APPENDIX II
The Republic of Honduras is composed of sixteen departments, or provinces, and one territorial district. The territory of Mosquitia is situated in the extreme northeastern section of the country and is the second largest political division in the republic, comprising about one-fifth of the entire landed surface and with a population of four thousand, mostly a mixed race of negroes and Indians. This is an average of about one person for every two square miles. The country is covered with a dense forest of tropical verdure, through which the waters of several rivers course. Along the rivers the lands have been partially explored but much of the interior is still unknown. The Bay Islands department comprises a group of five low islands lying at a distance of from twenty-five to fifty miles from the northern shore. The names of the islands are Utila, Roatan, Elena, Barbareta and Bonaca, and they contain a total population of about five thousand whites, negroes and Indians. The English language is quite commonly used on those islands for they were long under the sovereignty of England.
The names of the different departments, together with the capital city, its population and elevation, according to the best and most recent statistics available, are as follows:—
| DEPARTMENT | CAPITAL | POPULATION | ELEVATION (feet) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tegucigalpa | Tegucigalpa | 12,000 | 3,200 |
| Copan | Santa Rosa | 10,000 | 3,400 |
| Choluteca | Choluteca | 8,636 | 250 |
| Gracias | Gracias | 5,324 | 2,520 |
| Olancho | Juticalpa | 11,103 | 1,500 |
| El Paraiso | Danli | 8,878 | 2,300 |
| Santa Barbara | Santa Barbara | 3,593 | 750 |
| Valle | Nacaome | 8,913 | 110 |
| Comayagua | Comayagua | 7,206 | 1,650 |
| La Paz | La Paz | 4,490 | 2,000 |
| Intibuca | La Esperanza | 4,026 | 4,950 |
| Cortes | San Pedro Sula | 7,182 | 255 |
| Yoro | Yoro | 6,127 | 2,000 |
| Colon | Truxillo | l4,040 | sea level |
| Atlantida | La Ceiba | 3,379 | sea level |
| Bay Islands | Coxin Hole | l500 | sea level |
The uneven character of the configuration of the earth’s surface and the effect of the trade winds gives the Central American republics a great variety of climate. The so-called “seasons,” the wet and dry, do not always express the real conditions, for local conditions influence the temperature and amount of rainfall. There is a wide difference, for instance, between the Atlantic and Pacific slopes. On the Atlantic coast there is literally no dry season. The central plateaus have a climate of their own subject neither to excessive droughts or heavy rains. When you consider that the highest temperature inland rarely exceeds 90° F. and does not go below 50° F. it will be seen that the land is quite inhabitable, for there are no great extremes. The “wet” season from May to November is called invierno, or winter, and the “dry” season from November to May is termed verano, or summer.
In order to set forth clearly the temperature I herewith give a table of the thermometer readings at Tegucigalpa for an entire year as given in a handbook compiled by Mr. A. K. Moe, formerly United States Consul at that city, and issued by the International Bureau of the American Republics, to which same book I am indebted for some other valuable information herein contained:—
| AVERAGE | AVERAGE | EXTREME | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MONTHS | MINIMUM | MAXIMUM | LOWEST | HIGHEST | DIFFERENCE |
| January | °F. 60 | °F. 76 | °F. 54 | °F. 79 | °F. 25 |
| February | 60 | 81 | 52 | 84 | 32 |
| March | 61 | 83 | 55 | 88 | 33 |
| April | 63 | 84 | 56 | 89 | 33 |
| May | 67 | 84 | 63 | 90 | 27 |
| April | 63 | 84 | 56 | 89 | 33 |
| May | 67 | 84 | 63 | 90 | 27 |
| June | 67 | 82 | 65 | 86 | 21 |
| July | 67 | 81 | 64 | 84 | 20 |
| August | 66 | 81 | 62 | 84 | 22 |
| September | 65 | 82 | 61 | 84 | 23 |
| October | 65 | 79 | 61 | 83 | 22 |
| November | 65 | 78 | 61 | 82 | 21 |
| December | 59 | 75 | 50 | 81 | 31 |
APPENDIX III
VOLCANOES
People living in volcanic regions do not seem to fear the presence of these lofty peaks any more than people living in mountainous regions fear their overhanging ridges. One would think that the terrible and destructive eruptions of Vesuvius would leave that region depopulated, but no sooner have the earth’s tremblings ceased than the people flock again to their accustomed haunts, and the fertile fields once more respond to the efforts of the farmer and gardener. And so it is in Central America, where volcanic peaks abound and mild earthquakes are common. The volcanoes of Hawaii are larger, those of South America loftier, some in Italy and Java more destructive, but nowhere on the world is there such an unbroken line of volcanic peaks as along the Pacific coast of Central America. The Atlantic coast has but one distinct cone of any great height and that is the Congrehoy (8,040 ft.), which runs clear to the water’s edge. It is the only lofty peak in Honduras and has perhaps the sharpest and most clearly marked cone in that section of the world.
Little is known of the early history of the eruptions of these volcanoes and earthquake disturbances, called by the natives “temblors.” The early natives believed that earthquakes were caused by a god, Cabracan, who was in the habit of shaking the mountains. The stories of the Spanish conquerors are so mingled with devils and their work that they are incredible and convey no enlightening information. Their chroniclers tell an amusing instance of the attempt of a friar to draw up the lava, which had the appearance of molten gold, in an iron bucket from a crater. The bucket and chain as well melted as soon as it approached the seething lava.
History records the birth of the volcano, Izalco, in San Salvador in 1770. For several days strange subterranean noises accompanied by earthquake shocks had been heard in that vicinity and the people fled in terror. After a few days a lateral opening appeared in a field from which fire, smoke and lava belched forth. This was followed by sand and stones from which a cone has been gradually built up, until now it is higher than Vesuvius. It has been named the “lighthouse of Salvador” by the sailors, because it is nearly always visible at night.
I append an account of an ascent of Santa Maria made a few months after its destructive eruption of 1902, which appeared in the Scientific American:—
“I began the ascent of the volcano from the plantation of La Sabina, a favourite health resort famous for its springs of mineral water. Journeying from Palmar to La Sabina we passed two plantations whose buildings were ruined and fields devastated. We found the hotel of the town buried many feet beneath mud. I found the crater a huge pit some 500 feet in depth, from the bottom of which spouted a magnificent geyser. The steam issued with terrible force, roaring and crackling. Almost at my very feet arose another geyser, through the vapour of which there could be dimly seen a large pool formed by the condensed steam. Besides the large geysers, innumerable small jets of steam spouted from the edge of the crater in a vapourous fringe, sending forth little clouds toward the centre. At intervals a strong odour of sulphur assailed the nostrils. It is probable that when the volcano was in full eruption the entire crater was open, for the earth seemed to have fallen in and to have formed a kind of floor. Otherwise it would be impossible to account for the enormous mass of material ejected by the crater.”
The following table gives a list of the principal volcanic peaks in Guatemala, all of which are classed as “extinct,” or “quiescent,” except Santa Maria:—
| VOLCANIC PEAK | HEIGHT feet |
| Tajumulco | 13,814 |
| Tacana | 13,334 |
| Acatenango | 13,012 |
| Fuego | 12,821 |
| Agua | 12,300 |
| Atitlan | 11,849 |
| Cerro Cerchil | 11,830 |
| Cerro Quiché | 11,160 |
| Cerro Calel | 10,813 |
| Santa Maria | 10,535 |
| Cerro Quemado | 10,200 |
| Quezaltenango | 9,238 |
| Pacaya | 7,675 |
| Ipala | 6,019 |
| Chingo | 6,019 |
APPENDIX IV
RUINS OF COPAN
No American has spent so much time in exploring the ruins of this mysterious city of Honduras as Mr. George Byron Gordon. For a number of years he spent the greater part of the year in making excavations, removing debris, and in exploring every nook and corner of this ancient seat of civilization. Through the courtesy of The Century Company I am permitted to give the following description of Copan as written by Mr. Gordon and published in the Century Magazine, which, though greatly abbreviated, is yet sufficiently full to give the reader a fair idea of the one-time grandeur and magnificence of this ancient city:—
Hidden away among the mountains of Honduras, in a beautiful valley which, even in that little-travelled country, where remoteness is a characteristic attribute of places, is unusually secluded, Copan is one of the greatest mysteries of the ages. Not only do the recent explorations confirm the magnitude and importance of the ruins, but the collection of relics now in the Peabody Museum is sufficient to convince the most skeptical that here are the remains of a city, unknown to history, as remarkable and as worthy of our careful consideration as any of the ancient centres of civilization in the Old World. Whatever the origin of its people, this old city is distinctly American—the growth of American soil and environment.
The area comprised within the limits of the old city consists of a level plain seven or eight miles long and two miles wide at the greatest. This plain is covered with the remains of stone houses, doubtless the habitations of the wealthy. The streets, squares, and courtyards were paved with stone, or with white cement made from lime and powdered rock, and the drainage was accomplished by means of covered canals and underground sewers built of stone and cement. On the slopes of the mountains, too, are found numerous ruins; and even on the highest peaks fallen columns and ruined structures may be seen.
On the right bank of the Copan River, in the midst of the city, stands the principal group of structures—the temples, palaces, and buildings of a public character. These form part of what has been called, for want of a better name, the Main Structure—a vast, irregular pile rising from the plain in steps and terraces of masonry, and terminating in several great pyramidal elevations, each topped by the remains of a temple which, before our excavations were begun, looked like a huge pile of fragments bound together by the roots of trees, while the slopes of the pyramids, and the terraces and pavements below, are strewn with the ruins of these superb edifices. Its sides face the four cardinal points; its greatest length from north to south is about eight hundred feet, and from east to west it measured originally nearly as much, but a part of the eastern side has been carried away by the swift current of the river which flows directly against it.
Within the Main Structure, at an elevation of sixty feet, is a court one hundred and twenty feet square, which, with its surrounding architecture, must have presented a magnificent spectacle, when it was entire. It was entered from the south through a passage thirty feet in width, between two high pyramidal foundations, each supporting a temple. The court itself is inclosed by ranges of steps or seats rising to a height of twenty feet, as in an amphitheatre; they are built of great blocks of stone, neatly cut, and regularly laid without mortar. In the centre of the western side is a stairway projecting a few feet into the court, and leading to a broad terrace above the range of seats on that side. The upper steps in this stairway are divided in the midst by the head of a huge dragon facing the court, and holding in its distended jaws a grotesque human head of colossal proportions.
One temple, in many ways the most interesting yet explored, furnishes a typical example of this class of building. From the stone-paved terrace above the western side of the court, a great stairway, with massive steps, leads up to a platform which runs the whole length of the building, and is carried out at each end upon solid piers to the line of beginning of the steps. From the head of the stairway two graceful wing stones, extending across the platform, guard the approach to the first entrance, which gives access to the outer chambers. This doorway is nine feet wide, and was covered with a vaulted roof, now fallen. Directly opposite it, in the interior, is a second doorway, leading to the inner chambers. In front of this second entrance is a step two feet high, ornamented on the face by hieroglyphics and skulls carved in relief. At each end a huge death’s-head forms a pedestal for a crouching human figure supporting the head of a dragon, the body of which is turned upward, and is lost among the scrollwork and figures of a cornice that runs above the doorway. All the interior walls were covered with a thin coat of stucco, on which figures and scenes were painted in various colours; and the cornices were adorned with stucco masks and other ornaments, likewise painted. The roofs, with the massive towers which they supported, had fallen and filled the chambers completely. The horizontal arch formed by overlapping stones was always used in the construction of roofs—a type that is common to all the Maya cities. The outside of the building, profusely ornamented with grotesques at every line, bears witness to the ambitious prodigality of the architect, his love of adornment, and his aversion to plain surfaces—a characteristic that is manifested on all the monuments and carvings at Copan. An elaborate cornice with foliated design, adorned with plumage, all beautifully carved, ran around the four sides. Higher up, a row of portrait-like busts was also carried around the entire building. Whatever of plain surface remained was covered with pure white stucco, and the same material was used upon the sculptures to give a finish to the carving and a suitable surface for the colours that were used to produce the desired effect.
The northern slope of the main structure goes down abruptly, in a broad, steep flight of steps, to the floor of the plaza, which stretches away to the north, and terminates in an amphitheatre about three hundred feet square, inclosed on the eastern, northern, and western sides by ranges of seats twenty feet high. The southern side is open, except that its centre is occupied by a pyramid that rose almost to a point, leaving a square platform on top. In the plaza stood the principal group of obelisks, monoliths, or stelae, as they are variously designated, to which Copan owes its principal fame. There are fifteen in all scattered over the plaza, some overthrown and others still erect. Although affording infinite variety in detail, in general design and treatment these monuments are all the same. They average about twelve feet in height and three feet square, and are carved over the entire surface. On one side, and sometimes on two opposite sides, stands a human figure in high relief, always looking toward one of the cardinal points. Upon these personages is displayed such a wealth of ornament and insignia that the figures look over-burdened and encumbered, giving the idea that the chief object of the artist was the display of such adornment. While nearly all these human figures are disproportionately short, the accurate drawing and excellent treatment of the smaller figures in the designs surrounding the principal characters show that this is not owing to deficient perception on the part of the sculptor.
The sides of the monuments not occupied by human figures are covered by hieroglyphic inscriptions. In front of each of the figures, at a distance of a few feet, is a smaller sculpture, called an altar. These measure sometimes seven feet across and from two to four feet in height. The design sometimes represents a grotesque monster with curious adornments; but a common form of altar is a flat disk seven or eight feet in diameter, with a row of hieroglyphs around the edge. Much of the carving on these obelisks and altars is doubtless symbolical; and until this is better understood it is useless to speculate upon the character of the monuments themselves—speculations in which our ignorance would allow us unlimited scope. Two of the figures have their faces hidden by masks, a circumstance which seems to preclude the theory that they are portraits, although that is suggested by the striking individuality of many of the faces. But who can tell? The statues may be those of deified kings or heroes; on these altars a grateful people may have paid the tribute of affection; or, as some would have us believe, they may have been idols, insatiate monsters, on whose reeking altars the bloody sacrifice prevailed. We would fain believe that the Mayas were a humane and gentle people, given to generous impulses and noble deeds; that these relics of their art, in which the thought and feeling of the people strove to find expression, had for their object and inspiration a better motive than the deliberate shedding of human blood.
No regular burying-place has yet been found at Copan, but a number of isolated tombs have been explored. The location of these was strange and unexpected—beneath the pavement of courtyards and under the foundations of houses. They consist of small chambers of very excellent masonry, roofed sometimes by means of the horizontal arch, and sometimes by means of slabs of stone resting on the top of the vertical walls. In these tombs one, and sometimes two, interments had been made. The bodies had been laid at full length upon the floor. The cerements had long since moldered away, and the skeletons themselves were in a crumbling condition, and give little knowledge of the physical characteristics of the people; but one fact of surpassing interest came to light concerning their private lives, namely, the custom of adorning the front teeth with gems inlaid in the enamel, and by filing. The stone used in the inlaying was a bright-green jadeite. A circular cavity about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter was drilled in the enamel of each of the two front teeth of the upper row, and inlaid with a little disk of jadeite, cut to a perfect fit, and secured by means of a bright red cement.
Besides the human remains, each tomb contained a number of earthenware vessels of great beauty and excellence of workmanship, some of them painted with figures in various colours, and others finished with a peculiar polish resembling a glaze. Some of these vessels contained charcoal and ashes; in others were various articles of use and adornment. The beads, ear-ornaments, medallions, and a variety of other ornaments, usually of jadeite, exhibit an extraordinary degree of skill in the art of cutting and polishing stones, while the pearls and trinkets carved from shell must have been obtained by trade or by journeys to the coast. In the same tombs with these ornaments were frequently found such objects of utility as knives and spear-heads of flint and obsidian, and stone hatchets and chisels. These were doubtless family vaults, though none of them contained the remains of many burials.
As to the antiquity of the city, although we have no data that will enable us to fix a date, there are certain historical facts that remove it from the reach of history or tradition, and place the era of its destruction long anterior to the discovery of America.
APPENDIX V
BIBLIOGRAPHY
For the benefit of those who may wish to pursue their study of these countries more extensively I append herewith a list of a few of the books which give information about Guatemala and Honduras:—
Bard, S. A.: Waikna: Adventures on the Mosquito Shore. London, 1855.
Brasseur de Bourbourg: Popul Vuh. Sacred book of the Quiché Indians. Paris, 1861.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe: History of Central America. San Francisco, 1886.
Bancroft, Hubert Howe: The Native Races of the Pacific Coast of North America. San Francisco, 1880.
Brigham, William T.: Guatemala: The Land of the Quetzal. New York, 1887.
Casas, Bartolomeo de Las, Bishop of Chiapas: London, 1699. This is a narrative of an eye witness of the Spanish invasion in Mexico and Central America. A very interesting and very rare book.
Charles, Cecil: Honduras: The Land of Great Depths. Chicago, 1890.
Curtis, William Eleroy: Capitals of Spanish-America. New York, 1888.
Diaz del Castillo, Bernal: True History of the Conquest of New Spain. Madrid, 1632. An English edition. London, 1844.
Dunn, Henry: Guatemala in 1827–8. London, 1829.
Davis, Richard Harding: Three Gringos in Venezuela and Central America. New York, 1896.
Humboldt, Alexander von: Political Essay on New Spain. Berlin, 1811.
Keane, A. H.: Central America and West Indies. London, 1901. (Stanford’s compendium of geography and travel.)
Morlan, A. P.: A Hoosier in Honduras. Indianapolis, 1897.
Maudslay, Anne C. and Alfred P. A glimpse at Guatemala and some notes on the ancient monuments of Central America. London, 1899.
Pepper, Charles M. Guatemala, the country of the future; a monograph, Washington.
Squier, E. G.: Honduras; descriptive, historical, statistical. London, 1870.
Stephens, John Lloyd: Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. New York, 1841.
Vincent, Frank: In and Out of Central America. New York, 1896.
Wells, William V. Explorations and Adventures in Honduras. New York, 1857.