i. 350
• Worms, or annulosa, characters of, ii. [144]
• Wormskioldia sanguinea, structure and habitat of, i. 239, 240
• Wormwood, absorption of radiant heat by the perfume of, i. 44
• Wrangelia penicillata, spores of, i. 237
• Wrangeliaceæ, structure and mode of reproduction of, i. 237

X

• Xenodochus parodoxus, spores of, i. 276

Y

• Yeast plant, i. 286, 288
  • yeast of beer, i. 287, 288
  • German yeast, i. 288
• Yellow dye, obtained from aniline, i. 124
• Yttrium, i. 4

Z

• Zinc, i. 4
  • spectrum of volatilized zinc, i. 64
  • atomic weight of, compared with that of hydrogen, i. 100
  • peroxide of, combination forming, i. 104
  • seleniate of, different forms assumed by, according to the temperature of the water united with, i. 107, 108
• Zirconium, i. 4
• Zonaria, structure of, i. 247
• Zooids of Hydrozoa, ii. [88-90]
• Zoophytes, characters of, ii. [81]
  • hydrozoa, ii. [81], [86]
  • actinozoa, ii. [130]
  • anthozoa, ii. [119]
    • alcyon, ii. [119]
• Zoospores of Confervaceæ, i. 208
• Zostera marina, or sea wrack, crimson fringe of the, i. 231
  • characters of the flowers of, i. 387
• Zygnema quininum, mode of reproduction of, i. 217
• Zygodesmus fuscus, spores of, i. 286

THE END.

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