FOOTNOTES:

[564] This appendix forms a portion of a paper published in the 'Proceedings of the International Botanical Congress,' London, 1886, p. 127, and which it has been deemed advisable to reproduce with sundry additions and modifications.

[565] 'Traité des Giroflées,' per E. Chaté.

[566] Leading Article in the 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' p. 74, 1866.

[567] Otto's 'Gartenzeitung,' 1866.

[568] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 628.

[569] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1867, p. 381.—Art. "Chinese primroses."

[570] See also p. 79, fig. 36. A similar flower is figured in 'Hort. Eystett. Ic. Arb. Vern.,' fol. 5. "Fructus nondum observatus est fortassis alimento uberius in flores refuso, nullus sperari possit."

[571] See De Candolle, 'Plant. Rar. Genev.,' 1829, p. 91; and Alph. de Candolle.' Géog. Bot.,' p. 1080.

[572] See 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' 1868, p. 1113.

[573] Ibid., 1843, p. 628.

NOTE.

During the progress of the foregoing pages through the press, several additional illustrations of particular malformations have come under notice. Some of the more important of these may here be recorded.

Fasciation ([see p. 11]).—The following plants may be added to the list:—Acer eriocarpum, Arabis albida, Brassica oleracea, var., Guarea, sp., Artabotrys sp. In all, with the exception of the first-named, the fasciation occurred in the inflorescence. In some species of Artabotrys, indeed, fasciation and curvation of the inflorescence are common.

Synanthy ([p. 39]).—Several additional instances of adhesion of two or more flowers in Calanthe vestita, C. Veitchii, and other forms of this genus may be cited. These furnish further illustrations of the much greater liability of some plants to particular changes as compared with others. Scilla bifolia, Gagea arvensis, and Viola odorata may be added to the list of synanthic plants.

Alterations of placentation, &c. ([see pp. 98], [483]).—M. Casimir De Candolle, in a letter to the author, dated March 8th, 1869, thus writes of the existence of a double row of carpels in Pyrus spectabilis and Cratægus Oxyacantha, "a longitudinal section of a double flower of Pyrus spectabilis shows two rows of carpels, placed one above another. The arrangement of the vascular bundles shows that the upper row is external in relation to the lower series. The carpels of the latter are wholly coalescent as in a pear, while those of the upper verticil are only partially coherent or sometimes quite distinct. The placentation is constantly axile in the inferior row and parietal in the upper one. The number of ovules in each carpel of the superior row varies greatly, and they are often, but not always, inserted in two longitudinal ranks, as is constantly the case in the lower carpels. Double flowers of Cratægus Oxyacantha present the same anomalies." For analogous instances in Digitalis, [see p. 98]. [See also p. 380], Saxifraga.

Prolification, [p. 120].—A. P. De Candolle, "Organographie Végétale," tab. 40, figures an instance of suppression of one lobe of the ovary in Iris chinensis, and of the presence at the base of the flower of an adventitious and imperfect flower-bud, as in the Phlomis, mentioned at [p. 119.]

Monœcious Misleto, [p. 193.]—In this specimen, exhibited at one of the meetings of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1869, there were both male and female flowers on the same bush. The plant was of the male sex, with numerous long slender whip-like, somewhat pendulous, branches bearing comparatively large broad yellowish leaves, and fully developed male flowers at the end. From the side of one of these male branches, near the base, protruded a tuft of short, stiff branches, bearing small, narrow, dark green leaves, ripe berries and immature female flowers. There was no evidence of grafting or parasitism, of the female branch on the male, the bark and the wood being perfectly continuous so that the only tenable supposition is that this was a case of dimorphism.

Adventitious leaflet and pitcher, [see pp. 30] and [355]. In a species of Picrasma, in which the leaves are impari-pinnate and spread horizontally, an adventitious leaflet was observed to project at right angles to the plane of the primary leaf. It emerged at a point nearly corresponding to that at which the normal pinnæ were given off. The appearance presented was thus like that of a whorl of three leaves, except that the shining surface of the adventitious leaflet, corresponding to the upper face of the normal leaflets, was directed towards the axis, i.e., away from the corresponding portion of the neighbouring pinnæ, while the dull surface, corresponding to the lower part of an ordinary leaflet, looked towards the apex of the main leaf, or away from the axis. In one instance, a stalked pitcher was given off from the same point as that from which the supernumerary leaflet emerged, the pitcher being apparently formed from the cohesion (congenital) of the margins of a leaflet.

In the normal leaf of this plant there is between the bases of the pinnæ, a small reddish gland or stipel? attached to, or projecting from, the upper surface of the rachis. It appeared from some transitional forms that the adventitious leaflet, just mentioned, was due to the exaggerated development of this gland, but no clue was afforded as to the origin of the ascidium. It was not practicable to examine the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the rachis.

Additional labella in Phaius.—A flower of Phaius grandiflorus was found in the same condition as the Catasetum, mentioned at [pp. 291] and [382.]

Tubular stem.—A species of Sempervivum, exhibited by Mr. Salter, of Hammersmith, at one of the summer exhibitions of flowers at the Royal Horticultural Society in 1868, under the name of S. Bollei, deserves notice from its bearing on the question of such structures as the calyx-tubes, the hip of the rose and such like, [see pp. 394], [482]. In this plant the leaves appeared to be arranged some on the outside, others on the inside, of an erect hollow cylinder, some six inches in height. The oldest leaves were outside, the youngest within, so that the appearance presented was as if the summit of the axis had been pushed or drawn in, much as the finger of a tight glove might be invaginated in withdrawing it from the hand.

The plant in question thus furnishes an actual illustration of the supposititious case mentioned at [p. 482.]

Double flowers, [see pp. 499], et seq.—The following species may be added to those already recorded: Lychnis coronaria, Hibiscus mutabilis, Lotus major, Pisum sativum, Godetia sp., Ipomœa purpurea, Convolvulus minor, Heliotropium peruvianum, Trillium grandiflorum, and Phaius grandiflorus.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS.

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

I.

K.

L.

M.

N.

O.

P.

R.

S.

T.

U.

V.

W.

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS.

[In the following Index the names of the orders that are incidentally mentioned are printed in small capitals, those of the genera and species in ordinary type. The names are inserted as found in the several records, &c., without in general any attempt having been made to determine their accuracy. For this reason the authority for the specific name is rarely given, such citations being here unnecessary if not impracticable. It may, however, be assumed that the names made use of are those generally adopted by naturalists.

This index will be found useful for statistical purposes. It will show at a glance, at least approximately, how often certain genera and species are affected with malformation, as contrasted with others. The nature of the malformation may of course be ascertained by referring to the particular page indicated by the number. The proportion of wild to cultivated plants may also be approximately ascertained, and the effects of cultivation estimated. The disproportionate frequency with which some species are affected, e.g., Trifolium repens, &c., as contrasted with other closely allied, and perhaps equally common species, under apparently identical conditions, is also made manifest.]

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

I.

J.

K.

L.

M.

N.

O.

P.

Q.

R.

S.

T.

U.

V.

W.

X.

Y.

Z.

ERRATA.

The reader is requested to make the following corrections:—

Page 182. [Fig. 94] should be 94*.

[Page 194.] The reference 3 applies not to the nutmeg but to the hop, figured at [p. 193].

[Page 309.] [Fig. 165] legend—for Sempervivun tecotorum read Sempervivum tectorum.

PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

Transcriber's Notes:

[Page xx] and [202]:
208. Passage of pinnate to palmate leaves in horse-chesnut 439
'chesnut may be old spelling for chestnut?'. Changed as most are spelled chestnut.

[Page 65]:
Naturforscherversammlung
Changed Naturvorschefversamlung to Naturforscherversammlung to match other occurrence. ([See footnote 528]).

[Page 145]:
So far as the andræcium is concerned, the stamens
Changed to andrœcium to match other occurrences.

[Page 149]:
Echinocactus changed from Echinocatus to match other occurrences.

[Page 397]:
The species mentioned are Ambrina ambrosiodes,
Changed to ambrosioides to match index page.

[Page 502]:
Medicago sp., ? ., Europe.
The ? mark replaces a blank in original for a missing attribution.

[Page 503]:
Onagrariæ changed to Onagraceæ to match other occurrences, especially the index referrence.

[Footnote 126]: 'Neue Denkschriften der allgemeine Schweizerischen Gesellschaft,'
Perhaps this should be: allgemeinen. Unchanged.

Index:
[Alströmeria], 319, 326
Changed to Alstrœmeria to match referenced pages.

Dipsacaceæ, [86], [107], [114], [138]
All dipsaceæ changed to dipsacaceæ to match index and current spelling.

Errata changes listed were made.

Inconsistent hyphenation: