A Racial Study of the Fijians

by Norman E. Gabel

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to a number of people of Fiji whose assistance and coöperation were helpful. Thanks are due to Sir Ronald Garvey, governor of Fiji, whose approval of my project gave administrative sanction. Mr. G. Kingsley Roth, the Secretary for Fijian Affairs, secured for me the coöperation of the Fijian Affairs Department, which in turn gave me access to the proper native officers and leaders, furnished me with necessary transportation; he also gave me some sound advice. Also of the Fijian Affairs Office, Ratu Dr. Dobi helped me make the necessary contacts as my work took me from one area to another. Mr. Robbin H. Yarrow, safety officer of the Emperor Gold Mining Company, was most helpful during my stay at Vatukoula, where I secured an excellent sample of the northern provinces.

The young Fijian who acted as my interpreter, guide, and recorder was Joji Qalelawe; my especial thanks to him for his intelligent and cheerful coöperation.

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MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES

GENERAL

Weight[12]

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	814	105-300	163.0	20.3	12.5
Interior	0	0	0	0	0
East	73	130-245	168.1	19.3	11.5
Coast	210	118-300	160.7	22.8	14.2
N.W.	79	120-212	161.9	16.9	10.4

The average weight of 163 pounds, coupled with their rather tall stature, describes the Fijian as a large person, on the whole. Their generous weight does not reflect excessive obesity; the body build, as will be pointed out later, is prevailingly muscular and athletic. Variation among the regional samples is not significant; all the groups average more than 160 pounds.

Stature

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	150.1-195.0	172.5	6.1	3.5
Interior	154	150.1-183.7	169.6	6.0	3.5
East	120	160.2-190.5	173.3	6.0	3.5
Coast	210	156.1-195.0	173.4	5.8	3.4
N.W.	79	159.8-186.0	172.7	5.8	3.3
Fiji (Howells)	133	158-190	170.8	6.1	3.6
Solomons (Howells)	85	146-181	160.2	6.8	4.2
Tonga (Sullivan)	92	160-188	173.0	5.2	3.0

The stature of the Fijians is moderately tall. Howells' series of Fijians, as well as mine, indicate this category. In this measurement, the Fijians are similar to the Tongans. They are 12 cm. taller than the Melanesians.

Among the Fijian themselves, the interior people of the highlands are definitely shorter than the rest of the population.

Rumors still persist of remnants of pygmoid people in the interior mountains of Viti Levu. I found no evidence of them either in my travels in the interior or by extensive inquiries among natives and Europeans who had thorough knowledge of the whole island.

Span

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	155.0-208.0	180.0	15.1	8.8
Interior	154	155.0-201.0	179.5	7.5	4.2
East	120	166.4-200.5	178.1	24.3	13.6
Coast	210	160.1-208.0	181.2	14.6	8.1
N.W.	79	165.1-202.0	180.0	21.6	11.9

Span of the arms also reflects the generous proportions of the Fijians. Regional difference is not marked. Relative to stature, the hill people have the longer arms and the eastern natives the shortest. The greater relative arm length of the hill tribes seems to be owing more to deficiency of stature than to excessive arm length or shoulder breadth.

Span-Stature Index

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	96.1-116.3	104.3	8.5	8.15
Interior	154	99.4-115.1	105.2	2.3	2.2
East	120	99.1-108.5	102.7	13.5	13.14
Coast	210	97.9-116.3	104.4	7.7	7.4
N.W.	79	100.2-109.7	104.1	12.0	11.5

THE TRUNK

Sitting Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	75.1-100	87.0	3.5	3.9
Interior	154	75.1-94	84.4	9.4	11.0
East	120	81-100	88.5	3.5	3.9
Coast	210	80-99	87.7	3.2	3.6
N.W.	79	80-94	86.0	2.9	3.3
Fiji (Howells)	132	78-101	88.3	3.06	3.46
Solomons (Howells)	85	69-95	83.6	3.8	4.5

A total sitting height average of 87 cm. attests the generous general body length. A regional trend follows the same curve as that for stature. The eastern body length is greatest; it exceeds the over-all average by 1-1/2 cm. and is more than 4 cm. larger than the interior people who fall at the bottom of the scale of sitting height. Howells' Fijian series is close to my eastern average. Compared with the Solomon Islands natives, the Fijians are much more elongated.

Relative Sitting Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	45-58	50.4	1.5	3.0
Interior	154	46-56	49.8	1.4	2.8
East	120	48-54	51.0	1.3	2.5
Coast	210	46-56	50.5	1.4	2.8
N.W.	79	47-54	50.2	1.4	2.8
Fiji (Howells)	132	46-57	51.7	1.36	2.63
Solomons (Howells)	85	46-57	52.1	1.64	2.92

The relative sitting height ratio for all Fijians is 50.4 per cent. The eastern average of 51 per cent indicates a little more legginess, whereas the interior groups tend somewhat to longer trunks.

Biacromial

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	28-47	39.7	8.2	6.2
Interior	154	29-43	39.0	6.2	4.7
East	120	35-45	39.9	6.1	4.0
Coast	210	28-45	39.7	7.6	4.9
N.W.	79	35-47	40.5	6.6	3.9

The Fijians are generally a broad-shouldered people. The inhabitants of Ra and Ba have the highest average and the interior people are least broad-shouldered.

Relative Shoulder Breadth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	18-27	22.3	1.3	5.8
Interior	154	19-25	22.9	1.0	3.9
East	120	20-26	23.0	1.0	3.9
Coast	210	18-26	22.9	1.0	4.4
N.W.	79	20-27	23.4	3.1	13.2

Relative to total stature, shoulder breadth averages 22.3 per cent. No significant regional differences are indicated.

Bi-Iliac

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	23-40	29.2	5.6	5.3
Interior	154	25-38	29.0	5.1	5.2
East	120	27-34	29.5	4.1	4.8
Coast	210	23-37	29.2	5.9	5.5
N.W.	79	26-32	29.3	4.6	5.0

The Fijians, as a whole, are fairly broad-hipped; this condition holds with little variation in all the provinces.

Shoulder-Hip

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	58-101	73.7	4.3	5.8
Interior	154	65-100	74.6	4.2	5.6
East	120	67-82	73.8	3.2	4.3
Coast	210	58-99	73.5	4.3	5.9
N.W.	79	62-86	72.8	5.9	8.1

The total shoulder-hip ratio describes the shoulders as 73.7 per cent as wide as the hips. These ratios do not vary greatly in different parts of Fiji. The somewhat higher index of the hill groups is owing largely to their narrower shoulders, whereas the superior shoulder breadth of the northwest provinces contributes mostly to the lower hip-shoulder index.

Chest Breadth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	24-39	28.6	6.4	5.7
Interior	154	25-33	28.6	3.3	4.7
East	120	26-39	29.4	7.2	5.8
Coast	210	25-37	28.7	7.8	6.2
N.W.	79	25-32	28.9	4.3	4.9

Broad chests are also characteristic in Fiji. The eastern men surpass the Viti Levu males, and the interior groups have the narrowest chests, but the regional variations are small.

Chest Depth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	184-308	22.9	5.5	7.0
Interior	154	195-263	22.4	3.2	5.8
East	120	189-295	22.5	4.9	6.6
Coast	210	184-300	21.7	5.7	7.2
N.W.	79	192-250	21.8	3.3	6.0

The chests of the Fijians are also fairly deep. The close similarity in chest depth of the interior group and the eastern sample is rather striking inasmuch as the former are nearly 4 cm. shorter in stature. This would indicate that the interior group, for their size, are relatively deep-chested.

Thoracic

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	59-96	76.4	4.6	6.0
Interior	154	69-88	78.5	3.9	5.0
East	120	65-85	76.3	4.3	5.6
Coast	210	56-89	75.5	4.7	6.2
N.W.	79	65-85	75.7	4.4	5.8

The thoracic index shows that the Fijians are deep-chested relative to thoracic breadth as well as in absolute values. Again the interior people stand out for their deeper chests.

ARMS AND LEGS

Arm Length

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	45-87	75.2	5.0	6.6
Interior	154	45-83	73.6	4.8	6.1
East	120	52-84	75.1	3.9	5.2
Coast	210	57-87	76.0	4.9	6.4
N.W.	79	55-86	75.3	6.6	8.8

The over-all arm length is 75.2 cm. Shorter arms seem to be characteristic of the interior population where the average is nearly 2 cm. less than the over-all average. The eastern group has the longest arms; the other samples are intermediate.

Humeral Length

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	26-39	32.8	8.6	5.7
Interior	154	28-38	32.8	7.1	5.2
East	120	28-39	32.9	8.3	5.6
Coast	210	26-38	32.9	9.1	5.8
N.W.	79	28-38	33.0	7.9	5.4

Length of the upper arm averages 33 cm. for all Fijians; the several provinces are closely similar in this trait.

Radial Length

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	23-35	27.6	4.1	5.1
Interior	154	24-33	27.3	2.4	4.5
East	120	23-34	27.5	6.9	6.1
Coast	210	24-35	27.9	3.5	4.8
N.W.	79	25-32	27.9	3.4	4.8

Lower arm length is 27.6 cm. and also varies but little among the regional samples.

Radial-Humeral

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	65-113	84.0	4.2	5.0
Interior	154	77-104	83.0	3.8	4.6
East	120	65-95	83.5	4.7	5.6
Coast	210	75-113	84.7	4.2	4.9
N.W.	79	77-94	82.2	3.6	4.3

The radial-humeral ratio indicates that the lower arm of Fijians is 84 per cent as long as the upper arm. None of the subgroups deviates markedly from this average.

Leg Length[13]

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	61-98	84.3	10.5	12.5
Interior	154	74-96	81.1	8.6	12.9
East	120	73-96	84.1	8.6	10.3
Coast	210	68-97	85.3	7.2	8.5
N.W.	79	75-95	85.7	4.4	5.2

Average leg length is 84.3 cm., and some regional differences are manifest. The legs of the hill people are shorter by 3 cm. than are the other groups. Their neighbors to the northwest and east have the longest legs, and the eastern are intermediate.

Tibial Length

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	34-49	40.9	8.3	6.9
Interior	154	35-45	40.3	13.4	10.8
East	120	35-47	40.7	6.2	5.2
Coast	210	35-47	41.2	6.8	5.1
N.W.	79	36-47	40.9	6.1	5.9

Lower leg length is around 40 cm. for all Fijians. The regional pattern is similar to that of total leg length: shortest in the highlands, intermediate in the east, and longest in the coastal and northwestern districts.

Calf Circumference

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	29-57	37.6	6.7	7.1
Interior	154	31-51	37.0	6.4	7.1
East	120	33-50	38.1	4.7	6.5
Coast	210	29-48	37.2	9.4	7.9
N.W.	79	30-43	37.7	7.6	6.3

The generous girth of the calf of the Fijians reflects their sturdily muscled legs. The eastern groups excel the other Fijians in this respect, whereas the interior groups have the lowest average for calf circumference.

THE HEAD

Head Circumference

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	410-630	562.4	7.8	6.7
Interior	154	537-613	565.3	4.1	2.5
East	120	528-630	566.3	4.9	2.9
Coast	210	410-630	563.5	4.6	3.5
N.W.	79	537-597	557.7	14.3	11.5

The head circumference average of 562.4 mm. Probably is a little on the large size because of the thick wiry hair of most Fijians; the eastern groups appear to have the largest heads and the northwestern groups show a rather abrupt drop.

Head Length[14]

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	162-215	187.9	9.4	5.0
Interior	154	170-210	190.1	7.6	4.0
East	120	172-209	188.6	6.6	3.5
Coast	210	162-215	187.4	13.5	7.2
N.W.	79	165-214	187.2	7.9	4.2
Fiji (Howells)	133	164-208	188.8	7.29	3.86
Solomons (Howells)	85	170-208	188.5	6.5	3.5
Tonga (Sullivan)	117	173-213	191.0	6.6	3.5

Total head length for all Fijians is 187.9 mm; longest heads occur in the interior. Both Howells' Fijian average and the Solomon Islands series are close to the above value. Gifford's Tongan head length of 191 mm. Somewhat exceeds the Fijian.

Head Breadth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	122-186	155.9	6.8	7.7
Interior	154	135-170	152.1	6.6	4.3
East	120	144-172	157.2	5.2	3.3
Coast	210	141-186	158.3	9.3	8.5
N.W.	79	122-185	152.9	8.6	8.2
Fiji (Howells)	133	135-170	153.7	6.1	3.9
Solomons (Howells)	85	126-158	144.7	5.2	3.6
Tonga (Sullivan)	117	145-167	154.8	4.3	2.8

General head breadth is 155.9 mm., and considerable regional variation is shown. Fijians of the interior have the narrowest heads, whereas the coastal and eastern people have appreciably wider heads. Howells' series of Fijians are closest to my highland groups.

The Solomon Islanders are markedly narrower headed than the Fijians, whereas Sullivan's Tongan series is nearer the Fijian average.

Cephalic Index

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	68-99	83.0	6.4	7.7
Interior	154	68-96	80.0	6.0	7.3
East	120	72-92	83.9	3.8	4.5
Coast	210	72-99	84.2	7.2	8.6
N.W.	79	71-95	81.6	10.3	12.6
Fiji (Howells)	133	68-94	81.54	4.7	5.7
Solomons (Howells)	85	65-88	76.8	3.9	5.1
Tonga (Sullivan)	117	73-89	81.1	3.1	3.9

Most Fijians tend to brachycephaly. The eastern natives and those of the coastal series have the broadest heads. The interior people show definitely lesser values in this ratio than do the other groups. Howells' Fijian series is close to the northwestern Fijians in their mesocephaly, and so is the Tongan mean. The Solomon series borders on dolicocephaly.

Head Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	110-154	129.5	6.8	7.9
Interior	154	114-140	127.7	4.8	3.8
East	120	114-148	129.6	5.0	3.9
Coast	210	112-154	120.0	7.0	5.4
N.W.	79	117-142	127.6	9.2	8.9

Head height averages do not differ greatly among the provinces. The interior and northwestern people have somewhat lower heads; the coastal and eastern people show slight superiority.

Length-Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	55-84	69.0	3.4	3.6
Interior	154	59-77	67.2	3.9	5.8
East	120	61-78	68.7	3.2	4.7
Coast	210	55-84	69.4	3.7	4.3
N.W.	79	58-84	68.1	4.5	3.5

Relative to head length, the cranial vault of Fijians is high. The mountain people show the lowest relative head height, whereas the other provinces are nearer to the over-all average.

Breadth-Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	66-102	83.0	3.0	3.3
Interior	154	75- 96	84.0	3.9	4.6
East	120	75- 91	82.4	3.4	4.1
Coast	210	66- 97	82.8	5.3	8.4
N.W.	79	73- 92	81.2	8.6	9.7

Head height relative to total breadth is 83 per cent. In this ratio the interior groups have the highest index, a condition owing more to deficiency in cranial breadth than to superior head height.

Cranial Module

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	141-176	157.7	10.5	6.7
Interior	154	147-166	156.6	11.5	7.3
East	120	148-172	158.4	4.4	2.7
Coast	210	143-176	158.5	15.5	9.7
N.W.	79	141-171	155.9	10.7	6.7

Head size as expressed by the cranial module averages 157.7 mm. for all Fijians. Regional fluctuation is unimportant.

Minimum Frontal

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	99-125	109.9	4.0	2.7
Interior	154	100-121	109.8	3.6	3.3
East	120	99-122	110.8	3.8	3.4
Coast	210	100-125	109.7	4.7	4.3
N.W.	79	101-120	109.4	3.7	3.4

A minimum frontal diameter of 109.9 mm. indicates a fairly ample forehead breadth for the total sample. None of the subgroups depart much from this value.

Fronto-Parietal

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	58-89	70.6	4.3	6.1
Interior	154	63-82	72.2	3.3	4.6
East	120	64-79	70.5	3.0	4.3
Coast	210	58-77	69.9	4.1	5.9
N.W.	79	61-89	69.7	8.7	12.5

Forehead breadth relative to total cranial width is 70.6 per cent. The greatest deviation from this average occurs in the interior where the fronto-parietal ratio is 72.2 per cent and lesser head breadth more than greater forehead width causes the higher index.

THE FACE

Bizygomatic

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	110-164	145.7	5.0	3.4
Interior	154	110-163	145.8	6.3	4.3
East	120	137-161	146.7	4.3	2.9
Coast	210	128-164	145.2	4.9	3.4
N.W.	79	136-156	145.1	4.3	3.0
Fiji (Howells)	132	130-159	144.05	5.05	3.5
Solomons (Howells)	84	115-149	138.0	5.5	4.0
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	131-159	143.5	5.9	4.1

Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight superiority in bizygomatic breadth.

Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.

Cephalo-Facial

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	82-108	93.5	5.7	6.1
Interior	154	84-108	96.0	4.8	5.0
East	120	82-102	93.3	3.2	3.4
Coast	210	85-103	92.5	5.7	6.2
N.W.	79	80-104	92.6	6.4	7.3
Fiji (Howells)	132	85-111	93.7	3.5	3.7
Solomons (Howells)	84	85-111	95.4	3.8	4.0
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	85-103	92.8	3.5	3.7

Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there is general similarity in the several provinces.

Zygo-Frontal

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	64-100	75.5	3.0	3.9
Interior	154	64-98	75.4	3.2	4.2
East	120	68-99	75.5	2.5	3.3
Coast	210	66-100	75.5	3.1	4.1
N.W.	79	66-93	75.4	2.9	3.8
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	63-84	73.1	4.2	5.8

The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.

Total Face Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	100-147	122.5	6.0	4.9
Interior	154	103-137	121.3	5.6	4.6
East	120	110-147	124.7	5.8	4.7
Coast	210	107-142	122.6	6.1	5.0
N.W.	79	100-143	121.7	6.8	5.6
Fiji (Howells)	133	105-159	121.8	6.9	5.7
Solomons (Howells)	85	100-129	116.4	6.6	5.7
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	112-147	128.2	6.8	5.3

Fijian faces have the moderate average height of 122.5 mm. Slightly shorter faces occur in the interior people, whereas the greatest total face height average occurs in the east. The Fijian of Howells' series is close to mine. The Tongan value for face height describes them as definitely longer faced. The Solomon Islanders depart in the other direction with decidedly shorter faces.

Total Facial Index

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	68-104	84.1	4.6	5.5
Interior	154	73-96	83.2	4.4	5.3
East	120	75-101	85.0	4.4	5.2
Coast	210	73-97	84.5	4.6	5.4
N.W.	79	68-104	83.9	5.6	6.7
Fiji (Howells)	132	74-105	84.7	5.0	6.0
Solomons (Howells)	84	74-97	84.5	4.4	5.2
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	78-102	89.3	4.4	5.0

Relative to maximum breadth, the Fijian face tends to shortness, although this is due largely to their generous facial breadth rather than absolute deficiency of height. The interior groups have the lowest values and the eastern groups show relatively broad faces.

The Tongan average is much higher than any of the Fijian values, whereas the Solomon Islanders show similarity to the Fijians in this feature.

Upper Face Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	56-84	70.2	5.1	7.3
Interior	154	59-79	69.1	3.9	5.6
East	120	64-83	71.7	4.0	5.6
Coast	210	59-84	70.4	6.6	9.4
N.W.	79	58-80	69.4	4.8	6.9

The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.

Upper Facial Index

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	37-65	48.2	3.7	7.7
Interior	154	41-65	47.4	3.3	7.0
East	120	42-59	48.9	2.9	5.9
Coast	210	40-59	48.5	4.8	9.9
N.W.	79	39-56	47.8	3.5	7.3

The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.

Bigonial

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	95-146	109.7	5.1	4.6
Interior	154	95-146	109.8	6.0	3.6
East	120	97-125	110.6	5.1	4.6
Coast	210	95-129	109.9	5.3	4.8
N.W.	79	99-119	109.1	4.5	4.1
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	92-119	104.8	5.8	5.5

Lower jaw breadth as expressed by the bigonial diameter indicates a tendency to broadness shared with little variation among all the subgroups. The Tongan value is considerably smaller.

Fronto-Gonial

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	80-122	99.9	5.5	5.5
Interior	154	84-122	100.0	6.0	6.0
East	120	86-115	99.9	5.3	5.3
Coast	210	80-114	100.3	6.0	6.0
N.W.	79	85-113	99.8	4.8	4.8

Similarly the bigonial diameter in relation to forehead breadth is much the same in all groups, the general average nearly 100 per cent.

Zygo-Gonial

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	65-86	75.3	4.1	5.4
Interior	154	67-86	75.4	6.0	8.0
East	120	65-82	75.4	3.5	4.6
Coast	210	66-83	75.7	3.4	4.5
N.W.	79	68-83	75.2	3.4	4.5
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	63-87	73.2	4.6	6.2

Relative to face breadth, jaw width is 75.3 per cent with very little geographic variation.

Nasal Height

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	42-65	53.9	3.4	6.3
Interior	154	45-65	53.2	3.5	6.6
East	120	48-62	54.7	3.1	5.7
Coast	210	46-63	54.1	3.4	6.3
N.W.	79	45-61	52.9	3.5	6.6
Fiji (Howells)	133	44-63	52.4	3.9	7.4
Solomons (Howells)	85	40-59	49.9	3.8	7.7
Tonga (Sullivan)	117	47-65	57.4	3.9	6.8

The Fijian nose may be called medium long. Greatest nasal heights occur in the eastern and in the coastal series. The interior and northwestern groups have shorter noses. The Fijians of Howells' series fall near the short end of my averages. Natives of the Solomons are definitely lower in nasal height, whereas the Tongan's average is so much higher that one suspects a difference in the location of the nasion.

Nasal Breadth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	31-62	46.7	3.4	7.3
Interior	154	40-61	47.6	3.4	7.1
East	120	38-53	45.5	3.0	6.6
Coast	210	38-62	46.4	3.3	7.1
N.W.	79	31-57	47.4	3.6	7.6
Fiji (Howells)	133	37-54	46.19	3.0	6.0
Solomons (Howells)	85	34-51	44.6	2.8	6.3
Tonga (Sullivan)	117	38-55	44.4	3.0	6.8

Broad noses are common to most Fijians. The greatest contrast is between the narrower-nosed eastern people and the interior people, among whom the widest noses occur. The nose of the Solomon Islanders is somewhat narrower, according to Howells' data, and the Tongan average is also lower.

Nasal Index

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	61-112	87.1	8.2	9.4
Interior	154	69-109	89.7	8.1	9.0
East	120	61-100	83.2	7.6	9.1
Coast	210	63-111	86.0	7.1	8.7
N.W.	79	63-110	89.9	8.6	9.6
Fiji (Howells)	133	68-123	88.8	8.3	9.3
Solomons (Howells)	85	68-119	87.1	8.9	10.2
Tonga (Sullivan)	117	61-98	77.6	7.6	9.8

Platyrrhini is the rule in Fiji, but individual and regional variations are great. There are some leptorrine subjects in every province, and there are some whose noses are broader than long. The interior people and the northwestern groups have the relatively broadest noses, whereas the eastern index is more moderate. The noses of Sullivan's Tongans are relatively longer than the Lauans. The Solomon Island average is identical with the Fijian.

Nasal Depth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	16-32	22.0	2.9	3.2
Interior	154	17-32	22.5	2.1	9.3
East	120	17-28	21.9	1.8	8.2
Coast	210	17-32	21.8	3.6	6.5
N.W.	79	16-29	22.3	1.9	8.5

Nasal depth averages 22 mm.; the regional variation is very small.

Nasal-Depth Index

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	32-60	47.2	6.8	6.8
Interior	154	34-59	47.4	5.1	6.6
East	120	35-60	48.4	4.6	9.5
Coast	210	32-58	47.0	8.1	7.2
N.W.	79	34-58	47.2	5.5	6.7

Mouth Breadth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	29-72	57.6	4.7	8.2
Interior	154	34-72	59.6	4.4	7.4
East	120	33-66	56.5	3.9	6.9
Coast	210	29-67	57.3	4.0	7.0
N.W.	79	36-65	57.3	4.4	7.8

Mouth breadth averages show the interior groups to have widest mouths, the eastern people least wide, and the coastal and northwestern people intermediate.

Lip Thickness

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	9-45	22.4	3.8	6.9
Interior	154	12-31	23.4	3.6	5.4
East	120	12-29	21.7	3.4	5.7
Coast	210	16-45	20.8	3.6	5.3
N.W.	79	10-29	22.0	3.9	5.7

Thick lips are characteristic of most Fijians. The interior average is highest for this diameter, whereas the northwestern Fijians have least-thick lips.

Ear Length

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	55-83	66.6	4.5	6.8
Interior	154	53-83	66.0	4.8	7.3
East	120	55-80	67.2	5.0	7.4
Coast	210	55-77	66.7	4.9	7.3
N.W.	79	57-75	66.5	3.7	5.6
Tonga (Sullivan)	117	56-81	66.0	4.6	6.9

Fijian ears on the whole tend to be long, as the average 66.6 mm. indicates. Regional differences are slight. Tongans closely resemble Fijians.

Ear Breadth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	24-55	34.3	3.2	9.3
Interior	154	27-41	33.7	2.5	7.4
East	120	29-40	34.1	4.0	11.7
Coast	210	29-55	34.7	3.9	11.2
N.W.	79	25-42	33.8	2.9	8.6
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	25-42	34.5	2.6	7.6

Ear breadth is also generous, and regional differences hardly exceed 1.5 mm., including the Tongans.

Ear Index

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	38-62	51.6	5.0	9.7
Interior	154	40-61	51.1	3.6	7.0
East	120	41-59	50.6	5.8	11.5
Coast	210	42-62	52.1	6.7	12.9
N.W.	79	38-59	50.9	4.0	7.9
Tonga (Sullivan)	116	41-62	52.4	3.9	7.5

Length-breadth ear ratios indicate that coastal groups have somewhat broader, and the northwestern people the relative longest, ears.

Bicanine Breadth

	No.	Range	Mean	S.D.	C.V.
Total sample	815	24-72	39.8	11.7	19.4
Interior	154	37-49	39.9	10.7	16.8
East	120	36-68	41.8	7.4	7.7
Coast	210	24-72	39.0	13.4	14.3
N.W.	79	38-49	38.6	14.0	16.3

Bicanine breadth is characteristically great among Fijians, reflecting the ample jaws and teeth. Widest diameters are seen in the east, followed by the hill people of the interior. The northwestern groups have the least bicanine diameter.

---

MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

PIGMENTATION

Skin Color: Exposed

	Brunet	Swarthy	Lt. Brn	Med. Brn	Dk. Brn	Black	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	1 .01	5 .6	30 4	400 48	377 46	0 0	813
Interior	0 0	0 0	1 1	55 36	97 63	0 0	153
East	0 0	3 2	12 10	99 83	6 6	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	1 0	7 3	85 41	116 56	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	0 0	1 1	42 53	36 46	0 0	79
Fiji II	0 0	0 0	0 0	128 96	5 4	0 0	133
Solomons	0 0	0 0	0 0	4 5	79 93	2 3	85
Tonga	(Range: Lt. Brown to Dk. Brown.)

Color of skin includes exposed and unexposed areas. The former was observed on the face, since the Fijians do not use any kind of face or head covering. This condition in the total series divides itself quite evenly between medium brown and dark brown. A few have light-brown skin; only six individuals are classified as swarthy and brunet. None was judged to be completely black. The Fijians of Howells' series are described as 96 per cent medium brown[15] and 5 per cent dark brown, a discrepancy I would attribute to personal judgment difference. The Solomon Islanders are markedly darker than the Fijians, the majority have dark-brown skin and 3 per cent are black, whereas 5 per cent have medium-brown complexions.

Tongan data on skin color cannot be directly adjusted to my statistics. Sullivan's comment on their skin color states that it is "a medium yellowish-brown where it is unexposed to the sun. Exposed parts of the skin of a few of the persons were a very dark chocolate" (Sullivan, 1922, p. 248).

Among the Fijians themselves, the greatest contrasts occur between the eastern and the interior groups of Viti Levu. Where 63 per cent of the latter have dark-brown skin, only 5 per cent of eastern fall into this category. The bulk of eastern (83 per cent) have medium-brown skin as against 36 per cent of hill people. The coastal and northwestern provinces are, like the total series, more evenly divided between medium and dark brown.

Skin Color: Unexposed

	Brunet	Swarthy	Lt. Brn	Med. Brn	Dk. Brn	Black	Total
	No. %	No. %	No.%	No.%	No. %	No. %
Total sample	6 1	9 1	242 30	545 66	11 1	0 0	813
Interior	0 0	0 0	20 13	133 87	0 0	0 0	153
East	3 3	4 3	77 64	36 30	0 0	0 0	120
Coast	1 1	2 1	56 27	148 71	2 1	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	1 1	20 25	57 72	1 1	0 0	79
Fiji II	0 0	0 0	0 0	127 96	5 4	0 0	132
Solomons	0 0	0 0	0 0	9 11	74 87	2 2	85

Unexposed skin color was observed on the under surface of the upper arm near the armpit. The anticipated shift in color range results in a reduction of dark-skin incidence to a mere 1 per cent, and an increase in medium brown to 60 per cent and of light brown to 30 per cent.

Howells' describes 96 per cent of his Fijians as medium brown, 4 per cent dark brown, and none light brown. The Solomon Islanders seem definitely darker than the Fijians whether they are compared with Howells' or my series.

The eastern groups continues to contrast with the interior people. The former show a majority of 64 per cent in the light-brown category as compared with 13 per cent among the interior groups; the latter have a medium-brown incidence of 87 per cent against 30 per cent among Lauans.

Hair Color

	Black	Dk. Brn	Med. Brn	Lt. Brn	Red-Brn	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	757 93	31 5	1 0	0 0	18 2	807
Interior	145 95	8 5	0 0	0 0	0 0	153
East	114 95	6 5	0 0	0 0	0 0	120
Coast	193 92	11 5	0 0	0 0	5 2	204
N.W.	70 89	5 6	0 0	0 0	4 5	75
Fiji II	118 91	9 7	0 0	0 0	3 2	130
Solomons	55 65	26 31	0 0	3 4	0 0	84
Tonga	0 94	0 4	0 0	0 0	0 0	0

Black hair is the usual color, although 5 per cent are described as dark brown and a few red-brown. This latter variation is a rufous color (reddish-brown) and it may be a little more frequent than the data indicate because the Fijians frequently dye their hair with a substance extracted from mangrove bark. This intensifies the usual blackness of the hair and adds a satisfying gloss. More sophisticated natives have access to modern hair dye and lacking this, some have been known to resort to black shoe polish.

Hair bleaching is no longer practiced in Fiji.

The hair of the Solomons Islands is not so uniformly black, nearly a third have dark-brown hair and a few are light brown.

Eye Color

	Black	Dk. Brn	Med. Brn	Lt. Brn	Total
	No. %	No.%	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	2 0	550 68	257 31	4 1	813
Interior	0 0	131 86	22 14	0 0	153
East	0 0	71 59	48 40	1 1	120
Coast	0 0	127 61	81 39	1 0	209
N.W	1 1	53 67	25 32	0 0	79
Fiji II	0 0	130 98	0 0	2 2	132
Solomons	0 0	85 100	0 0	0 0	85
Tonga	0 3	0 94	0 0	0 3	0

A little more than two-thirds of Fijians' eyes are described as dark brown. The remaining third have medium-brown eyes. There were four individuals who were light brown. Howells, with his Fijian series, is more generous with the darker designation; he designated 98 per cent as dark brown and 2 per cent light brown. His Solomons sample is described as dark brown without exception. The Tongan data also is recorded as more uniformly dark brown than my Fijians.

The Fijians of the interior of Viti Levu have more deeply pigmented eyes than the others; 86 per cent are classed as dark brown and only 14 per cent medium brown.

HAIR

Hair Form

	Straight	Low Wave	Deep Wave	Curl	Frizz	Wool	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	0 0	7 0.1	13 0.2	91 11.0	702 862	0 0	813
Interior	0 0	0 0	0 0	4 3	149 97	0 0	153
East	0 0	1 1	10 8	37 31	72 60	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	0 1	3 0	18 9	188 90	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	2 3	0 0	7 9	70 89	0 0	79
Fiji II	0 0	0 0	0 0	19 16	38 33	59 51	116
Solomons	2 3.3	1 1.6	0 0	16 26	17 28	25 41	61

Frizzly hair is the condition of over 85 per cent of Fijians; 11 per cent are curly-haired, whereas over twenty individuals have wavy hair. Straight hair is absent. The Fiji II series of Howell distinguishes between frizzly and wooly hair, which I do not. Their combined incidence is 83 per cent, quite close to my frequency of frizzly. Whether one does or does not distinguish between frizzly and wooly hair, there is no doubt that most Fijians have Negroid hair form. The Solomon Islanders are surprising with somewhat less Negroid hair form than the Fijians. Their combined percentage of frizzly and wooly is 69, which is nearly 20 per cent less than that of the Fijians. Twenty per cent have curly hair against 11 per cent among Fijians. Also, the only instances of straight hair occur in the Solomons.

In the Fijian breakdown, the interior groups have the most Negroid hair; 97 per cent have frizzly hair and 3 per cent have curly hair. The eastern people are the least Negroid in this respect; frizzly hair drops to 60 per cent, whereas curly hair advances to 30 per cent and wavy hair to 9 per cent. The coastal and northwestern series are closer to the interior groups with about 90 per cent frizzly hair.

Hair Texture

	Course	Medium	Fine	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	804 99	9 1	0 0	813
Interior	153 100	0 0	0 0	153
East	116 97	4 3	0 0	120
Coast	208 100	1 0	0 0	209
N.W.	78 99	1 1	0 0	79

Hair texture is prevailingly coarse; only 1 per cent of the total series shows medium coarseness and none have fine hair. This preponderance of coarse hair is much the same in all the provinces, although the eastern people do depart slightly with a 3 per cent incidence of medium-coarse hair.

It might be added that Fijian hair is quite stiff or wiry. For example, when the hair is unshorn, it stands out like a mop. A Fijian can insert a long stemmed flower in his hair and it will stay in place with no additional fastening.

Head Hair Quantity

	Absent	Subm.	[16]	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	0 0	61 7	219 27	533 65	0 0	813
Interior	0 0	26 17	27 18	100 65	0 0	153
East	0 0	5 4	24 20	91 76	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	11 5	63 30	135 65	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	7 9	21 27	51 65	0 0	79
Fiji II	0 0	0 0	0 0	1 1	132 92	133
Solomons	0 0	0 0	0 0	5 6	80 94	85

Head hair quantity is pronounced in the majority of Fijians (65 per cent); it is moderate in 27 per cent and submedium in 7 per cent. Howells describes nearly all the Fijians as having very pronounced head hair—99 per cent, which would appear to be a personal difference in appraisal. In any case, the two series agree that Fijians have hair of more than moderate quantity. The Melanesians of the Solomons are also characterized by much head hair.

Regionally, the only significant variation in this trait is shown in the east, where more individuals have a submedium designation. In the absence of age data, this contrast cannot be fairly interpreted.

Hair Length

It might be observed here that although hair length was not included in this survey, on the basis of personal but unrecorded observation, the Fijians conform to the Melanesian pattern. Most Fijian men now cut their hair short in the Western style, but some still do not. Women generally trim their hair but not short. The natural length of head hair is intermediate between the short-haired African Negroes and the long-haired Caucasians and Mongolians.

Baldness

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	731 90	40 3	30 4	12 1	0 0	813
Interior	122 80	12 8	12 8	7 5	0 0	153
East	112 93	3 3	4 3	1 1	0 0	120
Coast	194 93	10 5	4 2	1 0	0 0	209
N.W.	72 91	1 1	3 4	3 4	0 0	79

The lack of age correlations also limits the value of data on baldness, but some meaning can nevertheless be extracted. Regardless of age, with an incidence of pronounced baldness of 1 per cent among all adult males and of 4 per cent for a moderate condition, it is a clear indication that Fijians are not prone to loss of head hair.

Beard Quantity

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	0 0	234 29	370 44	208 26	1 .01	813
Interior	0 0	22 14	67 44	64 42	0 0	153
East	0 0	45 38	59 49	16 13	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	60 29	94 45	54 26	1 0	209
N.W.	0 0	22 28	30 38	27 34	0 0	79
Fiji II
cheeks	27 21	2 2	44 34	46 35	12 9	131
skin	9 7	0 0	52 40	56 43	14 10	131
Solomons
cheeks	21 25	0 0	42 49	22 26	0 0	85
chin	7 8	0 0	53 62	25 29	0 0	85
Tonga
chin	0 0	0 19	0 31	50 0	0 0	0
lower chk.	0 4	0 37	0 18	40 0	0 0	0

Moderate beard quantity is shown by 44 per cent of Fijians; the remainder are fairly evenly divided between the submedium and pronounced categories. Howells' series, which records beard quantity for the cheeks and chin separately, shows a higher frequency of pronounced and very pronounced designations. However, his data includes many individuals who have no beards at all. Both series are doubtless influenced by the fact that they contain a preponderance of young adult; a greater proportion of older men would have greatly raised the incidence of the pronounced categories.

Nearly all modern Fijians have adopted the Western practice of shaving. Examination of earlier pictures and written description of Fijians leaves no doubt that the majority of mature men possess luxurious beards when nature is unrestrained.

The natives of the Solomon Islands, according to Howells, are a little less bearded than the Fijians.

The Tongans are a little more heavily bearded than the Fijians.

Some geographical variation is indicated by my data. The interior people of Fiji have the highest incidence of face hair; 42 per cent are recorded as pronounced. Least endowed are the eastern Fijians, where 13 per cent have pronounced beards and 38 per cent are submedium. The coastal and northwestern series conform more closely to the overall distribution.

Body Hair[17]

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	0 0	243 30	328 40	162 20	80 10	813
Interior	0 0	31 20	56 37	41 27	25 16	153
East	0 0	55 46	45 38	14 12	6 5	120
Coast	0 0	57 27	82 39	46 22	24 11	209
N.W.	0 0	16 20	36 46	19 24	8 8	79
Tonga	0 0	23 29	0 26	0 22	0 0	0

The body hair endowment is also not unimpressive. Forty per cent show a moderate condition, 20 per cent are pronounced, and 10 per cent very pronounced; none are totally devoid of body hair; 30 per cent are submedium. Chest hair among the Tongans is somewhat less in evidence; although the majority range from submedium to pronounced, 23 per cent are described as hairless.

The provincial distribution in Fiji follows that of face hair: the interior groups are hairiest and the eastern people least so.

The anatomical distribution of body hair deserves some comment, even though specific observations were made on the chest. Not infrequently the hair is heavier on the upper legs than on the chest. Occasionally, too, the back of the shoulders is quite hairy as well as the belly.

Grayness: Head

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	621 76	82 10	82 10	28 3	3 3	813
Interior	80 52	37 24	19 12	17 11	0 0	153
East	91 76	13 11	16 13	0 0	0 0	120
Coast	176 84	14 7	17 8	2 1	0 0	209
N.W.	60 76	8 10	9 11	2 3	0 0	79

Grayness: Beard

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Total sample	610 75	61 8	90 11	52 6	0 0	813
Interior	72 47	30 20	20 13	31 20	0 0	153
East	89 74	9 8	18 15	4 3	0 0	120
Coast	178 85	8 4	21 10	2 1	0 0	209
N.W.	60 76	6 8	11 14	2 3	0 0	79

Grayness of the hair data without corresponding age incidence is not particularly significant. It is clear, nevertheless, that premature grayness is not common. I would hazard the judgment that on the whole the Fijians show less tendency to grayness than do Caucasians.

The higher incidence of grayness of the interior sample of Fijians is likely due to a larger number of older men in that series.

THE FACE

Prognathism: Total

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	206 25	306 38	288 35	13 2	813
Interior	40 26	59 39	52 34	2 1	153
East	54 45	55 46	11 9	0 0	120
Coast	47 22	84 40	73 35	5 2	209
N.W.	18 23	29 37	32 41	0 0	79
Tonga	63 53	26 22	29 25	0 0	118

Prognathism: Mid-Facial

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	517 64	184 23	109 13	3 1/2	813
Interior	133 87	15 10	5 3	0 0	153
East	100 83	17 14	3 3	0 0	120
Coast	122 58	49 23	37 18	1 1	209
N.W.	48 61	20 25	11 14	0 0	79

Prognathism: Alveolar

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	798 98	9 1	4 1/2	2 0	813
Interior	153 100	0 0	0 0	0 0	153
East	120 100	0 0	0 0	0 0	120
Coast	207 99	0 0	1 1/2	1 1/2	209
N.W.	76 {96}	2 3	0 0	1 1	79

Slight and moderate total prognathism characterizes most Fijians.but it is pronounced in only 13 of the 813 subjects. A quarter of the series show no prognathism. The eastern people are least prognathic with a zero incidence of 45 per cent. The other regional sample are close to the general condition.

Mid-facial prognathism has a submedium incidence of 23 per cent and a medium of 13 per cent; the remainder lack the condition, except three individuals who are pronounced.

The coastal and northwestern groups have more frequent medium designations. Alveolar prognathism is almost entirely lacking in all groups.

Malar Projection: Lateral

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	1 0	2 0	264 32	543 67	3 0	813
Interior	0 0	0 0	62 41	91 59	0 0	153
East	0 0	0 0	25 21	95 79	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	0 0	68 33	141 67	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	0 0	28 35	50 63	1 1	79

Malar Projection: Frontal

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	4 1/2	0 0	709 87	100 12	809
Interior	0 0	0 0	139 91	14 9	153
East	0 0	0 0	103 86	17 14	120
Coast	1 0	0 0	181 87	27 13	209
N.W.	0 0	0 0	67 85	12 15	79

The facial contours generally include lateral malar projection; two-thirds show a pronounced condition and the balance are medium. The eastern people have high cheek bones oftener than do the others.

Frontal malar projection is also common but more often moderately so; 87 per cent show medium projection and 12 per cent are pronounced.

Gonial Angles

	Sbm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	24 3	459 56	325 40	5 1	813
Interior	0 0	97 63	55 36	1 1	153
East	1 1	65 54	54 45	0 0	120
Coast	7 3	110 53	90 43	2 1	209
N.W.	3 4	49 62	27 34	0 0	79

Palate Shape

	Parabolic	Sm. U	Lg. U	Square	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	493 61	2 0	303 37	15 2	813
Interior	94 61	0 0	59 39	0 0	153
East	81 68	0 0	38 32	1 1	120
Coast	131 63	0 0	71 34	7 3	209
N.W.	50 63	1 1	27 34	1 1	79

A fairly strong tendency to well-developed gonial angles is indicated; 40 per cent show pronounced angles and nearly all the rest are medium. These proportions hold pretty much for all groups.

Palate shape also attests to the well-developed jaws of Fijians; it is a large U in 37 per cent of the subjects; 2 per cent are square and the remainder parabolic.

Chin Prominence

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	2 0	164 20	593 73	54 7	813
Interior	0 0	36 24	110 72	7 5	153
East	0 0	25 21	89 74	6 5	120
Coast	0 0	41 20	153 73	13 6	207
N.W.	1 1	11 14	55 70	9 11	76

Chin Type

	Median	Bilateral	Total
	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	673 83	140 17	813
Interior	130 85	23 15	153
East	112 93	8 7	120
Coast	162 78	45 22	207
N.W.	62 82	14 18	76

A well-developed chin further typifies most Fijian faces; nearly three-quarters have a moderate chin prominence, 7 per cent are pronounced, and the remainder are submedium. This range is much the same in the subgroups.

The chin is commonly median although 17 per cent have the bilateral type. The bilateral chin is least frequent in Lau (7 per cent).

THE HEAD

Temporal Fullness

	Absent	Subm.	+	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	1 0	563 69	249 31	813
Interior	0 0	113 74	40 26	153
East	0 0	70 58	50 42	120
Coast	1 0	148 71	60 29	208
N.W.	0 0	59 75	20 25	79

Occipital Protrusion

	Absent	Subm.	+	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	13 2	775 95	25 3	813
Interior	4 3	149 97	0 0	153
East	0 0	116 97	4 3	120
Coast	3 1	193 92	13 6	209
N.W.	0 0	79 100	0 0	79

A narrowness in the temporal part of the head is indicated. Sixty-nine per cent of the subject show submedium temporal fullness, whereas the remainder are moderate. This condition is not marked and may best be described as a discernable tendency.

The back of the head is generally rather flat as the 95 per cent incidence of occipital protrusion indicates. This is a natural condition; no intentional flattening is practiced by Fijians.

Lambdoidal Flattening

	Absent	Subm.	+	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	754 93	32 4	27 3	813
Interior	153 100	0 0	0 0	153
East	113 94	5 4	2 2	120
Coast	188 90	13 6	8 4	209
N.W.	72 91	3 4	4 5	79

Occipital Flattening

	Absent	Subm.	+	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	809 100	2 0	2 0	813
Interior	153 100	0 0	0 0	153
East	120 100	0 0	0 0	120
Coast	209 100	0 0	0 0	209
N.W.	79 99	0 0	1 1	79

Median Sagittal Crest

	Absent	Subm.	+	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	600 74	177 22	36 4	813
Interior	96 63	46 30	11 7	153
East	109 91	10 8	1 1	120
Coast	160 77	43 21	6 3	209
N.W.	53 57	24 30	2 3	79

Parietal Bosses

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	17 2	413 51	381 47	2 0	813
Interior	1 1	130 85	22 14	0 0	153
East	4 3	66 55	50 42	0 0	120
Coast	6 3	82 39	120 57	1 0	209
N.W.	1 1	40 51	38 48	0 0	79

A median sagittal crest though not striking is recorded in a number of cases. It has a submedium incidence of 22 per cent and pronounced 4 per cent. Among the interior people, the crest is more common. Because of the heavy, bushy, and wiry hair of Fijians it is probable that some instances of this feature were not detected by simple palpation, and the incidence may be higher than the data indicate.

Submedium development of the parietal bosses is rather common occurring in 51 per cent of the series. It is very common in the interior (85 per cent).

Cranial Asymmetry

	Absent	Left	Right	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji	813 100	0 0	0 0	813
Interior	153 100	0 0	0 0	153
East	119 100	0 0	0 0	119
Coast	208 100	0 0	0 0	208
N.W.	79 100	0 0	0 0	79

Facial Asymmetry

	Absent	Left	Right	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji	806 100	1 0	0 0	807
Interior	153 100	0 0	0 0	153
East	117 98	0 0	2 2	119
Coast	206 99	0 0	2 1	208
N.W.	78 99	1 0	0 0	79

Cranial and facial assymetry are generally lacking, at least in any marked degree. Normal asymmetries of the face and head were ignored in this description.

EYES

Eye Folds: External

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji	804 98	5 1	4 1	0 0	813
Interior	152 99	0 0	1 1	0 0	153
East	119 99	0 0	1 1	0 0	120
Coast	209 99	1 1	1 1	0 0	208
N.W.	78 99	0 0	1 1	0 0	79

Eye Fold: Median

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	782 96	3 1/2	25 3	3 1/2	813
Interior	152 99	0 0	1 1	0 0	153
East	108 90	1 1	10 8	1 1	120
Coast	202 97	1 0	5 2	1 0	209
N.W.	78 99	0 0	0 0	1 1	79

Eye Folds: Internal

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	778 96	4 0	30 4	1 0	813
Interior	151 99	0 0	2 1	0 0	153
East	102 85	1 1	17 14	1 0	120
Coast	203 97	0 0	6 3	0 0	209
N.W.	78 99	0 0	1 1	0 0	79
Fiji II	116 89	7 5-1/2	7 5-1/2	0 0	130
Solomons	80 94	2 2-1/2	3 3-1/2	0 0	85
Tonga	63 57	33 30	9 8	6 5	111

Eye folds are not a feature of the Fijian facial make-up. The external fold is present in only 2 per cent of the total series. The median fold shows a 96 per cent absence. The eastern groups exceed the other provinces with a 10 per cent occurrence. The internal eye fold has a total presence of 4 per cent and is also commoner in the east (14 per cent).

Eye Obliquity

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	251 31	358 43	201 25	3 1	813
Interior	92 60	46 30	14 9	1 1	153
East	33 28	52 35	45 38	0 0	120
Coast	47 22	102 49	58 28	2 1	209
N.W.	27 34	32 41	20 25	0 0	79

Eye Opening

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	0 0	75 9-1/2	737 91	1 1/2	813
Interior	0 0	24 16	128 84	1 1	153
East	0 0	13 11	107 89	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	9 4	200 96	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	7 9	72 91	0 0	79

Some degree of eye obliquity is present in the majority of cases; 43 per cent show a submedium condition; 25 per cent are medium and three individuals have pronouncedly oblique eyes. The remainder, or 31 per cent, have no obliquity. In the east, the natives depart from this total distribution in opposite directions. The interior groups have much less eye obliquity; the eastern people, a great deal more. The other provinces are quite close to the total frequencies.

Eye opening height is preponderately moderate (91 per cent). The remaining 10 per cent with one exception show submedium eye opening. Regional variation is not great. The eastern and interior groups have a little higher frequency in the submedium class.

FOREHEAD

Brow Ridges

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	0 0	148 19	364 44	295 36	6 1	813
Interior	0 0	16 10	69 45	64 42	4 3	153
East	0 0	28 23	42 35	50 42	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	42 20	99 47	67 32	1 0	209
N.W.	0 0	19 24	40 51	19 24	1 1	79

Brow ridges are a marked feature of Fijians in general. None of them lack some supraorbital development. Forty-four per cent have medium brow ridges, 36 per cent are pronounced, and 1 per cent are very pronounced. The other 19 per cent are small. The interior and eastern groups share a little higher incidence of pronounced brow ridges; the other regions are nearer the total distribution of variations.

Forehead Height

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	0 0	444 55	369 45	0 0	813
Interior	0 0	90 59	63 41	0 0	153
East	0 0	68 57	52 43	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	110 53	99 47	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	46 58	33 42	0 0	79

Forehead Slope

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	8 1	280 34	460 56	65 8	813
Interior	0 0	53 35	87 57	13 8	153
East	0 0	38 32	72 60	10 8	120
Coast	4 2	78 37	113 54	14 7	209
N.W.	2 3	27 34	47 59	4 4	79
Tonga	1 1	70 60	45 39	0 0	116

Forehead height is submedium in more than half the cases (55 per cent); the others are all medium. There is no significant variation among the subgroups.

A sloping forehead is quite characteristic of the Fijian head; 56 per cent are moderately sloping, 8 per cent are pronounced, and 34 per cent are submedium. Only 1 per cent have foreheads with no recession. Regional differences are very slight.

NOSE

Nasion Depression

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	1 0	170 21	579 71	63 8	813
Interior	0 0	41 27	103 67	9 6	153
East	1 1	32 27	85 71	2 2	120
Coast	0 0	45 22	144 69	10 10	209
N.W.	0 0	18 23	56 71	6 6	79

Root Height

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	1 0	63 8	555 67	194 24	813
Interior	0 0	16 10	96 63	41 27	153
East	1 1	3 3	77 64	39 33	120
Coast	0 0	10 5	157 75	42 20	209
N.W.	0 0	4 5	57 72	18 23	79

Root Breadth

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	0 0	1 0	258 32	554 68	813
Interior	0 0	0 0	38 25	115 75	153
East	0 0	1 1	53 44	66 55	120
Coast	0 0	0 0	67 32	142 68	209
N.W.	0 0	0 0	24 30	55 70	79

Nasal Septum

	Straight	Concave	Convex	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	777 99	0 0	36 4	813
Interior	153 100	0 0	0 0	153
East	118 98	0 0	2 2	120
Coast	196 94	0 0	13 6	199
N.W.	78 99	0 0	1 1	79

Bridge Height

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	0 0	54 7	644 79	115 14	813
Interior	0 0	13 8	124 81	16 10	153
East	0 0	1 1	98 82	21 18	120
Coast	0 0	10 5	173 83	26 12	209
N.W.	0 0	7 9	60 76	12 15	79
Tonga	0 0	21 22	81 70	9 8	111

Bridge Breadth

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	0 0	0 0	265 33	546 67	813
Interior	0 0	0 0	29 19	124 81	153
East	0 0	0 0	72 60	48 40	120
Coast	0 0	0 0	62 30	147 70	209
N.W.	0 0	0 0	23 29	56 71	79

Nasal Profile

	Concave	Straight	Convex	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	14 2	625 77	173 21	812
Interior	0 0	123 80	30 20	153
East	1 1	88 73	31 26	120
Coast	4 2	171 82	34 16	209
N.W.	1 1	59 75	19 24	79

Moderate nasion depression characterizes the majority of noses (71 per cent). Pronounced depression is recorded for 8 per cent, and submedium occurrence in 21 per cent. Only one individual lacks any depression. This distribution does not vary much among the provinces.

A well-elevated nasal root is also characteristic; 67 per cent show moderate elevation and 24 per cent pronounced, whereas 8 per cent are submedium; one individual is without any elevation. The interior Fijians have a little higher frequency of low nasal root (10 per cent), whereas the eastern people, with a 30 per cent incidence, excel in the pronounced category.

More striking is the breadth of the Fijian nasal root. It is pronounced in 68 per cent and moderate in the remainder of the series. Pronounced breadth is commoner among the interior people (75 per cent) and least preponderant in the east (55 per cent).

The nasal septum is nearly always straight; the only departure from this condition is a 4 per cent incidence of convexity. Regional differences are not significant.

Nasal bridge height is commonly medium (79 per cent) in the totality of noses. Fourteen percent are pronouncedly high and 7 per cent are submedium. The several provinces do not depart very far from this distribution.

The Fijian nose shows a strong tendency to broadness of the bridge. Two-thirds show pronounced breadth of bridge and the remainder are medium. Pronounced broadness increases in the interior groups (81 per cent) and shows a marked decline in the east (40 per cent).

Nasal profiles are most often straight (77 per cent), but convex noses are not uncommon (21 per cent). Convexity is slightly more frequent in the east (26 percent), whereas in the coastal people its incidence drops to 16 per cent.

Nasal-Tip Thickness

	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	1 0	344 42	461 58	1 0	812
Interior	0 0	55 36	98 64	0 0	153
East	1 1	80 67	39 33	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	94 45	114 55	1 1	209
N.W.	0 0	27 34	52 66	0 0	79

Nasal-Tip Inclination

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	731 90	57 7	24 3	0 0	812
Interior	147 96	6 4	0 0	0 0	153
East	109 91	6 5	5 4	0 0	120
Coast	186 89	16 8	7 3	0 0	209
N.W.	71 90	6 8	2 3	0 0	79

Nasal Wings

	Compressed	Medium	Flaring	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	0 0	198 24	615 76	813
Interior	0 0	25 16	128 84	153
East	0 0	70 58	50 42	120
Coast	0 0	42 20	167 80	209
N.W.	0 0	16 20	63 80	79

The nasal tip is pronounced more often than not, 58 per cent showing this condition. The remaining 42 per cent have tips of medium thickness. Thicker tips occur more often in the interior (64 per cent) and in the northwest (66 per cent), least often in the east (33 per cent).

Usually the nasal tip is not inclined downward. Slight and moderate inclination has a combined incidence of only 10 per cent.

Flaring nasal wings are a common condition (76 per cent). This incidence rises to 84 per cent in the interior and drops to 42 per cent in the east.

MOUTH

Lip Thickness: Membranous

	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	19 2	428 53	364 45	2 0	813
Interior	10 7	43 28	100 65	0 0	153
East	1 1	83 69	36 30	0 0	120
Coast	1 1/2	88 42	119 57	1 1/2	209
N.W.	4 5	39 49	36 46	0 0	79
Tonga	12 10	97 84	7 6	0 0	116

Lip Thickness: Integumental

	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	4 1/2	608 75	201 25	0 0	813
Interior	1 1/2	114 75	38 25	0 0	153
East	1 1	100 83	19 16	0 0	120
Coast	2 1	164 78	43 21	0 0	209
N.W.	0 0	55 70	24 30	0 0	79
Fiji II	0 0	1 1/2	26 20	106 80	133
Solomons	0 0	0 0	12 14	73 86	85

Lip Eversion

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	12 1	333 41	444 55	24 3	813
Interior	0 0	63 41	88 58	2 1	153
East	8 7	77 64	35 29	0 0	120
Coast	0 0	63 30	138 66	8 4	209
N.W.	1 1	26 33	51 65	1 1	79

Lip Seam

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	33 4	429 53	343 42	8 1	813
Interior	1 1	79 52	73 48	0 0	153
East	14 12	77 64	29 24	0 0	120
Coast	6 3	105 50	94 45	4 2	209
N.W.	3 4	44 56	32 41	0 0	79

Fijian lips are Negroid in thickness in many instances. Membranous lips are thick in 45 per cent of the series, medium in 53 per cent, and submedium in 25 per cent. Thickest lips occur in the interior and coastal areas where the pronounced type registers 65 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively. In the east, lips are more moderate in thickness, and the pronounced category drops to 30 per cent.

Integumental lips also tend to be heavy but not so much as the mucous parts. Twenty-five per cent of the total Fijians have thick integumental lips and the remainder are moderate. Howells' Fiji II series classes 80 per cent as very pronounced and the remainder as pronounced. The Solomon Islanders, with an 86 per cent incidence of very pronounced, have the heaviest lips of all.

Lip eversion varies largely between moderate and submedium, 55 percent and 41 per cent, respectively. The interior and coastal Fijians show this trait a little more often than the others, whereas the eastern people have least lip eversion. The lip seam is present in nearly all cases, but not to a pronounced degree. Fifty-three per cent are submedium and 42 per cent are moderate. The eastern groups are definitely less endowed with this trait. The other provinces vary but little from the total distribution.

TEETH

Bite

	Under	E-E	Subm. over	+ over	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	2 0	518 64	274 34	13 2	807
Interior	0 0	94 61	59 39	0 0	153
East	0 0	73 61	45 38	2 2	120
Coast	1 0	130 62	76 36	0 0	207
N.W.	1 1	49 62	23 29	3 4	76
Fiji II	4 3	50 38	77 59	0 0	131
Solomons	1 1	37 45	45 54	0 0	83

Caries

	Absent	Subm.(1-4)	+ (5-8)	++ (9-16)	+++ (17-x)	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	645 78	80 10	58 7	22 3	8 1	813
Interior	130 84	16 10	3 2	1 1	3 2	153
East	100 83	10 12	4 3	2 1	4 3	120
Coast	153 73	29 14	16 8	8 4	3 1	209
N.W.	62 80	9 11	6 8	1 1	0 0	78

Crowding

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	685 84	115 14	13 2	0 0	813
Interior	134 88	19 12	0 0	0 0	153
East	100 83	17 14	3 3	0 0	120
Coast	180 86	25 12	4 2	0 0	209
N.W.	64 81	14 18	0 0	0 0	78

Tooth Eruption

	Complete	Incomplete	Total
	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	796 98	15 2	811
Interior	153 100	0 0	153
East	119 99	1 1	120
Coast	199 95	8 4	207
N.W.	74 94	2 3	76

Wear

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	184 23	443 54	144 18	42 5	813
Interior	27 {18}	58 {38}	37 {24}	31 {20}	153
East	26 {22}	69 {57}	24 {20}	1 {1}	120
Coast	60 {29}	120 {57}	28 {13}	1 {1/2}	209
N.W.	12 {15}	47 {60}	17 {22}	2 {3}	78

The jaws of Fijians have a rather distinctive frequency of edge-to-edge bite. I recorded this as 64 per cent, but Howells' series indicates a 38 per cent incidence.

The quality of Fijian teeth as reflected by frequency of caries is excellent. Nearly 80 per cent of the total show no tooth decay. The soundest teeth from this standpoint occur in the interior, the east, and the northwest. The coastal people show the highest incidence of caries, an interesting point since many of this sample come from around Suva and have more access to the Western processed foods.

Tooth crowding is quite uncommon to Fijians, a condition consistent with their generous jaw conformation. Crowding is noted in only 16 per cent of the series, and most of it is slight.

Tooth eruption is complete in nearly all the subjects. A 2 per cent incidence of incomplete eruption is entirely due to the immaturity of some of the young adults. No pathological suppression was noted.

Some wear of the teeth is recorded for more than three-quarters of the series, but lacking age incidence, the data has limited meaning. The Fijian diet is not abrasive the way, for instance, it is for the Indians of our Southwest, where the staple food is ground in stone mills.

EARS

Ear Helix

	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	230 28	511 63	72 9	0 0	813
Interior	45 29	99 65	9 6	0 0	153
East	29 24	74 62	17 14	0 0	120
Coast	58 28	128 61	23 11	0 0	209
N.W.	24 30	51 65	4 5	0 0	79

Darwin's Point

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	761 94	36 4	15 2	1 0	813
Interior	150 98	3 2	0 0	0 0	153
East	112 93	6 5	2 2	0 0	120
Coast	187 89	13 6	4 4	1 0	209
N.W.	77 97	2 3	0 0	0 0	79

Ear-Lobe Type

	Soldered	Attached	Free	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	80 10	531 65	202 25	813
Interior	47 31	74 48	32 21	153
East	3 3	85 71	32 27	120
Coast	9 4	141 67	59 28	209
N.W.	5 6	52 66	22 28	79

Ear-Lobe Size

	Subm.	+	++	+++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	176 22	457 56	178 22	2 0	813
Interior	49 32	66 43	38 25	0 0	153
East	16 13	76 63	27 23	1 1	120
Coast	31 15	123 59	55 26	0 0	209
N.W.	20 25	47 59	12 15	0 0	79

Ear Protrusion

	Absent	Subm.	+	++	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	2 0	262 32	463 57	86 11	813
Interior	1 1	47 31	90 59	15 10	153
East	0 0	31 26	77 64	12 10	120
Coast	1 0	75 36	114 55	19 9	209
N.W.	0 0	26 33	49 62	4 5	79

Ear Slant

	Absent	Subm.	+	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	416 51	332 41	65 8	813
Interior	78 51	67 44	8 5	153
East	55 46	52 43	13 11	120
Coast	118 56	74 35	17 8	209
N.W.	38 48	39 49	2 3	79

The Fijian ear is a moderately distinctive appendage from a racial standpoint. The helix shows moderate development on the whole and is submedium otherwise except for a 9 per cent incidence of pronounced appearance. Regional variation is small.

The Darwin's point is noted in a number of cases: 4 per cent to a submedium degree and 2 per cent medium.

The ear lobe is somewhat distinctive with a 65 per cent incidence of the attached condition and 10 per cent soldered. The remaining 25 per cent is free. This distinctiveness is more marked among the interior groups where the soldered type of lobe increases to 31 percent.

Ear-lobe size is moderate in more than half the series, pronounced in 22 per cent, and submedium in 22 per cent. Small lobes are commoner in the interior province.

Moderate ear protrusion is the commonest form followed by submedium. Marked projection is recorded as 11 per cent.

Ear slant either is lacking or slight in most instances; the series is rather evenly divided between these two categories, the zero category having a small majority. Moderate slant is noted for 8 per cent.

BODY BUILD

Body Build: Endomorph

	1	2	3	4	5	6	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	260 32	334 42	126 15	46 6	33 4	12 1	811
Interior	49 32	66 43	26 17	5 3	6 4	1 1	153
East	30 25	54 45	21 18	5 4	8 7	1 1	119
Coast	77 37	82 39	28 13	10 5	8 4	3 1	209
N.W.	26 33	34 43	9 11	6 8	2 3	2 3	79

Body Build: Mesomorph

	1	2	3	4	5	6	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	1 {0.1}	2 {0.2}	33 4	131 16	227 28	419 52	813
Interior	0 0	1 1	11 7	27 18	41 27	73 48	153
East	1 1	0 0	2 2	14 12	38 32	65 54	120
Coast	0 0	0 0	9 4	29 14	67 32	104 50	209
N.W.	0 0	1 1	2 3	15 19	14 18	47 59	79

Body Build: Ectomorph

	1	2	3	4	5	6	Total
	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %	No. %
Fiji I	351 43	195 24	110 14	88 11	68 8	1 {0.1}	813
Interior	54 35	56 37	13 8	15 10	15 10	0 0	153
East	49 41	33 28	15 13	12 10	11 9	0 0	120
Coast	84 40	51 24	36 17	18 9	19 9	1 1	209
N.W.	39 49	19 24	11 14	6 8	4 5	0 0	79

Variations in body build have been expressed with the Sheldon method of somatotyping.[18] Accordingly, the Fijians are primarily and definitely mesomorphic, with endomorphy the second strongest component, and ectomorphy, third. About 80 per cent of the total series had a mesomorphic rating of 5 and 6 which leaves no doubt as to the prevailingly athletic physique. Endomorphy is seldom pronounced so that obesity may be described as no more than occasional. A pronounced linear build is likewise relatively infrequent.

The Fijian subgroups do not vary markedly from the over-all pattern.