FOOTNOTES:
[1] “If Tolstoy’s teaching is not systematic, two facts may be urged in extenuation: his doctrines, so far as he expounds them, are consistent in themselves”—says T. S. Knowlson in his biographical and critical study on Leo Tolstoy, ch. VII, p. 143. [London, 1904].
[2] See J. W. Harper, Money and Social Problem, ch. V, sec. I, p. 98.
[3] What Shall We Do Then, ch. XIX, p. 127. [Wiener’s ed. 1904].
[4] Loc. cit., ch. XVII, p. 100.
[5] Cf. for instance, Plato, Laws, ch. XI, and Aristotle’s Politics, bk. I, ch. 9; Nicomachean Ethics, by Aristotle, bk. V, ch. 5.—Roman authors defined money as a “just medium and measure of commutable things” Moneta est justum medium, et mensura rerum commutabilium, quoted in H. C. Black, Dictionary of Law, p. 785. [1891].
[6] Wealth of Nations, bk. II, ch. II.
[7] Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, ch. XXI.
[8] Principles of Political Economy, bk. III, ch. VII.
[9] Principles of Social Science, vol. II, ch. XXX, 1.
[10] Die Philosophie Heracleitos des Dunkeln, vol. I, p. 22. [1845].
[11] Capital, English ed. part I, ch. III.
[12] The Purchasing Power of Money, ch. II, ces. 1. [New York, 1911].
[13] D. Kinley, Money, a Study of the Theory of the Medium of Exchange, ch. V, 6. [New York, 1913].
[14] Some excellent hints as to the money-commodity, compare H. White, Money and Banking, bk. I, ch. I. [New York, 1908].
[15] Valuable suggestions on standard money, see W. A. Scott, Money and Banking, ch. I, sec. I.—J. L. Laughlin, The Principles of Money, ch. III.—J. B. Clark, The Ultimate Standard of Value, in Yale Review, Nov. 1892, vol. 1, p. 258-74.—The same subject is well treated by C. Manger in an article entitled “Geld” in the Handwoerterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, bd. IV. [1900], and L. Nasse, “Das Geld und Muenzwesen” in Schoenberg, Handbuch der Politischen Oekonomie, bd. I. [1896].
[16] What Shall We Do Then, ch. XXI, p. 164. [Wiener’s ed.]
[17] Id. Ibid. ch. XXII, p. 161.
[18] What Shall We Do Then, ch. XXI, p. 158.
[19] Op. cit., p. 160.
[20] Loc. cit. ch. XXI, p. 159.
[21] Id. Ib. ch. XIX, p. 126.
[22] Op. cit. ch. XVIII, p. 122.
[23] Id. ib. ch. XIX, p. 126.
[24] Patriotism and Government. Complete Works, vol. XXIII, p. 538. [Wiener’s ed. 1904].
[25] The Slavery of Our Times. Comp. Works, vol. XXIV, p. 128.
[26] What Shall We Do Then, ch. XVIII, p. 122.
[27] Id. Ibid. ch. XIX, p. 127.
[28] Loc. cit. ch. XVIII, p. 121.
[29] Op. cit. ch. XX, p. 145.
[30] Loc. cit. ch. XX, p. 145.
[31] Id. Ibid. ch. XVIII, p. 121.
[32] The Kingdom of God is Within You, ch. IX, p. 237.
[33] The Slavery of Our Times, ch. X, p. 41.
[34] The first method of the enslavement of men is by means of personal violence, according to Tolstoy, and second is by depriving people of their land. [Cf. What Shall We Do Then, ch. XX, p. 142-43].
[35] What Shall We Do Then, ch. XX. p. 144.
[36] Id. Ibid. ch. XVIII, p. 111.
[37] For the sound discussion on function of money, which is avowedly opposite to Tolstoy’s theory, see W. S. Jevons, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange, ch. III.—J. L. Laughlin, The Principles of Money, ch. I.—F. A. Walker, Money, ch. I. [1883].—E. B. Bawerk, Positive Theorie des Capitals, bch. II, abt. II-III. [1902].—C. Jannet, Capital, ch. II-III. For a different and sounder interpretation of taxes and taxation, see the excellent book, Introduction to Public Finance, by Prof. C. C. Plehn. N. York, 1896.
[38] What Shall We Do Then, ch. XVII, p. 102.
[39] Loc. cit. ch. XVII, p. 109.
[40] Id. Ibid. ch. XVIII, p. 124.
[41] Op. cit. ch. XVIII, p. 117.
[42] Cf. W. Roscher, System der Volkswirtschaft, bd. I, kap. I, 31. [1906]. J. S. Mill, Political Economy, bk. I, ch. I, sec. 1.
[43] Cf. A. Marschal, Principles of Economics, bk. IV, ch. VII, sec. 1. p. 300. [London, 1898].
[44] Cours d’Economie Politique, p. 310. [Paris, 1911].
[45] Cp. The Complete Works, vol. XIV, p. 109. [Wiener’s ed. 1905].
[46] Id. Ibid. p. 288.
[47] Political Economy, ch. II, p. 60. [London, 1912].
[48] Cf. Histoire de L’Economie Politique en Europe, par J. A. Blanqui, ch. III.—See also Des Raports de L’Economie Politique et de la Morale, par M. H. Baudrillard, lec. II. [Paris, 1883].
[49] See J. N. Keynes, The Scope and Method of Political Economy, ch. II, sec. 1, p. 62. [London, 1897].