A Thousand Years of Jewish History / From the days of Alexander the Great to the Moslem Conquest of Spain

by Maurice H. Harris

Index

Abbahu, R., Agadist, [221].
Ab Beth Din, office of, [88], [191].
Academies, Palestinian, [190];
Jamnia, [183];
Sepphoris, [190];
Tiberias, [190];
Lydda, [191];
Bekiim, [137], [192];
Oosha, [217];
Babylonian, [229];
in the Diaspora, [194].
Agada, narrative, [64];
contrasted with Halacha, [187], [256];
note, [277].
Agrippa, last Jewish King, [147];
kingdom vaster than Herod's, [150];
father to his people, [150], [151];
assassinated, [151];
coin of, [148].
Agrippa II., [152];
coin of, [152].
Akabiah b. Mehalalel, conscientiousness of, [191].
Akiba, R., Tanna, [206];
his wife's loyalty, [206], [207];
classifies Halachoth, [207], [208];
maxims, [208];
supports Bar Cochba, [211];
martyrdom, [215], [216].
Alabarch or Arabarch, [120];
Onias appointed, [71].
Albinus, procurator, [156].
Alexander the Great, [26], [27];
his empire divided, [28];
stories about, [28], [267].
Alexander Janneus, reign of, [85]-87;
conflict with Pharisees, [86].
Alexandria, capital of Greco-Egypt, [28];
intellectual centre, [67], [68];
Delta, Jewish quarter of, [68];
school of, [136].
Am-haaretz, the ignorant, [195].
Amoraim, expounders of the law, [227].
Antigonus, last Hasmonean ruler, [101];
coin of, [101].
Antiochus Epiphanes, [33];
persecutes the Jews, [34]-36;
defeated by the Maccabees, [38];
defeated in Parthia and Persia, [46];
death of, [46];
bust of, [42].
Antipater, the Idumean, [91];
made procurator of Judea, [99].
Antipas, governor of Galilee, [117];
beheads John the Baptist, [117].
Antoninus Pius, [217];
revokes Hadrian's laws against the practise of Judaism, [217].
Antony, [103], [104].
Apion, defamer of Israel, [177];
"Contra Apion," [177].
Apocalypse, prophetic vision, [53].
Apocrypha, The, [52];
contrasted with the Bible, [53].
Apollonius attacks Jews on the Sabbath, [34], [35], [37].
Aquila, proselyte, [202];
translates Bible into Greek, [202].
Arabia, Jews in, [294].
Arabians, religion of, [295].
Aramaic supersedes Hebrew, [69].
Archelaus, tetrarch of Judea, [117], [118];
deposed, [119].
Arch of Titus, illustration, [180].
Arians, Christian heretics, [284];
tolerant to the Jews, [284].
Aristobulus I., reign of, [85].
Aristobulus II., [91]-99.
Aryans and Semites, note, [140].
Ashi, R., begins compilation of the Talmud, [251].
Assideans (Chassidim), [32].
Augustus Caesar, well disposed towards Jews, [120];
tetrarch, [120];
bust of, [115].
Avitus, Bishop, persecutes Jews, [289].
Babylonia, geographical situation, [229];
history of, [230];
Jewish settlement in, [230], [231];
schools of, [229];
Jewish occupations in, [23];
Babylonian Academies become independent of those of Palestine, [232], [236].
Bar-Cochba, a Messiah, [211];
leads insurrection against Rome, [211], [212];
defeated at Bethar, [213];
coin of second revolt, [216].
Baruch, book of, [63].
Battlement on house-top, illustration, [160].
Bedouins, character of, [293].
"Bel and the Dragon," [64].
Ben Sirach, see Ecclesiasticus.
Beruria wife of R. Mair, [218], [219].
Beth Horon, battle of, [38].
Bethar, battle of, [213].
Bible Canon, [22];
order of books, [23];
ditto, note, [24].
Byzantine Empire = Eastern Roman Empire, [246];
Jewish persecution in, [281], [282];
conflict with Persia, [282], [283].
Caesar, Augustus, well disposed towards Jews, [120].
Caesar, Julius, [96], [97];
shows good will to Jews, [99];
Jews lament death of, [99];
portrait, [97].
Calendar, Jewish, fixed by Mar Samuel, [234];
fixed by Hillel II., [243];
"second day" of Festivals, [243], [244];
Seleucidan era, [28];
Hasmonean era, [50];
anno mundi, note, [50].
Caligula demands divine worship, [147], [148].
Canon, the Bible, [22], [23].
Candlestick, the golden, illustration, [169].
Celo-Syria (Palestine), Judea province of, [31].
Charity, Talmudic sayings on, [269], [270].
Chassidim (Assidean), [32].
Children and Parents, Talmudic sayings on, [261], [262].
Christianity, first meaning of, [132];
the first Christians (Jewish), [133], [197];
development of, [133], [197];
Christians, pagan, [197];
ceremonial of, [198], [199];
State Church of Rome, [239];
why accepted by pagans, [139], [140], [240], [241];
divergence from Judaism, [242];
concessions to paganism, [242];
Nicene Creed, [242], [243];
pillar saints, [249];
Christianity and Islam similar in their attitude to Judaism, [241], [305], [306];
its higher clergy less tolerant, [288], [289].
Church, Judaism and the, [197];
doctrine and Jewish Scripture, note, [200];
persecutes Judaism and the Jews, [247]-249, [288].
City as dwelling place, strength and weakness of, [68].
Claudius appoints Agrippa King of Judea, [150];
grants religious freedom to Jews throughout the Roman Empire, [149].
Cleopatra, [103], [104].
Coins, Jewish, [50], [51];
(see Illustrations.)
Constantine, Roman Emperor, accepts Christianity, [241];
persecutes Judaism, [243].
Crucifixion, of Jesus, [132].
Daniel, book of, [40]-44;
compared with Apocrypha, [53];
Song of the Three Holy Children, [64].
Death and Immortality, Talmudic sayings on, [272], [275].
Delta, see Alexandria.
Diaspora, The, [67], [132];
revolt of, [202], [203];
map of (back of book).
Didache, note, [134].
"Dispute of the Courtiers" (II. Esdras), [54]-57.
Domitian, Roman Emperor, [139].
Ecclesiasticus, Book of, [60];
quotations from, [60]-62;
note, [65].
Edom = Rome, note, [110].
Education, importance of, [221], [260];
Talmudic sayings on, [261];
schools established, [89], [260].
Egypt, Greek spirit in, see Greco-Egypt;
Jews in, [67]-71.
Eleazar, the martyr, [35].
Eleazar, son of Mattathias, death of, [46].
Eliezar b. Hyrcanus, loyal to traditional law, [191].
Elisha b. Abuyah, [200].
Emergency law under Hadrian's persecution, [214].
Emperors of Rome, see Rome's Emperors.
Esdras I., [54];
"Dispute of the Courtiers," [54]-57.
Esdras II., [57].
Essenes, The, [82], [129], [130], [131], [133];
and Jesus, [129];
and John the Baptist, [129].
Esther, additions to the Book of, [60].
Felix, procurator, [154].
Festus, procurator, [155].
Florus, procurator, [156], [157].
Franks The, [288].
Galilee, [129];
taken by Romans, [162].
Gamaliel, R., the Elder, [151].
Gamaliel II., first Nasi, [190];
characteristics of, [191];
severity of, [193].
Gaul, Jews in, [288].
Gemara, see Talmud.
Gnostics, The, [199].
God, Talmudic sayings about, [257].
Golden Rule, [112].
Goths invade Rome, [246];
fall into two groups, Ostragoths and Visigoths, [247].
Greco-Egypt, Jews in, [28].
Greece, Greek and Jew, [26];
Alexander the Great, [26], [27];
note, [32];
civilization of, influence on Jews, [28], [30], [31], [67].
Greco-Syria, Judea part of, [31].
Greek and Jew, [26], [136];
influence of Greek on Jew, [137];
Greek law vs. Jewish, note, [145].
Hadrian promises to rebuild Temple, [204];
revolt against, [211]-213;
persecution by, [213]-215.
Halacha (legal decision,) [187].
Hannah and her seven sons, [35].
Hanukkah, Feast of, [39], [40];
Re-dedication, [45];
symbolism of the Lights, [39]-40;
why called a "minor Festival," [40].
Hasmopeans, note, [83];
their religious place, [82].
Heathen, [115];
attitude towards Jews, [136].
Hegira, the, [301].
Hellenism, [31].
Hellenists, [32], [33], [37];
Hellenist party disappears, [49];
in good sense, [137], [138].
Herod, the great, [107];
governor of Galilee, [99];
governor of Palestine, [100];
made tetrarch of Judea, [100];
made King by Roman Senate, [101];
executes Sanhedrin, [102];
executes his brother-in-law, [102];
executes his wife and mother-in-law, [103], [104];
executes his sons, [109];
rebuilds the Temple, [107];
erects strongholds, [106];
lays out cities, [107];
death of, [109];
division of kingdom, [117];
successors, [117].
High Priest, functions and powers of, [21];
heredity of, broken, [47];
in Hasmonean House, [77].
Hillel, [111];
President of Sanhedrin, [111];
contrasted with Shammai, [112], [115];
maxims, [112], [113];
as legislator, [113], [114], [116];
prosbul, [113];
last days of, [113], [114].
Hillel II., Palestian Nasi, established fixed calendar, [243].
Honesty, Talmudic sayings about, [266], [267].
Humility, Talmudic sayings on, [270], [271].
Humor of Talmudic sages, [275], [276].
Huna, Rab, Babylonian Amora, [237].
Huns under Attila invade Rome, [247].
Hyrcanus, John, reign of, [78], [79];
conquers Samaria and Idumea, [78];
imposes Judaism on Idumea, [78], [79];
coin of, [84].
Hyrcanus II., Ethnarch and High Priest, [99];
executed by Herod, [104].
Idumea, [102];
see Edom, note, [110];
conquered by John Hyrcanus, [78];
invited to join Zealots, [162].
Immortality, doctrine of, in Daniel, [43];
in other Bible books, note, [44];
Talmudic savings on, [274], [275].
Independence, won by the Maccabees, [50];
Judean, compared with American, note, [50].
Ishmael b. Elisha, R., Tanna, [194].
Islam and the Jews, [304].
Italy, passes into hands of Ostrogoths, [284].
Jamnia, Academy of, [183], [190];
a religious centre, [183], [194].
Jason buys priesthood, [33].
Jerome translates Hebrew Scriptures into Latin (Vulgate), [249].
Jerusalem, taken by Pompey, [93];
under Zealot leadership, [158];
siege of, frontispiece, [161];
prey of rival parties, [162];
its physical situation, [161], [166];
fall of, [168];
effect of its overthrow, [171], [183]-185;
name changed to Aelia Capitolina, [213].
Jesus of Nazareth, [127];
birth, [116];
as Messiah, [130];
character of, [131], [132];
crucified by the Romans, [132], note, [135];
apotheosis of, [133], [144];
teachings of, note, [134];
unmentioned by Josephus, note, [179].
Jochanan b. Zakkai, [183];
exponent of "Peace Party," [183], [184];
establishes an academy, [184];
replaces sacrifice by prayer, [184], [185];
maxims of, [187]-189.
John the Baptist, [118].
John of Gischala, Zealot leader, [158], [162], [169].
John Hyrcanus, see Hyrcanus, John.
Jonathan succeeds his brother Judas Maccabeus as head of Judea, [48];
High Priest and Tributary Prince, [48].
Joseph, the Satrap, [30], [31].
Josephus and his works, [172];
governor of Galilee, [158], surrenders to Rome, [159];
Rome's envoy to Jerusalem, [168];
pensioner of Vespasian, [173];
contrasted with Jeremiah, [174], [175];
on proselytes, [139];
"Antiquities of the Jews," [176];
"Wars of the Jews," [176];
"Contra Apion," [177];
defends Jews against slander, [177], [178];
shows humanity of the Jewish law, [178];
silent on Jesus of Nazareth, note, [179];
portrait, [173].
Joshua b. Hananiah, R., [192];
Tana, stories of, [192], [193];
the counsellor, [193], [203];
Patriarch, [202], [203].
Joshua (Jason) 31-33.
Jotapata fortress of Sepphoris, besieged and taken, [159].
Judah, Rabbi, ha-Nasi, "the Saint," [217];
Nasi, [218];
compiles Mishna, [219], [221];
maxims, [219];
death, [219].
Judah b. Baba, martyr, [215].
Judaism, as law, [19], [20];
note, [24];
survives the Temple's destruction, [185];
affirmative and negative precepts, [220].
Judas Maccabeus, leads revolt against Antiochus, [36];
defeats Lysias at Emmaus, [38];
victory at Beth Horon, [37], [38];
made High Priest, [47];
subdues Idumeans and Ammonites, [45];
makes treaty with Rome, [47];
death on battlefield, [48].
Judas of Gamala, Zealot, [124].
Judea, a vassal state, [15];
independent, [75];
under Rome, [181];
under Persian sway, [17];
part of Greco-Egypt, [28];

part of Greco-Syria, [31];
fights for its faith, [33];
fights for independence, [45];
under Roman suzerainty, [95];
under procurators, [119], [123], [153];
war with Rome, [157], [168];
a theocracy, [119].
Judith, Book of, [59], [60].
Julian, Roman Emperor, plans to rebuild the Temple for the Jews, [245];
note on, [249].
Jussuf, Arabian proselyte, [296].
Justinian, laws of, discriminate against Jews, [282].
Justice and Honesty, Talmudic sayings about, [266], [267].
Kindness, Talmudic sayings on, [267], [268].
"King, Strength of," [55];
title, of, [78];
note, [84], [85].
Koran, note, [311].
Law, The, Judaism as, [19]-21;
study of, [260];
abrogated by the Church, [133];
Greek vs. Jewish, note, [146];
Josephus on, [178];
three vital principles of, [214].
Law and equity, note, [116].
Logos, note, [145].
Magi, religion of, [235].
Maccabees, campaigns of, [37].
Maccabees, I and II, books of, [64], [65].
Maccabeus, Judas, see Judas Maccabeus.
Mair, R., Tanna, [217]-219;
maxims, [217];
his wife Beruria, [218], [219].
Mariamne, [102].
Mar Samuel, see Samuel.
Martyrdom, under Antiochus (Greek-Syrian), [35], [36];
under Hadrian (Roman), [214]-216.
Masora, The, note, [210].
Massada fortress fails, [170].
Mattathias, the patriot, resists Antiochus Epiphanes, [36].
Mazdak, the Persian, persecutes the Jews, [236].
Menelaus, a traitor, [33], [34].
Messiah, development of the doctrine of, [127]-129;
Jesus regarded as, [130];
two views of, [131].
Metibta, Babylonian school, [236].
Middle Ages, Jewish, [281].
Midrash, [142], [143].
Minor Festivals, so termed, [40].
Mishna, The, [222];
its 60 subdivisions, [222], [223];
canon of Jewish law, [221];
quotations from, [224]-226;
spirit of, [227].
Missionaries, Jewish, [137], [138];
Christian, [139].
Mohammed, [299];
early dreams, [299];
Jews his chief teachers, [300];
founds a new creed, [301];
Hegira to Medina, [301];
conquers Mecca ("the Conquest") [302];
political and religious head of Arabia, [303];
conquers Arabian Jews and slays 700, [306], [307];
Arabia's "Prophet," [305].
Mohammedanism, supersedes Arabian idolatry, [300];
articles of Creed, [302];
compromise with paganism, [305], [306];
early form of, patterned after Judaism, [304];
and Christianity similar in their attitude towards Judaism, [241], [305], [306];
"Koran or the sword," [306];
rapid spread of, [307], [308];
later attitude towards Jews, [308]-310;
reaches the Spanish Peninsula, [310].
Nasi, office of, [190].
Nazarites, [82].
Nehemiah's service, [18].
Nerva, Emperor, removes injunctions against proselytes, [202];
coin concerning Jewish tax, [205].
"New Moon," Feast of, how regulated, see Calendar.
"Nicanor day," [47].
Noachian laws, note, [205].
Olympian games, [33], [107].
Onias, High Priest, and Alexander, [28].
Onias of Alexandria, builds a Temple, [69], [70];
justification for, [70];
note, [71].
Onias, Prayer of, [92].
Oral Law, The, [80].
Ostragoths rule Italy, tolerant to Jews, [284].
"Pairs," The, teachings of, [83].
Pantheon, decline of, [245].
Patience, Talmudic sayings on, [270], [271].
Palestine, Academies of, [190];
map of, front of book;
taken by the Greeks, [28];
Romans, [93];
Persians, [282];
again by Byzantines, [283];
finally by the Moslems, [308].
Parents and Children, Talmudic sayings on, [261], [262].
Paul, Apostle, [93];
abrogates the Law, [133];
note, [152].
Patriotism and Judaism, [234];
note, [238].
"Peace Party," The, [157].
Persia, Jews under Persian sway, [17];
political silence vs. religious activity, [18]-22;
Persian influence, note, [24];
conquered by Greece, [18], [19];
conflict with Byzantium, [282], [283];
history of, [230];
religion of, [235], [236].
Pharisees, The, [80];
contrasted with Sadducees, [80], [81];
seven classes of, note, [83];
slandered, [81].
Philip, tetrarch of Batanea and Gaulonitus, [117].
Philo, [141];
on Pilate, [124], [125];
on proselytes, [138];
as expounder of Scripture, [141], [142];
as philosopher, [142]-144;
theory of the Logos, [143], [144];
ethics of, [144]-145;
pleads to emperor for Jews, [148].
Pilate, the Procurator, [123];
slaughters the Samaritans, [125];
condemns Jesus of Nazareth to death, [127].
Pompey takes Jerusalem, [93].
Pool of Siloam, illustration, [90].
Popes, dangerous power of, [285].
Post-exilic literature, [22].
Prayer of Manasses, [64];
of Onias, [92].
Prayer, supersedes sacrifice as sole mode of worship, [184], [185];
Talmudic sayings on, [258];
vs. sacrifice, [64].
Prayer Book, The, [194], [195];
note, [196].
Priest, and Synagogue, [21];
High P., functions and power of, [21].
Procurators, first group, [123];
last group, [153];
their treatment of the Jews, [119], [122]-124;
their place in the Roman system, [147];
Albinus, [156];
Felix, [154];
Festus, [155];
Florus, [156], [157];
Pilate, [123].
Proselytes, Greek, [137], [138];
Roman, [126], [137], [201], [202];
Queen Helen of Adiabene, [139];
Aquila, [202];
Jussuf, King of Yemen, [296];
by compulsion [78], [85];
note, [205].
Providence, Talmudic sayings on, [258], [259].
Ptolemies, the, [68];
Philadelphus, [68];
Philometer [70], [71].
Pumbeditha, Babylonian Academy, [237].
Rab (Abba Areka), Babylonian Amora, [232];
establishes Sora Academy, [233];
moralist, [233].
Rabbi, title of, [194].
Rabba, classified Halachoth, [237].
Religion as law, [19]-21.
Repentance, Talmudic sayings on, [273], [274].
Resh Galutha, office of, [231];
under Moslem sway, [309].
Resh Lakish, expounder, [220].
Righteousness, Talmudic sayings on, [259].
Ritual of Prayer, [194]-196.
Rome, history from 146 B. C. E. to establishment of the Empire, [95], [96];
policy of, [93];
Pompey takes Jerusalem, [92];
suzerainty over Judea, [96];
Judea under, [77];
appoints procurators over Judea, [119];
Judea's wars with, [57], [168];
regime of, after Judea's overthrow, [201];
revolt against Trajan, [202]-204;
suppresses the Bar Cochba revolt, [213];
decline of the empire, [239];
division of the Empire, [245];
influx of barbarians, [246];
western half of Empire succumbs to northern tribes, [247];
successors, [283]-285.
Rome, Emperors of, that came in relations with the Jews: Antoninus Pius, [217];
Augustus, [120], [126];
Caligula, [147], [148];
Claudius, [149], [150];
Domitian, [139];
Julian, [245];
Hadrian, [204], [205], [209], [213];
Nero, [159];
Nerva, [202];
Alexander Severus, [239];
Tiberius, [125];
Titus, [161];
Trajan, [202], [203];
Vespasian, [159], [161], [162], [165], [173], [184].
Sabbatic year, [46].
Saboräim, 3d group of law expounders, [253], [254].
Sacrifice ceases with fall of Jerusalem Temple, [184]-185.
Sacrificial worship, note, [188].
Sadduccees, [79];
contrasted with Pharisees, [80], [81].
Salome, Alexandra, reign of, [87];
coin of her time, [87].
Samuel, Babylonian Amora, [233];
rationalist and jurist, [233], [234];
"land's law is ours," [234];
patriot, [234];
astronomer and physician, [234], [235];
maxims, [235].
Samuel, Arabian Jewish hero, [296], [297];
Sheik and poet, [296], [297].
Samaritans, [125].
Sanhedrin, [123], [127], [151];
shorn of power, [108].
Scribes, The [19], [20].
Seleucidan regime, [28];
era, [28].
Semicha (ordination), [194], [215].
Septuagint, The, [68], [69], [71].
Severus, Alexander respects Judaism, [239].
Severus, Julius, defeats Bar Cochba, [212], [213].
Shammai, contrasted with Hillel, [112], [115];
school of, [115];
against proselytism, [115].
Sicarii, The, [154], [155].
Simlai, R., enumerates 365 negative and 248 affirmative precepts, [220].
Simon b. Giora, Zealot leader, [165], [170].
Simon, the Just, High Priest, [29], [30];
Ben Sirach's description of, [29].
Simon the Hasmonean, independent Prince of Judea, [50], [77], [78];
makes treaty with Rome, [77];
coins, [50], [51].
Simon ben Shetach, [88], [89];
establishes schools, [89].
Sin, Talmudic sayings about, [271], [272].
Slave trade and the Jews, [286].
Slavery, a medieval institution, [286].
Sibylline Oracles, Judaism expressed in, [137].
"Song of the Three Holy Children," [64].
Sora, Babylonian Academy, [233].
Spanish Peninsula, [288];
status of Jews before 6th century in, [289];
their position in 7th century in, [290], [291];
conquered by the Moslems, [292], [310].
"Susanna, History of," [64]4.
Synagogue, establishment of, [21];
ritual, [19]; "Men of the Great," [22].
Syria (Roman) Judea province of, [119].
Syrian governors, Vitellius, well disposed toward Jews, [147];
Petronius risks life for Jews, [148];
Cestius Gallus put to rout by Jews, [158].
Talmud, The, [250];
stories from [256], [264];
codifying commenced, by R. Ashi, [251];
Babylonian, [251];
Palestinian, [252];
the Gemara, [251];
Halacha and Agada, [252], [253];
literature on, [253];
language of, note, [254];
influenced by Roman law, note, [255].
Tannäim, the first order of expounders, [186].
Targum, [145].
Tax, Jewish, [170].
Teachers, value of, sayings about, [221].
Temple, The, as a religious centre, [21];
desecrated by Antiochus, [34];
re-dedicated by the Maccabees, [45];
invaded by Pompey, [93];
rebuilt by Herod, [107];
besieged by Rome, [168];
destroyed by Rome, [170];
heathen temple built on site, [171];
religious consequence of its overthrow:
Jewish, [183]-185;
Christian, [198];
Fast, note, [196];
as reconstructed by Chipiez, [74];
ground plan of Temple area, [75];
of Onias, [70];
justification for a temple outside of Jerusalem, [70], [71].
"Testaments, Old and New," significance of the title, [198], [199].
Tetrarch, [120].
Theocracy, defined, [119];
Roman rule antagonistic to, [119].
Theudas, a Messiah, executed, [153].
Tiberius, Roman emperor, [125].
Titus conducts war against Judea, [161], [166], [170];
Arch of, illustration, [180];
portrait, [164];
Coin of the reign of, [166].
Tobit, Book of, [57], [58];
Prayer of, [58], [59].
Traders, why Jews became, [286].
Trajan, revolt against, [202], [203].
Truth, strength of, [56], [57];
Talmudic sayings about, [266].
Vespasian, sent by Nero to quell Judean rebellion, [159];
conquers Galilean plain, [161];
conquers northern fortresses, [165];
crowned Roman emperor, [173];
grants permission to J. b. Zakkai to establish an Academy at Jamnia, [184];
brass coin indicating Judea's overthrow, [189].
Vulgate, The, Latin translation of the Scriptures, [249].
Water Bottles, Goat-skin, illustration, [66].
Water Festival (Sh'mini Atzereth,) [89].
"Wine, Strength of," [54].
Wisdom literature, [60].
"Wisdom of Solomon," [62];
quotations from, [62], [63].
Wit and Humor of Rabbis, [275], [276].
Woman, Jewish estimate of, [262];
Talmudic sayings on, [263];
strength of, [55], [56].
Wood Festival, Ab 15th, [89].
Work, Talmudic sayings on, [264], [265].
Zealots, The, [124], [153], [154], [165].
Zoroastrism, religion of Persia, [235], [236].

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