Dionysius of Halicarnassus On Literary Composition / Being the Greek Text of the De Compositione Verborum

by of Halicarnassus Dionysius

GLOSSARY

(Including Terms of Rhetoric, Grammar, Prosody, Music, Phonetics, and Literary Criticism)

In the Glossary, as in the Notes, the following abbreviations are used:—

Long. = ‘Longinus on the Sublime.’
D.H. = ‘Dionysius of Halicarnassus: the Three Literary Letters.’
Demetr. = ‘Demetrius on Style.’

ἀγεννής. [90] 20, [170] 9, etc. Ignoble, mean: in reference to style. Lat. ignobilis, degener.

ἀγοραῖος. [262] 20. Vulgar, colloquial, mechanical. Lat. circumforaneus, circulatorius. Cp. Lucian de conscrib. hist. § 44 μήτε ἀπορρήτοις καὶ ἔξω πάτου ὀνόμασι μήτε τοῖς ἀγοραίοις τούτοις καὶ καπηλικοῖς.

ἀγχίστροφος. [212] 20. Quick-changing, flexible. Lat. mutabilis. Instances of its rhetorical use are cited in Long. p. 194. The word has more warrant as a term of rhetoric than ἀντίρροπος, which is given by F.

ἀγωγή. [68] 1, training. [194] 9, sequence, movement. [244] 24, cast, or tendency. Cp. some uses of Lat. ductus. Other examples in D.H. p. 184: to which may be added de Isocr. c. 12 and de Thucyd. c. 27; Macran’s Harmonics of Aristoxenus pp. 121, 143; Strabo xiv. 1. 41 παραφθείρας τὴν τῶν προτέρων μελοποιῶν ἀγωγήν, and (later) ἀπεμιμήσατο τὴν ἀγωγὴν τῶν παρὰ τοῖς κιναίδοις διαλέκτων καὶ τῆς ἠθοποιΐας.—In [124] 10 the adjective ἀγωγός is used (as in Eurip. Hec. 536, Troad. 1131) with the genitive in the sense provocative of, conducive to: cp. de Demosth. c. 55 ἃ δὴ τῶν τοιούτων ἔσται παθῶν ἀγωγά. [In Troad. 1131 Dindorf, ed. v., gives ἀρωγός without comment, against the MSS.]

ἀγών. [252] 2, [262] 23. Contest, pleading, trial. Lat. certamen, actio. Cp. Long. p. 194, D.H. p. 184, Demetr. p. 263.

ἀδολέσχης. [272] 19, 22. Garrulous. Lat. loquax. Cp. Demetr. p. 263.

ἀηδής. [100] 7, [124] 19, etc. Unpleasant, disagreeable. Lat. iniucundus, molestus. Similarly ἀηδία, [132] 21, [134] 14.

ἀθρόος. [222] 2. Compressed, concentrated. Lat. consertus, stipatus. In the passage specified it would seem that Dionysius compares the issue of the breath to the exit of people through a narrow door, whereby they are crowded together. The sound of p, which is under discussion, approaches whistling; and that is the maximum of breath-compression.

αἵρεσις. [70] 15, [198] 3, 8, [246] 17. School, following. Lat. secta.

αἴσθησις. [130] 17, [134] 11, [152] 15, [218] 1. Sense, perception. Lat. sensus. So αἰσθητός, perceptible, [152] 22, [206] 6, etc.; and αἰσθητῶς, perceptibly, [126] 20, [202] 18.

ἀκατάστροφος. [232] 1. Without rounding or conclusion. Lat. idonei exitus expers. Used of a period which does not turn back upon itself—which is, in fact, not a περίοδος. Cp. the use of εὐκαταστρόφως in Demetr. de Eloc. § 10.

ἀκατονόμαστος. [208] 25. Unnamed, nameless. Lat. appellationis expers.

ἀκέραστος. [230] 18. Unmixed, or incapable of mixture. Lat. non permixtus, s. qui permisceri non potest.

ἀκοή. [70] 3, [118] 23, [146] 8, etc. The sense of hearing: ‘the ear.’ Lat. auditus. So ἀκρόασις, [116] 19, [198] 8, etc.

ἀκόλλητος. [218] 13. Uncompacted, or incapable of being compacted. Lat. non compactus, s. qui compingi non potest.

ἀκολουθία. [212] 22, [232] 20, [254] 17. Sequence, the orderly progression of words. Lat. consecutio, ordo, series. ἐν πολλοῖς ὑπεροπτικὴ τῆς ἀκολουθίας, [212] 22 = prone to anacolouthon. Cp. Long. p. 102, D.H. p. 184, Demetr. p. 263. Similarly ἀκόλουθος is used of what follows naturally, [130] 9, [228] 17, etc.

ἀκόμψευτος. [212] 23, [232] 21. Unadorned. Lat. incomptus. Used of a style which is sans recherche, sans parure. Cp. Cic. Orat. 24. 78 “nam ut mulieres esse dicuntur non nullae inornatae, quas id ipsum deceat, sic haec subtilis oratio etiam incompta delectat.”

ἀκόρυφος. [230] 31. Without a capital or beginning. Lat. sine fastigio, sine initio. Used of a period without a proper beginning and therefore imperfectly rounded: whereas true periods are εὐκόρυφοι καὶ στρογγύλαι ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τόρνου (de Demosth. c. 43).

ἀκρίβεια. [118] 10, [206] 8, [266] 11, etc. Exactitude, precision, finish. Lat. perfectio, absolutio, subtilitas. Used of an ars exquisita, a style soigné. So ἀκριβής [196] 15, and ἀκριβοῦν [94] 14 and [242] 9. Cp. D.H. p. 184, and Demetr. p. 264 (where the slightly depreciatory sense of ‘correctness,’ ‘nicety,’ is also illustrated: cp. C.V. [274] 22).

ἀκροστόμιον. [142] 17. The edge of the mouth or lips. Lat. summum os, labrorum margo. Cp. [148] 22 τῆς γλώττης ἄκρῳ τῷ στόματι προσερειδομένης κατὰ τοὺς μετεώρους ὀδόντας.

ἀκώλιστος. [234] 23. Without members or clauses. Lat. sine membris. Used of a period not divided, or jointed, into clauses.

ἀλήθεια. [198] 26. Human experience. Lat. veritas vitae, usus rerum, vita, usus. The actual facts of life are meant, as opposed to the theories of the schools. Cp. de Isaeo c. 18 ὅτι μοι δοκεῖ Λυσίας μὲν τὴν ἀλήθειαν (‘the truth of nature,’ ‘a natural simplicity’) διώκειν μᾶλλον, Ἰσαῖος δὲ τὴν τέχνην.

ἄλογος. [66] 18, [146] 14, [152] 15, [174] 2, 3, [206] 13, [244] 22. Irrational; unguided by reason; subconscious; incalculable; instinctive; spontaneous. Lat. rationis expers. With the use in [146] 14 (where the Epitome has ἀλάλου) may be compared the process by which ἄλογον in Modern Greek has come to mean ‘horse.’ With ἄλογος αἴσθησις in [152] 15 and [244] 22 cp. the use of “tacitus sensus” in Cic. de Orat. iii. 195 “omnes enim tacito quodam sensu sine ulla arte aut ratione quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta ac prava diiudicant” and Orat. 60. 203 “aures ipsae tacito eum (modum) sensu sine arte definiunt”: see also de Lysia c. 11, de Demosth. c. 24, de Thucyd. c. 27. For the doctrine of ἀλογία in relation to metre see p. [154] supra and Goodell Greek Metric pp. 109 ff. (with references to Aristoxenus, Westphal, etc., pp. 150 ff.). The notion of incommensurability is, of course, present in the term: cp. Aristox. p. 292 ὥρισται δὲ τῶν ποδῶν ἕκαστος ἤτοι λόγῳ τινὶ ἢ ἀλογίᾳ τοιαύτῃ, ἥτις δύο λόγων γνωρίμων τῇ αἰσθήσει ἀνὰ μέσον ἔσται, which Goodell (p. 110) translates, “each of the feet is determined and defined either by a precise ratio or by an incommensurable ratio such that it will be between two ratios recognizable by the sense.”

ἀμεγέθης. [176] 11. Wanting in size or dignity. Lat. exilis. Cp. Long. de Sublim. xl. 2 οὐκ ὄντες ὑψηλοὶ φύσει, μήποτε δὲ καὶ ἀμεγέθεις.

ἄμετρος. [74] 4, [176] 1, 21, etc. Unmetred, unmetrical. Lat. (oratio) soluta. It is interesting to note the variety of Dionysius’ expressions for ‘prose’ or ‘in prose’—λέξις ἄμετρος, λέξις πεζή, λέξις ψιλή, λόγος ἀποίητος, λόγοι ἄμετροι, λόγοι or λόγος simply ([272] 9, 13), δίχα μέτρου ([252] 20), λεκτικῶς ([258] 3), etc. Cp. Plato Rep. 366 E, 390 A, etc.

ἀμορφία. [184] 18, [198] 10. Unsightliness. Lat. deformitas. So ἄμορφος [92] 16.

ἄμουσος. [74] 11, [122] 19. Rude, uncultured. Lat. insulsus, illiteratus, infacetus.

ἀμυδρός. [206] 22. Faint, obscure. Lat. subobscurus.

ἀμφίβολος. [96] 17. Ambiguous. Lat. dubius, ambiguus, qui in duos pluresve sensus verti potest.

ἀμφίβραχυς. [172] 6, [184] 11. Amphibrachys. The metrical foot ᴗ – ᴗ.

ἀναβολή. [164] 5, [220] 13. Retardation. Lat. mora, intervallum. So ἀναβάλλειν [180] 15, [216] 18: cp. de Demosth. c. 54 (ταῦτ’ ἐσπευσμένως εἰπέ, ταῦτ’ ἀναβεβλημένως), and c. 43.

ἀναισθησία. [184] 21. Insensibility, stupidity. Lat. stupor. Compare ἀναίσθητος [190] 8, and see the editor’s Ancient Boeotians pp. 4-8.

ἀνακοπή. [164] 5, [230] 28, [232] 16. Stoppage, clashing. Lat. impedimentum, offensio. Fr. refoulement. Cp. de Demosth. c. 38, and also the verb ἀνακόπτειν [222] 9.

ἀνάπαιστος. [172] 10, etc. Anapaest. The metrical foot ᴗ ᴗ –.

ἀνάπαυλα. [196] 11. Rest, pause. Lat. mora, intermissio. The ‘reliefs’ afforded by variety of structure, etc., are meant.

ἀναπλέκειν. [264] 23. To bind up the hair. Lat. caesariem reticulo colligere.

ἄναρθρος. [212] 21. Without joints or articles. Lat. sine articulis.

ἀνδρώδης. [174] 17. Manly, virile. Lat. virilis. Cp. de Demosth. cc. 39, 43, and Quintil. v. 12. 18.

ἀνέδραστος. [232] 4. Unsteady. Lat. instabilis. Used of a period which has no proper base or termination. The opposite of ἑδραῖος (Demetr. p. 277).

ἀνεπιτήδευτος. [84] 3, [212] 13, [260] 14. Unsought, unstudied. Lat. nullo studio delectus, non exquisitus. So ἀνέκλεκτος [84] 3: not picked with care.

ἄνεσις. [210] 5. Loosening. Lat. remissio. Cp. Plato Rep. i. 349 E ἐν τῇ ἐπιτάσει καὶ ἀνέσει τῶν χορδῶν πλεονεκτεῖν, and ἀνίεται [126] 5.

ἀνθηρός. [212] 22 (cp. [208] 26, [232] 25). Florid. Lat. floridus. Fr. fleuri. Cp. Quintil. xii. 10. 58 “namque unum [dicendi genus] subtile, quod ἰσχνόν vocant, alterum grande atque robustum, quod ἁδρόν dicunt, constituunt; tertium alii medium ex duobus, alii floridum (namque id ἀνθηρόν appellant) addiderunt.” ‘Florid’ (like ‘flowery’) has acquired rather a bad sense, whereas the Greek word suggests ‘flower-like,’ ‘full of colour,’ ‘with delicate touches and associations.’

ἀντίθετος. [246] 6. Antithetic (σχηματισμοὶ ... ἀντίθετοι). Cp. Demetr. pp. 266, 267, s.v. ἀντίθεσις.

ἀντιστηριγμός. [164] 6. Resistance, stumbling-block. Lat. impedimentum, obstaculum. Cp. de Demosth. c. 38 ἀνακοπὰς καὶ ἀντιστηριγμοὺς λαμβάνειν καὶ τραχύτητας ἐν ταῖς συμπλοκαῖς τῶν ὀνομάτων ἐπιστυφούσας τὴν ἀκοὴν ἡσυχῇ [ἡ αὐστῆρα ἁρμονία] βούλεται.

ἀντίστροφος. [174] 2, [194] 6, 9, 11, [278] 9. Corresponding, counterpart. Lat. respondens. Frequently used by Dionysius of the second stanza (ἀντιστροφή, [254] 18), sung by the Chorus in its counter-movement. Cp. schol. ad Aristoph. Plut. 253 μεταξὺ τῆς τε στροφῆς καὶ τῆς ἀντιστρόφου: and de Demosth. c. 50 κἄπειτα πάλιν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ῥυθμοῖς καὶ μέτροις ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν στίχων ἢ περίοδων, ἃς ἀντιστρόφους ὀνομάζουσι, χρωμένη.

ἀντιτυπία. [202] 25, [222] 17, [224] 15, [230] 6, 232 6, [244] 25. Repulsion, clashing, dissonance. Lat. conflictio, asperitas. So the adjective ἀντίτυπος in [162] 23, [210] 20, etc. Hesychius, ἀντιτύποις· σκληροῖς.

ἀντονομασία. [70] 19, [102] 18. Pronoun. Lat. pronomen. In [108] 14 ἀντωνυμία is found; and this (the more usual) form should perhaps be read throughout.

ἀνωμαλία. [232] 19. Unevenness. Lat. inaequalitas. Fr. inégalité.

ἀξίωμα. [84] 1, [120] 23, [170] 2, [174] 19. Dignity. Lat. dignitas. Fr. dignité. In [96] 16 the sense is a proposition (pronuntiatum, Cic. Tusc. i. 7. 14; enuntiatio, Cic. de Fato 10. 20).—The adjective ἀξιωματικός (‘dignified’) occurs in [136] 11, [168] 6, etc., and the adverb ἀξιωματικῶς in [176] 24.—In [88] 13, [186] 7, ἀξίωσις = reputation, excellence.

ἀπαγγελία. [204] 18. Narration. Lat. narratio. Sometimes the word is used, like ἑρμηνεία, of style (elocutio) in general: cp. de Demosth. c. 25, and Chrysostom (in a passage which, as revealing the pupil of Libanius and as illustrating many things in the C.V., may be quoted at some length): ἐγὼ δὲ εἰ μὲν τὴν λειότητα Ἰσοκράτους ἀπῄτουν, καὶ τὸν Δημοσθένους ὄγκον, καὶ τὴν Θουκυδίδου σεμνότητα, καὶ τὸ Πλάτωνος ὕψος, ἔδει φέρειν εἰς μέσον ταύτην τοῦ Παύλου τὴν μαρτυρίαν. νῦν δὲ ἐκεῖνα μὲν πάντα ἀφίημι, καὶ τὸν περίεργον τῶν ἔξωθεν καλλωπισμόν, καὶ οὐδέν μοι φράσεως, οὐδὲ ἀπαγγελίας μέλει· ἀλλ’ ἐξέστω καὶ τῆ λέξει πτωχεύειν, καὶ τὴν συνθήκην τῶν ὀνομάτων ἁπλῆν τινα εἶναι καὶ ἀσφαλῆ, μόνον μὴ τῇ γνώσει τις καὶ τῇ τῶν δογμάτων ἀκριβείᾳ ἰδιώτης ἔστω (de Sacerdotio iv. 6).—The verb ἀπαγγέλλειν occurs in [200] 9, 11.

ἀπαρέμφατος. [102] 20. Infinitive. Lat. infinitivus (sc. modus). [The infinitive, unlike the indicative and other moods, does not indicate difference of meaning by means of inflexions denoting number and person. Whence the Greek name: cp. παρεμφατικός, p. [315] infra.]

ἀπαριθμεῖν. [268] 8. To recount, to run over. Lat. percensere.

ἀπαρτίζειν. [194] 16. To round off, to complete. Lat. adaequare, absolvere. Cp. de Demosth. c. 50 καὶ μέτρα τὰ μὲν ἀπηρτισμένα καὶ τέλεια, τὰ δ’ ἀτελῆ: Ev. Luc. xiv. 28 τίς γὰρ ἐξ ὑμῶν, θέλων πύργον οἰκοδομῆσαι, οὐχὶ πρῶτον καθίσας ψηφίζει τὴν δαπάνην, εἰ ἔχει τὰ πρὸς ἀπαρτισμόν (completion); So κατὰ ἀπαρτισμόν, in [246] 18, means completely, absolutely, narrowly. In Classical Review xxiii. 82, the present writer has suggested that κατὰ ἀπαρτισμόν are the words missing in Oxyrhynchus Papyri vi. 116, where Grenfell and Hunt give ἐν πλάτει καὶ οὐ κ[.............]ν. θεωρητέα ἐστίν, or the like, may have preceded: cp. [152] 26 supra (and note).

ἀπαρχαί. [76] 2. Firstfruits. Lat. primitiae. Used here in connexion with the verb προχειρισάμενος, cum delibavero.

ἀπατηλός. [236] 10. Seductive. Lat. suavis et oblectans, illecebrosus.

ἀπερίγραφος. [232] 4. Not circumscribed. Lat. nullis limitibus circumscriptus.

ἀπερίοδος. [234] 23, [276] 1. Without a period. Lat. periodo non absolutus.

ἀπευθύνειν. [130] 1. To regulate. Lat. tamquam ad regulam dirigere.

ἀπηνής. [228] 15. Crabbed, rugged. Lat. durus.

ἁπλοῦς. [144] 8, 17, [176] 3. Simple, uncompounded. Lat. simplex.

ἀποίητος. [70] 4. In plain prose. Lat. prosaicus. Cp. s.v. ἄμετρος.

ἀποκλείειν. [144] 23. To shut off, to intercept. Lat. intercludere.

ἀποκόπτειν. [142] 8, [230] 19. To cut short. Lat. rescindere. So ἐξ ἀποκοπῆς ([142] 3) = with a snap, abruptly. See the exx. given, s.v. ἀποκοπή, in Demetr. p. 268.

ἀποκυματίζειν. [240] 22. To ruffle. Lat. reddere inquietum, fluctibus agitare.

ἀπορριπίζειν. [144] 24, [150] 1. To blow away. Lat. flatu abigere. In both these passages there is some manuscript support for ἀπορραπίζειν. In [144] 24 the sense (with ἀπορραπιζούσης) would be ‘to send out the breath in beats,’ ‘to cause the breath to vibrate.’

ἀποτραχύνειν. [218] 9, [230] 24. To roughen. Lat. exasperare.

ἀργός. [210] 22. Unwrought. Lat. rudis. In [250] 8 ἀργία is used for ‘idleness,’ with reference to the Epicurean attitude towards the refinements of style.

ἄρθρον. [70] 17. Article. Lat. articulus. See D.H. pp. 185, 186; Demetr. p. 269. ἄρθρον (‘joint’) and σύνδεσμος (‘sinew’ or ‘ligament’) are terms borrowed from anatomy.

ἀριθμοί. [244] 27. Numbers, cadences. Lat. numeri, numeri oratorii. Cp. de Demosth. c. 53 φέρε γὰρ ἐπιχειρείτω τις προφέρεσθαι τούσδε τοὺς ἀριθμούς· Ὄλυνθον μὲν δὴ καὶ Μεθώνην κτλ. As Aristotle (Rhet. iii. 8. 2) says, περαίνεται δὲ ἀριθμῷ πάντα· ὁ δὲ τοῦ σχήματος τῆς λέξεως ἀριθμὸς ῥυθμός ἐστιν, οὗ καὶ τὰ μέτρα τμητά.

ἀριστεῖα. [182] 12. Lead, supremacy. Lat. primas (dare).

Ἀριστοφάνειος. [256] 13, [258] 9. Aristophanic. Lat. Aristophaneus. The reference is to the anapaestic tetrameter called ‘Aristophanic.’ Hephaestion (Ench. c. 8) explains the term thus: κέκληται δὲ Ἀριστοφάνειον, οὐκ Ἀριστοφάνους αὐτὸ εὑρόντος πρῶτον, ἐπεὶ καὶ παρὰ Κρατίνῳ ἐστί·

χαίρετε δαίμονες οἳ Λεβάδειαν Βοιώτιον οὖθαρ ἀρούρης·
ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ τὸν Ἀριστοφάνην πολλῷ αὐτῷ κεχρῆσθαι.

ἁρμογή. [112] 13, [218] 9, [236] 5, [270] 9. Junction, combination. Lat. coagmentatio.

ἁρμονία. [72] 6, 9, [74] 4, 10, 19, [84] 9, 15, [90] 5, [94] 15, [104] 19, [114] 14, 17, [116] 15, 20, passim. Adjustment, arrangement, balance, harmonious composition. Lat. apta structura, concinna orationis compositio, aptus ordo partium inter se cohaerentium. Fr. enchaînement. But, as distinguished from ἁρμογή or from σύνθεσις, ἁρμονία seems usually to connote ‘harmony’ in the more restricted (musical) sense of notes in fitting sequence: cp. our ‘arrangement’ of a song or piece of music. In fact, Dionysius’ three ἁρμονίαι might well be described as three ‘modes of composition,’ and ‘tune’ (the meaning which ἁρμονία bears in Aristot. Rhet. iii. 1. 4) might sometimes serve as a suitable rendering even in reference to literary composition or oratorical rhythm. The original use of the word in Greek carpentry (which employed dovetailing in preference to nails) finds an excellent illustration in the words of a contemporary of Dionysius, Strabo (Geogr. iv. 4): διόπερ οὐ συνάγουσι τὰς ἁρμονίας τῶν σανίδων, ἀλλ’ ἀραιώματα καταλείπουσιν. We have perhaps no single English word which can, like ἁρμονία, incline, according to the context, to the literal sense (‘a fitting,’ ‘a juncture’), or to the metaphorical meaning (‘harmony,’ as ‘harmony’ was understood by the Greeks); but see T. Wilson’s definition of ‘composition’ under σύνθεσις, p. [326] infra, and compare one of the definitions of ‘harmony’ in the New English Dictionary: “pleasing combination or arrangement of sounds, as in poetry or in speaking: sweet or melodious sound.”—The verb ἁρμόττειν is found in [98] 6, [104] 17, etc.

ἀρρενικός. [106] 21. Of the masculine gender. Lat. masculinus.

ἀρτηρία. [140] 21, [142] 4, [144] 5, 20, [148] 17. Windpipe. Lat. arteria.

ἀρχαϊσμός. [212] 23. A touch of antiquity. Lat. sermonis prisci imitatio. Cp. ἀρχαϊκός, [216] 20, [228] 8. So ἀρχαιοπρεπῆ σχήματα ([236] 8) = figurae orationis quae vetustatem redolent. As Quintilian (viii. 3. 27) says, “quaedam tamen adhuc vetera vetustate ipsa gratius nitent.” Cp. D.H. p. 186 (s.v. ἀρχαιοπρεπής) and Demetr. p. 269 (s.v. ἀρχαιοειδής): also de Demosth. c. 48.

ἀρχαί. [136] 22, [140] 13. First beginnings. Lat. principia.

ἄσεμνος. [110] 20, [170] 20, [176] 12, [192] 11. Undignified. Lat. dignitatis expers, minime venerandus. Cp. D.H. p. 269.

ἄσημος. [256] 22, [262] 6. Unnoticed. Lat. obscurus.

ἄσιγμος. [148] 1. Without a sigma. Lat. carens littera sigma.

ᾆσμα. [196] 2. Song, lay. Lat. carmen, canticum.

ἀσύμμετρος. [124] 8, [236] 1. Incommensurable, disproportionate, incorrect. Lat. incommensurabilis, sine iusta proportione, inconcinnus. So ἀσυμμετρία [232] 19. Some good illustrations (drawn from Cicero) of constructions symétriques will be found in Laurand’s Études sur le style des discours de Cicéron pp. 118-21.

ἀσύμμικτος. [218] 12. Unblended, or incapable of being blended. Lat. non permixtus, s. qui permisceri non potest.

ἀσύμφωνος. [122] 23. Out of tune. Lat. dissonus.

ἄτακτος. [156] 20, [254] 16. Disordered, irregular. Lat. perturbatus, nullo ordine compositus, incompositus.

ἀτοπία. [130] 26. Awkwardness, clumsiness. Lat. rusticitas, ineptia.

αὐθάδης. [228] 9. Wilful, headstrong, unbending. Lat. ferox, pertinax. Cp. Long. de Subl. xxxii. 3 ὁ δὲ Δημοσθένης οὐχ οὕτως μὲν αὐθάδης ὥσπερ οὗτος (sc. ὁ Θουκυδίδης), κτλ.

αὐθέκαστος. [212] 23. Outspoken, downright. Lat. rigidus. In Plutarch’s Cato c. 6 Cato is described as ἀπαραίτητος ὢν ἐν τῷ δικαίῳ καὶ τοῖς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἡγεμονίας προστάγμασιν ὄρθιος καὶ αὐθέκαστος (cp. the rigida innocentia attributed to him by Livy xxxix. 40. 10). In Aristotle (Eth. Nic. iv. 7. 4) the αὐθέκαστος hits the mean between the ἀλαζών and the εἴρων.

αὐλός. [142] 2. Passage, channel. Lat. meatus.

αὐστηρός. [208] 26, [210] 15, [216] 17, 21, [228] 15, [232] 22, [248] 9. Austere, severe. Lat. severus (cp. Quintil. ix. 4. 97, 120, 128). Compare the antithetic expressions quoted from Dionysius in D.H. p. 186, and add de Demosth. c. 38 init. Also see s.v. στρυφνός, p. [323] infra.

αὐτάρκης. [212] 17, [282] 2. Sufficient, self-sufficing. Lat. sufficiens, per se sufficiens.

αὐτίκα. [98] 7, [194] 2, [256] 7, [268] 6. To begin with, for example. Lat. exempli gratia.

αὐτόματος. [256] 19. Self-acting, spontaneous. Lat. spontaneus, ultroneus. Cp. αὐτομάτως [212] 12; αὐτοματίζειν [204] 5; αὐτοματισμός [218] 3, [258] 1, 24. In [256] 19 ἐκ τοῦ αὐτομάτου = sponte sua, fortuito.

αὐτοσχέδιος. [212] 1, [260] 14, [262] 3. Improvised. Lat. fortuitus, extemporalis, inelaboratus, tumultuarius. So αὐτοσχεδίως [260] 25, and αὐτοσχεδιάζειν [256] 19 (πολλὰ γὰρ αὐτοσχεδιάζει μέτρα ἡ φύσις = multos versus sponte solet natura effundere). Cp. Demetr. p. 270 s.v. αὐτοσχεδιάζειν, and see σχέδιος p. [327] infra.

αὐτοτελής. [118] 6, [140] 1. Complete in itself, absolute. Lat. perfectus, absolutus. So αὐτοτελῶς [140] 3. The meaning of the word is well illustrated by Diodorus Siculus xii. 1 init. οὔτε γὰρ τῶν νομιζομένων ἀγαθῶν οὐδὲν ὁλόκληρον εὑρίσκεται δεδομένον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὔτε τῶν κακῶν αὐτοτελὲς ἄνευ εὐχρηστίας.

αὐτουργός. [196] 15. Self-wrought, rudely wrought. Lat. rudis. Cp. de Demosth. c. 39 (as quoted s.v. συναπαρτίζειν, p. [325] infra).—The active sense of αὐτουργός finds a good illustration in Euripides’ well-known line: αὐτουργός, οἵπερ καὶ μόνοι σῴζουσι γῆν (Orest. 920).

ἀφαίρεσις. [104] 20, [114] 12, [116] 17. Deduction, abridgment. Lat. detractio. In [116] 17 τῆς ἀφαιρέσεως δὲ τίς (τρόπος) almost = ‘what is the nature of ellipsis?’ As line 18 shows, something necessary to the sense is supposed to be omitted: e.g. the presence of αὐτός in [116] 22 implies a contrast with ἕτερος ([118] 1).

ἀφανίζειν. [166] 10, [260] 1, [272] 2. To put out of sight. Lat. abscondere.

ἀφελής. [212] 14. Simple, plain. Lat. simplex, subtilis. Cp. D.H. p. 187.

ἀφορμή. [96] 23. Starting-point. Lat. initium, principium. Cp. Dionys. Hal. Antiq. Rom. i. 4 τῆς ἀοιδίμου γενομένης καθ’ ἡμᾶς πόλεως, ἀδόξους πάνυ καὶ ταπεινὰς τὰς πρώτας ἀφορμὰς λαβούσης.

ἀφροδίτη. [74] 13. Beauty. Lat. venustas, venus. Cp. de Lysia c. 11 ἐὰν δὲ μηδεμίαν ἡδονὴν μηδὲ ἀφροδίτην ὁ τῆς λέξεως χαρακτὴρ ἔχῃ, δυσωπῶ καὶ ὑποπτεύω μήποτ’ οὐ Λυσίου ὁ λόγος, καὶ οὐκέτι βιάζομαι τὴν ἄλογον αἴσθησιν: also c. 18 ibid.

ἄφωνος. [138] 13, [140] 3, [146] 5, [148] 11, 20, [220] 10. Voiceless, mute. Lat. vocis expers, mutus. From the standpoint of the modern science of phonetics, in which the term ‘voiceless’ is reserved for sounds that are not accompanied by a vibration of the vocal chords, it might be well in the translation of this word to substitute ‘non-vocalic’ for ‘voiceless,’ and ‘vocalic’ for ‘voiced.’

ἄχαρις. [110] 20, [146] 12. Graceless. Lat. invenustus.

βαίνειν. [86] 1. To scan. Lat. scandere. Cp. Aristot. Metaph. xiii. 6, 1093 a 30 βαίνεται δὲ [τὸ ἔπος] ἐν μὲν τῷ δεξιῷ ἐννέα συλλαβαῖς, ἐν δὲ τῷ ἀριστερῷ ὀκτώ.—In [236] 4 βεβηκώς is used of a firm, regular tread: Lat. incedere.

βακχεῖος. [174] 23, [180] 12, [182] 19. Bacchius. The metrical foot – – ᴗ.

βαρύς. [126] 6, 8, 10, 16, [128] 5, 8. Grave (accent), low (pitch). Lat. gravis. Cp. Monro Modes of Ancient Greek Music p. 113: “Our habit of using Latin translations of the terms of Greek grammar has tended to obscure the fact that they belong in almost every case to the ordinary vocabulary of music. The word for ‘accent’ (τόνος) is simply the musical term for ‘pitch’ or ‘key.’ The words ‘acute’ (ὀξύς) and ‘grave’ (βαρύς) mean nothing more than ‘high’ and ‘low’ in pitch. A syllable may have two accents, just as in music a syllable may be sung with more than one note.” So βαρύτης [126] 13 = ‘low pitch.’—In [120] 23 and [236] 8 βάρος = ‘gravity’ (in the sense of ‘dignity’), Fr. gravité.

βάσις. [142] 13, [210] 22, [212] 16, [220] 4, [230] 31, [232] 4, [234] 7. Base. Lat. basis, fundamentum.—The word is specially used of a measured step or metrical movement,—of a rhythmical clause in a period and particularly of its rhythmical close (Lat. clausula). In [230] 30 and [232] 5 it is the iambic endings προγεγενημένων and διανοούμενον that are considered objectionable (ἀνέδραστοι, ἀπερίγραφοι: endings such as πορείαν and ἀκουσάντων would be regarded as ἀσφαλεῖς, de Demosth. cc. 24, 26). Terminations of this kind will be avoided in a style (like the γλαφυρὰ σύνθεσις) which desires τῶν περιόδων τὰς τελευτὰς εὐρύθμους εἶναι,—desires that the chutes of the periods should be nombreuses.—Further light on the meaning of βάσις will be found in de Demosth. cc. 24, 39, 43, 45.

βοστρυχίζειν. [264] 22. To curl, to dress the hair. Lat. crines calamistro convertere. Cp. the use of concinni in Cic. de Orat. iii. 25. 100.

βούλεσθαι. [220] 9, [234] 5, 14, 19, [236] 4, 7, etc. To aim, to aspire. Lat. studere. Cp. D.H. p. 187, Demetr. p. 271. This meaning (‘aims at being,’ ‘tends to be’) is, of course, Platonic and Aristotelian.

βραχυσύλλαβος. [168] 17. Consisting of short syllables. Lat. brevibus syllabis constans.

βραχύτης. [150] 22, [154] 6. Shortness. Lat. brevitas.

γένεσις. [138] 3. Origin. τὴν γένεσιν λαμβάνει = Lat. originem sumit.

γενικός. [68] 20, [118] 21, [208] 21. General, generic. Lat. generalis.

γενναῖος. [68] 4, [136] 13, [146] 10, [148] 9, [172] 1, [176] 9, 10. Noble. Lat. generosus. Such English renderings as ‘virile,’ ‘robust,’ ‘gallant,’ ‘splendid,’ ‘high-spirited’ may also be suggested. In Plato Rep. ii. 372 B μάζας γενναίας = ‘lordly cakes’; in Long. de Subl. xv. 7 οἱ γενναῖοι = ‘fine, grand, gallant fellows.’ Cp. C.V. [170] 9 μαλακώτερος θατέρου καὶ ἀγεννέστερος.

γλαφυρός. [136] 14, [208] 26, [212] 16, [216] 20, [232] 25, [248] 9. Smooth, polished, elegant. Lat. politus, ornatus, elegans. Fr. élégant, orné, poli. Cp. Demetr. p. 272, and de Isocr. c. 2 ὁ γὰρ ἀνὴρ οὕτος τὴν εὐέπειαν ἐκ παντὸς διώκει καὶ τοῦ γλαφυρῶς λέγειν στοχάζεται μᾶλλον ἢ τοῦ ἀφελῶς, and de Demosth. c. 40 ἡ δὲ μετὰ ταύτην ἡ γλαφυρὰ καὶ θεατρικὴ καὶ τὸ κομψὸν αἱρουμένη πρὸ τοῦ σεμνοῦ τοιαύτη.

γλυκαίνειν. [130] 18, [134] 10, [154] 12. To touch with sweetness. Lat. delenire, voluptate perfundere. Cp. γλυκύτης [120] 21, γλυκύς [146] 9.

γλυπτός. [264] 18. Carven, chiselled. Lat. caelatus. So γλυφή, carving, [120] 1.

γλῶττα. [78] 17. An unfamiliar term. Lat. vocabulum inusitatum. So γλωττηματικός, [252] 23, [272] 11, and D.H. p. 187, s.v. Obsolete, or obsolescent, words (mots surannés) are often meant.—In [80] 17 γλῶττα = διάλεκτος ([88] 26).

γοητεύειν. [122] 16, [134] 13. To entice. Lat. pellicere.

γράμμα. [130] 21, [138] 5, etc. Letter of the alphabet. Lat. littera. ἡ γραμματική ([140] 11) = grammar; γραμμαί ([138] 2) = the lines, or strokes, from which γράμματα are formed. In [264] 18 γραπτός = written.

γραφή. [68] 12, [184] 18, [186] 1, [206] 23, [228] 12. Writing, composition (in the wider sense). In [118] 24 and [234] 13 γραφαί = pictures.

γυμνασία. [206] 24, [282] 2, 4. Exercise, lesson. Lat. exercitatio. So γυμνάζειν ([134] 4), to practise, to train.

δάκτυλος. [84] 21, [172] 16, [202] 19. Dactyl. The metrical foot – ᴗ ᴗ.

δασύς. [148] 12, 13, 18, 19, [150] 3, 12. Rough, aspirated. Lat. asper. So δασύτης [148] 21, [150] 2 and δασύνειν [148] 8. Cp. Aristot. Poet. c. 20 for δασύτης and ψιλότης, and see A. J. Ellis English, Dionysian, and Hellenic Pronunciations of Greek pp. 45, 46, where δασύς and ψιλός are translated by ‘rough’ and ‘smooth,’ which seems the safest course to follow when (as here) the terminology of Dionysius’ phonetics is full of difficulties. Aristotle (De audibilibus 804 b 8) defines thus: δασεῖαι δ’ εἰσὶ τῶν φωνῶν ὅσαις ἔσωθεν τὸ πνεῦμα εὐθέως συνεκβάλλομεν μετὰ τῶν φθόγγων, ψιλαὶ δ’ εἰσὶ τοὐναντίον ὅσαι γίγνονται χωρὶς τῆς τοῦ πνεύματος ἐκβολῆς.

δαψιλής. [108] 11. Plentiful. Lat. abundans.

δεῖγμα. [200] 4, [208] 3, [214] 13, [228] 17. Sample. Lat. exemplum.

δεινότης. [182] 13, [264] 12. Oratorical mastery. Lat. facultas dicendi, eloquentia. So δεινός [282] 3: see also [182] 3. Cp. D.H. pp. 187, 188; Demetr. pp. 273, 274.

δεξιῶς. [80] 14, [92] 20. Deftly. Lat. sollerter, feliciter. In [80] 14 σφόδρα δεξιῶς = ‘with great dexterity, or adroitness,’ ‘with great delicacy of touch.’

δεσμός. [148] 17. Fastening. Lat. vinculum.

δηλωτικός. [158] 2. Indicative of. Lat. significans.

δημηγορία. [110] 22, [252] 2. A public discourse, or harangue. Lat. contio. Cp. D.H. p. 188.

δημιούργημα. [64] 8, [120] 1. A piece of workmanship. Lat. opus, opificium. So δημιουργικός (‘industrial’) [104] 23. Cp. D.H. p. 274. Quintil. (ii. 15. 4) translates πειθοῦς δημιουργός by persuadendi opifex.

διαβεβηκέναι. [172] 3, [202] 16, [212] 1, [216] 18, [218] 23, [222] 23, [244] 19. To have a mighty stride, to be planted wide apart. Lat. latis passibus incedere. Fr. marcher à grands pas. In [202] 17, 20, [218] 23, and [222] 23 the noun διάβασις is used with reference to the intervals which long syllables and clashing consonants make in pronunciation by retarding the utterance. The μεγάλα τε καὶ διαβεβηκότα εἰς πλάτος ὀνόματα of [212] 1 are les grands mots à larges allures.

διάθεσις. [154] 14, [160] 18. Condition, arrangement. Lat. affectus, dispositio.

διαιρεῖν. [180] 17, [184] 5, [194] 15, [218] 20, 21, [272] 17. To divide, to resolve. Lat. seiungere, resolvere. So διαίρεσις [122] 8, [138] 1, [272] 7.

διακεκλάσθαι. [172] 7. To be broken or enervated. Lat. frangi, corrumpi, in delicias effundi. Cp. similar uses of διαθρύπτεσθαι. In de Demosth. c. 43 ῥυθμοὶ διακλώμενοι are opposed to ῥυθμοὶ ἀνδρώδεις.

διακλέπτειν. [176] 19. To disguise. Lat. obscurare, occulere.

διακόπτειν. [268] 15. To cut short, to silence. Lat. praecidere.

διακοσμεῖν. [218] 20. To arrange. Lat. ordinare.

διακρούειν. [230] 17. To break into. Lat. interrumpere.

διαλαμβάνειν. [72] 10, [166] 17, [180] 12, [184] 14, [270] 20, [272] 2. To divide, to diversify. Lat. distinguere.

διαλέγεσθαι. [208] 9. To write in prose. Lat. soluta oratione uti.

διάλειμμα. [204] 1. A pause. Lat. intermissio.

διάλεκτος. [78] 16, [80] 3, 16, [88] 26, [126] 3, [160] 14, [168] 8, [208] 19, [246] 7. Language. Lat. sermo. Sometimes used with special reference to a ‘dialect,’ as in [80] 16, [88] 26 (so τὴν Ἀτθίδα γλῶτταν [80] 17 = τὴν Ἀτθίδα διάλεκτον de Demosth. c. 41); and in other passages, with much the same sense as λέξις (elocutio).—In [68] 9, [94] 10, 14, [96] 15, [104] 1, the adjective διαλεκτικός means ‘pertaining to dialectic.’

διαλλαγή. [126] 1. Difference. Lat. differentia. So διαλλάττειν, [92] 19, [150] 2, [152] 29.

διάλογος. [198] 1, [264] 22. Dialogue. Lat. dialogus. Cp. Demetr. p. 274.

διαλύειν. [132] 9, [272] 1. To break up, to resolve. Lat. dissolvere. So διάλυσις [138] 4.

διαναπαύειν. [134] 17. To relieve, to break up. Lat. diluere.

διάνοια. [74] 7, 16, [112] 21. Mind, thought. Lat. mens, cogitatio.

διὰ πέντε. [126] 4, 17. The interval of a fifth. Lat. diapente, quinque tonorum intervallum. So διὰ πασῶν [126] 18, of the octave.

διαποικίλλειν. [214] 8, [248] 10, [254] 18. To variegate. Lat. depingere, distinguere.

διαρτᾶν. [206] 6. To separate, to break up. Lat. seiungere. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 ἵνα δὲ μὴ δόξωμεν διαρτᾶν τὰς ἀκολουθίας.

διασαλεύειν. [102] 21, [230] 9, [240] 13. To shake (as by storm), to disturb. Lat. perturbare, concutere. In [230] 9 and [240] 13 the reference is to troubling the smooth waters of the cadences by sounds that jolt and jar.

διασπᾶν. [222] 19, [230] 24. To dislocate. Lat. divellere. Cp. Demetr. p. 274, s.v. διασπασμός, and Quintil. ix. 4. 33 “tum vocalium concursus; qui cum accidit, hiat et intersistit et quasi laborat oratio.”

διάστασις. [206] 3, 5, [210] 18. Distance. Lat. distantia.

διάστημα. [126] 3, 16, [270] 12. Interval. Lat. spatium, intervallum.

διαστολή. [278] 5, 7. Division. Lat. divisio. By διαστολαί (which he opposes to metrical cola) Dionysius means the natural divisions, or pauses, observed in prose in order to bring out the sense and to secure good delivery, in accordance with the requirements of grammar and rhetoric. Cp. the later use of διαστολή for division by means of a comma—for punctuation, as we should say.

διατέμνειν. [270] 13. To cut up. Lat. discindere, concidere.

διατιθέναι. [130] 5, 15, [134] 8, 11. To affect. Lat. adficere.

διάτονος. [194] 8, [196] 4. Diatonic. Lat. diatonicus. For the diatonic scale see n. on [194] 8.

διαφορά. [68] 21, [152] 14, etc. Difference, variety. Lat. differentia.

διαχάλασμα. [230] 24. Loosening. Lat. resolutio. Cp. Epicrates (ap. Athen. xiii. 570 B) on Lais in her old age: ἐπεὶ δὲ δολιχὸν τοῖς ἔτεσιν ἤδη τρέχει | τὰς ἁρμονίας τε διαχαλᾷ τοῦ σώματος.

διελκυσμός. [204] 3. Struggle, tussle. Lat. luctatio. Cp. argum. Aristoph. Acharn. εἶτα γενομένου διελκυσμοῦ κατενεχθεὶς ὁ χορὸς ἀπολύει τὸν Δικαιόπολιν, i.e. “a tussle (wrangle) arises, in which the Chorus is overborne and lets go Dicaeopolis.”

διέξοδος. [150] 1. Outlet, egress. Lat. exitus.

διερείδειν. [220] 3. To thrust apart. Lat. disiungere. The object of the thrusting apart (or separation) is to give each word a firm position (as with the combination of strut and tie in Caesar’s bridge over the Rhine, for which see E. Kitson Clark in Classical Review xxii. 144-147). So διερεισμός [222] 10, [224] 14. In [202] 9 διερείδεσθαι = conniti.

δίεσις. [126] 20. A quarter-tone, or any interval smaller than a semitone. Lat. diesis. As to the reason for the disappearance of the quarter-tone from our modern musical system see n. on [194] 7 (extract from Macran’s Harmonics of Aristoxenus). See, further, L. and S., s.v. δίεσις and λεῖμμα. The word occurs also in de Lys. c. 11 ὥστε μηδὲ τὴν ἐλαχίστην ἐν τοῖς διαστήμασι δίεσιν ἀγνοεῖν. Suidas defines δίεσις as τὸ ἐλάχιστον μέτρον τῶν ἐναρμονίων διαστημάτων. Cp. Vitruv. de Arch. v. 3.

διευκρινεῖν. [208] 4. To determine. Lat. diiudicare.

διευστοχεῖν. [124] 17. To go straight to the mark. Lat. recta ad scopum tendere. For the genitive cp. Polyb. ii. 45 (of Aratus) ἄνδρα δυνάμενον πάσης εὐστοχεῖν περιστάσεως.

διηνεκής. [142] 2. Unbroken, uninterrupted. Lat. continuus, perpetuus.

διθυραμβοποιός. [194] 23. Writer of dithyrambs. Lat. dithyrambicus poëta. Cp. D.H. p. 188, s.v. διθύραμβος.

διιστάναι. [144] 4, [202] 17, [204] 21, [206] 4, [222] 5, [224] 8, [236] 6. To keep apart. Lat. diducere. Cp. Diog. Laert. iv. 6 ἦν δὲ [ὁ Ἀρκεσίλαος] ἐν τῇ λαλιᾷ διαστατικὸς τῶν ὀνομάτων, i.e. distinct in his enunciation. In [230] 17 διέστακεν = διέσπακεν.

δίκαιος. [224] 2, 10. Legitimate, regular. Lat. iustus. The normal measure of a long syllable is meant.

δικανικός. [112] 11, [252] 2. Forensic. Lat. iudicialis, forensis.

διορίζειν. [218] 16. To separate by a boundary. Lat. disterminare.

διοχλεῖν. [116] 19, [122] 18. To distress. Lat. sollicitare.

διπλοῦς. [144] 9, 10, 15. Double, compound. Lat. duplex. Cp. Demetr. p. 276.

δισύλλαβος. [126] 13, [168] 12, [170] 14, [202] 14. Disyllabic. Lat. disyllabus. αἱ δισύλλαβοι (λέξεις) = disyllables.

δίχρονος. [140] 17, 19, [142] 1, 6, [150] 18. Double-timed, doubtful, common. Lat. communis, anceps.

δόξα. [134] 4. Opinion, personal judgment. Lat. opinio. Opposed to ἐπιστήμη.

δύναμις. [72] 25, 26, [130] 22, 23, [134] 17, [136] 20, etc. Power, faculty, function. Lat. potentia, facultas. Used, more than once in this treatise, of ‘phonetic value’ or ‘effect.’ Fr. valeur. In [266] 7 τῆς ἑαυτοῦ δυνάμεως denotes ‘mental powers,’ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ διανοίας being used in the parallel passage of de Demosth. c. 51.

δυσειδής. [144] 4. Ungraceful. Lat. deformis.

δυσέκφορος. [132] 2, [162] 5, 16, [232] 15. Hard to pronounce. Lat. difficilis pronuntiatu. Cp. δυσεκφόρητος in [220] 13.

δυσηχής. [162] 15. Ill-sounding. Lat. ingratus auditu. [According to Sauppe’s conjecture on p. 163 n.: cp. δυσηχές [144] 4, as given by PMV.]

δυσπερίληπτος. [206] 23. Not easily included. Lat. qui facile includi nequit.

δυσχέρεια. [134] 24, [168] 3. Offensiveness. Lat. molestia.

δυσωπεῖσθαι. [134] 21. To be shy of. Lat. prae pudore reformidare. The active voice is found in de Lys. c. 11.

Δώριος. [196] 1. Dorian. Lat. Dorius, Doricus. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music, passim.

ἐγγίζειν. [144] 16. To approach. Lat. appropinquare.

ἐγκάθισμα. [202] 25, [232] 16. Dwelling on a syllable, prolongation. Lat. sessio, mora vocis tamquam considentis. Fr. temps d’arrêt. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 ἐν τούτοις γὰρ δὴ τά τε φωνήεντα πολλαχῇ συγκρουόμενα δῆλά ἐστι καὶ τὰ ἡμίφωνα καὶ ἄφωνα, ἐξ ὧν στηριγμούς τε καὶ ἐγκαθισμοὺς αἱ ἁρμονίαι λαμβάνουσι καὶ τραχύτητας αἱ φωναὶ συχνάς.

ἐγκαταπλέκειν. [134] 12. To interweave. Lat. innectere. The uncompounded πλέκειν occurs in [154] 9.

ἐγκατάσκευος. [182] 7. Highly-wrought. Lat. elaboratus. Cp. Demetr. de Eloc. § 15 οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ἐγκατάσκευος ἔσται (ὁ λόγος) καὶ ἁπλοῦς ἅμα, καὶ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἡδύς, καὶ οὔτε μάλα ἰδιωτικὸς οὔτε μάλα σοφιστικός. See, further, D.H. pp. 189, 194, and Demetr. p. 276.

ἔγκλισις. [108] 3, [264] 5. Mood (of verb). Lat. modus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 52 γένη, πτώσεις, ἀριθμούς, ἐγκλίσεις. In [102] 19 τῶν ἐγκλινομένων = ‘derivative, or secondary, forms.’

ἐγκοπή. [220] 13. Hindrance, interruption. Lat. impedimentum. Cp. Ep. i. ad Cor. ix. 12 ἵνα μὴ ἐγκοπήν τινα δῶμεν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Χριστοῦ. [In Long. de Subl. xli. 3 κατ’ ἐγκοπάς seems to refer to notches or incisions as made by carpenters in dovetailing.]

ἐγκύκλιος. [262] 20. Broad, general (of education). Lat. orbis doctrinae. (Quintil. i. 10. 1.) Wilamowitz-Moellendorff Greek Historical Writing p. 15: “At latest in the school of Posidonius—and I think a little earlier—the so-called ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία, or ‘universal instruction,’ was formed into a system which has continued to our own Universities in the form of ‘the seven liberal arts.’ The study of history has no place in it; astronomy, architecture, and medicine have.”

ἕδρα. [108] 4, [234] 2, [244] 18. Position, foundation. Lat. sedes. Cp. Demetr. p. 277. So ἑδράσαι [106] 7, ἀνέδραστος [232] 4, δύσεδρος [106] 8, εὔεδρος [106] 9.

εἰδικός. [208] 12, [246] 19. Specific. Lat. specialis.

εἰκαῖος. [74] 10. Random, casual. Lat. temerarius.

εἰκών. [124] 20. Illustration. Lat. similitudo.

εἰλικρινῶς. [220] 11. Completely, with no alloy. Lat. sincere.

εἰσαγωγή. [114] 9. Introduction. Lat. praefatio.

ἐκλογή. [68] 4, 12, [74] 15, [78] 8, [182] 6, [200] 15, [246] 13, [252] 27. Choice. Lat. delectus. The ἐκλογή of words is constantly contrasted with their σύνθεσις. Cp. ἐκλέγειν [74] 9, [182] 3.

ἐκλογίζεσθαι. [200] 6. To consider fully. Lat. expendere, percensere.

ἐκμαλάττειν. [134] 10. To soften. Lat. emollire, mulcere.

ἐκμάττεσθαι. [250] 14. To take the impress of. Lat. exprimere, imitari. Cp. de Demosth. c. 4 τὴν ἐπίθετον καὶ κατεσκευασμένην φράσιν τῶν περὶ Γοργίαν ἐκμέμακται, and c. 13 τὸν Λυσιακὸν χαρακτῆρα ἐκμέμακται εἰς ὄνυχα (i.e. ad unguem, ad amussim).

ἐκμέλεια. [124] 1. False note. Lat. dissonantia.

ἐκμιμεῖσθαι. [70] 4. To copy. Lat. imitari, imitando effingere.

ἐκπληροῦν. [212] 15. To fill out, to round off. Lat. orbem orationis implere.

ἔκστασις. [156] 20. Astonishment. Lat. stupor. Cp. Ev. Marc. xvi. 8 εἶχε δὲ αὐτὰς τρόμος καὶ ἔκστασις.

ἔκτασις. [204] 3, [268] 19. Stretching, lengthening. Lat. productio. Cp. Demetr. p. 277.

ἐκτείνειν. [140] 18, [142] 10. To lengthen, to prolong. Lat. producere.

ἐκφαίνειν. [154] 22. To reproduce. Lat. referre.

ἐκφανής. [246] 1. Prominent. Lat. conspicuus.

ἐκφέρειν. [68] 12, [84] 6, [94] 10, 15, [106] 19, [108] 3, [112] 9, [114] 1, [116] 24, [118] 6, 15, etc. To utter, to produce: with various cognate meanings. Lat. edere, promere.

ἐκφορά. [112] 15, [142] 7. Utterance. Lat. pronuntiatio.

ἐκφωνεῖν. [140] 5. To pronounce. Lat. pronuntiare. Cp. Demetr. p. 278.

ἐλάττωσις. [156] 22. Curtailment. Lat. imminutio.

ἐλεγειακός. [256] 23. Elegiac. Lat. elegiacus. Coupled with πεντάμετρον.

ἐλεύθερος. [212] 9. Unfettered. Lat. liber. Epithet applied to κῶλα.

ἐμπερίοδος. [118] 15. In periods, periodic. Lat. periodo inclusus.

ἐμφαίνειν. [110] 19, [212] 13, [228] 7, [254] 17, 21. To indicate. Lat. indicare, ostendere.

ἐναγώνιος. [90] 6, [198] 1. Forensic. Lat. forensis. With some notion of combative, incisive, vehement. Cp. δικανικός, p. [196] supra.

ἔναρθρος. [136] 22. Articulate. Lat. articulatus.

ἐναρμόνιος. [194] 7, [196] 3, 11. Enharmonic. Lat. enarmonicus. For the enharmonic scale see note on [194] 7.—In [108] 10 and [196] 11 the word is used in a less restricted sense. Cp. de Demosth. c. 24 νῦν μὲν γὰρ δυσὶ περιλαμβανομένη κώλοις σύμμετρός ἐστι [ἡ περίοδος] καὶ ἐναρμόνιος καὶ στρογγύλη καὶ βάσιν εἴληφεν ἀσφαλῆ.

ἐνδεχομένων. [96] 17. Admissible. Lat. licitus.

ἐνεξουσιάζειν. [196] 5: see n. ad loc.

ἐνέργεια. [204] 1, [268] 5. Activity. Lat. actio.

ἑνικῶς. [106] 18. In the singular number. Lat. singulariter.

ἔντεχνος. [134] 2, [272] 21, 23. According to the rules of art, artistic, systematic. Lat. artificiosus.

ἑξάμετρος. [194] 3. Of six measures, hexameter (line: στίχος). Lat. hexameter.

ἑξάπους. [84] 21. Of six feet. Lat. sex constans pedibus.

ἕξις. [66] 1, [122] 24, [268] 4, 11, 26. State or habit (of body or mind); skill based on practice. Lat. habitus, habilitas, peritia.

ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι. [94] 9. To profess to teach a subject. Lat. profiteri.

ἐπαγωγός. [162] 2. Conducive to. Lat. aptus ad inducendum. For the genitive cp. s.v. ἀγωγή, p. [285] supra.

ἐπανθεῖν. [198] 10. To bloom. Lat. efflorescere.

ἐπεισόδιον. [196] 24. Pleasure-giving addition, episode. Lat. episodium.

ἐπιγραφή. [96] 13, [104] 4. Title. Lat. inscriptio.

ἐπιδείκνυσθαι. [162] 2, [228] 9, [254] 1. To make a display of. Lat. prae se ferre, ostentare.

ἐπιθαλάμιον (sc. ποίημα). [258] 7. Bridal song. Lat. epithalamium.

ἐπίθετον. [102] 17. An addition, epithet, adjective (‘the qualifier,’ Puttenham’s sixteenth-century Arte of English Poesie). Lat. ad nomen adiunctum, appositum (Quintil. viii. 3. 43; 6. 29). The ἐπίθετον seems to be regarded by Dionysius as a separate part of speech: cp. Steinthal Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen und Römern ii. p. 251 “Was das ἐπίθετον, das Adjectivum betrifft: so ist es im Alterthum vielleicht von Niemandem, höchstens aber nur von dem einen oder andren Grammatiker zum besonderen Redetheil gemacht.”

ἐπικίνδυνος. [80] 13. Hazardous. Lat. periculosus. Aventuré would perhaps be a better French equivalent, in this context, than risqué.

ἐπίκοινος. [150] 4. Common (i.e. belonging equally to both). Lat. communis.

ἐπικός. [214] 2, [274] 7. Epic. Lat. epicus. ἐπικὴ ποίησις = epic poetry.

ἐπικρύπτειν. [134] 16, [198] 10. To hide, to veil. Lat. occultare.

ἐπιλαμπρύνειν. [144] 2. To make crisp and clear. Lat. clarum reddere. Cp. Plut. Mor. 912 C καὶ οἱ βάτραχοι, προσδοκῶντες ὄμβρον, ἐπιλαμπρύνουσι τὴν φωνὴν ὑπὸ χαρᾶς.

ἐπίρρημα. [70] 21. Adverb. Lat. adverbium.

ἐπισκοτεῖν. [134] 14, [260] 1. To overshadow. Lat. obscurare.

ἐπίστασις. [68] 1. Attention. Lat. cura. Cp. ἀνεπιστάτως, heedlessly, [74] 6: so Long. de Subl. xxxiii. 4 ὑπὸ μεγαλοφυΐας ἀνεπιστάτως παρενηνεγμένα, ‘introduced with all the heedlessness of genius.’

ἐπιστήμη. [104] 15, [110] 8, [124] 5, 21, [134] 3. Knowledge, science. Lat. scientia.

ἐπίτασις. [210] 5. Tightening. Lat. intentio.

ἐπιτάφιος. [116] 2, [178] 1, [180] 8. Funeral speech (sub. λόγος). Lat. oratio funebris.

ἐπιταχύνειν. [204] 8, 22. To quicken. Lat. accelerare.

ἐπιτείνειν. [126] 4. To raise the pitch. Lat. intendere.

ἐπιτερπής. [228] 12. Delightful. Lat. iucundus.

ἐπιτετηδευμένως. [260] 25. Deliberately. Lat. de industria. Cp. ἐπιτηδεύειν [136] 18, and ἀνεπιτήδευτος (p. [288] supra).

ἐπιτήδευσις. [70] 6, [212] 19. Pains, study. Lat. studium, industria.

ἐπιτρόχαλος. [180] 14. Running, tripping. Lat. velox, volubilis. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 ἐπιτρόχαλος δή τις γίνεται καὶ καταφερὴς ἡ ῥύσις τῆς λέξεως, ὥσπερ κατὰ πρανοῦς φερόμενα χωρίου νάματα μηδενὸς αὐτοῖς ἀντικρούοντος.—In Hom. Il. iii. 213 ἐπιτροχάδην = trippingly, unfalteringly.

ἐπιτυχής. [268] 13. Successful. Lat. voti compos.

ἐπιφέρειν. [88] 16. To quote. Lat. citare, laudare, proferre. Cp. Demetr. p. 281.

ἐποποιός. [194] 2, [236] 15. Epic poet. Lat. poëta epicus. So τὰ ἔπη ([270] 19) = versus epici.

ἐποχή. [204] 2. Delay, suspense. Lat. impedimentum, retentio.

ἐπῳδός. [194] 12, [278] 9. After-song, coda, epode. In this sense (that of the part of a lyric ode which is sung after the strophe and antistrophe) the word is feminine. In [194] 20, if the masculine ὀλίγοις is rightly read, the special meaning of ἐπῳδός will be refrain, burden: a meaning somewhat nearer that of the Latin epodos.

ἐρείδειν. [142] 13. To thrust. Lat. trudere. So ἔρεισις [204] 4. In [210] 16 ἐρείδεσθαι = to be firmly planted.

ἑρμηνεία. [66] 18, [76] 9, [78] 19, [84] 11, [172] 17, [182] 5. Expression, style. Lat. elocutio. The word appears in the title of the treatise περὶ ἑρμηνείας which passes under the name of Demetrius. So ἑρμηνεύειν (to express) in [76] 9, [186] 18, [204] 8, [260] 20. Cp. Demetr. p. 282 (s.v. ἑρμηνεία and ἑρμηνεύειν).

ἐτυμολογία. [160] 6. Etymology: with reference to Plato’s Cratylus. For Latin equivalents cp. Quintil. i. 6. 28 “etymologia, quae verborum originem inquirit, a Cicerone dicta est notatio, quia nomen eius apud Aristotelem invenitur σύμβολον, quod est nota; nam verbum ex verbo ductum, id est veriloquium, ipse Cicero, qui finxit, reformidat. sunt qui vim potius intuiti originationem vocent.”

εὐγενής. [136] 11, [178] 14, 21, [180] 3. Well-born, noble. Lat. generosus. So εὐγενεία [192] 8. The εὐγενής is not necessarily γενναῖος (Aristot. Rhet. ii. 15. 3).

εὔγλωσσος. [70] 2. Pleasant on the tongue. Lat. suavis.

εὔγραμμος. [230] 31, [246] 3. Well-drawn, well-defined. Lat. definitus.

εὐγώνιος. [210] 22. Four-square. Lat. qui angulis rectis constat, quadratus.

εὐέπεια. [240] 5, 18, [246] 1, [268] 28. Beauty of language. Lat. verborum elegantia. In this treatise Dionysius clearly uses the word with special reference to his main subject—beauty of sound, euphony. So also εὐεπής [218] 10, [222] 6, [224] 2, [228] 5, [230] 20; and εὐεπῶς [232] 11. In the Classical Review xviii. 19 the present writer has tried to show that, even in an author so early as Sophocles (Oed. Tyr. 928), the word εὐέπεια is to be understood in a rhetorical sense (‘elegant language,’ ‘neatly-turned phrase’: with direct reference to the employment of a ‘figure’ of rhetoric). But, later, the word was used of ‘eloquence’ generally (as in the well-known epigram of Simmias on the tomb of Sophocles himself); and to this wider meaning Dionysius here gives a special turn of his own.

εὐήτριος. [234] 12. With fine thread, well-woven. Lat. bene textus.

εὔκαιρος. [134] 18, [196] 25. Timely. Lat. opportunus, tempestivus. So εὐκαίρως [132] 3, εὐκαιρίαν [242] 3.

εὐκαταφρόνητος. [74] 12. Contemptible. Lat. abiectus, humilis.

εὔκρατος. [210] 1, [246] 11. Well-blended. Lat. temperatus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 3 ἡ Θρασυμάχειος ἑρμηνεία, μέση τοῖν δυεῖν καὶ εὔκρατος: Cic. Orat. 6. 21 “est autem quidam interiectus inter hos medius et quasi temperatus,” etc.—Both in [210] 1 and in [246] 11 the well-supported variant κοινήν is to be noted: it may conceivably have originated in a gloss on εὔκρατον.—In [220] 17 the similar adjective εὐκέραστος is used, though not in reference to the three ἁρμονίαι.

εὐλάβεια. [234] 17. Caution. Lat. cautio. Used in the phrase δι’ εὐλαβείας ἔχει.

εὔλογος. [158] 12. Reasonable. Lat. rationi consentaneus. The reference is to resemblances which are not ἄλογοι, but have a natural basis and are grounded in reason.

εὐμελής. [130] 6, [134] 9. Melodious. Lat. canorus.—On the other hand, ἐμμελής = in melody, set to music: [124] 10, [130] 6, [254] 2, 8, [270] 5; and so ἐμμέλεια [122] 21, [182] 2, [266] 4.

εὔμετρος. [254] 6. Metrical; possessing good metrical qualities. Lat. metricus.—On the other hand, ἔμμετρος = in metre: [74] 4, [76] 1, [168] 8, [176] 1, 21, [254] 2, 4, 14, [270] 5. In [270] 10 ἐμμετρία has good manuscript authority. Cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 8. 1 τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τῆς λέξεως δεῖ μήτε ἔμμετρον εἶναι μήτε ἄρρυθμον.

εὔμορφος. [84] 2, [144] 3, [162] 1. Of beautiful form. Lat. formosus. So εὐμορφία [168] 4, [264] 16.

εὐπάθεια. [250] 4. Pleasure. Lat. voluptas. Plur. εὐπάθειαι = Lat. deliciae.

εὐπαίδευτος. [228] 10. Scholarly, cultured. Lat. doctus.

εὐπετής. [218] 10, [222] 6. Flowing easily. Lat. volubilis. [According to the reading of P in each passage. But εὐεπές should probably be read.] Cp. εὔρους in [240] 21 and (according to P) in [196] 25.

εὐπρόφορος. [132] 2. Easy to pronounce. Lat. facilis pronuntiatu.

εὔρους. [240] 21. Flowing, copious. Lat. copiosus. See also s.v. εὐπετής, supra.

εὔρυθμος. [124] 10, [130] 8, [134] 9, [236] 3, [254] 6, 18. Rhythmical. Lat. numerosus, moderatus (Cic. de Orat. iii. 48. 184; ii. 8. 34). So εὐρυθμία [118] 11, [122] 21, [182] 2, [254] 27: cp. Cic. Orat. 65. 220 “multum interest utrum numerosa sit, id est, similis numerorum, an plane e numeris constet oratio,” and Quintil. ix. 4. 56 “idque Cicero optime videt, ac testatur frequenter, se, quod numerosum sit, quaerere; ut magis non ἄρρυθμον, quod esset inscitum atque agreste, quam ἔνρυθμον, quod poëticum est, esse compositionem velit.” For ἔνρυθμος see [130] 8.

εὐστομία. [110] 18, [120] 21. Beauty of sound. Lat. soni suavitas. Cp. Plato Crat. 405 D, 412 E.

εὔσχημος. [172] 6. Graceful. Lat. decorus, speciosus.

εὐτελής. [78] 10, [136] 3. Commonplace, cheap, vulgar. Lat. vilis. Cp. D.H. p. 193, and Aristot. Rhet. iii. 7. 2.

εὔτροχος. [206] 14. Running easily. Lat. celer, volubilis. Cp. γλῶσσα εὔτροχος = a glib tongue (Eur. Bacch. 268).

εὐτυχῶς. [186] 3. Happily, successfully. Lat. feliciter. Cp. εὐτυχοῦσιν [198] 5, and ἀτυχεῖ [198] 16.

εὐφωνία. [266] 4. Euphony, musical sound. Lat. vocis dulcedo s. suavitas. So εὔφωνος [132] 1, [134] 9, [142] 10, [166] 7, 17, [230] 23, [234] 14. For a modern view of the effect of euphony cp. the words of Jowett (Dialogues of Plato i. 310): “In all the higher uses of language the sound is the echo of the sense, especially in poetry, in which beauty and expressiveness are given to human thoughts by the harmonious composition of the words, syllables, letters, accents, quantities, rhythms, rhymes, varieties and contrasts of all sorts.” Hence, though no lover of the vicious style sometimes termed “poetic prose,” Jowett says in his Notes and Sayings: “If I were a professor of English, I would teach my men that prose writing is a kind of poetry.”

ἐφάμιλλος. [116] 8. Rivalling, a match for. Lat. aemulus, haud impar.

ἡγεμών. [168] 17. Hegemon. The metrical foot ᴗ ᴗ. Cp. de Demosth. c. 47 ὥσπερ οἴονταί τινες καὶ καλοῦσι τὸν οὕτως κατασκευασθέντα ῥυθμὸν ἡγεμόνα.

Ἡγησιακός. [90] 19. Hegesian, recalling Hegesias. Lat. Hegesiacus. For Hegesias see Introduction, pp. [52]-55 supra.

ἡδονή. [80] 16, [118] 22, [120] 20, [132] 19, 21. Charm. Lat. iucunditas, dulcedo. Fr. charme, agrément, attrait. Cp. [120] 20-24 τάττω δὲ ὑπὸ μὲν τὴν ἡδονὴν τήν τε ὥραν καὶ τὴν χάριν καὶ τὴν εὐστομίαν καὶ τὴν γλυκύτητα καὶ τὸ πιθανὸν καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὑπὸ δὲ τὸ καλὸν τήν τε μεγαλοπρέπειαν καὶ τὸ βάρος καὶ τὴν σεμνολογίαν καὶ τὸ ἀξίωμα καὶ τὸν πίνον καὶ τὰ τούτοις ὅμοια. See also Demetr. p. 284. So ἡδύς (suavis, iucundus; sweet, pleasing, agreeable, attractive, charming), [68] 6, [74] 13, etc.

ἡδύνειν. [130] 11, [146] 8, [148] 6, [160] 15, [164] 13. To sweeten; to delight, to charm. Lat. dulce reddere; demulcere.

ἦθος. [88] 12, [160] 17, [212] 11. Character. Lat. mos, indoles. Cp. Demetr. p. 284, D.H. p. 193. See Jebb’s Attic Orators i. 30, 31 for pathos and ethos in Antiphon (with reference to C.V. [212] 10). According to Aristotle’s Rhetoric, a speech may be in, or out of, character in reference to (1) speaker, (2) audience, (3) subject.

ἡμιστίχιον. [274] 17. A half-line, half-verse. Lat. hemistichium. Cp. Demetr. p. 284, s.v. ἡμίμετρον.

ἡμιτελής. [140] 4. Half-perfect. Lat. semiperfectus.

ἡμιτόνιον. [126] 5, 19. A half-tone, semitone. Lat. hemitonium.

ἡμίφωνος. [138] 13, [140] 1, [144] 7, [146] 5, [220] 11. Semi-voiced, semi-vocal. Lat. semivocalis. ἡμίφωνα γράμματα = litterae semivocales. Cp. s.v. ἄφωνος, p. [292] supra.

ἠρεμία. [156] 11, [160] 4. Rest, immobility. Lat. quies, tranquillitas. So ἠρεμεῖν [142] 1.

ἡρωϊκός. [84] 21, [86] 3, [88] 7, [172] 17, [206] 10. Heroic (sc. στίχος: the hexameter line). Lat. heroicus. In [172] 17 and [206] 10, with μέτρον.

ἡσυχῇ. [148] 8. Softly, gently. Lat. sensim.

ἠχεῖσθαι. [138] 12, [142] 7. To be sounded. Lat. pronuntiari, sonare.

ἦχος. [130] 19, [138] 11, [142] 14, 19, etc. Sound. Lat. sonus.

θεατρικός. [212] 16, [216] 19, [228] 8, [236] 11. Theatrical, showy. Lat. theatralis. Cp. de Demosth. c. 25 ἐπὶ τὰ θεατρικὰ τὰ Γοργίεια ταυτὶ παραγίνεται, τὰς ἀντιθέσεις καὶ τὰς παρισώσεις λέγω.

θεοβλάβεια. [184] 23. Madness, blindness. Lat. mens divinitus laesa.

θεώρημα. [72] 12, 16, [88] 14, [96] 25, [104] 11, etc. Investigation, speculation; rule. Lat. quaestio; praeceptum artis. Cp. θεωρία [66] 8, [96] 14, [98] 2, [102] 25, [104] 3, etc., and θεωρεῖν [152] 26, [204] 3, [210] 9.

θηλυκός. [106] 21. Of the feminine gender. Lat. femininus.

θῆλυς. [172] 7. Effeminate. Lat. muliebris, effeminatus. Cp. Larue van Hook Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric, p. 26, s.v. ἀνδρώδης.

θηριώδης. [146] 13. Beast-like. Lat. ferinus. The term will, of course, apply to vipers as well as other animals: cp. τὸ θηρίον in Acta Apost. xxviii. 4, and ἡ θηριακή (‘antidote against a poisonous bite’), whence the word treacle.

θορυβεῖν. [122] 22. To hiss off the stage. Lat. explodere.

θρυλιγμός. [124] 1. Harsh sound, false note. Lat. murmur inconcinnum, dissonantia. Cp. Hymn. Hom. in Merc. 486 ὃς δέ κεν αὐτὴν | νῆϊς ἐὼν τὸ πρῶτον ἐπιζαφελῶς ἐρεείνῃ, | μὰψ αὔτως κεν ἔπειτα μετήορά τε θρυλίζοι.

ἰαμβεῖον. [258] 25, [262] 4. Iambic line. Lat. versus iambicus.

ἴαμβος. [170] 7, [270] 19. Iambus. The metrical foot ᴗ –. The adjective ἰαμβικός in [184] 11, [258] 19, [276] 10.

ἰδέα. [88] 6, [104] 8, [116] 12, [198] 17, [200] 5, [248] 4. Kind, aspect. Lat. genus, aspectus.

ἰδίωμα. [240] 23. Peculiarity. Lat. proprietas. Cp. Long. p. 278, D.H. p. 193.

ἰδιώτης. [124] 2, [272] 19. Amateur, uncultivated. Lat. imperitus. Idiots long bore this meaning of ‘ordinary persons’ in English: cp. Jeremy Taylor, “humility is a duty in great ones as well as in idiots.”

ἰθυφάλλιον. [86] 8. Ithyphallic poem. Lat. carmen ithyphallicum. A poem composed in the measure of the hymns to Priapus. Cp. Masqueray Abriss der griechischen Metrik pp. 191, 192.

ἰσομεγέθης. [270] 16. Equal in size. Lat. par magnitudine.

ἱστορία. [214] 1. History. Lat. historia. So ἱστορικός, suited to narrative, [90] 6. In [66] 14 ἱστορία = inquiry, investigation.

ἰσχυρός. [162] 23, [210] 17, [216] 16. Strong, vigorous. Lat. firmus, robustus. In [216] 16 there may be some sense of nerveux.—ἰσχύς occurs in [68] 19, [72] 19, etc.; ῥώμη in [84] 13; κράτος in [72] 14.

Ἰωνικός. [86] 14. Ionic. Lat. Ionicus. The Ionic tetrameter is meant. Cp. Masqueray, op. cit. pp. 137 ff.

καθαρός. [68] 4, [74] 18, [230] 14. Pure. Lat. purus. For Greek and Latin authors as conscious purists, cp. Terence’s “in hac est pura oratio,” or Dionysius’ τὸ καθαρεύειν τὴν διάλεκτον (de Lysia c. 2). See C. N. Smiley’s dissertation on Latinitas and Ἑλληνισμός, and L. Laurand’s Études sur le style des discours de Cicéron pp. 19 ff. (the section headed “Pureté de la langue”).

καθολικός. [134] 2. General. Lat. universalis.

καινότης. [232] 20. Novelty. Lat. novitas. Used in a condemnatory sense: ‘innovation,’ ‘singularity,’ ‘eccentricity.’

καινοτομεῖν. [254] 23. To break new ground. Lat. novare. It is a mining metaphor—from the opening of a new vein. Cp. de Thucyd. c. 2.

καινουργεῖν. [200] 18. To introduce new features. Lat. novitati studere.

καιρός. [132] 15, 20, 21. Sense of measure, tact, taste. See S. H. Butcher’s Harvard Lectures on Greek Subjects, pp. 117-120, for καιρός as a word without any single or precise equivalent in any other language. Cp. εὔκαιρος [134] 18, [196] 25; εὐκαίρως [132] 3; εὐκαιρία [242] 3.

κακόφωνος. [132] 1, [164] 11. Ill-sounding. Lat. male sonans. Cp. Demetr. p. 286.

καλλιεπής. [180] 3. Choice in diction. Lat. suaviloquens. It is the word used of Agathon in Aristoph. Thesm. 49 (Classical Review xviii. 20). Cp. D.H. p. 193, with the passages there quoted: to which may be added Plato Apol. 17 B κεκαλλιεπημένους λόγους, and (for ἔπος only) Thucyd. iii. 67 λόγοι ἔπεσι κοσμηθέντες and ii. 41 ὅστις ἔπεσι μὲν τὸ αὐτίκα τέρψει.

καλλιλογία. [164] 20, [166] 12. Elegant language. Lat. venusta elocutio. So καλλιλογεῖν of ‘verbal embellishment,’ [80] 12.

καλλιρήμων. [74] 18, [166] 7. Couched in elegant phrase. Lat. elegantibus ornatus verbis.

κάλλος. [78] 19, [84] 10, [94] 2, [160] 13, [172] 16, [182] 5, [256] 5. Beauty (of language). Lat. pulchritude. Cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 2. 13.

καλός. [118] 23, [120] 22, [136] 8, [160] 13, 14, [178] 15, passim. Beautiful. Lat. pulcher. The word is inadequately translated by ‘beautiful’; and ‘fine’ has unfortunate associations of its own, especially in relation to writing. ‘Noble’ would often be nearer the mark, but that rendering is needed for γενναῖος and εὐγενής (cp. [136] 13, [178] 15, etc.). In English we lack a single word to denote that noble beauty which is sometimes seen in a human face, and which suggests an ultimate harmony of things. The meaning of καλός, as distinguished from ἡδύς (in reference to composition), may be gathered from such passages as [68] 5 (τῷ σεμνῷ τὸ ἡδύ) and [120] 22-24 (see under ἡδονή, p. [302] supra). The antithesis is not, as has sometimes been thought, that of pleasure to the ear and beauty to the mind. In this treatise Dionysius is dealing not with subject matter (ὁ πραγματικὸς τόπος) but with expression, and that chiefly from the euphonic point of view. καλός includes certain forms of pleasure—of the ear as well as of the mind: cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 1405 b and Demetr. de Eloc. § 177 ὡρίσατο δ’ αὐτὰ (καλὰ ὀνόματα) Θεόφραστος οὕτως· κάλλος ὀνόματός ἐστι τὸ πρὸς τὴν ἀκοὴν ἢ πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν ἡδύ, ἢ τὸ τῇ διανοίᾳ ἔντιμον. Cp., further, gravitas)(suavitas, Cic. Or. §§ 62, 182; honestus)(iucundus, Quintil. ix. 4. 146; ἡδεῖαν καὶ μεγαλοπρεπῆ Aristot. Rhet. iii. 12.

κατακεκλασμένος. [184] 17. Broken, nerveless. Lat. fractus, mollis. Fr. faible, maigre, rompu. Cp. κατακλωμένους, [262] 12, where Dionysius seems to indicate the broken (but by no means nerveless) foot

– ᴗ – – (τοσαύ)την ὑπάρξαι.

So Long. de Subl. xli. 1 μικροποιοῦν δ’ οὐδὲν οὕτως ἐν τοῖς ὑψηλοῖς, ὡς ῥυθμὸς κεκλασμένος λόγων καὶ σεσοβημένος, οἷον δὴ πυρρίχιοι καὶ τροχαῖοι καὶ διχόρειοι, τέλεον εἰς ὀρχηστικὸν συνεκπίπτοντες. Cp. Demetr. p. 287.

καταλαμβάνειν. [230] 4, 12. To check. Lat. cohibere, premere. Usener’s insertion of σιωπῇ in [230] 12 is perhaps unnecessary. Herod. v. 21 ὁ τῶν Περσέων θάνατος οὕτω καταλαμφθεὶς ἐσιγήθη (i.e. “Persarum caedes ita silentio compressa est”) does not decide the point.

κατάληξις. [178] 20, [184] 9, [258] 13. Final syllable. Lat. syllaba terminalis. With [178] 20 cp. [178] 13 καὶ συλλαβὴν ὑφ’ ἧς τελειοῦται τὸ κῶλον. See also Long. de Subl. xli. 2 τὰς ὀφειλομένας καταλήξεις, and Demetr. p. 287 (s.v. καταληκτικός).

κατάλογος. [168] 1. Catalogue. Lat. enumeratio. The Homeric ‘Catalogue’ (in Il. ii.) is meant.

καταμετρεῖν. [174] 24, [182] 16. To measure. Lat. emetiri. Cp. de Demosth. c. 39.

καταπυκνοῦν. [162] 4, 16. To pack. Lat. stipare. Fr. charger.

κατασκευή. [70] 4, [156] 13, [160] 19, [164] 12. Artistic treatment. Lat. ornatus. The Latin apparatus, and French apprêt, will also give something of the meaning. Cp. κατασκευάζειν [106] 3, [140] 9, [154] 3, 14, 17, [158] 1, 4, etc. See also D.H. p. 194, under κατασκευή (with the passages there quoted) and κατασκευάζειν.

κατασπᾶν. [204] 24. To pull down. Lat. detrahere. Cp. the use of κατεσπευσμένα and κατεσπεῦσθαι in Long. de Subl. xix. 2, xl. 4. [It is possible that κατεσπεῦσθαι should be read in C.V. [204] 24.]

κατάστασις. [200] 8. State. Lat. condicio.

καταφορά. [204] 19. Downrush. Lat. decursus.

καταχλευάζειν. [264] 9. To jeer. Lat. cavillari, irridere.

κατάχρησις. [78] 16. Catachresis. Lat. abusio. A definition is given by Quintil. viii. 6. 34 “eo magis necessaria κατάχρησις, quam recte dicimus abusionem, quae non habentibus nomen suum accommodat, quod in proximo est: sic Equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant.” Cp. Cic. Orat. 27. 94, where the same Latin equivalent is given, though not the same description of the figure: “Aristoteles autem translationi et haec ipsa subiungit et abusionem, quam κατάχρησιν vocant, ut cum minutum dicimus animum pro parvo, et abutimur verbis propinquis, si opus est, vel quod delectat vel quod decet” (cp. Auct. ad Her. iv. c. 33). In Cic. Acad. ii. 47. 143, “Quid ergo Academici appellamur? an abutimur gloria nominis?” the meaning probably is: ‘do we use the glorious name of ‘Academic’ in an unnatural way?’

κατεσπουδασμένος. [156] 7. Earnest. Lat. anxius, instans. Cp. Herod. ii. 174.

κεραννύναι. [218] 7, [240] 17, [246] 12, [248] 17, etc. To mix, to temper. Lat. commiscere, temperare. Cp. the adjectives εὔκρατος and εὐκέραστος, p. [301] supra. The general sense in [248] 17 is, ‘qui aient su mieux qu’eux faire un heureux mélange des couleurs.’

κερατοειδής. [146] 12. Sounding like a horn. Lat. sonus veluti corneus. κερατοειδεῖς ἤχους = ‘sounds like (the sounds of) a horn’: cp. Hymn. Hom. in Merc. 81 μυρσινοειδέας ὄζους, ‘branches like (the branches of) myrtle.’

κεφάλαιον. [68] 18, [120] 25, [130] 14, [136] 7, [160] 8. Heading, topic, sum and substance. Lat. caput, summa. So κεφαλαιωδῶς, [112] 21, under heads.

κηλεῖν. [124] 13. To charm. Lat. permulcere.

κινεῖν. [146] 8, [194] 12. To excite, to disturb. Lat. movere. So κίνησις, movement, [124] 8, [160] 3, [244] 20; and κινητικός, [158] 12.

κλέπτειν. [196] 17. To cheat, to disguise. Lat. dissimulare, obtegere. Cp. Demetr. p. 288.

κοινός. [120] 13, [122] 14, [148] 14, [164] 22, [200] 7, [210] 1 (according to one reading), [236] 11, [252] 28. Common, mixed, general. Lat. communis. For the meaning ‘in general terms’ cp. de Dinarcho c. 8 λέγω δὲ ταῦτα οὐκ ἐν τῷ καθόλου τρόπῳ, ὡς μηδὲν τούτων κατορθοῦντος, ἀλλ’ ἐν τῷ κοινοτέρῳ καὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ.

κολακικός. [236] 9. Alluring. Lat. blandus.

κόμμα. [270] 15, [276] 2. Short clause, phrase. Lat. incisum (Cic. Orat. 62. 211; Quintil. ix. 4. 22). Fr. incise. Cp. Demetr. p. 288; Quintil, ix. 4. 122 “incisum (quantum mea fert opinio) erit sensus non expleto numero conclusus, plerisque pars membri”; C.V. [270] 15 κόμματα ... βραχύτερα κώλων. So κομμάτιον [274] 14, [276] 6. [The terms comma, colon, and period are now specially applied to punctuation.] For illustrations of κῶλα and κόμματα drawn from Cicero see Laurand’s Études p. 128. In de Demosth. c. 39 the adjective κομματικῶς is found: ἀποιήτως δέ πως καὶ ἀφελῶς καὶ τὰ πλείω κομματικῶς (i.e. per brevia commata et incisa) κατεσκευάσθαι βούλεται.

κόπτειν. [132] 4, [198] 7. To smite upon, to weary. Lat. obtundere. Used in reference to the ear, when it receives ‘hammer-strokes of sound.’

κόρος. [124] 18, [132] 11, [192] 18, [196] 18, [252] 25. Satiety. Lat. satietas (Cic. Orat. 65. 219). In using this word Dionysius often has in mind Pindar Nem. vii. 52 (κόρον δ’ ἔχει καὶ μέλι καὶ τὰ τέρπν’ ἄνθε’ ἀφροδίσια): a passage which he quotes in Ep. ad Pomp. c. 3.

κορυφή. [248] 4. Top, head. Lat. caput. Cp. κορυφαῖος (headman) and ἀκόρυφος ([230] 31).

κορωνίς. [94] 4. Colophon, finis. Lat. coronis. μέχρι κορωνίδος διελθεῖν = ‘usque ad calcem perlegere,’ ‘from title to colophon.’

κρᾶσις. [130] 25, [154] 10, [220] 12. A mixing, blending. Lat. mistura.

κράτιστος. [70] 1, [120] 18, [134] 20, [142] 5, [150] 10, [160] 5, [162] 3, 15, [176] 15, [196] 10, [206] 21, [214] 16, [250] 16, [260] 21. Strongest, finest, best. Lat. fortissimus, optimus. It is not always easy to determine in these passages whether the meaning is general or special. But in [162] 3 κρατίστοις is opposed to μαλακωτάτοις. When he wishes to be quite explicit, Dionysius can use ἰσχυρός ([162] 23), or βέλτιστος.

κράτος. [70] 5, [72] 14, etc. Force, power. Lat. vis, robur.

κρητικός. [174] 11, [260] 23, [262] 9. Cretic. The metrical foot – ᴗ –. For the cretic foot cp. Cic. de Orat. iii. 47. 183 and Or. 64. 218; Quintil. ix. 4. 81, 97, 104, 107. In the Epitome c. 17 the equivalent term ἀμφίμακρος is used instead of κρητικός. For the excessive use in prose of the cretic (as, indeed, of any other distinctly metrical) rhythm cp. Walter C. Summers in Classical Quarterly ii. 173.

κριτήριον. [250] 7. Criterion. Lat. iudicium.

κροῦσις. [124] 8, [144] 1, [268] 7. Stroke; note (of an instrument). Lat. pulsus.

κτενίζειν. [264] 22. To comb. Lat. pectere. Parallel metaphors from Latin literature are quoted in Larue van Hook’s Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric p. 23.

κυκλικός. [174] 4. Cyclic. Lat. cyclicus. Goodell (Greek Metric pp. 168 ff.) points out that the much-debated question of ‘cyclic’ or ‘three-timed’ anapaests and dactyls hinges on this passage ([174] 4), together with part of c. 20 ([204] 16-[206] 16). As he says (p. 175 ibid.), “It is clear that Dionysius does not regard even these irrational dactyls as three-timed merely; the nearest approach to that view is in the remark that some are not much longer than trochees. But that implies that even the briefest are somewhat longer than trochees.” Goodell also suggests (p. 181) that κυκλικός in Dionysius corresponds to στρογγύλος in a passage of Aristides Quintilianus. Clearly the elaborate structure of the ‘cyclic dactyl’ cannot stand securely upon so slight a foundation as these statements of Dionysius. See further in Goodell (op. cit.), and also in L. Vernier Traité de métrique grecque et latine c. 14 pp. 169 ff.

κύκλος. [198] 6, [212] 14, [246] 3. A circle, a round. Lat. orbis, ambitus.

κύριος. [84] 5, [208] 24, [246] 11. Accredited, regular, proper. Lat. proprius. Fr. propre (in le mot propre). Cp. D.H. p. 195, Demetr. p. 289; and (in addition to the passages there quoted) Quintil. i. 5. 71 “propria sunt verba, cum id significant, in quod primo denominata sunt: translata, cum alium natura intellectum, alium loco praebent.” The meaning ‘proper,’ ‘literal,’ is well illustrated by [208] 24, where κυρίοις (‘used in the ordinary sense’) is opposed to μεταφορικοῖς.

κῶλον. [72] 6, 9, [104] 9, [110] 10, [176] 2, [178] 6, 7, [194] 13, 22, [218] 18, [230] 16, [234] 20, 21, [276] 2, 6, 14, [278] 6, etc., passim. Member, clause, group of words. Lat. membrum. Fr. membre de phrase. Cp. Demetr. p. 289, and Aristot. Rhet. iii. 9. 5 κῶλον δ’ ἐστὶν τὸ ἕτερον μόριον ταύτης [sc. περιόδου], Quintil. ix. 4. 22 “membra, quae κῶλα (dicuntur),” Long, de Subl. xl. 1 ἡ τῶν μελῶν [this illustrates the metaphor in κῶλον] ἐπισύνθεσις. For the length of the κῶλον cp. Sandys’ Orator of Cicero p. 222 and Laurand’s Études pp. 127-9; and see, generally, A. du Mesnil Über die rhetorischen Kunstformen, Komma, Kolon, Periode.

κωμῳδεῖν. [264] 9. To scoff. Lat. iocari, illudere.

λαμβάνειν. [100] 26, [104] 17, 20, [106] 18, 19, [108] 2, 5, 8, passim. To take, to employ. Lat. sumere, adhibere.

λεαίνειν. [130] 19, [164] 12. To smooth, to fall softly on. Lat. polire, mulcere.

λεῖος. [132] 1, [154] 12, [162] 23, [222] 5, [228] 4, [234] 14. Smooth. Lat. levis. So λειότης (douceur) [240] 6. Cp. Demetr. de Eloc. § 176 παρὰ δὲ τοῖς μουσικοῖς λέγεταί τι ὄνομα λεῖον, καὶ ἕτερον τὸ τραχύ, καὶ ἄλλο εὐπαγές, καὶ ἄλλ’ ὀγκηρόν. λεῖον μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ὄνομα τὸ διὰ φωνηέντων ἢ πάντων ἢ διὰ πλειόνων, οἷον Αἴας, τραχὺ δὲ οἷον βέβρωκεν.

λεκτικός. [66] 7, [96] 9. Relating to style or expression. Lat. qui ad elocutionem spectat. ὁ λεκτικὸς τόπος = the province of expression, as distinguished from ὁ πραγματικὸς τόπος.—λεκτικῶς, [258] 3, = after the manner of prose.

λέξις. [66] 16, [70] 3, 11, 14, [74] 3, 8, [84] 15 (‘passages’), [88] 22, 25, [90] 4, [110] 9, [112] 6, passim. Speech or language; utterance; diction; style; word, expression, passage. Lat. dictio, elocutio, verbum s. locutio. For the broad meaning ‘word’ or ‘phrase,’ common in Greek writers of the later periods, cp. [66] 16, [124] 23, [128] 5, [168] 10, [202] 22, [206] 6, [268] 19.

λῆρος. [90] 20. Trumpery. Lat. ineptiae. Cp. de Demosth. c. 25 καὶ διὰ τῶν λήρων τούτων κοσμεῖ τὴν φράσιν.

λιτός. [76] 8. Trifling. Lat. exiguus, humilis. For λιτός = plain, simple, cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 16 ποικίλος καὶ οὐ λιτός.

λογάδην. [210] 21. Casually. Lat. fortuito. Dionysius has in mind not selected stones, but stones collected (picked up) as they lie. Cp. Joseph. Antiqq. Iud. iv. 8. 5 (Naber) καὶ βωμὸς εἷς ἐκ λίθων μὴ κατειργασμένων ἀλλὰ λογάδην συγκειμένων (i.e. collecticiis), and Thucyd. iv. 31 καὶ γάρ τι καὶ ἔρυμα αὐτόθι ἦν παλαιὸν λίθων λογάδην πεποιημένον, vi. 66 καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ Δάσκωνι ἔρυμά τι, ᾗ εὐεφοδώτατον ἦν τοῖς πολεμίοις, λίθοις λογάδην καὶ ξύλοις διὰ ταχέων ὤρθωσαν.

λογικός. [146] 14. Rational. Lat. rationalis. This passage (θηριώδους γὰρ καὶ ἀλόγου μᾶλλον ἢ λογικῆς ἐφάπτεσθαι δοκεῖ φωνῆς ὁ συριγμός) helps to illustrate the use of λογικός in [130] 3 (δεδειγμένης τῆς διαφορᾶς ᾗ διαφέρει μουσικὴ λογικῆς), where singing and ordinary speech (the sounds of music and those of spoken language) are contrasted.

λογογράφος. [158] 1. Prose-writer. Lat. solutae orationis scriptor. So perhaps Aristot. Rhet. ii. 11 καὶ ὧν ἔπαινοι καὶ ἐγκώμια λέγονται ἢ ὑπὸ ποιητῶν ἢ λογογράφων, and Thucyd. i. 21 καὶ οὔτε ὡς ποιηταὶ ὑμνήκασι ... οὔτε ὡς λογογράφοι ξυνέθεσαν κτλ.: though in both these passages ‘chroniclers’ may be specially meant. For the meaning ‘professional speech-writer’ cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 12. 2. In C.V. [154] 17 συγγραφέων is found in the same sense (‘prose-writers’) as λογογράφοι in [158] 1.

λογοείδεια. [272] 15. Prose-character. Lat. color prosaicus. Fr. la couleur prosaïque. The word is well explained and illustrated by a scholiast on Hephaestion (Westphal Scriptores Metrici Graeci i. 167): πολιτικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ ἄνευ πάθους ἢ τρόπου πεποιημένον, οἷον

ἵππους τε ξανθὰς ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα [Il. xi. 680],

ὅπερ ταὐτόν ἐστι τῷ λογοειδεῖ.—In Demetr. de Eloc. § 41 τὸ λογικόν is found in the same sense.

λόγος. [64] 13, [66] 5, 8, [70] 10, [72] 7, 10, 14, [74] 6, [76] 2, [84] 14, 16, [92] 23, [94] 2, passim. Discourse, language. Lat. oratio, sermo. Often used of prose, as opposed to poetry: cp. [84] 14, 16, [108] 11 (λόγοις πεζοῖς), [118] 22, [154] 2 (λόγοις ψιλοῖς), [166] 4, [208] 6, [270] 17, [272] 9, 13, 17, 19, 28, [278] 6, 9 (where the meaning probably is ‘a piece of continuous prose’), [280] 18; so καὶ ἐν ποιήσει καὶ ἐν λόγοις (Aristot. Rhet. iii. 2. 7; further references in Bonitz’ Index Aristotelicus p. 433). In many passages (e.g. [66] 5, [210] 8, [218] 1, [248] 4) ‘writing’ or ‘literature’ (cp. ἡ τῶν λόγων φιλοσοφία = ‘the study of literature,’ Rhet. ad Alex. c. 1) will be a possible modern equivalent, though we must always bear in mind the Greek point of view, that what we call ‘literature’ was something conveyed by the living voice,—something spoken or read aloud.—See also s.v. ἄμετρος p. [287] supra.

Λύδιος. [196] 2. Lydian. Lat. Lydius. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music, passim.

μαλακός. [132] 1, [154] 11, [162] 3, etc. Soft. Lat. mollis. So μαλθακός [90] 20. In some passages ([90] 20, [170] 9) the word suggests the idea of ‘lacking in backbone,’ ‘unmanly,’ ‘effeminate.’ Fr. délicat, or (rather) mou.

μεγαλοπρεπής. [136] 12, [166] 2, 18, etc. Grand, impressive, splendid. Lat. magnificus. Fr. magnifique. So μεγαλοπρέπεια (la grandeur), [120] 22, [164] 20.

μέγεθος. [172] 11, [174] 19. Grandeur, elevation. Lat. magnitudo, sublimitas. Fr. ampleur. Cp. Demetr. p. 292.

μεθαρμόζειν. [112] 2. To arrange differently, to re-arrange. Lat. aliter componere.

μειοῦν. [128] 18, [152] 20. To lessen, to curtail. Lat. minuere. Fr. retrancher. So μείωσις [110] 15. The word does not, in the C.V., bear the special sense of extenuare.

μελικός. [130] 7, [252] 21, [254] 21, [278] 4. Melodious, lyric. Lat. lyricus. In English ‘lyric’ is a more generally intelligible rendering than ‘melic,’ though less exact. “To the writers of the Alexandrian age, who introduced and gave currency to the expression, ‘lyric’ meant primarily what the name imports—poetry sung to the accompaniment of the lyre.... More appropriate than ‘lyric,’ as an exact and comprehensive designation of all poetry that was sung to a musical accompaniment, is ‘melic,’ the term in vogue among the Greeks of the classic ages,” Weir Smyth Greek Melic Poets pp. xvii, xviii. Apparently the adjectives μελικός and λυρικός are both late.

μελιχρός. [70] 2. Honey-sweet. Lat. mellitus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 48 ἔν τε ταῖς μεταβολαῖς τοτὲ μὲν τὸ ἀρχαιοπρεπὲς καὶ αὐστηρόν, τοτὲ δὲ τὸ μελιχρὸν καὶ φιλόκαινον ἐμφαινόμενον.

μέλος. [204] 3, limb: [122] 24, [126] 21 (bis), [194] 7, 13, tune, melody: [120] 18, [122] 11, [130] 4, 11, melodious effect, tunefulness: [92] 22, [120] 26, [126] 23, [154] 2, [192] 21, [194] 5, [250] 11, 16, [254] 5, 8, 15, [272] 10, [278] 6, [280] 18, words set to music, song, aria, chant, lay, lyric. Lat. cantus, carmen, etc. Similarly also μελοποιία [214] 3: μελοποιός [194] 18, [236] 16, 22, [248] 13, [270] 22, [272] 5: μελῳδεῖν [126] 18, [128] 5: μελῳδία [122] 16, [194] 8, [196] 2.

μερίζειν. [144] 22, [220] 25. To divide. Lat. distribuere.

μέρος. [68] 6, [70] 14, [96] 1, etc. Part. Lat. pars. τὰ τῆς λέξεως μέρη = ‘the parts of speech,’ [70] 14, [96] 14, etc. See also μόριον, p. [311].

μέσος. [148] 18, [150] 11, [210] 6, 7, 8, [236] 2, [246] 10. Middle, intermediate, average. Lat. medius. So μέσως [146] 10, and μεσότης [246] 15 (bis) (with reference to Aristotle’s use of the word for le juste milieu), [248] 11.

μεταβάλλειν. [194] 1, 2. To change, to vary. Lat. mutare. As its passive, μετακειμένην [266] 1.

μεταβολή. [120] 19, [122] 12, [124] 11, 25, [134] 18, 19. Variety. Lat. varietas, diversitas. The object of μεταβολή, as conceived by Dionysius, is to diversify style in order to avoid a monotonous uniformity. Variety is one of the chief essentials of good writing, not only in Greek but in all other languages.

μεταλαμβάνειν. [132] 7. To interchange. Lat. commutare.

μεταπτωτικός. [140] 20. Variable. Lat. mutabilis. So μεταπίπτειν [96] 17, [250] 7.

μετασκευή. [104] 19, [108] 9, [110] 16 (e coni. Schaef.), [114] 10. Modification. Lat. mutatio. So μετασκευάζειν [110] 6. Cp. text in [110] 16 with [104] 19, [108] 9.

μεταφορά. [78] 15. Transference, metaphor. “The figure of transport,” Puttenham. Lat. translatio.

μετέωρος. [148] 23. Upper. Lat. superior (τοὺς μετεώρους ὀδόντας = dentes superiores).

μετοχή. [72] 1. Participle. Lat. participium. Cp. D.H. p. 196.

μετρικός. [140] 11, [172] 2, [174] 22, [176] 7, [218] 19. Metrical. Lat. metricus. [172] 2 and [174] 22 οἱ μετρικοί = ‘the metrists,’ ‘the theorists on metre’: cp. οἱ ῥυθμικοί [172] 20.

μέτριος. [132] 8, [150] 9, [214] 12, [222] 26, [230] 22, [234] 22, [246] 13. Moderate, fair. Lat. aequus.

μέτρον. [74] 5, [84] 16, [88] 6, 8, [92] 22, [118] 22, [120] 26, [172] 17, passim. Measure, metre, verse, line. Lat. metrum, versus. In Aristot. Poet. iv. 7 metres are described as sections of rhythm (τὰ γὰρ μέτρα ὅτι μόρια τῶν ῥυθμῶν ἐστι φανερόν): that is, they are ‘measures,’ or ‘verses’; ‘parts of rhythm,’ which is indefinite and never comes to an end—μέτρον being rhythm cut, as it were, into definite lengths (Cope Introduction to Aristotle’s Rhetoric p. 387). When contrasted with μέλη (cp. Plato Gorg. 502 C τό τε μέλος—‘the music’—καὶ τὸν ῥυθμὸν καὶ τὸ μέτρον), μέτρα seems to denote the non-lyrical metres generally (hexameters, iambic trimeters, etc.): see [92] 22, [120] 26, [192] 21, and especially [270] 18-23.

μῆκος. [150] 22, [154] 6, [204] 2, [224] 15, [264] 4. Length. Lat. longitudo. So μηκύνειν (to lengthen) [132] 7, [152] 24, [224] 8, 13, [246] 8. In [246] 8 (and also in [276] 9, where P gives μηκύνειν and MV give μηκύνειν τὸν λόγον) μηκύνειν is used absolutely (= μακρηγορεῖν: cp. Aristoph. Lys. 1131 πόσους εἴποιμ’ ἂν ἄλλους, εἴ με μηκύνειν δέοι;). In [132] 7 the meaning is ‘to prolong, or continue, in the same case with similar terminations’: just as Dionysius himself, inadvertently no doubt, repeats -ων in [132] 9, 10.

μῖγμα. [208] 18. Mixture, blend. Lat. mistura. Cp. μῖξις [130] 25, [166] 9; and also D.H. p. 197. It is possible that Dionysius may have written μεῖγμα, as in earlier Greek: in Ep. ad Pomp. c. 2 it is to be noticed that the manuscripts give δεῖγμα, where the sense clearly calls for μεῖγμα.

μικρόκομψος. [90] 20. Affected, finical. Lat. bellulus.

μικρολογία. [266] 11. Trifling, pettiness. Lat. rerum minutarum cura. In Theophrastus’ Characters the word is used of attention to trifles on the part of the mean or parsimonious man. Cp. also Demetr. p. 293, s.v. μικρολογεῖν.

μικρόφωνος. [142] 9. Small-voiced, non-resonant. Lat. qui vocem habet exiguam, sonum exiliorem.

μίμημα. [160] 2. Imitation. Lat. imitamentum. [F.’s reading here is μηνύματα, ‘expressions which indicate’: cp. de Demosth. c. 51 init.]

μιμητικός. [158] 4, 11, [200] 11. Imitative. Lat. ad imitandum aptus. So μιμητικῶς [202] 1.

μνημεῖον. [266] 7. Memorial. Lat. monumentum.

μολοττός. [172] 1, [184] 4. Molossus. Lat. molossus. The metrical foot – – –.

μονογράμματος. [152] 20. Consisting of a single letter. Lat. qui unius est litterae.

μονόμετρος. [270] 23. Consisting of one metre. Lat. monometer. Applicable to poems, like the Iliad and the Aeneid, which are written throughout in a single metre.

μονοσύλλαβος. [168] 11, [202] 14. Monosyllabic. Lat. monosyllabus.

μόριον. [70] 10, [96] 3, [98] 6, [106] 11, 12, passim. Part, especially part of speech. Lat. pars, pars orationis. The meaning ‘part of speech’ appears in such passages as ποῖον ὄνομα ἢ ῥῆμα ἢ τῶν ἄλλων τι μορίων ([106] 12), τὰ μόρια τοῦ λόγου ([110] 1), ἓν μόριον λόγου ([126] 7), πᾶν ὄνομα καὶ ῥῆμα καὶ ἄλλο μόριον λέξεως ([168] 10). ‘Words’ simply might serve as a rendering in many cases, except that it is usually well to preserve Dionysius’ idea of ‘words in their syntactical relations,’ ‘words in a sentence.’ In [232] 18 the meaning may be ‘in every word’: so [130] 7, [134] 25, [220] 3, [222] 10, [224] 11.

μοῦσα. [126] 16, [252] 20. Music, melody. Lat. musica concinnitas. So μουσική [124] 20, [128] 18; ὁ μουσικός [138] 6.

μυγμός. [138] 10. A moaning, muttering, murmur, humming. Lat. gemitus. Cp. Demetr. p. 294, and Aesch. Eum. 117, 120.

μύκημα. [158] 13. Bellowing. Lat. mugitus.

νεαρός. [66] 16, [246] 5. Youthful. Lat. iuvenilis. Cp. note on μειρακιώδης in D.H. p. 196.

νήτη. [210] 7. Lowest note. Lat. ima chorda. See L. & S. s.v. νεάτη.

νόημα. [66] 5, [74] 16, [84] 6, [92] 17, [112] 15, [264] 16. Idea. Lat. sententia. Cp. νόησις (thought, perception) [74] 3, [268] 9; and D.H. p. 197.

νοῦς. [212] 15, [276] 1, 8. Meaning. Lat. sententia. Fr. sens, pensée.

ξένος. [78] 17, [252] 24, [272] 11. Foreign, strange, unfamiliar. Lat. peregrinus, inusitatus, arcessitus. Cp. D.H. p. 197, Demetr. p. 294, and Classical Review xviii. 20 (as to ξενικός).

οἰκεῖος. [110] 13, [126] 1, [134] 20, [140] 12, [154] 19, [158] 2, [168] 7. Akin, appropriate, fitting. Lat. cognatus, domesticus, decorus. So οἰκείως [72] 8, [118] 14, [134] 10: οἰκειότης [122] 21, [240] 7: οἰκειοῦν [122] 17. If the metaphors are to be fully pressed, we might render οἰκεῖα καὶ φίλα in [110] 13 by ‘to seem loving members of the same family,’ and οἰκείως in [118] 14 by ‘in harmony with their inner significance.’ In [122] 21 οἰκειότης is ‘a natural inclination or instinct.’ On [122] 17 there is the following scholium in M: οἰκειοῦται ἀντὶ τοῦ εὐσταθῶς ἥδεται. In [126] 1 τὸ οἰκεῖον (appropriateness) seems almost to stand for τὸ πρέπον and to be an illustration of Dionysius’ own love for variety. It is this unusually copious vocabulary of his that does much to relieve the dull monotony of a technical treatise. “In the works of Dionysius, the great representative of a later school of criticism [sc. than that of Aristotle], we meet for the first time a wealth of rhetorical terminology. In his numerous writings we find freely used a fully developed vocabulary, which is completely adequate for the purposes of the professional rhetorician and the broad literary critic” (Larue van Hook Metaphorical Terminology, etc. p. 8).

οἰκονομεῖν. [176] 18. To manage. Lat. administrare, tractare. So οἰκονομία [264] 16. Cp. Aristot. Poet. xiii. 6 καὶ ὁ Εὐριπίδης, εἰ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα μὴ εὖ οἰκονομεῖ, ἀλλὰ τραγικώτατός γε τῶν ποιητῶν φαίνεται: Long. de Subl. i. 4 καὶ τὴν τῶν πραγμάτων τάξιν καὶ οἰκονομίαν: Quintil. Inst. Or. iii. 3. 9 “oeconomiae, quae Graece appellata ex cura rerum domesticarum et hic per abusionem posita nomine Latino caret.”

ὀλιγοσύλλαβος. [132] 3. Consisting of few syllables. Lat. qui paucis constat syllabis.

ὀλιγοσύνδεσμος. [212] 21. Sparing in connectives. Lat. qui paucis utitur convinctionibus.

ὁμογενής. [146] 10, [148] 9. Of the same race or family. Lat. congener. Cp. ὁμοιογενής (of like kind) [72] 24, [132] 19, [156] 15; also ἀνομοιογενής [132] 19.

ὁμοειδής. [192] 18, [198] 6, [270] 19. Of the same species or kind. Lat. uniformis. So ὁμοείδεια [274] 1. Cp. Cic. ad Att. ii. 6 “etenim γεωγραφικά quae constitueram magnum opus est ... et hercule sunt res difficiles ad explicandum et ὁμοειδεῖς nec tam possunt ἀνθηρογραφεῖσθαι quam videbantur.”

ὁμοζυγία. [176] 13, [254] 17. Connexion, affinity. Lat. coniugatio.

ὁμοιοσχήμων. [270] 16. Like in shape. Lat. forma consimilis.

ὁμοιότονος. [132] 6. Similarly accented. Lat. qui similis est toni.

ὁμοιόχρονος. [132] 6 (bis). Of like quantity. Lat. qui similia habet tempora.

ὁμότονος. [128] 7. Of the same pitch or accent. Lat. eiusdem toni s. accentus.

ὁμόφωνος. [128] 9. With the same note. Lat. eiusdem chordae s. soni.

ὄνομα. [66] 5, [70] 9, 13, 20, [74] 12, [84] 6 passim. Word, noun. Lat. vocabulum, nomen. In [168] 10, [264] 5, etc., the meaning is ‘noun’; in [264] 3, etc., ‘word.’

ὀνομασία. [74] 17, [234] 5, [252] 23, [274] 2. Wording, naming, language. Lat. elocutio, appellatio. Cp. Rhet. ad Alex. c. 27 ἀντίθετον μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ ἐναντίαν τὴν ὀνομασίαν ἅμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τοῖς ἀντικειμένοις ἔχον, ἢ τὸ ἕτερον τούτων: Aristot. Poet. vi. 18 λέγω δέ, ὥσπερ πρότερον εἴρηται, λέξιν εἶναι τὴν διὰ τῆς ὀνομασίας ἑρμηνείαν: Dionys. Hal. de Demosth. cc. 18, 34, 40: Demetr. de Eloc. §§ 91, 304.

ὀνοματικά, τά. [70] 18, [102] 16, 17, [132] 7. Nouns substantive. Lat. nomina substantiva.

ὀξύς. [126] 5, 8, 10, [128] 6, 8. Acute (accent), high (pitch). Lat. acutus. So ὀξύτης [126] 14. Cp. s.v. βαρύς, p. [292] supra. In Aristot. Poet. c. 20 ὀξύτητι καὶ βαρύτητι καὶ τῷ μέσῳ = ‘according as they [the letters] are acute, grave, or of an intermediate tone.’

ὀξύτονος. [128] 9. With high pitch or acute accent. Lat. qui acutum tonum s. accentum habet.

ὅρασις. [118] 24. Seeing, the act of sight. Lat. visus.

ὄργανον. [122] 25, [124] 4, 22. Musical instrument. Lat. instrumentum. So the adjective ὀργανικός (instrumental) in [124] 16, [126] 16.

ὀρθός. [106] 19. Nominative. Lat. rectus (casus): viz. ‘uninflected.’ In [102] 19 ‘primary,’ as opposed to ‘secondary’; in [108] 3 ‘active,’ as opposed to ‘passive.’ In [258] 25 and [262] 5 the meaning is ‘correct’; in [90] 6 perhaps ‘tense’ (see the exx. given in L. & S. under the heading ‘excited’), the opposite of ὕπτιος (supinus).

ὁρίζειν. [132] 22, [166] 1, [234] 21. To define, to limit. Lat. definire.

ὅρος. [182] 13, [200] 25, [210] 5. Standard, condition, boundary. Lat. regula, condicio, finis. With the sense norma et regula in [182] 13 cp. Long. de Subl. xxxii. 1 ὁ γὰρ Δημοσθένης ὅρος καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, Dionys. H. de Demosth. c. 1 ἧς (λέξεως) ὅρος καὶ κανὼν ὁ Θουκυδίδης.

οὐδέτερος. [106] 21. Neuter. Lat. qui neutri generis est. Cp. D.H. p. 198.

οὐρανός. [142] 12, [144] 19, [150] 6, [220] 23. Palate. Lat. palatum. In the margin of R (with reference to [142] 12) there is the note: τὴν ὑπερῴαν φησίν. This sense of οὐρανός is found several times in Aristotle (see Bonitz’ Index), and not (as has sometimes been supposed) for the first time in Dionysius. Cp. the converse caeli palatum in Ennius apud Cic. de Nat. Deor. ii. 18. 48 “sed dum, palato quid sit optimum, iudicat [Epicurus], caeli palatum (ut ait Ennius) non suspexit.”

οὐσία. [98] 8. Substance, essence. Lat. substantia.

ὄχλησις. [132] 17. Annoyance, disgust. Lat. molestia.

ὄψις. [162] 1, 14, [234] 9. Appearance, visage. Lat. vultus, aspectus.

πάθος. [66] 15, [88] 12, [110] 23, [112] 5, [122] 15, passim. Feeling, experience, emotion, affection, passion. Lat. affectus (Quintil. vi. 2. 8), animi motus (Cic. de Or. i. 5. 17), perturbatio (id. Tusc. iv. 5. 10). Cp. D.H. pp. 198, 199.—In [154] 5, [268] 18 πάθη = ‘properties,’ ‘modifications,’ ‘differences.’

παιάν. [184] 3, [260] 23, [262] 9. Paeon. Lat. paeon. The metrical foot so called, consisting of three short syllables and one long in four possible orders—(1) –ᴗᴗᴗ, (2) ᴗ–ᴗᴗ, (3) ᴗᴗ–ᴗ, (4) ᴗᴗᴗ–. These four varieties are sometimes called the first, second, third, and fourth paeon respectively. Cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 8. 4-6, Cic. de Orat. iii. 47. 183, Quintil. ix. 4. 47; and see Demetr. p. 296, s.v. παιών. Demetrius (§§ 38, 39) refers to two varieties only: cp. the note on [182] 22 supra.

παιδεία. [64] 11, [262] 20. Culture. Lat. doctrina, humanitas.

πανηγυρικός. [228] 7, [246] 7. Festal, panegyrical. Lat. panegyricus. With the notion of ornate: cp. de Demosth. c. 8 (διάλεκτον) μεγαλοπρεπῆ λιτήν, περιττὴν ἀπέριττον, ἐξηλλαγμένην συνήθη, πανηγυρικὴν ἀληθινήν, αὐστηρὰν ἱλαράν, σύντονον ἀνειμένην, ἡδεῖαν πικράν, ἠθικὴν παθητικήν.

παραβολή. [232] 15. Meeting, juxtaposition. Lat. concursus.

παράγγελμα. [270] 3, [282] 2, 7. Rule, precept. Lat. artis praeceptum. Cp. Long. de Subl. c. 2 τεχνικὰ παραγγέλματα, c. 6 ὡς εἰπεῖν ἐν παραγγέλματι (‘if I must speak in the way of precept’). So παραγγέλλειν [132] 16, [268] 11 (cp. de Lysia c. 24 ταῦτα μὲν δὴ παραγγέλλουσι ποιεῖν οἱ τεχνογράφοι), and παραγγελματικός [214] 9 (= plenus praeceptis, doctrinis, regulis).

παράδειγμα. [92] 5, [136] 2, [152] 3, [214] 6, [232] 23, [240] 24, etc. Instance. Lat. exemplum. τὰ παραδείγματα is often used of appropriate (perhaps customary, or stock) examples: cp. de Isocr. cc. 10, 15, de Demosth. cc. 13 (middle), 53, and contrast de Lysia c. 34 and de Demosth. cc. 13 (end), 20.

παραδιώκειν. [206] 13. To hurry along. Lat. abripere. Cp. the use of συνδεδιωγμένον in Long. de Subl. c. 21, and of κατεσπευσμένα c. 19 ibid.—Usener adopts, in this passage, his own conjecture παραμεμιγμένας.

παράθεσις. [130] 25, [154] 11, [166] 9, etc. Placing. Lat. collocatio.

παρακεκινδυνευμένος. [234] 16. Daring, bold, venturesome. Lat. audax (as in Hor. Carm. iv. 2. 10). Fr. aventuré. Cp. Aristoph. Ran. 99 τοιουτονί τι παρακεκινδυνευμένον, | αἰθέρα Διὸς δωμάτιον, ἢ χρόνου πόδα: and see s.v. ἐπικίνδυνος p. [299] supra. The word is used also in de Lys. c. 13, de Isocr. c. 13, Ep. ad Pomp. c. 2.

παρακολουθεῖν. [108] 6, [130] 26, [136] 12. To accompany. Lat. accidere, consequi.

παραλαμβάνειν. [144] 14, [172] 12, [260] 2, [264] 14. To introduce, to employ. Lat. assumere, adhibere.

παραλλαγή. [152] 8, 15, 22. Divergence. Lat. discrimen, permutatio.

παραπλήρωμα. [116] 3, [166] 17. Supplement, expletive. Lat. explementum, complementum. Cp. Cic. Or. 69. 230 “apud alios autem et Asiaticos maxime numero servientes inculcata reperias inania quaedam verba quasi complementa numerorum”; and also Demetr. p. 296, s.v. παραπληρωματικός. The word occurs elsewhere in Dionysius: de Isocr. c. 3, de Demosth. cc. 19, 39.

παρατιθέναι. [104] 1. To bring forward, to cite. Lat. apponere, in medium adducere.

παραυξάνειν (παραύξειν). [128] 19, [152] 18. To lengthen, to augment. Lat. augere.

παρέκτασις. [154] 21. Prolongation. Lat. extensio.

παρεμφαίνειν. [108] 5. To hint at, to indicate. Lat. obiter indicare. Cp. Demetr. p. 297.

παρεμφατικός. [102] 20. Indicative. Lat. indicativus. Cp. ἀπαρέμφατος p. [289] supra.

παρέργως. [100] 25. By the way, cursorily. Lat. obiter.

παρθενωπός. [234] 15. Of maiden aspect. Lat. qui virgineo vultu est. The word seems to occur elsewhere only in Eurip. El. 948 ἀλλ’ ἔμοιγ’ εἴη πόσις | μὴ παρθενωπός, ἀλλὰ τἀνδρείου τρόπου [Gilbert Murray: “Ah, that girl-like face! | God grant not that, not that, but some plain grace | Of manhood to the man who brings me love”]. Cp. Cic. Orat. 19. 64 “nihil iratum habet [oratio philosophorum], nihil invidum, nihil atrox, nihil miserabile, nihil astutum; casta, verecunda, virgo incorrupta quodam modo.”

πάρισος. [116] 8, [212] 7, [246] 6. Parallel in structure. Lat. qui constat similibus membris. Cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 9. 9 παρίσωσις δ’ ἐὰν ἴσα τὰ κῶλα, παρομοίωσις δ’ ἐὰν ὅμοια τὰ ἔσχατα ἔχῃ ἑκάτερον τὸ κῶλον (where ὅμοια τὰ ἔσχατα indicates final letters that rhyme).

παριστάναι. [154] 19. To represent, to describe. Lat. depingere. Cp. Long. p. 282.

παρόμοιος. [212] 8, [246] 6. Parallel in sound. Lat. qui constat similibus sonis.

παχύτης. [184] 21. Stupidity, fat-headedness. Lat. stupor, ingenium crassum. Cp. D.H. p. 200, s.v. παχύς.

πεζός. [70] 3, [76] 2, [80] 3, [108] 11, etc. In prose, prosaic. Lat. pedester. πεζὴ λέξις, πεζὴ διάλεκτος, πεζὸς λόγος, πεζοὶ λόγοι = oratio soluta. Cp. Quintil. x. 1. 81 “multum enim supra prosam orationem et quam pedestrem Graeci vocant surgit [Plato].” In [120] 27 the metaphor seems still to be strongly felt—‘marching on foot,’ ‘pedestrian.’

πειθώ. [84] 11. Persuasiveness. Lat. persuadendi vis.

πεῖρα. [66] 14, [102] 21, [256] 5, etc. Experience. Lat. experientia.

πεντάμετρος. [256] 23. Consisting of five metrical feet. Lat. pentameter.

πεντάχρονος. [262] 9. Consisting of five times. Lat. qui constat temporibus quinque. See s.v. χρόνοι p. [333] infra.

πεποιημένος. [78] 17, [252] 24. Invented, original, newly-coined. Lat. factus, novatus (Cic. de Orat. iii. 38. 154; i. 34. 155). Fr. forgé tout exprès. Cp. Aristot. Poet. xxi. 9; Demetr. p. 297; Quintil. viii. 6. 32 “vix illa, quae πεποιημένα vocant, quae ex vocibus in usum receptis quocunque modo declinantur, nobis permittimus, qualia sunt Sullaturit et proscripturit.”

περιβόητος. [180] 7. Notorious, celebrated. Lat. decantatus, celebratus.

περίοδος. [72] 7, 10, [104] 10, [116] 2, etc. Period. Lat. periodus, comprehensio, verborum ambitus, etc. See Demetr. p. 298 for various references and equivalents, and also p. 323 (Index); Sandys’ Orator p. 217; Laurand’s Études pp. 126, 128.—According to Dionysius, the period should not be used to excess [see n. on [118] 15]. Another weakness of the periodic construction is elsewhere noted by him: τοῦτο δὲ [sc. τὸ παθητικὸν] ἥκιστα δέχεται περίοδος (de Isocr. c. 2).

περισπασμός. [128] 10. The circumflex accent. Lat. circumflexio, accentus circumflexus. Cp. περισπωμένας [126] 11: ‘drawn around,’ ‘twisted,’ ‘circumflexed.’ Aristotle denotes the circumflex accent by the term ‘middle’: ἔστιν δὲ αὐτὴ μὲν ἐν τῇ φωνῇ, πῶς αὐτῇ δεῖ χρῆσθαι πρὸς ἕκαστον πάθος, οἷον πότε μεγάλῃ καὶ πότε μικρᾷ καὶ μέσῃ, καὶ πῶς τοῖς τόνοις, οἷον ὀξείᾳ καὶ βαρείᾳ καὶ μέσῃ, καὶ ῥυθμοῖς τίσι πρὸς ἕκαστα (Aristot. Rhet. iii. 1. 4).

περιστέλλειν. [142] 16. To contract, to pucker up. Lat. contrahere.

περιττός. [74] 13, [84] 8, [182] 4, 7. Extraordinary, richly wrought; exceedingly good, unsurpassed. Lat. excellens, curiosus, elaboratus. Cp. Long. de Subl. xl. 2 (where the word is opposed to κοινὸς καὶ δημώδης), iii. 4, xxxv. 3. See also de Isocr. c. 3, de Demosth. cc. 8, 56, Ep. ad Pomp. c. 2 (περιττολογία): also Demetr. p. 298 (περισσοτεχνία).

περιφανής. [244] 18. Seen on every side. Lat. conspicuus. So περιφάνεια [210] 17, [234] 2 (‘so that each word should admit an all-round view of it’).—PMV give περιφανές (not περιφερές) in [246] 3.

περιφερής. [206] 15, [230] 31, [246] 3. Circular, rounded. Lat. rotundus. Cp. [Dionys. Hal.] Ars Rhet. x. 13 τὰ στρογγύλα καὶ τὰ περιφερῆ λέγειν προοίμια. In Demetr. de Eloc. § 13 περιφερεῖς στέγαι = vaulted roofs.

πεφυκέναι (c. infin.). [66] 16, [70] 3, [104] 16, etc. To have a gift for, a liking for. Lat. solere, amare.

πεφυλαγμένως. [148] 1. Guardedly. Lat. caute. The word is used in the Attic period by Xenophon and Isocrates.

πιέζειν. [144] 21, [148] 16, [220] 18, [230] 12. To close tight, to compress. Lat. comprimere.

πιθανός. [98] 17, 20, [100] 17, [120] 21. Attractive, plausible. Lat. probabilis, verisimilis.

πικρός. [232] 15. Bitter, harsh. Lat. acerbus. So πικραίνειν [130] 19, [154] 13, [216] 17.

πίνος. [120] 23, [136] 16, [212] 24, [236] 8. Mellowing deposit, tinge of antiquity, flavour of archaism. Lat. antiquitas, antiquitas impexa (Tac. Dial. c. 20), nitor obsoletus (Auct. ad Her. iv. 4. 46). There is a suggestion of négligé or abandon about the word, but on the whole it is not uncomplimentary: cp. Ep. ad Pomp. c. 2 ὅ τε πίνος ὁ τῆς ἀρχαιότητος ἠρέμα αὐτῇ καὶ λεληθότως ἐπιτρέχει, and de Demosth. c. 38 ἀλλ’ [ἵνα] ἐπανθῇ τις αὐταῖς χνοῦς ἀρχαιοπινὴς καὶ χάρις ἀβίαστος. The compound εὐπίνεια is found in Long. de Subl. xxx. 1. There is a scholium (preserved in M) on [120] 23, which is, unfortunately, vague and uncertain: πῖνος κυρίως ὁ ῥύπος, ἀφ’ οὗ πιναρὰ ῥάκη. λέγεται δὲ καὶ τὸ ἐπανθοῦν τισὶ χνοῶδες ὡς ἐπὶ μήλων καὶ ἀπίων. ἀπὸ τούτου καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ λόγου τὸ ἐπιφαινόμενον αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ συνθήκῃ τῆς λέξεως ποιὸν πίνον ὀνομάζει. ἔστι δὲ πῖνος καὶ ὄνομα τόπου.

πλάγιος. [106] 20. Oblique. Lat. obliquus (casus).

πλανᾶσθαι. [254] 16, [270] 18. To wander, to be irregular. Lat. vagari. Used in reference to vague, elastic metre. So περιπεπλανημένα μέτρα in de Demosth. c. 50.

πλάσμα. [90] 6, [118] 24. Cast, form. Lat. imago, forma dicendi. Cp. Ep. ad Pomp. c. 4 ὕψος δὲ καὶ κάλλος καὶ μεγαλοπρέπειαν καὶ τὸ λεγόμενον ἰδίως πλάσμα ἱστορικὸν Ἡρόδοτος ἔχει (viz. “elevation, beauty, stateliness, and what is specifically called the ‘historical vein’”); Long. de Subl. xv. 8 ποιητικὸν τοῦ λόγου καὶ μυθῶδες τὸ πλάσμα (the ‘form’). In de Demosth. c. 34 πλάσμα seems to have the same meaning as χαρακτῆρ in c. 33 ibid. [The musical meaning of moulded delivery, modulation does not emerge in the C.V.]

πλάστης. [264] 2. Modeller, in clay or wax. Lat. fictor.

πλάτος. [210] 9, [212] 1, [246] 19. Breadth. Lat. latitudo. So πλατύς [244] 18. In [210] 9 the meaning is, ‘belongs to the class of ideas which are regarded with a wide indefiniteness.’ So in Latin platice = πλατικῶς = ‘broadly,’ ‘generally’: cp. Usener Rhein. Mus. xxiv. 311. See also under ἀπαρτίζειν, p. [289] supra.

πλεονάζειν. [146] 13, [214] 12. To exceed due bounds. Lat. redundare. So πλεονασμός, redundantia, [110] 15.

πληγή. [142] 4, 16, [144] 5. Stroke, impact. Lat. ictus, percussio.

πληθυντικῶς. [106] 18. In the plural number. Lat. pluraliter.

πλοκή. [72] 5, [130] 22, [166] 9. Combination. Lat. copulatio.

πλούσιος. [92] 18. Rich. Lat. opulentus. The word is contrasted with πτωχός ([92] 17), beggarly, mendicus: for which cp. the expression τῇ λέξει πτωχεύειν in the passage quoted, from Chrysostom, under ἀπαγγελία p. [288] supra.

πνίγειν. [142] 18. To stifle, to smother. Lat. suffocare.

ποίημα. [76] 10, [78] 5, [100] 23, [154] 2, [166] 4, [192] 8, [250] 10, 16, [254] 4, 7, [272] 14. Poem; line of a poem (in this sense, more commonly στίχος or ἔπος). Lat. poëma, versus. So ποιεῖν [208] 9, ‘to write poetry,’ and ποιητής [74] 8 (but in [214] 16 ποιηταί means ‘writers’ generally: cp. de Demosth. c. 37 παρ’ οὐδενὶ οὔτε ἐμμέτρων οὔτε πεζῶν ποιητῇ λόγων). ποίημα sometimes refers specially to epic and dramatic poetry (in contrast to song-poetry). In [64] 10 the meaning is ‘product’ simply. For ‘poetry’ ποίησις is found: [214] 1, 2, [252] 24, [270] 21, [274] 7, [276] 10.

ποιητικός. [70] 2, 4, [108] 11, [206] 20, [208] 8, 19, [252] 20, 23, 29, etc. Poetical. Lat. poëticus. In [136] 11 the meaning is ‘productive of.’

ποικιλία. [130] 13, [192] 18, [196] 17, 25, [198] 5. Variety, decoration. Lat. varietas. So ποικίλλειν [132] 13, [192] 20, [196] 9; and ποικίλος [110] 11, [154] 19, [160] 10, etc. ποικίλος may be rendered by such adjectives as ‘elaborate,’ ‘curious,’ ‘laborious,’ ‘multifarious,’ ‘kaleidoscopic,’ ‘ever-varying.’

πολιτικός. [64] 15, [72] 17, [124] 21, [130] 10, [214] 1, 5, [254] 25, [266] 7, [272] 20. Civil, parliamentary, political, public. Lat. civilis. See D.H. p. 203 for an explanatory note on πολιτικός. In [72] 17, P has ῥητορικοῖς ἀνδράσι, which is an unlikely periphrasis for ῥήτορσι ([104] 8), but may well indicate the general meaning of πολιτικοῖς ἀνδράσι: cp. de Demosth. c. 23 ταῦτα δὲ πολιτικοῖς καὶ ῥήτορσιν ἀνδράσι μελήσει. Compare generally, in Aristot. Poet. c. vi., the words τῆς πολιτικῆς καὶ ῥητορικῆς ἔργον ἐστίν, and οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἀρχαῖοι πολιτικῶς ἐποίουν λέγοντας, οἱ δὲ νῦν ῥητορικῶς.

πολύμετρος. [272] 5. Of many measures or metres. Lat. qui multis constat metris.

πολύμορφος. [160] 12. Of many forms. Lat. multiformis. Cp. πολυειδής [196] 25, πολυειδῶς [270] 11.

πολυπραγμονεῖν. [264] 6. To bother about. Lat. summa cura elaborare.

πολυσύλλαβος. [126] 14, [132] 5. With many syllables. Lat. qui syllabis pluribus constat.

πολύφωνος. [160] 23. Of many voices. Lat. qui multas voces emittit. Used of the variety of tones in Homer’s ‘composition.’ In the de Sublim. c. xxxiv. the term is applied to Hypereides, who οὐ πάντα ἑξῆς καὶ μονοτόνως [i.e. at one sustained high pitch] ὡς ὁ Δημοσθένης λέγει.

πούς. [86] 1, [168] 12, [172] 20, [174] 22, 24, [178] 7, [184] 1, [256] 9, 12, [258] 19, [260] 3. Metrical foot. Lat. pes. τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ καλῶ πόδα καὶ ῥυθμόν [168] 11. Aristoxenus, Ῥυθμικὰ στοιχεῖα ii. 16, writes: ᾧ σημαινόμεθα τὸν ῥυθμὸν καὶ γνώριμον ποιοῦμεν τῇ αἰσθήσει, πούς ἐστιν εἷς ἢ πλείους. Cope (Introduction to Aristotle’s Rhetoric p. 383) thinks that Dionysius neglects the important distinction between βάσις, the unit of rhythm, and πούς, the unit of metre. Goodell (Greek Metric p. 47) thus paraphrases a passage of Marius Victorinus (p. 44 K.): “Between foot and ‘rhythmus’ there is this difference, that a foot cannot exist without rhythm, but a ‘rhythmus’ moves rhythmically without being divisible into feet.” [It is this kind of ‘rhythmus’ that counts in rhythmical prose.]

πραγματεία. [68] 8, 14, 17, [70] 8, etc. Inquiry, treatise, work. Lat. studium, commentatio, opus. So πραγματεύεσθαι [106] 5, 10, [140] 22, [268] 7.

πραγματικός. [66] 6. Pertaining to subject matter or invention. Lat. negotialis. Cp. Quintil. iii. 7. 1 “a parte negotiali, hoc est πραγματικῇ.” The πραγματικὸς τόπος (“tractatio rerum et sententiarum”) covers subject matter, things, thoughts; the λεκτικὸς τόπος includes expression, form, style.

πραΰς. [162] 5, [244] 21. Gentle. Lat. lenis. Cp. Demetr. p. 299.

πρέπον, τό. [120] 19, [122] 13, [124] 11, [136] 12, [198] 13, 14. Propriety, appropriateness, fitness. Lat. decorum. Fr. la convenance. Cp. Cic. Orat. 21. 70 “ut enim in vita, sic in oratione nihil est difficilius quam quid deceat videre. πρέπον appellant hoc Graeci; nos dicamus sane decorum; de quo praeclare et multa praecipiuntur et res est cognitione dignissima: huius ignoratione non modo in vita, sed saepissime et in poëmatis et in oratione peccatur.” The Greek rhetoricians drew the term from the language of ethics. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 7. 1 τὸ δὲ πρέπον ἕξει ἡ λέξις, ἐὰν ᾖ παθητική τε καὶ ἠθικὴ καὶ τοῖς ὑποκειμένοις πράγμασιν ἀνάλογον. So πρεπώδης [106] 17.

πριάπειος. [86] 8. Priapean: as a metrical term. Lat. Priapeius. Effeminate and ribald verse, written in honour of Priapus, and involving a mutilation of the heroic line.

προέκθεσις. [242] 2. A prefatory account. Lat. expositio antea data.

πρόθεσις. [70] 21, [108] 16, [220] 6. Preposition. Lat. praepositio.

πρόνοια. [184] 16, [186] 1. Deliberation. Lat. consilium.

προοίμιον. [224] 24, [252] 3. Introduction. Lat. exordium.

προπετής. [244] 22. Flowing. Lat. volubilis, profluens.

προσαγόρευσις. [260] 22. Address. Lat. allocutio, compellatio.

προσερανίζειν. [116] 4. To augment. Lat. cumulare. The period in question has been aided (so to say) by the alms of expletives. For the metaphor cp. συνερανιζόμενα de Isocr. c. 3 and ἔρανον de Imitat. B. vi. 2.

προσερείδειν. [148] 22. To drive against. Lat. impingere, allidere. In [220] 24 προσανίστασθαι is similarly used of ‘rising against.’

προσεχής. [84] 6. Obvious, natural, allied, appropriate. Lat. proximus, cognatus (cum re coniunctus). In [258] 24 the sense is ‘adjoining.’

προσηγορικός. [70] 17, [102] 17, 18, [218] 6, 11, [220] 7, 16, [222] 24, [230] 1. Appellative. Lat. appellativus. ὄνομα προσηγορικόν = common noun, Lat. nomen appellativum. It would appear from Dionysius Thrax (Ars Grammatica p. 23 Uhlig) that ὄνομα might include προσηγορία (= ὄνομα προσηγορικόν), while προσηγορία could cover participles (μετοχαί) and adjectives (ἐπίθετα) as well as common nouns. But the strict division is that of proper names and general terms, as given by Dionysius Thrax (ibid. pp. 33, 34): κύριον μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ τὴν ἰδίαν οὐσίαν, σημαῖνον, οἷον Ὅμηρος, Σωκράτης. προσηγορικὸν δέ ἐστι τὸ τὴν κοινὴν οὐσίαν σημαῖνον, οἷον ἄνθρωπος, ἵππος. In such passages as [222] 24 and [230] 1 ‘adjective’ would be an appropriate modern rendering. Quintil. i. 4. 21 “vocabulum an appellatio dicenda sit προσηγορία et subicienda nomini necne, quia parvi refert, liberum opinaturis relinquo.” In [272] 25 προσηγορία = appellation.

προσίστασθαι. [132] 8. To offend. Lat. obstrepere. Cp. de Isocr. c. 2 προσιστάμενος ταῖς ἀκοαῖς, c. 14 ibid. τῷ γὰρ μὴ ἐν καιρῷ γίνεσθαι, μηδ’ ἐν ὥρᾳ, προσίστασθαί φημι ταῖς ἀκοαῖς, Antiqq. Rom. i. 8 μονοειδεῖς γὰρ ἐκεῖναί τε καὶ ταχὺ προσιστάμεναι (= cito offendunt) τοῖς ἀκούουσιν.

προσκατασκευάζειν. [110] 14 (v.l. προκατασκευάζειν). To model further, remodel. Lat. insuper instruere.

προσοδιακός. [86] 3. Processional: see n. ad loc.

προσῳδία. [128] 12, [196] 17, [268] 20. Accent. Lat. accentus. The word is defined in [196] 17 τάσεις φωνῆς αἱ καλούμεναι προσῳδίαι. See further s.v. τόνος p. [329] infra, and compare Bywater Aristotle on the Art of Poetry p. 336 “προσῳδία with Aristotle comprises accent, breathing, and quantity—all the elements in the spoken word which in the ancient mode of writing were left to be supplied by the reader.” The symbols used in accentuation are supposed to have been introduced by Aristophanes of Byzantium, if not by some still earlier scholar, in order to recall to Greeks and teach foreign learners the true intonation of the language, which was in danger of being corrupted and forgotten when the Greek world grew vast and came to include so many foreign elements.

πρόσωπον. [160] 18, [198] 23. Person, character. Lat. persona. Cp. Demetr. p. 300.

πτῶσις. [106] 20, [108] 4, [132] 7, [212] 20, [264] 4. Grammatical case. Lat. casus. ‘Verbal cases’ are mentioned in [108] 4; in Aristotle the term πτῶσις includes inflexions in general.

πυρρίχιος. [168] 17. Pyrrhic. Lat. pyrrhichius. The metrical foot ᴗ ᴗ.

ῥῆμα. [70] 13, 21, [168] 10, [218] 6, 7, [264] 5. Verb. Lat. verbum. So ῥηματικός [108] 4 (verbal), [220] 17 (verbal form).

ῥήτωρ. [74] 8, [132] 22, [166] 12, [200] 14, [206] 25, [218] 21, [236] 20, [242] 7, [248] 15. Orator, rhetorician. Lat. orator, rhetor. As in English we have no similarly two-sided word, it is often hard to decide between the renderings, ‘speaker’ and ‘teacher of speaking.’ So ῥητορικός [68] 9, [254] 25, [262] 20.

ῥοῖζος. [138] 10. A whizzing. Lat. stridor.

ῥυθμίζειν. [180] 13. To bring into rhythm, to scan. Lat. scandere. Cp. the use of βαίνειν and διαιρεῖν.

ῥυθμός. [120] 18, [122] 12, [124] 6, 9, passim. Rhythm, harmonious movement of speech. Lat. numerus. For le nombre oratoire in Cicero (whose prose, however, like Roman prose generally, must not be taken to follow exclusively Attic standards) see Laurand’s Études pp. 109-11, and cp. Cic. Orat. 20. 67 “quicquid est enim, quod sub aurium mensuram aliquam cadat, etiamsi abest a versu—nam id quidem orationis est vitium—numerus vocatur, qui Graece ῥυθμός dicitur.” Quintil. Inst. Or. ix. 4. 45 “omnis structura ac dimensio et copulatio vocum constat aut numeris (numeros ῥυθμούς accipi volo) aut μέτροις, id est dimensione quadam.” It was a suggestive saying of Scaliger’s that metre gives the exact ‘measure’ of the line, rhythm its ‘temperament.’ As Dionysius identifies ῥυθμός and πούς ([168] 11; cp. [176] 2, 3), we may translate ῥυθμός by ‘foot’ in [180] 11, [182] 19 (cp. σπονδεῖος πούς [178] 7), [200] 17, [206] 9, etc.—Cp. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 8. 2 τὸ δὲ ἄρρυθμον ἀπέραντον, δεῖ δὲ πεπεράνθαι μέν, μὴ μέτρῳ δέ· ἀηδὲς γὰρ καὶ ἄγνωστον τὸ ἄπειρον. περαίνεται δὲ ἀριθμῷ πάντα· ὁ δὲ τοῦ σχήματος τῆς λέξεως ἀριθμὸς ῥυθμός ἐστιν, οὗ καὶ τὰ μέτρα τμητά· διὸ ῥυθμὸν δεῖ ἔχειν τὸν λόγον, μέτρον δὲ μή· ποίημα γὰρ ἔσται. ῥυθμὸν δὲ μὴ ἀκριβῶς· τοῦτο δὲ ἔσται ἐὰν μέχρι του ᾖ. So ῥυθμικός [128] 18 (where the reference is to lyric metres), [168] 8, [172] 20 (cp. οἱ μετρικοί), [176] 7. Quintilian (ix. 4. 68) provides a good example of the divisions recognized by the rhythmici: “quis enim dubitet, unum sensum in hoc et unum spiritum esse: animadverti, iudices, omnem accusatoris orationem in duas divisam esse partes? tamen et duo prima verba et tria proxima et deinceps duo rursus ac tria suos quasi numeros habent spiritum sustinentes, sicut apud rhythmicos aestimantur.”

ῥυπαρός. [134] 24. Filthy, sordid. Lat. sordidus.

ῥύσις. [244] 21. Flow. Lat. fluxus.

ῥυσός. [92] 10. Wrinkled. Lat. rugosus.

ῥώθωνες. [144] 22, 23, [146] 11, [220] 25. Nostrils. Lat. nares. In [146] 11 διὰ τῶν ῥωθώνων συνηχούμενα = nasal.

Σαπφικός. [258] 7. Of Sappho. Lat. Sapphicus.

σαφήνεια. [160] 22. Clearness, lucidity. Lat. perspicuitas. Fr. clarté, netteté. The adjective σαφής occurs in [210] 4.

σελίς. [186] 2. Page. Lat. pagina libri.

σεμνότης. [84] 2, [110] 19, [164] 20, [166] 12, [170] 2, [172] 11, [236] 8. Gravity, majesty. Lat. granditas, dignitas, gravitas. Fr. majesté. So σεμνολογία [120] 23, [174] 17; σεμνός [68] 5, [80] 12, [84] 8, etc. It is not easy to find a good equivalent for σεμνός, as ‘dignified’ comes nearer to ἀξιωματικός; ‘impressive’ (or the like) to μεγαλοπρεπής; ‘lofty,’ ‘elevated,’ or ‘sublime,’ to ὑψηλός. ‘Solemn,’ ‘majestic,’ ‘august,’ or ‘stately’ will sometimes serve.

σημαίνειν. [74] 3, [134] 25. To betoken, to express. Lat. significare.

σιγμός. [138] 10. A hissing. Lat. sibilus. Fr. sifflement.

σιωπή. [218] 16, [220] 2, [230] 4. Silence, interval, pause. Lat. silentium, intermissio. Modern metrists who confine their attention to syllables are apt to neglect the interrelations of silence and sound. Dionysius would, on the contrary, have recognized that the pauses denoted by punctuation are the key to the metre in such lines as “Thy rankest fault; all of them; and require” (Tempest v. 1).

σκαιότης. [250] 8. Clumsiness, stupidity. Lat. rusticitas, imperitia. Fr. gaucherie: cp. the editor’s Ancient Boeotians p. 6.

σκευωρία. [264] 7. Elaboration. Lat. cura artificiosa. Cp. de Thucyd. c. 5 σκευωρίαν τεχνικήν, c. 29 μᾶλλον δὲ διθυραμβικῆς σκευωρίας οἰκειότερον: Hesych. σκευωρία· κατασκευή.

σκιερός. [234] 13. Shady, dark. Lat. obscurus.

σκληρός. [132] 1, [154] 12. Hard. Lat. durus. Cp. D.H. p. 205.

σομφός. [122] 25. Thick, husky. Lat. subraucus, fuscus. Cp. Schol. in M, σομφὸν ἤγουν θρυλιγμὸν καὶ ἐκμέλειαν. Some of the MSS. give ἀσύμφωνον, thus repeating a word used a few lines earlier.

σοφιστής. [190] 10, [264] 19. Sophist. Lat. sophista. The comprehensiveness of the term is well illustrated by the fact that in the former passage it is applied to Hegesias, in the latter to Isocrates and Plato. In the parallel passage of the de Demosth. (c. 51) ὁρῶν γε δὴ τούτους τοὺς θαυμαζομένους ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ καὶ κρατίστων λόγων ποιητὰς νομιζομένους Ἰσοκράτην καὶ Πλάτωνα γλυπτοῖς καὶ τορευτοῖς ἐοικότας ἐκφέροντας λόγους. Cp. Demetr. p. 301.

σπαδονίζειν. [142] 9. To emasculate, to cramp. Lat. spadonium sonum reddere. This reading seems preferable on several grounds: (1) it is the more difficult of the two; (2) the sense of ‘choke the voice’ seems to agree well with οὐδὲ συγκόψει τοὺς ἤχους ([162] 4 ‘and will not impede the voice’); (3) σπανίζειν (intransitive: cp. de Demosth. c. 32, de Thucyd. c. 19) τοῦ ἤχου would be more common than σπανίζειν τὸν ἦχον: (4) σπαδονισμοὺς τῶν ἤχων (‘impediments to sound,’ ‘arrested sounds’) occurs, without variant, in de Demosth. c. 40, and is adopted by U.-R. as well as by other editors; (5) the authority of R seems to support σπαδονίζει rather than (as U.-R. think) σπανίζει.

σπονδεῖος. [170] 2, [178] 7 (with πόδες), [202] 20. Spondee. The metrical foot – –. Vossius thus describes the effect of the spondee: “hic pes incessum habet tardum et magnificum; itaque rebus gravibus, et maxime sacris, vel ipso attestante vocabulo, imprimis adhibetur.” Cp. Hor. Ars Poet. 255 “tardior ut paulo graviorque veniret ad aures, | spondeos stabiles in iura paterna recepit [sc. iambus],” and Cic. Orat. 64. 216.

σπουδάζειν. [66] 8, [94] 16. To be eager. Lat. studere, sedulo operam navare. For the middle voice of this verb see note on p. [95] supra. The noun σπουδή occurs in [156] 14, [186] 4, [192] 7, [212] 16.

σταθερός. [234] 4. Steadfast. Lat. stabilis. τὸ σταθερόν = la lenteur grave.

στάθμη. [236] 4. A carpenter’s line or rule. Lat. amussis. ἀπὸ στάθμης = velut ad amussim, ‘regulated by line and rule, by square and level.”

στενός. [142] 19, [146] 3. Narrow. Lat. angustus. In [146] 3 it is coupled with λεπτός.

στηριγμός. [202] 24. A sustaining (of the voice on certain syllables), a pause. Lat. mora. See under ἐγκάθισμα, p. [297] supra; and under ἀντιστηριγμός, p. [288] supra. So στηριχθῆναι [220] 18, ‘to be firmly planted,’ ‘to be sustained.’

στιβαρός. [216] 16. Hardy, robust. Lat. robustus. The word occurs also in de Thucyd. c. 24. Cp. the French nerveux. Hesych. στιβαρόν· εὔρωστον, βαρύ, εὔτονον, στεῤῥόν, ἰσχυρόν. As is pointed out by Larue van Hook (Metaphorical Terminology of Greek Rhetoric p. 20), both Latin and English abound in similar terms of style drawn from good physical condition: nervi, vires, vigor, lacerti, ossa, robur: full-blooded, hearty, lively, lusty, muscular, nervous, robust, sinewy, supple, strenuous, vigorous, etc.

στίχος. [86] 2, 12, [88] 7, etc. A line of poetry. Lat. versus. In de Thucyd. c. 19 the word is used with reference to prose: ὅτι πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα πράγματα παραλιπών, τὸ προοίμιον τῆς ἱστορίας μέχρι πεντακοσίων ἐκμηκύνει στίχων.

στοιχεῖον. [70] 11, 20, [108] 10, [110] 9, [138] 1, etc. Element. Lat. elementum. So στοιχειώδης [138] 14. With the use of στοιχεῖον in c. 14 cp. Aristot. Poet. c. 20, where the word is defined as φωνὴ ἀδιαίρετος, οὐ πᾶσα δέ, ἀλλ’ ἐξ ἧς πέφυκε συνετὴ γίγνεσθαι φωνή. In [108] 10 the meaning practically is ‘principle,’ ‘rule.’

στρέφειν. [264] 3, [270] 11. To turn, to twist. Lat. torquere. In [270] 11 the meaning may be conveyed by ‘to change the words about,’ ‘to permute or vary the order of the words,’ ‘to give a new turn to the sentence.’

στρογγύλος. [112] 11. Compact, rounded, terse. Lat. rotundus. Fr. arrondi. See the examples quoted in D.H. p. 205, and add de Lys. c. 9 στρογγύλη καὶ πυκνή, de Isaeo c. 3 στρογγύλη τε καὶ δικανικὴ οὐχ ἧττόν ἐστιν ἡ Ἰσαίου λέξις τῆς Λυσίου. So στρογγυλίζειν [142] 15. Latin equivalents, or parallels, may be found in Horace’s ore rotundo (Ars P. 323), Cicero’s contortus (Orat. 20. 66), Quintilian’s corrotundare (xi. 3. 102). “στρογγύλος is used of the new stylistic artifices of the sophistical rhetoric by Aristophanes Acharn. 686 (στρογγύλοις τοῖς ῥήμασι), and by Plato Phaedr. 234 E. In later usage it is constantly used of periodic composition” (G. L. Hendrickson in American Journal of Philology xxv. 138).

στροφή. [194] 6, 9, 10, 16, 19, [254] 13, [272] 5, [278] 8. Strophe, stanza. Lat. stropha.

στρυφνός. [228] 7. Harsh, astringent. Lat. acerbus. See D.H. p. 205 (s.v. στριφνός: in C.V. [228] 7 F has στριφνόν), with the reference to Jebb’s equivalent ‘biting flavour’ (Att. Orr. i. 35).

στύφειν. [154] 13. To draw up the mouth. Lat. astringere. Used of sounds that make the hearer pull a wry face and screw up his lips. Cp. de Demosth. c. 38 ἀνακοπὰς καὶ ἀντιστηριγμοὺς λαμβάνειν καὶ τραχύτητας ἐν ταῖς συμπλοκαῖς τῶν ὀνομάτων ἐπιστυφούσας τὴν ἀκοὴν ἡσυχῇ βούλεται.

συγγραφεύς. [74] 8, [76] 3, [154] 17, [206] 25, [214] 15, [228] 11, [236] 18, [248] 14. Prose-writer, historian. Lat. scriptor (prosaicus); (scriptor) historicus. ἱστοριογράφος (de Thucyd. c. 2) is a less ambiguous expression than συγγραφεύς (c. 5 ibid.) or than λογογράφος (c. 20 ibid.).—In [68] 9 συγγράφειν = to compose (a treatise).

συγκοπή. [156] 19, [230] 7. Stoppage. Lat. impeditio. So συγκόπτειν (‘impede the voice,’ ‘check the utterance’) [162] 4. [This meaning seems to bring the three passages fairly into line: otherwise συγκοπαὶ τῶν ἤχων, in [230] 7, might well mean ‘durae sonorum collisiones et concursiones.’]

συγκροτεῖν. [206] 16. To weld together. Lat. compingere, coagmentare.

σύγκρουσις. [230] 27. Collision, concurrence, consonance. Lat. concursus. Fr. rencontre. So συγκρούειν [202] 18, [224] 10. Cp. Demetr. p. 302. The reference is to a succession of two vowels which do not form a diphthong, either in the same word (e.g. λᾶαν) or with hiatus between two words (e.g. ἄλγε’ ἔχοντα: or καὶ ἐλπίσας, τε ἔσεσθαι, καὶ ἀξιολογώτατον). Cp. de Demosth. c. 43. Cicero’s opinion of the ‘concourse of vowels’ (quoted by Quintil. ix. 4. 37) is given in Orat. 23. 77 “verba etiam verbis quasi coagmentare neglegat; habet enim ille tamquam hiatus et concursus vocalium molle quiddam et quod indicet non ingratam neglegentiam de re hominis magis quam de verbis laborantis.” On the other hand, Pope (Essay on Criticism) states and exemplifies the weak side of hiatus by means of the line, ‘Tho’ oft the ear the open vowels tire’; and Cicero himself (Orat. 44. 150) writes, “quod quidem Latina lingua sic observat, nemo ut tam rusticus sit qui vocales nolit coniungere.” In English, the question of hiatus raises sundry points of an interesting kind. Should we, for example, say ‘an historian’ and ‘an historical book,’ on the ground that the initial aspirate is evanescent when the accent falls on the second syllable; and similarly ‘an united family’ but ‘a union of hearts’?

συγκρύπτειν. [130] 26. To hide, to disguise. Lat. occulere.

συγξεῖν. [210] 22, [228] 4, [232] 12, [234] 19. To polish. Lat. expolire. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 πολλὴν σφόδρα ποιουμένη φροντίδα τοῦ συνεξέσθαι καὶ συνηλεῖφθαι καὶ προπετεῖς ἁπάντων αὐτῶν εἶναι τὰς ἁρμονίας.

συγχρώζεσθαι. [244] 17. To be closely joined. Lat. cohaerere, mutuo se contingere.

συζυγία. [84] 11, [104] 17, [106] 19, etc. Coupling, grouping, combination. Lat. coniunctio. Fr. liaison. So de Demosth. c. 40 (the passage quoted s.v. συμβολή, infra).

συλλαβή. [150] 16. Syllable. Lat. syllaba. Words like this serve to remind us how much of our modern rhetorical and grammatical terminology is taken direct from the Greek.

συλλεαίνειν. [230] 20. To rub smooth, to polish. Lat. levigare, polire. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ περιόδῳ τραχύνεται μὲν ἡ σύνθεσις ἐν τῷ “μεγάλη γὰρ ῥοπή” διὰ τὸ μὴ συναλείφεσθαι τὰ δύο ρ ρ, καὶ ἐν τῷ “ἀνθρώπων πράγματα” διὰ τὸ μὴ συλλεαίνεσθαι ‹τὸ ν› τῷ ἑξῆς.

συμβεβηκότα, τά. [98] 8, 9, [140] 14, [264] 6, [268] 19. The accidental, non-essential, qualities of a thing. Lat. accidentia. In [268] 19 the reference is to the changes which words undergo in the way of contraction, expansion, acute or grave accentuation, etc.

συμβολή. [210] 20, [232] 13. Clashing. Lat. concursus. In [232] 13 the reference is to les chocs des voyelles. Cp. de Demosth. c. 40 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φεύγει μὲν ἁπάσῃ σπουδῇ τὰς τῶν φωνηέντων συμβολὰς ὡς τὴν λειότητα καὶ τὴν εὐέπειαν διασπώσας, φεύγει δέ, ὅση δύναμις αὐτῇ, τῶν ἡμιφώνων τε καὶ ἀφώνων γραμμάτων τὰς συζυγίας, ὅσαι τραχύνουσι τοὺς ἤχους καὶ ταράττειν δύνανται τὰς ἀκοάς.

σύμβολον. [84] 4. Token, label. Lat. signum.

συμμετρία. [130] 7, 12, [246] 2, 4, [270] 10. Due proportion. Lat. iusta mensura. In [270] 10 συμμετρία would seem to mean the arrangement of the periods within the lines or verses (μέτρα: the variant ἐμμετρία is to be noticed); and with it should be compared συμμέτρως in [270] 13, though there Upton suggests ἀσυμμέτρως and Schaefer συμμέτροις. συμμέτρως occurs also in [232] 9; and συμμετρεῖν in [212] 18, [276] 26. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 ὥστε συμμετρηθῆναι πρὸς ἀνδρὸς πνεῦμα.

συμπληροῦν. [180] 11, [182] 16. To complete, to constitute. Lat. absolvere.

συμπλοκή. [160] 9, [198] 6, [240] 16. Intertwining, blending. Lat. implicatio. So συμπλέκειν [154] 17, [258] 4. For the metaphor from weaving cp. ῥάπτειν and ὑφαίνειν: Pindar Nem. iv. 153 ῥήματα πλέκων: Swinburne Erechtheus 1487 “I have no will to weave too fine or far, | O queen, the weft of sweet with bitter speech.”

σύμπτωσις. [240] 12. Concurrence. Lat. concursus.

συμφορητός. [72] 22. Collected promiscuously, miscellaneous. Lat. collatus, collecticius.

συνάγειν. [144] 18, [212] 3. To contract. Lat. contrahere, coarctare.

συναλοιφή. [108] 18, [180] 17, [218] 7, [222] 24, [256] 22. Blending, fusion, amalgamation. Lat. coitus, vocalium elisio. Fr. synalèphe (contraction, ou jonction de plusieurs voyelles). So συναλείφειν [220] 1, [222] 26, [234] 8, [236] 6, [244] 17. Compare Demetr. p. 303, together with the passage there quoted from Quintil. ix. 4. 35-7 (including the words “coëuntes litterae, quae συναλοιφαί dicuntur”), and see (as to hiatus) Sandys’ Orator pp. 160 ff. and Laurand’s Études pp. 114-6. Cp. de Demosth. c. 43 καὶ κατ’ ἄλλους δύο τόπους ἢ τρεῖς τὰ ἡμίφωνα ‹καὶ ἄφωνα› παραπίπτοντα ἀλλήλοις τὰ φύσιν οὐκ ἔχοντα συναλείφεσθαι ἔν τε τῷ “τὸν Φίλιππον” καὶ ἐν τῷ “ταύτῃ φοβερὸν προσπολεμῆσαι” ταράττει τοὺς ἤχους μετρίως καὶ οὐκ ἐᾷ φαίνεσθαι μαλακούς· ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ περιόδῳ κτλ. (the remainder of the passage is given under συλλεαίνειν, p. [324] supra).

συναπαρτίζειν. [212] 11, [270] 13. To complete (the sense) simultaneously. Cp. Demetr. de Eloc. §§ 2, 10 (together with ἀπαρτίζειν in Glossary p. 267 ibid.), and also the note on pp. [270], 271 supra. Cp. de Demosth. c. 39 ἔτι τῆς ἁρμονίας ταύτης οἰκεῖόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ τὰς περιόδους αὐτουργούς τινας εἶναι καὶ ἀφελεῖς καὶ μήτε συναπαρτιζούσας ἑαυταῖς τὸν νοῦν μήτε συμμεμετρημένας τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ λέγοντος μηδέ γε παραπληρώμασι τῶν ὀνομάτων οὐκ ἀναγκαίοις ὡς πρὸς τὴν ὑποκειμένην διάνοιαν χρωμένας μηδ’ εἰς θεατρικούς τινας καὶ γλαφυροὺς καταληγούσας ῥυθμούς.

συνάπτειν. [202] 19, [240] 20, [262] 4. To link together. Lat. adiungere, connectere. Dionysius’ love of variety may be seen by comparing together [262] 4, [258] 4, [256] 20, 22, [258] 24.

συναρμόττειν. [118] 14, [134] 11, [234] 19. To adapt one thing to another. Lat. accommodare. Used with reference to adjusting, dovetailing, interlinking.

συνασκεῖν. [282] 1. To practise simultaneously. Lat. simul exercere.

σύνδεσμος. [70] 14, 17, [72] 1, [218] 7, [220] 5, [258] 27. Conjunction, connective, connecting word. Lat. copula, coniunctio. ‘Particle,’ or ‘connecting-particle,’ will sometimes be a suitable rendering, as the term includes particles like ἄρα ([258] 27) and μέν and δή (Demetr. de Eloc. §§ 55, 56, 196), and may even be applied to prepositions ([220] 5, 6). In a difficult passage of Aristot. Poetics (xx. 6), among the examples offered of σύνδεσμος are ἀμφί, περί, μέν, ἤτοι, as well as δέ. A good account of the word will be found in Cope’s Introduction to Aristotle’s Rhetoric pp. 371-4, 392-7. See further Quintil. i. 4. 18; Aristot. Rhet. iii. 6. 6.

συνεδρεύειν. [100] 10, [160] 19. To attend, to accompany. Lat. assidere, adiungi. Used, in [100] 10, of the accompanying relations (mode, place, time, etc.), which adverbs denote in reference to verbs.

συνεκτρέχειν. [274] 24. To run out together, to be of the same length. Lat. aequis passibus concurrere.

συνεκφέρειν. [240] 11. To pronounce concurrently. Lat. simul pronuntiare. Cp. συνεκφορά [230] 3.

συνεφθαρμένος. [126] 10, [144] 12, [234] 13. Imperceptibly blended, melting into each other. Lat. commistus. φθορά is the technical term for the mixing of colours in painting: e.g. Plut. Mor. 346 A καὶ γὰρ Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ ζωγράφος, ἀνθρώπων πρῶτος ἐξευρὼν φθορὰν καὶ ἀπόχρωσιν σκιᾶς, Ἀθηναῖος ἦν. Perhaps it is this sense of ‘fusion’ that led to φθορά being used, in Byzantine music, in some such sense as ‘modulation.’

συνεχής. [230] 17, 20, [244] 21, [246] 1. Continuous, unbroken. Lat. continuus. So συνεχῶς [132] 9, [230] 29, [280] 21. συνέχεια ([240] 5) = coherence, ‘continuus compositionis tenor.’

συνηχεῖν. [140] 21, [144] 20, [146] 11. To sound at the same time. Lat. consonare. In [140] 21 the translation of the manuscript reading συνεχούσης may be “while all these are pronounced, the windpipe constricts the breath,” A. J. Ellis op. cit. p. 41 (with the note, “probably this is what Dionysius considered the cause of voice”).

σύνθεσις. [68] 5, 7, 19, [70] 3, 9, [72] 8, [74] 15, [78] 9, [86] 2, 13, [90] 19, [134] 26 etc., [200] 10, 16, [202] 1, 7, [204] 9, [232] 25, [240] 23, [270] 9. Composition. Lat. compositio. ‘Composition’ (with the addition of ‘literary,’ to mark it off from other kinds of composition) seems the least inadequate English rendering of σύνθεσις, and comes nearest to the usual Latin title. To judge by the actual contents of the treatise (which go beyond Dionysius’ occasional and fragmentary definitions), the term ‘putting-together’ can be applied not only to ὀνόματα, but (on the one side) to γράμματα and συλλαβαί and (on the other) to κῶλα and περίοδοι, and to a poem of Sappho or the proem of Thucydides. Hence ‘arrangement (or order, ordonnance) of words’ proves, in practice, too narrow a title, though the euphonic and symphonic arrangement of words and the elements of words is the main theme, and though there is (as has been pointed out in the Introduction, p. [11] supra) some danger of ‘literary composition’ seeming to promise a treatment of the πραγματικὸς τόπος. One of the definitions of composition in the New English Dictionary will apply very fairly to the de Compositione Verborum: “the due arrangement of words into sentences, and of sentences into periods; the art of constructing sentences and of writing prose or verse,” while ἁρμονία (which is σύνθεσις in special reference to skilful and melodious combination) might well be defined in the words there quoted from the Arte of Rhetorique of T. Wilson (1553 A.D.): “composition ... is an apt joyning together of wordes in such order, that neither the eare shall espie any jerre, nor yet any man shalbe dulled with overlong drawing out of a sentence.” The form συνθήκη is found, in practically the same sense as σύνθεσις, in the Epitome c. 3; in Lucian de conscrib. hist. c. 46 καὶ μὴν καὶ συνθήκῃ τῶν ὀνομάτων εὐκράτῳ καὶ μέσῃ χρηστέον; and in Chrysostom de Sacerdotio iv. 6 (quoted under ἀπαγγελία p. [288] supra). As Latin equivalents (in addition to ‘de Compositione Verborum’), ‘de Collocatione Verborum’ or ‘de Constructione Verborum’ might be supported out of Cicero’s Orator and de Oratore; and something might be said, too, in favour of ‘de Structura Orationis’ or (more fully) ‘de compositione, seu orationis partium apta inter se collocatione.’—συνθετικός occurs in [104] 15, and σύνθετος in [144] 11, [176] 3, [184] 3.

σύνοψις. [208] 13. A general view. Lat. conspectus. εἰς σύνοψιν ἐλθεῖν δυνάμενος would, in Aristotle’s conciser phrase, be: εὐσύνοπτος.—The verb συνορᾶν occurs in [184] 22, συνιδεῖν [182] 3.

συντάττεσθαι. [80] 5, [94] 15, [96] 6, [98] 19, 20, [104] 5, [106] 13, [264] 21. To put together, to compose, to treat of. Lat. componere, tractare. So σύνταγμα [214] 9, and σύνταξις (‘arrangement,’ ‘co-ordination,’ ‘treatise’) [94] 3, [96] 2, 13, 16, etc.

συντιθέναι. [68] 3, [74] 12, [106] 11, etc. To arrange words or sounds, to compose. Lat. componere.

συνυφαίνειν. [134] 12, [166] 17, [184] 14, [234] 9, 20, [240] 7. To weave together. Lat. contexere. Lucian (de conscrib. hist. 48) uses the word: καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀθροίσῃ ἅπαντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα, πρῶτα μὲν ὑπόμνημά τι συνυφαινέτω αὐτῶν κτλ. [The passage is given in full under χρῶμα, p. [333] infra.]

συνῳδός. [220] 17, [224] 16, [232] 8. In harmony with, accordant. Lat. concors.

συριγμός. [146] 14, [148] 7, [160] 1. A hissing. Lat. sibilus. So σύριγμα [146] 3. In [160] 1 the reference is to the ‘whistling of ropes,’ the ‘shrieking of tackle’: cp. Virg. Aen. i. 87 “insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum.”

σύρρυσις. [162] 21. A flowing together, conflux. Lat. concursus. Two forms of the word are found: σύρρευσις and (as here) σύρρυσις.

συστέλλειν. [140] 19, [152] 25, [206] 1. To compress. Lat. contrahere, corripere. So συστολή [142] 18, [268] 20.

συστρέφειν. [204] 9. To abbreviate. Lat. contrahere. Cp. D.H. p. 206, and Demetr. p. 305 (s.v. συστροφή). The condensation indicated in [204] 9 consists in the fact that the rolling down of the stone is described in a single line, whereas the rolling up takes four lines.

σφραγίς. [268] 3. Seal, impression of a seal. Lat. signum.

σχέδιος. [186] 5. Sudden, off-hand, impromptu. Lat. extemporalis. Cp. αὐτοσχέδιος p. [291] supra.

σχῆμα. [88] 12, [90] 19, [130] 7, [132] 11, [148] 20 etc., [196] 25, 26, [198] 6, passim. Figure, attitude. Lat. figura. See D.H. p. 206, and Demetr. p. 305, for various quotations and references (to which may be added Causeret La Langue de la rhétorique et de la critique littéraire dans Ciceron pp. 176 ff.). Sometimes ‘construction’ will be a good rendering (e.g. de Isocr. c. 3), or ‘form’ (de Thucyd. c. 37): cp. Cic. Brut. 17. 69 (‘sententiarum orationisque formae’). ‘Turns of expression’ (tours de phrase) will also serve occasionally.

σχηματίζειν. [104] 18, [106] 15, [108] 1, [110] 14, [112] 18, 19, etc. To use a figure, to shape, to construct. Lat. figurare. Cp. D.H. p. 206, Demetr. p. 305.

σχηματισμός. [112] 14, 20, [146] 7, [212] 21, etc. Configuration, construction; the employment of figures or turns of phrase. Lat. conformatio, figuratio.

σχολικός. [214] 9. After the manner of lectures, tedious. Lat. longus. Dionysius has in mind treatises which are ‘academic’ rather than practical. Cp. Long. de Sublim. iii. 5 πολλὰ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐκ μέθης τινὲς εἰς τὰ μηκέτι τοῦ πράγματος, ἴδια ἑαυτῶν καὶ σχολικὰ παραφέρονται πάθη.

σῶμα. [134] 25. Person. Lat. persona. Same sense as πρόσωπον: compare, in Ep. ii. ad Amm. c. 14, πρόσωπα δὲ παρ’ αὐτῷ τὰ πράγματα γίνεται with πράγματα δὲ ἀντὶ σωμάτων τὰ τοιαῦτα ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ γίνεται.

Σωτάδειος. [88] 1. Sotadean. Lat. Sotadeus. So called from Sotades, a native of Maroneia or of Crete, who lived under the early Ptolemies. The structure of the Sotadean verse is analyzed in P. Masqueray’s Abriss der griechischen Metrik pp. 141-4. For some further references see Demetr. p. 244.

ταμιεύειν. [246] 4. To regulate, to manage. Lat. temperare, dispensare.

τάξις. [72] 12, 18, [198] 6, etc. Order. Lat. dispositio. Not identical in sense with σύνθεσις, which (in [72] 18) forms part of one and the same sentence as τάξις. τάξις often (e.g. Aristot. Rhet. iii. 12. 6) refers to the marshalling of the subject matter of a speech.—The verb τάττειν occurs (with various senses) in [126] 7, [196] 6, [254] 10, etc.

ταπεινός. [74] 12, [78] 10, [80] 13, [92] 17, [134] 23, [166] 3, [176] 11, [186] 19. Low, mean, vulgar. Lat. humilis, abiectus. So ταπεινότης [192] 9.

τάσις. [126] 7, 9, [128] 5, 11, [196] 16. Tension, pitch, accent. Lat. intentio (vocis), accentus. Cp. προσῳδία p. [320] supra, and τόνος p. [329] infra. Definition in [196] 16: τάσεις φωνῆς αἱ καλούμεναι προσῳδίαι. Quintil. i. 5. 22 “adhuc difficilior observatio est per tenores, (quos quidem ab antiquis dictos tonores comperi, videlicet declinato a Graecis verbo, qui τόνους dicunt) vel accentus, quas Graeci προσῳδίας vocant,” etc.

ταυτολογία. [240] 26. Verbal reiteration, tautology. Lat. eiusdem verbi iteratio. This is, apparently, the earliest recorded use of the word, though Polybius employs the verb ταυτολογεῖν. Quintil. viii. 3. 50 “sicut ταυτολογία, id est eiusdem verbi aut sermonis iteratio. haec enim quamquam non magnopere a summis auctoribus vitata, interim vitium videri potest, in quod saepe incidit etiam Cicero, securus tam parvae observationis: sicut hoc loco, Non solum igitur illud iudicium iudicii simile, iudices, non fuit.” The English word tautology must have been unfamiliar when Philemon Holland translated the Morals of Plutarch, since it is one of the terms included in the “explanation of certain obscure words” appended to Holland’s volume.

ταυτότης. [134] 18, [192] 20. Sameness, monotony. Lat. rerum earundem iteratio. Contrasted with μεταβολή: as in [134] 18 διαναπαύειν δὲ τὴν ταυτότητά φημι δεῖν μεταβολὰς εὐκαίρους εἰσφέροντα.—Aristotle uses the word several times, in the sense of ‘identity.’

τέλειος. [84] 21, [116] 24, [144] 17, [150] 13, etc. Complete, perfect. Lat. absolutus, perfectus. See, further, note on [204] 24.—So τελειοῦν [178] 13.—In [120] 4, [268] 5, τέλος = ‘end,’ ‘object.’

τελεταί. [252] 15. Rites, mysteries. Lat. sacra arcana, ritus et caerimoniae. αἱ τελεταὶ τοῦ λόγου = sacra eloquentiae.

τετράμετρος. [86] 3, 14, [256] 8, 13. Consisting of four metres or measures. Lat. tetrametrus (sc. versus: στίχος).

τετριμμένος. [252] 29. Homely, ordinary. Lat. tritus. Fr. ordinaire. The word sometimes inclines to the sense ‘vulgar,’ ‘hackneyed,’ ‘banal,’ ‘rebattu’: cp. τέτριπται [134] 22.

τέχνη. [68] 9, [94] 10, 14, [96] 2, [104] 10, [132] 22, etc. Art, handbook. Lat. ars. αἱ τέχναι in Dionysius (cp. αἱ τέχναι τῶν λόγων, Aristot. Rhet. i. 1. 3) refers specially to rhetorical handbooks: e.g. [270] 4, [282] 3. αἱ ῥητορικαὶ τέχναι is often used to designate the Rhetoric of Aristotle: e.g. [254] 25, and Ep. i. ad Amm. cc. 1, 2, etc.—In [124] 3 τεχνίτης = ‘craftsman,’ ‘professional.’

τὴν ἄλλως. [176] 6. To no purpose. Lat. temere. Coupled here with a negative: cp. Suidas, τηνάλλως. μάτην. καὶ οὐ τηνάλλως μετὰ τῆς ἀποφάσεως λέγεται.

τομή. [72] 2. Division. Lat. partitio. Fr. partie, subdivision.

τόνος. [126] 5, 15, 19, [142] 8. Tone, tension, pitch, accent. Lat. tonus, intentio (vocis), accentus. If τόνον be read in [136] 16 and τόνος in [236] 8, the meaning will be energy: cp. D.H. p. 207. See also under τάσις p. [328] supra, and under περισπασμός p. [316] supra (for a passage of Aristot Rhet. iii. 1. 4).

τόπος. [66] 6, [96] 9, [144] 18, [164] 17, [248] 8. Place, heading, department. Lat. locus. The πραγματικὸς τόπος ([66] 6) is the locus rerum, as opposed to the λεκτικὸς τόπος ([96] 9). In this connexion not only τόπος, but τρόπος, τύπος, χαρακτήρ and μέρος are sometimes used by Dionysius.

τορευτός. [264] 18. Worked in relief, chased. Lat. caelatus. So τορευτής = caelator, [266] 8.

τραγῳδοποιός. [236] 17, [248] 14. Tragic poet, tragedian. Lat. tragicus poëta. [For the Greek expressions used to denote tragic and comic poets see H. Richards in the Classical Review xiv. 211.]

τρανός. [230] 14. Clear, distinct. Lat. perspicuus. In earlier Greek the form τρανής is used: cp. Soph. Ajax 23 ἴσμεν γὰρ οὐδὲν τρανές, ἀλλ’ ἀλώμεθα.

τραχύτης. [230] 5, [232] 8. Roughness. Lat. asperitas. Fr. âpreté, dureté. So τραχύς [130] 26, [154] 12, [228] 7, [234] 15, etc.; and τραχύνειν [130] 19, [146] 9, [202] 26, [206] 4, [216] 17, [218] 18, [240] 17. By ‘rough’ letters, in [202] 26, Dionysius may probably mean the following letters found in the four lines quoted in [202] 3-6: Σ, σ, φ (?), σ, γ, χ, στ, ζ, σ, σκ, πτ, σχ, σκ, φ (?); and among these, σκ, σχ and πτ may be regarded as ‘juxtapositions of rough letters.’

τρίκωλον. [116] 11. A sentence consisting of three members or clauses. Lat. oratio trimembris. τὸ τρίκωλον is here a noun: on the same principle as, for example, ἡ τρίοδος (= trivium).

τρίμετρος. [258] 19, 25. Consisting of three metres or measures. Lat. trimetrus (sc. versus: στίχος).

τρισύλλαβος. [170] 15, [174] 8. Consisting of three syllables. Lat. trisyllabus.

τρόπος. [196] 1. Mode (in music). Lat. modus. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music p. 2. In [132] 12 the word means trope (metaphor particularly: cp. Quintil. viii. 6. 4): so τροπικός (figurative; Fr. figuré) [78] 16, [252] 24, [272] 10.

τροχαῖος. [170] 8, [184] 11. Trochee. The metrical foot – ᴗ.

τρυφερός. [236] 9. Delicate, dainty. Lat. delicatus, nitidus.

τύπος. [70] 7, [268] 2, 17, 24. Outline, form. Lat. forma, figura.

ὕλη. [266] 9. Material. Lat. materia. Fr. matière.

ὑπαγωγικός. [90] 5. Drawn slowly out, prolonged. Lat. dilatatus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 4 διώκει δ’ ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου τὴν περίοδον οὐδὲ ταύτην στρογγύλην καὶ πυκνὴν ἀλλ’ ὑπαγωγικήν τινα καὶ πλατεῖαν καὶ πολλοὺς ἀγκῶνας, ὥσπερ οἱ μὴ κατ’ εὐθείας ῥέοντες ποταμοὶ ποιοῦσιν, ἐγκολπιζομένην. It is possible, however, that in the de Comp. Verb. the word has an active meaning similar to that of ἐπαγωγικός, in which case the rendering will be ‘the effect of the passage will no longer be that of a narrative which gently carries the reader on.’

ὑπαλλαγή. [78] 16. Hypallage. Lat. hypallage. Quintil. ix. 6. 23 “nec procul ab hoc genere discedit μετωνυμία, quae est nominis pro nomine positio. cuius vis est, pro eo, quod dicitur, causam, propter quam dicitur, ponere; sed, ut ait Cicero, ὑπαλλαγήν rhetores dicunt. haec inventas ab inventore et subiectas res ab obtinentibus significat: ut Cererem corruptam undis, et receptus Terra Neptunus classes Aquilonibus arcet.” Cp. Cic. Orat. 27. 93 “hanc ὑπαλλαγήν rhetores, quia quasi summutantur verba pro verbis, μετωνυμίαν grammatici vocant, quod nomina transferuntur.”

ὑπάτη. [210] 7. Top note. Lat. chorda suprema. See L. & S. s.v.

ὑπεραίρειν. [224] 11. To exceed. Lat. transgredi.

ὑπερβολή. [156] 11. Excess, violence. Lat. impetus, ardor. [Not here used in the technical sense of superlatio, traiectio.]

ὑπέρμετρος. [214] 8. Exceeding due measure, excessively long. Lat. excedens mensuram. [Not here used in the technical sense of passing beyond the bounds of metre: Demetr. de Eloc. § 118 ποίημα γὰρ ἄκαιρον ψυχρόν, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ ὑπέρμετρον, ‘a bit of verse out of place is just as inartistic as the disregard of metrical rules in poetry.’]

ὑπεροπτικός. [232] 20. Disdainful. Lat. ad contemnendum pronus.

ὑπερτείνειν. [132] 14. To exceed. Lat. transcendere.

ὑπηχεῖν. [150] 7. To sound in answer to, to re-echo. Lat. resonare.

ὑποβάκχειος. [174] 23, [178] 11, 13. Hypobacchius. The metrical foot ᴗ – –. The Epitome (c. 17) gives παλιμβάκχειος in the same sense as ὑποβάκχειος.

ὑπογράφειν. [122] 7. To sketch. Lat. adumbrare. Fr. esquisser.

ὑπόδειγμα. [174] 12. Pattern, specimen. Lat. documentum, exemplum.

ὑπόθεσις. [104] 6. Subject, theme. Lat. argumentum operis. So τὰ ὑποκείμενα (the subject matter) [74] 9, [106] 17, [130] 13, [134] 21, [158] 2.

ὑπόμνησις. [80] 1. Reminder. Lat. admonitio. ὑπομνήσεως ἕνεκα = memoriae causa.

ὑποτακτικός. [220] 19. Subordinate. Lat. subditus. Dionysius seems to mean that π is not apt to be amalgamated with, or absorbed in, a preceding ν. [The second vowel in a diphthong could be described as ὑποτακτικὸν φωνῆεν.] The verb ὑποτάττειν occurs in [100] 23 and [126] 21.

ὑποτίθεσθαι. [194] 8. To take as a subject. Lat. argumentum sibi sumere. This (rather than ‘to postulate’) seems to be the meaning.

ὑποτραχύνειν. [222] 7. To grate slightly on the ear. Lat. leni horrore aures afficere.

ὕπτιος. [108] 3. Passive. Lat. supinus.

ὕφος. [234] 12. Woven stuff, a web. Lat. tela. The word is used metaphorically in Long. de Subl. i. 4 τοῦ ὅλου τῶν λόγων ὕφους.

ὑψηλός. [92] 18, [172] 2, [180] 2, [182] 7. Lofty, elevated. Lat. sublimis.

φαντασία. [230] 29. Representation, image. Lat. imago.

φάρμακον. [208] 17. Colour (for painting). Lat. pigmentum. For φάρμακα (= βάμματα, χρώματα) cp. Horace’s “lana Tarentino violas imitata veneno” (Ep. ii. 1. 207).

φάρυγξ. [150] 7. Throat. Lat. guttur. Here used in the masculine gender, according to the best-supported reading. Galen (on Hippocr. Progn. p. 45), ὅτι φάρυγγα τὴν προκειμένην χώραν στομάχου τε καὶ λάρυγγος ὀνομάζει δῆλόν ἐστι.

φθαρτός. [266] 9. Perishable. Lat. mortalis, periturus.

φθόγγος. [128] 4, [130] 12, [268] 10. Sound, note. Lat. sonus.

φιλόκαλος. [66] 16. Loving beauty, artistic. Lat. pulchritudinis studiosus.

φιλόλογος. [264] 24. Loving literature, literary; a scholar. Lat. litterarum studiosus; litteratus, philologus.

φιλοπονία. [264] 25. Loving care; industry. Lat. diligentia: which (etymologically) contains the same suggestion of ‘work done con amore.’

φιλόσοφος. [74] 8, [132] 22, [164] 22, [248] 15. Philosopher. Lat. philosophus. The comprehensive sense in which philosophy is understood may be illustrated from φιλοσοφία ([140] 12) and φιλοσοφεῖν ([70] 12). Cp. in modern times such academic vestiges of ancient usage as ‘Natural Philosophy’ or ‘Ph. D.’ In Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (ii. 4) rhetoric is taught by the Maître de Philosophie; and Dionysius is fond of contrasting the philosophical, or scientific, rhetoric (ἡ φιλόσοφος ῥητορική) of the best Attic times with the later and purely empirical Asiatic rhetoric, to which he applies the epithet ἀμαθής. See further in D.H. p. 208.

φιλοτεχνεῖν. [154] 20, [200] 18. To practise an art lovingly, to be devoted to it. Lat. artem amare, in artem incumbere. So φιλοτέχνως [176] 18. φιλοτεχνεῖν, φιλότεχνος and φιλοτεχνία are all used by Plato in reference to art pursued con amore; and Cicero (ad Att. xiii. 40. 1) uses φιλοτέχνημα of an elaborate work of art—a chef-d’œuvre: “Ubi igitur φιλοτέχνημα illud tuum quod vidi in Parthenone, Ahalam et Brutum?”

φιλοχωρεῖν. [110] 5. To cling to a place, to haunt it. Lat. libenter in loco commorari. φιλοχωρεῖν is used repeatedly by Dionysius in the Antiqq. Rom. (e.g. i. 13 Ἀρκαδικὸν γὰρ τὸ φιλοχωρεῖν ὄρεσιν and v. 63 παρεκελεύοντο ἀλλήλοις μὴ φιλοχωρεῖν ἐν πόλει μηδενὸς αὐτοῖς ἀγαθοῦ μεταδιδούσῃ) and φιλοχωρία in i. 27 (ὑπὸ τῆς φιλοχωρίας κρατουμένους). Plutarch uses the word in reference to his birthplace Chaeroneia, telling us that he ‘clung fondly to the spot,’ lest by leaving it he should make a small place, but one which had witnessed thrilling scenes, ‘smaller yet’ (ἡμεῖς δὲ μικρὰν οἰκοῦντες πόλιν, καὶ ἵνα μὴ μικροτέρα γένηται φιλοχωροῦντες, Plut. Demosth. c. 2). The form χωροφιλεῖν seems to occur twice only in good Greek authors: (1) Antiphon de Caede Herodis § 78 εἰ δ’ ἐν Αἴνῳ χωροφιλεῖ [probably it is to this passage that Dionysius here refers]; (2) Ep. Thaletis ap. Diog. L. i. 44 σὺ μέντοι χωροφιλέων ὀλίγα φοιτέεις ἐς Ἰωνίην.

φλυαρία. [264] 7, [268] 15. Nonsense, foolery. Lat. nugae, ineptiae. So φλυάρημα (futility) [192] 9. Notwithstanding the remarks in Stephanus, it would seem more natural to take φλύαρος as an adjective (than as a noun) in [272] 20, 22, and this for two reasons: (1) the form φλυαρία has been used shortly before; (2) the adjectival use is sufficiently established by Hesychius’ note (φαῦλος, εὐήθης) and by that of Thom. M. p. 376 Ritschl (πολύλογος), while ἡ φλύαρος φιλοσοφία occurs in the Septuagint (Maccab. iv. 5, 10) and καὶ ὅλως ἀποδείκνυσι τὸν Πυθαγόρου λόγον φλύαρον in Plut. Mor. 169 E.

φορά. [144] 22, [204] 17, [244] 20. Current, rush. Lat. cursus, impetus.

φορτικός. [252] 14. Coarse, rude. Lat. insolens, importunus, insulsus.

φράσις. [84] 2, [166] 3, [182] 8, [206] 1, 15, [208] 7, [250] 14. Style, expression. Lat. elocutio. Cp. Quintil. viii. 1. 1 “igitur, quam Graeci φράσιν vocant, Latine dicimus elocutionem. ea spectatur verbis aut singulis aut coniunctis.”

φριμαγμός. [158] 14. Snorting. Lat. fremitus. It is hardly likely that the word here means no more than βληχή, bleating.

Φρύγιος. [196] 1. Phrygian. Lat. Phrygius. Cp. Monro’s Modes of Ancient Greek Music, passim.

φυλακή. [198] 6. Preservation. Lat. conservatio.—In the de Imitat. B. vi. 3 the reading φυλακή (if correct) will correspond to the middle φυλάττεσθαι (not to φυλάττειν).

φυσικός. [96] 23, [214] 3, [224] 5, [240] 8, etc. Natural. Lat. naturalis. So φυσικῶς [200] 12. ὁ φυσικός, in [214] 3, = ‘the natural philosopher,’ ‘the physicist’ (of Empedocles). In [134] 2 οὐδ’ ἔχει φύσιν τὸ πρᾶγμα ... πεσεῖν the meaning is ‘nor is the subject of such a nature that it can fall.’

φωνή. [130] 4, 21, [136] 22, [138] 7, etc. Voice, sound. Lat. vox, sonus, sonus vocalis. Cp. φωνεῖν (‘to pronounce,’ etc.) [140] 1, 20, [144] 18, [148] 14.

φωνήεις. [138] 8, 9, 15, [140] 2, [144] 7, [150] 17, [152] 4, [220] 11. Voiced. Lat. vocalis. φωνήεντα γράμματα = litterae vocales = vowels. For the term ‘voiced’ see s.v. ἄφωνος p. [292] supra. Cp. Dionys. Thrax Ars Gramm. p. 9 (ed. Uhlig) φωνήεντα δὲ λέγεται, ὅτι φωνὴν ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἀποτελεῖ.

φωτεινός. [234] 13. Full of light. Lat. lucidus, luminosus.

χαρακτήρ. [68] 21, [80] 17, [90] 10, etc. Characteristic stamp, type. Lat. forma, nota. So the adjective χαρακτηρικός in [232] 21 (cp. de Demosth. c. 39 init.). See further in D.H. p. 208, Demetr. p. 308.—In [230] 9 the verb χαράττειν = ‘to irritate.’

χάρις. [112] 5, [120] 20, [124] 12, etc. Charm, grace. Lat. venustas, lepor. Fr. grâce. Cp. Demetr. p. 308. So χαρίεις (‘refined,’ ‘elegant,’ ‘accomplished,’ ‘consummate’) [106] 16, [116] 1, [154] 16; χαριέντως [110] 22.

χλευασμός. [192] 7. Scoffing, satire. Lat. derisio, illusio. χλευάζειν [270] 3.

χορδή. [122] 23. String, note. Lat. chorda.

χορεῖος. [170] 17, [184] 11. Choree. Lat. choreus. The metrical foot ᴗ ᴗ ᴗ. In [170] 18 the reading τρίβραχυς πούς (τροχαῖος πούς F) seems to be a gloss. The term χορεῖος is applied to the trochee more commonly than to the tribrach. The Epitome (c. 17) gives χορεῖος (without addition).

χρεία. [104] 21, [198] 2. Use, practical work. Lat. usus. Cp. de Demosth. c. 45, de Thucyd. c. 55. There may also be some notion of practical need, stress: cp. ἐν χρείᾳ δορός (Soph. Aj. 963) and ὑπὸ τῆς χρείας αὐτῆς (schol. on Hom. Odyss. viii. 163).

χρεμετισμός. [158] 14. Neighing, whinnying. Lat. hinnitus.

χρῆμα. [158] 2. Object. Lat. res ipsa. Cp. note on p. [158] supra.

χρόνοι. [130] 1, [164] 5, [204] 22 (lit. ‘does not divide the times’), [210] 19, [216] 18, [234] 4, [244] 19, [264] 4. Times, time-intervals, time-spaces, rests, pauses. Lat. tempora, morae. So in [128] 15 χρόνους = ‘the length of syllables,’ and in [130] 7 ἐν τοῖς χρόνοις τῶν μορίων = ‘in the duration of words,’ ‘in quantity.’ χρόνων = ‘tenses,’ [108] 5; χρόνιος = diuturnus, [202] 23; χρονίζειν = immorari, [164] 12.

χρῶμα. [88] 12, [198] 14. Colour. Lat. color. In [198] 14 χρώμασιν should be retained (in place of Usener’s χρήμασιν) in the sense of ‘ornaments’; the ornaments in question being μέλος εὐγενές, ῥυθμὸς ἀξιωματικός, μεταβολὴ μεγαλοπρεπής ([136] 11, where compare τὸ πᾶσι τούτοις παρακολουθοῦν πρέπον with τοῖς ἄλλοις χρώμασιν ἅπασι παρεῖναι δεῖ τὸ πρέπον in [198] 14). Compare too de Demosth. c. 22 κοσμοῦντος ἅπαντα καὶ χρωματίζοντος τῇ πρεπούσῃ ὑποκρίσει ἧς δεινότατος ἀσκητὴς ἐγένετο, and the use of χρῶμα (or χρώματα) in de Isaeo c. 4 and de Thucyd. c. 42. Photius (Bibl. Cod. 214) has ἔστι δὲ ἡ φράσις τῷ ἀνδρὶ σαφὴς μὲν καὶ καθαρὰ καὶ σπουδῇ φιλοσόφῳ πρέπουσα, οὐ μήν γε τοῖς κεκαλλωπισμένοις καὶ περιττοῖς ἐξωραϊζομένη χρώμασι καὶ ποικίλμασι τῆς ῥητορείας. Similarly color in Quintil. x. 1. 116, and Cic. de Orat. iii. 25. 100. The stage at which the χρῶμα would best be introduced in a historical work is suggested in a passage of Lucian (de conscrib. hist. 48): καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀθροίσῃ ἅπαντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα, πρῶτα μὲν ὑπόμνημά τι συνυφαινέτω αὐτῶν καὶ σῶμα ποιείτω ἀκαλλὲς ἔτι καὶ ἀδιάρθρωτον· εἶτα ἐπιθεὶς τὴν τάξιν ἐπαγέτω τὸ κάλλος καὶ χρωννύτω (i.e. ‘tinge’) τῇ λέξει καὶ σχηματιζέτω καὶ ῥυθμιζέτω. But might it not be more truly said that a great historian like Gibbon has his χρῶμα from the beginning, —from the moment when he stands in the Forum and conceives his vast theme? It is in fact one aspect of his inspiration.

χρωματικός. [194] 7, [196] 3. Chromatic. Lat. chromaticus. For the chromatic scale see note on [194] 7.

χώρα. [144] 13. Room, space. Lat. locus, spatium. χωρίον in [126] 6 = ‘distance,’ ‘interval.’

ψιλός. [130] 5, [148] 7, 12 (bis), 18, 19, [150] 3, 9, [154] 2, [250] 12, [254] 1. Bare, smooth, unaspirated. Lat. lenis. So ψιλότης [148] 21. See s.v. δασύς p. [294] supra, with the reference there given to A. J. Ellis’ pamphlet. In [148] 7 Ellis takes ‘smooth’ to mean ‘unaccompanied by voice, but in this case possibly not mute.’ In [130] 5 the ‘ordinary’ voice, the voice ‘pure and simple’ (or ‘without addition’), is meant: cp. [154] 2, [250] 12, [254] 1. So ἐν τοῖς ψιλοῖς λόγοις Aristot. Rhet. iii. 2. 3, and “nuda oratio” Cic. Orat. 55. 183.

ψοφοειδής. [162] 15. Sounding. Lat. sonans. If the term is technical, it may perhaps be translated by fricative; it can hardly be so wide as consonantal.

ψόφος. [138] 7, 8, 9, 12, [146] 4, [222] 2. A sound, a noise. Lat. sonus, strepitus. The consonants (litterae consonantes) are called ψόφοι, as contrasted with the φωνήεντα γράμματα.

ψῦγμα. [202] 26. Inhalation. Lat. respiratio. Used particularly of the ‘catch of the breath’ (interspiratio) between one word and another. [ψῦγμα must, of course, be distinguished from ψῆγμα: cp. Long. p. 174.]

ᾠδή. [124] 16, 22, [148] 1, [224] 21, [278] 8. Song, lay, ode. Lat. cantus, carmen. So ᾠδικός = vocal (of the voice accompanied by music), [126] 16, [130] 5.

ὤρα. [78] 12. Care, heed. Lat. cura. Cp. Hesychius: ὥρα ... ψιλῶς δὲ φροντίς, ἐπιμέλεια· ὅθεν ὀλίγωρον (i.e. ‘a poco curante,’ ‘a Hippocleides’) λέγομεν τὸν ὀλίγην ἔχοντα φροντίδα. In [78] 12 M has γρ φροντίδα in the margin.

ὥρα. [120] 20, [124] 12, [162] 1. Freshness, bloom, beauty. Lat. venustas, flos. Fr. fraîcheur. Cp. Ep. ad Cn. Pomp. c. 2 (quoted from de Demosth. c. 5: in reference to Plato’s style ὅ τε πίνος ὁ τῆς ἀρχαιότητος ἠρέμα αὐτῇ καὶ λεληθότως ἐπιτρέχει ἱλαρόν τέ τι καὶ τεθηλὸς καὶ μεστὸν ὥρας ἄνθος ἀναδίδωσι, καὶ ὥσπερ ἀπὸ τῶν εὐωδεστάτων λειμώνων αὔρα τις ἡδεῖα ἐξ αὐτῆς φέρεται).—In [68] 14 and [76] 6 ὥρα = ‘time,’ ‘season.’

ὡραϊσμός. [66] 18. Adornment, elegance. Lat. elegantia.

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