FOOTNOTES:
[1] See Prescott, Philip II., book iv. chap. i.
[2] The Society of Sciences, Agriculture, and Arts at Lille has for several years been offering a prize for an essay on Busbecq’s life.
[3] See Appendix, [List of Editions].
[4] Mêlanges à Histoire et de Littérature, vol. i. p. 48, edition of 1702. The author is Noel d’Argonne, who wrote under the assumed name of de Vigneul-Marville.
[5] The sweet or aromatic flag.
[6] See [Fourth] Turkish letter ad finem.
[7] Monsieur Rouzière being a complete stranger to the neighbourhood, Monsieur Jean Dalle, the present Maire of Bousbecque, acted as his cicerone. Before going away, Monsieur Rouzière selected an old house in Comines to which he attached his legend; this house is now shown as the birthplace of the Ambassador, on the authority of a man who could have had no acquaintance with the traditions of the place. On the other hand, Monsieur Dalle’s family have resided in the neighbourhood from time immemorial, and Monsieur Dalle himself has for the last twenty years taken the keenest interest in the subject. He tells us that there is not the slightest evidence connecting the house with Busbecq, and that no one ever heard of the story till after the publication of Monsieur Rouzière’s brochure in 1860.
[8] That the name of Busbecq’s father was George—and not, as usually supposed, Gilles (Ægidius)—is established by the deed of legitimation, a copy of which is given in the Appendix.
[9] See letter to Boisschot, appended to the Elzevir edition of Busbecq’s letters from France.
[10] See Appendix, [Patent of knighthood].
[11] Ogier is the name of an old Norse hero, who figures prominently in the Carlovingian epic cycle. Jean Molinet says of some Burgundian archers, who displayed great courage at a critical moment, ‘Et n’y avoit celui d’entre eux qui ne montrast mine d’estre ung petit Ogier.’ (Molinet, chap. xxx.) It was Latinised into Augerius, hence some write Auger.
[12] Bousbecque takes its name from a tributary of the Lys, which is still called Becque des bois.
[13] For this and other documents quoted in this section see Monsieur Dalle’s Histoire de Bousbecque.
[14] Some few traces, showing the high position of the early Seigneurs, are still to be found in Bousbecque; among these is the beautiful cross, of which we have been enabled by the kindness of Monsieur Dalle to give a representation in the frontispiece of the Second Volume. Monsieur Dalle considers it to be ‘la croix d’autel mobile qui était sans pied et sans hampe, qui l’on portait de la sacristie à l’autel au moment du saint sacrifice, et qui se plaçait sur un pied préparé d’avance.’—Histoire de Bousbecque, chap. xxxviii.
[15] For the pedigree of the Ghiselins see Monsieur Dalle’s Histoire de Bousbecque, chap. iv. In consequence of there being several seigneurs of the same name it will be necessary to speak of them as Gilles Ghiselin I., &c.
[16] Marie, daughter of Gilles Ghiselin I., became Abbess of Messines. The following is an extract from L. Guicciardini’s Description de tout le Païs Bas, Antwerp, 1567. ‘Messine ha une tres-bonne et tres-ample Abbaye de femmes, de laquelle l’Abbesse est Dame du lieu, et de sa jurisdiction, tant au temporel qu’au spirituel.’
[17] Jeanne de la Clite was married to Jean Halluin (Halewin), Seigneur of Halluin, the relation and near neighbour of the Busbecqs of Bousbecque. The families had been connected from a very early date by the marriage of Roger Halluin to Agnes de Bousbecque; it will be noticed that the grandmother of George and Gilles Ghiselin was also a Halluin; moreover in consequence of this alliance the Busbecqs quartered the Halluin arms. We should have been afraid, however, to state positively that a relationship existed between them and Jean Halluin, husband of Jeanne de la Clite, had not Monsieur Leuridan, who is the chief authority on genealogies in the North of France, most kindly investigated the question for us. The result of his researches has placed the matter beyond doubt; Jean Halluin and George and Gilles Ghiselin had a common ancestor in Jacques Halluin, Seigneur of Halluin in the fourteenth century. As far as mere cousinship is concerned they were but distant relations, still it is easy to understand that two seigneurs, in the fifteenth century, living within two miles of each other, would value and appreciate any blood relationship however slight.
[18] For this battle see Philippe de Comines, book vi. chap. 5, and Molinet, chap. lxvi. Jean Molinet was chronicler to the Court of Burgundy from 1474 to 1506. He is a most painstaking writer, and of great value on account of the graphic details to be found in his narratives. Unfortunately for his reputation as an annalist, he here and there inserts chapters of pedantic nonsense, in which frequent references are made to the saints of the calendar and the heroes of mythology. But it is only fair to observe that the quantity of wheat to be found is greatly in excess of the chaff, and that he keeps his wheat and chaff separate and distinct. In his historical chapters he never indulges in these vagaries. Possibly the court fashion required him to write such pieces, for Molinet was by no means blind to the faults and errors of his patrons, and could also see the humorous side of their misfortunes. The following description of Maximilian’s imprisonment in Bruges, is to be found in Recollection des merveilles advenues en nostre temps, written by Molinet.
‘Les moutons détentèrent
En son parc le berger,
Les chiens qui le gardèrent
Sont constraint d’eslonger.
Le berger prist figure
D’aigneau, mais ses brebis,
Dont il avait la cure,
Devindrent loups rabis.’
[19] See Molinet, chap. clxii.
[20] See Molinet, chap. clxiii.
[21] See Molinet, chap. clxiv.
[22] See De Barante, Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne, vii. 428.
[23] The Flemings having objected to the introduction of German troops into their country this order was most impolitic.
[24] ‘Le bourreau, qui volontiers entendit ces mots pour son gaing, et afin que la chose ne demourast à faire pour faulte de lui, monta soudainement sur le hourd où se firent les executions, et en attendant sa proie, estoit sorti d’espées et de bandeaux.’—Molinet, chap. clxvii.
[25] Those called up were Jehan van Ninove Wautergrave, Victor hoste de la Thoison, Peter d’Arincq et deux autres. Molinet, chap. clxix. A comparison of this list with the names of those brought out for execution will show that the two others (deux autres) were George Ghiselin and Bontemps.
[26] Many expressions used by Philippe de Comines, which are supposed to be obsolete, are simply the idioms of Comines and its neighbourhood, where the historian spent the early part of his life, and may still be heard at Bousbecque, Wervicq, Halluin, and other villages on the banks of the Lys.
[27] ‘Nul prince ne le passa jamais de désirer nourrir grans gens et les tenir bien reglez.’—Philippe de Comines, book v. chap. 9.
[28] See Molinet, chap. i.
[29] The reader will remember Scott’s description of the battle of Nancy in Anne of Geierstein; the Burgundians were surprised in the night and cut to pieces by the Swiss.
[30] Another memorial of Gilles Ghiselin II. is to be found in the inscription on the beautiful Bousbecque Chasse, considered by antiquarians to be the work of the twelfth or thirteenth century. ‘En ceste fiertre a de le sainte vraie crois et biaucop d’autres dimtes, laquelle a faict réparer noble homme Gilles Gisselins: proés pour lui.’
[31] For an account of Jeanne de la Clite see page [27].
[32] For an account of the office of écuyer trenchant see page [59].
[33] Leonora (as she is called by Busbecq), otherwise Eleanor, was married, 1519, to Emanuel, King of Portugal, and was left a widow with only one daughter in 1521. She married Francis I., King of France, in 1530, lost her second husband, 1547, and died February 1558.
[34] Elizabeth, or Isabella, married Christian II. of Denmark in 1515, and died 1526.
[35] An interesting document is given by Dupont (Mémoires de Philippe de Comines, iii. 180), which connects George Halluin with Philippe de Comines. The latter had been the ward of George Halluin’s great grandfather, but the accounts as regards the administration of his property had never been closed. This no doubt was owing to Philippe de Comine’s desertion, and the disturbed state of Flanders, but on July 7, 1519, George Halluin paid over the balance due, after deducting the expenses of his education, and received an acquittance for the same.
[36] These particulars as to the family of Philippe de Comines, Jeanne de la Clite, and George Halluin, we owe to the kindness of Monsieur Leuridan, Archiviste of Roubaix. The accounts hitherto published contain manifest errors. For instance, Dupont represents Jeanne de Wazières as Dame de Comines et de Halewin, and when the property comes to Jeanne de la Clite she is only Dame de Comines, and as such marries the Seigneur of Halewin (Halluin). Monsieur Leuridan’s account of the Seigneurs of Comines will appear shortly in the fourteenth volume of the Bulletin de la Commission historique du Nord, under the title of Recherches sur les Sires de Comines.
[37] De Barante, Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne, xi. 196.
[38] Philippe de Comines, book vi. chap. 2.
[39] Molinet, chap. lix.
[40] The Halluins formed a numerous and powerful family, of which the Seigneur of Halluin was the head. At the battle of Gavre, 1453, Jean Halluin, husband of Jeanne de la Clite, is said to have brought forty-four knights on to the field, every one of the blood and every one of the name of Halluin. Le Glay, Catalogue descriptif des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque de Lille, preface, xviii.
[41] Jeanne de la Clite had been created Vicomtesse de Nieuport.
[42] George Halluin was sent on one occasion as Ambassador extraordinary to Henry VIII. of England. Like Veltwick (see p. 54) he was, it would appear, the joint envoy of the brothers Charles V. and Ferdinand. Foppens, in his Bibliotheca Belgica, says he was sent by the Emperor. With this statement compare the following extract of a letter from Lord Berners to Wolsey dated Calais, June 29, 1524. ‘On this Wednesday, the 29th, there came to Calais, Mons. de Halwyn from the Archduke of Ostrych (Ferdinand) with 20 horse.’ Halluin asks Berners to inform the Cardinal of his arrival, and intends crossing as soon as he can obtain a safe conduct. See Brewer’s Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII., vol. iv. part 1, p. 191.
[43] Published at Strasburg, 1512.
[44] The following inscription was placed over the tomb of Despauteres in the church of Comines:—
Epitaphium doctissimi viri JOHANNIS DESPAUTERII,
quondam hujus oppidi ludi-magister.
Hic jacet unoculus visu præstantior Argo,
Flandrica quem Ninove protulit et caruit.
Obiit 1520. Requiescat in pace.
The following is a free translation of his epitaph somewhat amplified.
Underneath this stone doth lie
The famous master of one eye,
That eye it served him for a hundred,
To catch his scholars when they blundered.
His birthplace is at Ninove seen,
His fame and glory in Comines.
[45] The famous Ἐγκώμιον Μωρίας, dedicated to Sir Thomas More. George Halluin published a French translation of the work.
[46] This visit to Erasmus at Louvain is mentioned in Strauss’s Life of Ulrich von Hutten, English translation, p. 215.
[47] These notes are still preserved in the library of the cathedral at Arras.
[48] See Monsieur Dalle, Histoire de Bousbecque, chap. vi.
[50] The object of this statement is to show that Daniel de Croix had no intention of attacking Desrumaulx. The account is evidently drawn up so as to represent the young Seigneur’s case in the most favourable light possible.
[51] De Lickerke, after the capture of Courtrai (see page 17), slew the Seigneur of Heulle, who had seized the castle while the former was engaged in superintending an execution. Jean Molinet is greatly moved at the thought of his dying before he could be confessed. ‘Lui féru d’une espée trois cops en la teste, tellement qu’il morut illec sans confession, qui fut chose piteuse et lamentable.’—Molinet, chap. clxiii.
[52] This was not the first time that a Ghiselin of Bousbecque had ventured to differ with his Count. See page [25].
[53] A copy of the deed is given in the Appendix.
[54] The monuments in Bousbecque Church show that after Busbecq’s death the Hespiels were in fairly good circumstances; one of them was burgomaster of the village. From this Monsieur Dalle concludes that Busbecq was not forgetful of his mother’s family.—Histoire de Bousbecque, chap. xxvii.
[55] See Motley’s Rise of the Dutch Republic, i. 6.
[56] ‘Guere loing de Messine sur la Lisse est le village de Commines, avec un bon chasteau, ou y ha une tres-belle et tres-noble librairie, rassemblee par George, Seigneur de Hallewin et de Commines, gentilhomme tres-docte, lequel entre ses autres œuvres plus dignes et louables entretenoit et carressoit continuellement gens doctes et vertueux.’—L. Guicciardini, Description de tout le Païs bas, page 311.
[57] An attempt is here made to give the views of Erasmus as they would present themselves to such a mind as George Halluin’s. The ideas are in a great measure adopted from Nisard’s Renaissance et Réforme, to which a little local colouring has been added, and are offered as an explanation of Busbecq’s neutrality with regard to the religious differences, which sent his countrymen into opposite camps.
[58] ‘Le moine est inquiet, furieux, au milieu de cette universelle renaissance des lettres et des arts; il baisse sa lourde paupière devant la lumière de l’antiquité resuscitée, comme un oiseau de nuit devant le jour.’—Nisard, Renaissance et Réforme, i. 55. ‘Le génie de l’antiquité chassant devant lui les épaisses ténèbres de l’ignorance.’—Renaissance et Réforme, i. 66.
[59] ‘Mais ce qui rendit surtout Érasme odieux aux moines ce fut son rôle littéraire, si brillant et si actif. Chose singulière, il excita peut-être plus de haines par ses paisibles travaux sur l’antiquité profane, que par ses critiques des mœurs et des institutions monacales, ses railleries contre l’étalage du culte extérieur, ses insinuations semi-hérétiques contre quelques dogmes consacrés même par les chrétiens d’une foi éclairée. A quoi cela tient-il? Est-ce que la science fait plus peur à l’ignorance que le doute à la foi? Est-ce que la foi des moines, extérieure, disciplinaire, pour ainsi dire, mais nullement profonde, était plus tolérante que leur ignorance? Enfin, y avait-il moins de péril pour eux dans le tumulte des dissensions religieuses, que dans l’éclatante lumière répandue par les lettres sur le monde moderne, rentré dans la grande voie de la tradition?’—Renaissance et Réforme, i. 63-4.
[60] Erasmus was by nature extremely timid, ‘animo pusillo,’ as he describes himself to Colet (Ep. xli.). When writing to George Halluin he seems delighted at his having translated the Ἐγκώμιον Μωρίας, but he was by no means willing to stand the odium which arose on the publication of his satire in French. He shifts the responsibility entirely on to his friend. No doubt he thought that the shoulders of the Seigneur of Comines were broader than his own. (See Ep. cclxxxiv. to Abbot Antony de Berges.) ‘Post hæec accepi a nonnullis, quod me vehementer commovit, te mihi nescio quid subirasci, opinor ob Moriam, quam vir clarissimus Georgius Haloinus, me dehortante ac deterrente, fecit Gallicam, hoc est, ex meâ suam fecit, additis detractis et mutatis quæ voluit.’ December 13, 1517.
[61] See Appendix. [Legitimation of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq.] The Patent is dated November 24, 1540. It is interesting to know that just before that date Charles had been making a progress throughout the neighbourhood of Bousbecque. He was at Ghent November 1, at Oudenarde on the 2nd, at Courtrai on the 3rd, at Tournai on the 5th, at Lille on the 7th, and at Ypres on the 9th. (Journal des Voyages de Charles Quint. Par J. de Vandenesse.) Probably Ogier’s father took advantage of the opportunity to procure from the Emperor the grant of Legitimation.
[62] One of the most remarkable applications of this theory is with regard to the military art. Busbecq wrote a treatise on the Art of Warfare against the Turks. In it he constantly quotes as his authorities the great captains of Greece and Rome; some may smile on reading his work, and imagine that the tactics of Cæsar and Alexander are out of place in the days of gunpowder and cannon balls, but the following passage will show how one of his countrymen successfully followed out the principle, which he may possibly have taken in the first instance from Busbecq’s work. ‘Lewis William of Nassau had felt that the old military art was dying out, and that there was nothing to take its place. He had revived in the swamps of Friesland the old manœuvres, the quickness of wheeling, the strengthening, without breaking the ranks or columns, by which the ancient Romans had performed so much excellent work in their day, and which seemed to have passed entirely into oblivion. Old colonels and ritt-masters, who had never heard of Leo the Thracian or the Macedonian phalanx, smiled and shrugged their shoulders ... but there came a day when they did not laugh, neither friends nor enemies.’—Motley, United Netherlands, iii. 4; see also United Netherlands, iv. 34.
[63] His contemporary, L. Guicciardini, says of him in his book, published 1567, ‘Il est homme sage et prudent: a cause dequoy il ha este envoyé plusieurs fois ambassadeur par les Princes en divers endroicts, pour tres-grans affaires et mesmes par l’Empereur Fernand, a Soliman Empereur des Turcs, ou il traicta, par l’espace de huict ans continuels les affaires de la Chrestienté, avec telle fidelité et loyauté que outre le gré qu’il acquit empres de son Seigneur, fut surnommé par les Turcs mesmes, Homme de bien.’—Description de tout le Païs bas, p. 311.
[64] On his way to Constantinople some of his escort complained of his servants not paying proper respect to paper—an unpardonable offence in the eyes of a Turk. Another might have argued the question, but Busbecq thoroughly appreciated the men he was dealing with. He tacitly admitted the heinousness of the offence; ‘but,’ added he, ‘what can you expect of fellows who eat pork?’ This argument was in their eyes unanswerable.
[65] Roostem once sent a fine melon to Busbecq, telling him that there was plenty of such fruit at Belgrade; the melon was supposed to represent a cannon-ball, and the message was tantamount to a threat of war. Busbecq thanked him warmly for his present, and at the same time took the opportunity of observing that the Belgrade melons were very small compared to those produced at Vienna!
[66] Don Pedro Lasso de Castilla was grandson of Don Pedro de Castilla, who claimed to be descended from an illegitimate son of Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile. The grandfather married Catalina Lasso, and was living at Madrid in 1494. His son, Don Pedro Lasso de Castilla, married a lady of the noble family of Haro, and three of their children were in the service of Ferdinand and his son. Francisco was Mayor-domo Mayor of Maria the wife of the Emperor Maximilian, and accompanied his daughter, Anne of Austria, to Spain in 1570. Diego was at one time Ferdinand’s ambassador at Rome, while Pedro served Ferdinand from his childhood, and accompanied him to Germany, when he left Spain after the death of his grandfather Ferdinand. He became his Master of Horse, and governor to his son Maximilian, in whose household he subsequently held the post of Mayor-domo Mayor. He was created a Knight of the Order of Santiago, at Brussels, by a Patent dated March 26, 1549. (See Quintana, Historia de Madrid.) This account has been given at greater length because it has been frequently stated that Busbecq’s chief was Pierre Lasso, a native of Lille; we can find no trace of any such person.
On the other hand, Ferdinand’s ambassador is frequently spoken of in the Calendar of State Papers of the reign of Mary (vol. ii. pp. [78], [90], [94], &c.), as Don Pedro Lasso de Castella (Castilla). See also Viage de Felipe Segundo á Inglaterra by Muñoz. This rare work, written by a contemporary, was republished at Madrid 1877, under the supervision of Don Pascual de Gayangos, to whose kindness we are indebted for the reference.
[67] See Calendar of State Papers of the reign of Mary, vol. ii. p. [90].
[69] This letter is dated Dover, October 6, 1554. See Calendar of State Papers of the reign of Mary, vol. ii. p. 125.
[70] See Appendix. [Sketch of Hungarian History]; see also [Itineraries].
[71] See [Sketch of Hungarian History].
[72] Compare the pardon of Jean Dael in the Appendix with the story of the Greek steward and the snails, page 122.
[73] L. Guicciardini says of the Netherlanders, ‘La pluspart des gens ont quelque commencement de Grammaire, et presque tous, voire jusques au villageois, sçavent lire et escrire.’—Description de tout le Païs bas, p. 34.
[74] Quacquelben means fowler, or bird trapper; the name is still common at Courtrai.
[75] We take this opportunity of explaining how it comes to pass, that in this Life of Busbecq, in which so much space is assigned to an account of his relations, so small a portion comparatively is devoted to the man himself. Busbecq’s letters are to a great extent an autobiography. It would be impossible to anticipate their contents without robbing them of their freshness.
[76] See Appendix [Itineraries].
[77] He was Ambassador for the two Queens, i.e., Mary Queen of Hungary and Leonora Queen of Portugal and France, sisters of Charles V. and Ferdinand, who after their widowhood lived together in the Netherlands till the abdication of Charles V., when they accompanied their brother to Spain.
[78] Ecuyer (escuier) trenchant. The first of these words supplies the derivations for two English titles (1) squire, (2) sewer; the first being the equivalent of écuyer, and the second of écuyer trenchant. The office of sewer (écuyer trenchant) is alluded to by Milton, Paradise Lost, ix., where the poet speaks of
Marshall’d feast
Served up in hall by sewers and seneschals.
‘Here,’ says Todd in his note, ‘is an allusion to the magnificence of elder days; the marshal of the hall, the sewer and the seneschal having been officers of distinction in the houses of princes and great men. From Minshew’s Guide into Tongues it appears that the marshal placed the guests according to their rank, and saw they were properly arranged, the sewer marched in before the meats and arranged them on the table, and the seneschal was the household steward, a name of frequent occurrence in old law books, and so in French “le grand Seneschal de France,” synonymous with our “Lord High Steward of the King’s household.”’ Busbecq himself held the offices of sewer and seneschal. See Appendix, [Sauvegarde &c.], where Parma gives him the title of ‘Grand maistre d’hostel de la Royne Isabelle.’
[80] See Lipsius’ Letters, Centuria i. 5: ‘Prandium mihi hodie apud heroem nostrum (non enim virum dixerim) Busbequium. Post prandium longiusculæ etiam fabulæ; sed de litteris ut apud eum solet.’ Vienna, June 13, 1572. It was at Vienna that Lipsius first made Busbecq’s acquaintance (Lipsius, Cent. iii. 87); they afterwards corresponded with each other (Cent. i. 17, 18, 34, 63). Lipsius felt his death deeply, and wrote of him in the strongest terms of affection and regret. (Cent. ii. ad Belgas, 78). The following inscription is from his hand:—
In Augerii Gisleni Busbequii tristem mortem et situm.
Augerius istic est situs Busbequius.
Quis ille? Quem virtutis et prudentiæ,
Habuêre carum, gratiâ, ipsi Cæsares.
Hunc aula eorum vidit, aula et extera
Asiæ Tyranni. Quæ viri felicitas!
Probavit hæc et illa: in omni tempore,
In munere omni, Nestorem se præbuit
Linguâ atque mente. Jam quies eum sibi
Et patria hæc spondebat; ecce sustulit
Viam per ipsam miles incertum an latro.
Sed sustulit, simulque sidus Belgicæ,
Quod nunc choreas fulget inter astricas.
Justus Lipsius magno amico exiguum
monumentum P.
[81] Busbecq’s letters to Maximilian appear to have altogether escaped the notice of historians and biographers. They are printed only in one rare book, Howaert’s second edition of Busbecq’s letters from France, 1632. In the same edition are to be found five more letters to Rodolph, written during the wars of the League. It seems impossible to suppose that Motley knew of them, for they contain some of those striking details which the historian of the Netherlands would certainly have appropriated—for example, the chain shot, the musket balls joined together with copper wire, and the fences of rope, with which Parma prepared to encounter the cavalry of Henry of Navarre.
[82] It is impossible to regard Motley as fair in his treatment of Matthias. The historian of the Netherlands evidently considers that he holds a brief for William of Orange; if the great patriot fails to act wisely and rightly, some justification must be made out! Matthias accordingly is treated as a meddlesome interloper, for venturing to accept the invitation of a large body of the leading men of the Netherlands—amongst whom were some of Orange’s friends—to come amongst them as their governor. And yet Matthias was a descendant of their last native sovereign, Mary of Burgundy, and brother of the head of that Empire of which the Low Countries formed part. Motley cannot call in question his courage, his humanity, or his honourable conduct, but he damns him with faint praise, dismissing him with these words: ‘It is something in favour of Matthias that he had not been base, or cruel, or treacherous.’—Rise of the Dutch Republic, part vi. chap. 4.
[83] See [Fourth] Turkish Letter.
[84] The deed by which this transfer was effected is dated December 18, 1587. It will be found in the Appendix.
[85] No doubt the garden was such as Erasmus loved. See Nisard: ‘Au sortir de table, on va s’asseoir dans le jardin, au milieu des fleurs étiquetées, portant des inscriptions qui indiquent leurs noms et leurs qualités médicinales.’—Renaissance et Réforme, i. 60.
[86] Elizabeth of Austria having died January 22, 1592, Busbecq’s duties as her seneschal had come to an end, but he was still acting as Rodolph’s representative. It is probable that he took his holiday as soon as he had wound up the affairs of his late mistress.
[87] Large sums were paid on this occasion; the accounts are still preserved among the archives of Bousbecque.
[88] The word used by Busbecq is ‘iter,’ the best equivalent to which in English is perhaps ‘itinerary.’ This first letter was originally published by itself as an itinerary, under the title Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum. The writing of itineraries, which were generally in Latin Verse, was a special feature among the students of Busbecq’s days; for an account of them, see Appendix [Itineraries].
[89] These letters were written to Nicolas Michault. See page [58].
[90] The wedding took place at Winchester, July 25, 1554. The ambassador was Don Pedro Lasso de Castilla, a Spaniard, who held a high post in Ferdinand’s household. ‘Ajour d’huy (June 26, 1554) sont arrivez en ceste ville (London) dom Pietro Lasso et dom Hernando Gamboa, ambassadeurs de la part des roys des Romains et de Bohesme, lesquelz ont esté saluez de l’artillerie de la Tour, ce quel’on a trouvé fort estrange comme fabveur qui ne fust oncques faicte à aultres ambassadeurs.’—Noailles, iii. 262. See also p. [52].
[91] The Busbecq family had a magnificent hotel at Lille; his grandmother, Agnes Gommer, had lived there after the death of her husband, and his aunt, Marie Ghiselin, was probably living there at this time.
[92] Veltwick (Velduvic) went as ambassador to Constantinople A.D. 1545. An account of his embassy is given in the Iter of Hugo Favolius. See Appendix [Itineraries].
[93] For an explanation of these transactions, see Sketch of Hungarian History.
[94] Here and elsewhere Busbecq calls Ferdinand ‘Cæsar.’ He was not Emperor till 1558, but the title of Cæsar belonged to him as King of the Romans; so also at the end of the Fourth Turkish Letter Maximilian is spoken of as ‘Cæsar’ on his election as King of the Romans.
[95] Busbecq’s miles are German Stunden, each equal to about 2-1/2 English miles.
[96] Busbecq’s explanation is correct. The word may possibly be a corruption of the Latin signum. It is now applied to the district which was formerly governed by a Sanjak-bey, i.e., Lord of the standard. Busbecq writes the word Singiaccus, Von Hammer uses the form Sandjak, while Creasy prefers Sanjak.
[97] See Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. ii.: ‘The name of Yeni Tscheri, which means “new troops,” and which European writers have turned into Janissaries, was given to Orchan’s young corps by the Dervish Hadji Beytarch. This Dervish was renowned for sanctity; and Orchan, soon after he had enrolled his first band of involuntary boyish proselytes, led them to the dwelling-place of the saint, and asked him to give them his blessing and a name. The Dervish drew the sleeve of his mantle over the head of one in the first rank, and then said to the Sultan, “The troops which thou hast created shall be called Yeni Tscheri. Their faces shall be white and shining, their right arms shall be strong, their sabres shall be keen, and their arrows sharp. They shall be fortunate in fight, and shall never leave the battle field save as conquerors.” In memory of that benediction the Janissaries ever wore as part of their uniform a cap of white felt like that of the Dervish, with a strip of woollen hanging down behind, to represent the sleeve of the holy man’s mantle, that had been laid on their comrade’s neck.’ See also Gibbon, chap. lxiv.
[98] At Mohacz, A.D. 1526. See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[99] The Princes of Servia were styled Despots in Greek, and Cral in their native idiom. See Gibbon, chap. lxiii. note.
[100] ‘A little below Orsova the Danube issues from the Iron Gate, and at a village called Severin, where it expands to a width of 1,300 yards, the foundations of the piers, corresponding in number with the statement of the historian, have been seen when the water was more than usually low. Here, then, as is now generally agreed, stood the bridge of Trajan’s architect, Apollodorus.’—Merivale, History of the Romans, chap. lxiii.
[101] Galen, the great physician, who flourished in the second century of our era. Busbecq’s allusion to him is quite in accordance with the fashion of his day. See Ranke’s Civil Wars and Monarchy in France, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, chap. xix. ‘Peter de la Ramée wished to forsake in all things the path hitherto trodden, to alter the entire system of doctors and professors in the university, and to make the works of the ancients the immediate text-books of the different branches of study,—the codex of the civil law in jurisprudence, Galen and Hippocrates in medicine, and in theology the Old and New Testaments.... Physicians arose who brought into practice once more the deserted rules of Hippocrates; and it soon went so far, as Ambrose Paré, the reformer of surgery, said, that people were not content with what they found in the ancients, but began to regard their writings as watch-towers, from which more might be discovered.’ For Busbecq’s application of these principles see the Life.
[102] An ‘aspre’ or ‘asper’ is still the lowest coin in Turkey. At the present rate of exchange a penny is worth nearly 100 aspres, but in Busbecq’s time the Turkish coinage had a considerably higher value.
[103] See Ranke’s Civil Wars and Monarchy in France, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, chap. xiv. ‘As he (the Prince of Condé) had distinguished himself by his bravery in the field, he now desired to shine through his versatility, by taking part in the knightly festivities of the court, in which it was the fashion to represent the heroic fables of the Greeks.’ It would seem that it was the fashion in high circles to appear on certain occasions in the dress and character of Greek heroes and heroines.
[104] John Cantacuzenus became Emperor 1341, and abdicated 1354. His son Matthew was associated with him. His descendants have given many princes to Moldavia and Wallachia. The Palæologi held the Empire 1282-1453 (see Gibbon, chap. lxii., and following chapters). Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, when banished from his kingdom became a schoolmaster at Corinth.
[105] See Freeman’s Essays, Series iii. p. 418. ‘The Bulgarian land on the Volga—Great Bulgaria—kept its name long after the New or Black Bulgaria arose on the Danube. It remained Turanian; it became Mahometan; it flourished as a Mahometan state, till in the 15th century, it yielded to the advance of Russia, and gave the Russian Czar one of his endless titles.’ Mr. Freeman here quotes ἡ πάλαι καλουμένη μεγάλη Βουλγαρία from Theophanes. This is an oversight, the words are not taken from Theophanes, though he uses a similar expression, but from Nicephorus of Constantinople.
[106] Baldwin, tenth Count of Flanders, was elected Emperor 1204, and taken captive by Bulgarians 1205. He died a prisoner, but that he was put to death is by no means certain. He was succeeded by his son Baldwin, eleventh Count and second Emperor of that name. See Gibbon, chap. lxi. Busbecq would naturally take great interest in the Sovereign of his ancestors.
[107] The Rascians and Servians were distinct tribes in Busbecq’s time and long afterwards; see page [165], where he notices that at Semendria the Servians leave off and the Rascians begin; they are now both included under the name of Servians.
[108] This pass is commonly known as ‘Trajan’s Gate,’ or the ‘pass of Ichtiman.’ It is a point on the frontier between Bulgaria and East Roumelia.
[109] For an account of Selim, who at last succeeded in dethroning his father, see Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. vii., and Von Hammer, book xxi. He was father of the Sultan to whose court Busbecq was accredited. His successful rebellion against his father has an important bearing on the events of which Busbecq was about to be a spectator.
[110] Buyuk Tchekmedjé and Kutchuk Tchekmedjé. The bridges were constructed by Solyman.
[111] Of the two women mentioned here, one is called Bosphorana by Busbecq and the other Roxolana. Bosphorana means a native of the kingdom of the Bosphorus—not the Thracian Bosphorus near Constantinople, but the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the straits of Caffa—which included the Crimea and the Caucasus. Roxolana means Russian; she was always spoken of by contemporaneous Venetian ambassadors as ‘la Rossa,’ and Creasy in a note (p. 182), says that ‘La Rossa’ was euphonised into Roxolana; the mistake is obvious, for Roxolana is the classical equivalent for a Russian woman (see Smith’s Classical Dictionary, s.v. Roxolani), and it is to Busbecq that she owes the name by which she has become famous. Her real name was Khourrem, i.e., ‘the joyous one.’ See Von Hammer, book xxxi. vol. v. p. 538. A curious story is told of how Roxolana prevailed on Solyman to make her his wife. Having borne a son to the Sultan, she became entitled, according to the Mahometan law to her freedom; this she claimed, and then refused to allow Solyman the rights of a husband unless he married her. She cleverly pointed out to the Sultan, that though she had lived with him as a slave without the bond of marriage, as a free woman she could not feel justified in doing so any longer. Solyman, as Busbecq’s letters will show, was the very man to be influenced by such an argument, and being unwilling to give her up, he consented to her taking the position of a lawful wife.
[112] See Creasy, Ottoman Turks, chap. iii., Von Hammer, book vii., and Gibbon, chap. lxv. Tamerlane is a corruption of Timour lenk, i.e., Timour the lame.
[113] During the Russo-Turkish war, 1877-8, a paragraph appeared in a paper published at Constantinople, professing to give an account of Mr. Gladstone, late Prime Minister of England. It described him as originally ‘a pig-driver.’ This created great amusement in England, but to the countrymen of Roostem there seemed no inherent absurdity in the statement.
[114] Busbecq is in error here, for Solyman was encamped at Eregli, in Karamania, about 250 miles from Amasia. Von Hammer takes our author to task for laying the scene at Amasia; but Busbecq nowhere commits himself to this statement.
[115] Ghemlik, on the Sea of Marmora, called Prusias by Busbecq. It was originally called Kios, and about B.C. 200, Prusias, King of Bithynia, gave it his own name. See Strabo, 563-4.
[116] The legend of Orpheus being torn to pieces by the women of Thrace was a favourite with the ancients. See Virgil, Georgic IV., &c.
[117] See Tacitus, Annals, xii. 63. Herodotus, iv. 144.
[118] The bronze serpents, which are still on the same site, are three, and not two in number. See Gibbon, chap. xvii., where he describes these serpents, and proves that they form the serpent pillar mentioned by Herodotus, ix. 81; on it was placed the golden tripod, made of part of the spoil taken at the battle of Platæa B.C. 479, and dedicated to Apollo. It was removed from Delphi to Constantinople by order of Constantine.
[119] ‘The centre of the Forum was occupied by a lofty column, of which a mutilated fragment is now degraded by the appellation of the burnt pillar. This column was erected on a pedestal of white marble 20 feet high, and was composed of ten pieces of porphyry, each of which measured about 10 feet in height and about 33 in circumference. On the summit of the pillar, above 120 feet from the ground, stood the colossal statue of Apollo. It was of bronze, and had been transported either from Athens or a town in Phrygia, and was supposed to be the work of Phidias. The artist had represented the god of day, or, as it was afterwards interpreted, the Emperor Constantine himself, with a sceptre in his right hand, the globe of the world in his left, and a crown of rays glittering on his head.’ Gibbon, chap. xvii.
[120] A similar story is told of the obelisk in front of St. Peter’s at Rome.
[121] The battle of Tschaldiran, August 23, A.D. 1514. See Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. viii.; Von Hammer, book xxii.
[122] Busbecq is alluding to the then recent conquests of Mexico and Peru. When he penned these lines only thirty-four years had elapsed since Cortez conquered Mexico, and twenty-four since Pizarro made himself master of the kingdom of the Incas; the tide of adventurers was still pouring into those unhappy lands.
[123] Busbecq is evidently referring to the exploits of his countrymen in the days of the Crusades. ‘At the same time’ (A.D. 1200), says Gibbon (chap. lx.), ‘Baldwin, Count of Flanders, assumed the Cross at Bruges, with his brother Henry, and the principal knights and citizens of that rich and industrious province.’ See also page [105].
[124] Properly, the name of the islet at Alexandria on which the lighthouse stood; hence the name was given to any lighthouse.
[125] A Dalmatian fortress captured by the Spaniards in the autumn of A.D. 1538, and recaptured by the Turks in the following August. Von Hammer, book xxix.
[126] ‘The straits of the Bosphorus are terminated by the Cyanean rocks, which, according to the description of the poets, had once floated on the face of the waters. The deception was occasioned by several pointed rocks alternately covered and abandoned by the waves. At present there are two small islands, one towards either shore; that of Europe is distinguished by the pillar of Pompey.’ Gibbon, chap. xvii.
[127] P. Gilles (or Gyllius) was born at Albi in 1490. He was sent by Francis I. to the Levant; the remittances he expected having miscarried, he was obliged to enlist in Solyman’s army and served against the Persians. In 1549 he received money from his friends, with which he purchased his discharge. He returned home in 1550, and died at Rome in 1555, the year that Busbecq wrote this letter. Besides other works he published three books on the Thracian Bosphorus, and four on the Topography and Antiquities of Constantinople. Gibbon quotes him frequently, and speaks of his learning with great respect.
[128] This passage appears to be founded on a mistranslation of Herodotus, iii. 104.
[129] ‘In the deep gullies and broad plateaus of Angora is bred the finest species of the mohair goat; its long silky and lustrous fleece is the principal export of the country, so much so that it is a common saying that “mohair is the soul of Angora,” without which it would have become a desert long ago. The mohair is forwarded on mule and camel back (in its raw state) to Constantinople, and thence, per steamer, to Liverpool; it all finds its way to Bradford to be manufactured. The export in this article alone was valued at 462,550l. for the year 1877, and in years of greater prosperity and higher values, this amount has been nearly doubled.’ Extract from the letter of the correspondent to the Standard newspaper, dated, Angora, October 1, 1878.
[130] The province of Angora occupies almost the same area as the ancient Galatia.
[131] See Herodotus, iii. 113. These sheep are very common in Asia and Africa. Great numbers are to be found at the Cape of Good Hope, whence they are called ‘Cape sheep.’
[132] Pierre Belon (Bellonus) was a contemporary of Busbecq’s, having been born about 1518. He travelled in Greece, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, Palestine, and Asia Minor. By profession a physician, he devoted himself to the pursuit of Natural Science. He published several books, and is generally considered to have been the founder of the science of Comparative Anatomy. Busbecq corrects Belon, but his own account of the hyena is wrong. It has vertebræ in the neck, and also an array of teeth. If he had been able to procure a specimen we should have had an accurate description. The Sultana, therefore, is indirectly responsible for the errors.
[133] The Kanûns formed a kind of Domesday Book, drawn up by the direction of Solyman, who thence received the name of Solyman Kanûni.
[134] A full account of the inscription is to be found in Merivale’s History of the Romans, chap. xxxviii. ‘Augustus employed the next few months in compiling a succinct memorial of his public acts to be preserved in the archives of the state, a truly imperial work, and probably unique of its kind. The archives of Rome have long mouldered in the dust, but a ruined wall in a remote corner of her empire, engraved with this precious document, has been faithful to its trust for eighteen hundred years, and still presents us with one of the most curious records of antiquity. The inscription, which may still be read in the portico of a temple at Ancyra, attests the energy, sagacity, and fortune of the second Cæsar in a detailed register of all his public undertakings through a period of fifty-eight years,’ &c. In a note Dr. Merivale states that it was first copied by Busbecq in 1544. This is incorrect; Busbecq had it copied by his servants, and the date should be 1555.
[135] ‘Reges amici atque socii, et singuli in suo quisque regno, Cæsareas urbes condiderunt; et cuncti simul ædem Jovis Olympii, Athenis antiquitus inchoatam, perficere communi sumptu destinaverunt, genioque ejus dedicare.’—Suetonius, Octavius, chap. lx. Augustus directed a decree granting especial privileges to the Jews to be inscribed ἐν ἐπισημοτάτῳ τόπῳ γενηθέντι μοι ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῆς Ἀσίας ἐν Ἀγκύρῃ.—Josephus, Antiquities, xvi. 6.
[136] Menin (near Bousbecque) and its neighbourhood were famous for their capons. See L. Guicciardini, Description de tout le Païs bas, p. 311.
[137] There are different versions of this story, see Von Hammer, book v. and Gibbon, chap. lxiv. Creasy says that Amurath was killed by a Servian noble, Milosch Kabilovitsch. Being mortally wounded, Amurath died in the act of sentencing Lazarus, Despot or Cral of Servia, to death.
[138] The permanent corps of paid cavalry in the Turkish army was divided into four squadrons, organised like those which the Caliph Omar instituted for the guard of the Sacred Standard. The whole corps at first consisted of only 2,400 horsemen, but under Solyman the Great (Busbecq’s Sultan), the number was raised to 4,000. They marched on the right and left of the Sultan, they camped round his tent at night, and were his bodyguard in battle. One of these regiments of Royal Horseguards was called the Turkish Spahis, a term applied to cavalry soldiers generally, but also specially denoting these select horseguards. Another regiment was called the Silihdars, meaning ‘the vassal cavalry.’ A third was called the Ouloufedgis, meaning ‘the paid horsemen,’ and the fourth was called the Ghourebas, meaning ‘the foreign horse.’ See Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. ii.
[139] Evelyn, who no doubt took the hint from Busbecq, induced Charles II. to adopt the Eastern dress. Diary, p. 324.
[140] See page [102] and note 1.
[141] See Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. viii.: ‘The schism of the Sunnites and the Schiis (the first of whom acknowledge, and the last of whom repudiate the three immediate successors of the Prophet, the Caliphs Abubeker, Omar, and Othman) had distracted the Ottoman world from the earliest times. The Ottoman Turks have been Sunnites. The contrary tenets have prevailed in Persia; and the great founder of the Saffide dynasty in that country, Shah Ismael, was as eminent for his zeal for the Schii tenets, as for his ability in council, and his valour in the field. The doctrine of the Schiis had begun to spread among the subjects of the Sublime Porte before Selim came to the throne; and though the Sultan, the Ulema, and by far the larger portion of the Ottomans, held strictly to the orthodoxy of Sunnism, the Schiis were numerous in every province, and they seemed to be rapidly gaining proselytes. Selim determined to crush heresy at home before he went forth to combat it abroad, and in a deliberate spirit of fanatic cruelty he planned and executed a general slaughter of such of his subjects as were supposed to have fallen away from what their sovereigns considered to be the only true faith.’ This massacre took place in 1513. The Selim here mentioned was the father of Solyman. See Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. viii. There was not much to choose between Philip of Spain in the West and Selim in the East! See Motley, Dutch Republic, part iii. chap. 2.
[142] Scordium, or water germander, is mentioned in Salmon’s Herbal as a sudorific, &c.; he notices that it has a smell of garlic, and that it is a specific against ‘measles, small-pox, and also the plague or pestilence itself.’ The plague is a form of blood poisoning; a medical friend whom we consulted considered that the symptoms indicated only a mild form of the disease; he also entirely approved of the physician’s treatment of the case.
[144] An electuary is a medicine of a pasty consistence composed of various ingredients. The one mentioned in the text was invented by the celebrated physician Frascatorius. It contained scordium, from which its name is derived. The prescription for it may be found in Larousse’s Dictionnaire Universel, vii. 3117. Evelyn went to see the severall ‘drougs for the confection of Treacle, Diascordium, and other electuaries.’—Diary, p. 262.
[145] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[146] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[148] Rakos is the name of a plain near Pesth; the greater extraordinary Hungarian Diet used to assemble on this plain after the manner of the Polish Diet which met near Warsaw. The Turks continued to use the place for mustering their militia.
[149] The Emperor Claudius was murdered by his wife Agrippina, who gave him poison in a dish of mushrooms. Tacitus, Annals, xii. 67.
[150] In all the Latin editions of Busbecq the date is given as September 1, 1554. This is manifestly wrong, as may be shown by internal evidence, as for example the date of the marriage of Philip and Mary, July 25, 1554. Busbecq was present at this marriage, and was not summoned to Vienna till November 3, 1554, see page [77]. He must, therefore, have returned in 1555.
[151] At Augsburg.
[153] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[154] Roxolana, see note, page [111].
[155] I.e., the modern Bulgaria.
[157] I.e., the Crimea and adjacent countries, the birthplace of Mustapha’s mother, see page [111].
[158] The Turkish historians do not mention Bajazet’s connection with the attempt of the Pseudo-Mustapha. Busbecq’s account, therefore, fills an important gap. Von Hammer would discredit all statements that are not confirmed by Eastern writers, but surely the evidence of the Austrian Ambassador deserves as much consideration as that of Ottoman Ali. See note 1, page [264].
[159] All the Latin editions have July 14, 1555. See note, page [173].
[160] ‘The regular answer of the ancient Sultans, when requested to receive an embassy, was, “The Sublime Porte is open to all.” This, according to the Turkish interpretation, implied a safe conduct in coming, but gave no guarantee about departing.’—Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. xviii.
[161] ‘The intruding Ottoman himself, different in faith as well as in blood, has more than once declared himself the representative of the Eastern Cæsars, whose dominion he extinguished. Solyman the Magnificent assumed the name of Emperor, and refused it to Charles V.’—Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, p. 407.
[162] Compare Johnson’s Vanity of Human Wishes:—
‘Condemned a needy suppliant to wait,
While ladies interpose and slaves debate.’
[163] The great Council of State was named the Divan; and in the absence of the Sultan the Grand Vizier was its president. The other Viziers and the Kadiaskers, or chief judges, took their stations on his right; the Defterdars, or treasurers, and the Nis-chandyis, or secretaries, on his left. The Teskeredyis, or officers charged to present reports on the condition of each department of the State, stood in front of the Grand Vizier. The Divan was also attended by the Reis-Effendi, a general secretary, whose power afterwards became more important than that of the Nis-chandyis, by the Grand Chamberlain, and the Grand Marshal, and a train of other officials of the Court. (Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. vi.)
[164] ‘The Sultan (Bajazet I.) had at this time 7,000 falconers, and as many huntsmen. You may suppose from this the grandeur of his establishments. One day in the presence of the Count de Nevers, he flew a falcon at some eagles; the flight did not please him, and he was so wroth, that, for this fault, he was on the point of beheading 2,000 of his falconers, scolding them exceedingly for want of diligence in their care of his hawks, when the one he was fond of behaved so ill.’—Froissart, iv. 58.
[165] The reference is to the Digest or Pandects of Justinian, liber xxxix. titulus 4, De Publicanis et Vectigalibus et Commissis, where ‘Babylonicæ pelles’ are mentioned in a catalogue of taxable articles.
[166] See Homer’s Iliad, iii. 2-6, and compare Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 575:
‘That small infantry
Warred on by cranes.’
[167] These stories of the lynx and crane are quoted by Burton in his Anatomy of Melancholy.
[168] Gibbon’s reference to this passage is not fair. He says (chap. lxviii. note), ‘Busbequius expatiates with pleasure and applause on the rights of war, and the use of slavery among the ancients and the Turks.’ In the first place Busbecq merely throws out a suggestion, which he would be sorry for his friend to take in sober earnest. Secondly, we must remember the evils existing in Busbecq’s days, which slavery would have remedied; (i.) it was the common practice to put to death all prisoners of war, who could not pay ransom; e.g. see Busbecq’s letter of November 13, 1589, to Rodolph. Slavery in this case would be a mitigation of their fate, (ii.) At that time death or mutilation were the punishments for almost every offence. Busbecq’s project is an anticipation of the more merciful system of modern times which has introduced penal servitude, which is really ‘a just and mild form of slavery.’
[169] Shooting with the crossbow has been a custom at Bousbecque from very early times. The village had a guild of crossbowmen in the times of Charles V., which was reconstituted in 1715. A society of the kind still exists there. See Histoire de Bousbecque, p. 170.
[170] This passage occurs in the life of Saturninus, who uses it in support of an invective against the Egyptians. The quotation is from a letter of Hadrian’s preserved in the works of his freedman Phlegon. (Vopiscus, in Historiæ Augustæ Scriptores, ii. 719, in the Leyden edition of 1671.) The Egyptians still hatch chickens in ovens, but the heat is supplied by a fire, and not by the hot-bed mentioned in the text. The process is described in Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, ii. 450.
[171] Axylos, a woodless tract in Asia Minor, ‘northward of the region of lakes and plains, through which leads the road from Afioum Karahissar to Koniah, a dry and naked region, which extends as far as the Sangarius and Halys.’—Leake, Asia Minor, p. 65.
[172] Evelyn narrates how he went to see some Turkish horses captured at the siege of Vienna; he admired their spirit, and says they were, ‘with all this, so gentle and tractable as called to mind what I remember Busbequius speaks of them to the reproch of our groomes in Europe, who bring up their horses so churlishly as makes most of them retain their ill habits.’—Evelyn, Diary, p. 461, Chandos Edition.
[173] ‘They were shod with yron made round and closed at the heele with a hole in the middle about as wide as a shilling. The hoofes most intire.’—Evelyn, Diary, p. 462.
[175] Cyrus, in his expedition against his brother Artaxerxes, took with him 400 waggons loaded with barley and wine that, in case provisions should be very scarce, he might have the means of supplying the Greeks, who were the flower of his army.—Xenophon, Anabasis, i. 10.
[176] The quotation is from Suetonius, Life of Julius Cæsar, chap. 67. Suetonius observes that sometimes Cæsar, after a great victory, relaxed the strict rules of discipline, and allowed his army to abandon themselves to the utmost license, boasting that ‘his soldiers, even if perfumed for a banquet, would fight well.’ The conference with Ariovistus is described in Cæsar de Bello Gallico, i. 43-45, and in Merivale, chap. vii.: ‘Each was attended by a squadron of cavalry of equal numbers. Cæsar had no Roman cavalry, nor could he safely confide in his Gaulish auxiliaries: yet he would not reject the arrangement proposed by his adversary, nor betray any appearance of distrust or dread. He caused a party of Gauls to dismount, and placed upon their horses the infantry of his favourite legion’ (the tenth). The conference was interrupted by the impatience of the German horse, who suddenly assailed the Romans with stones and arrows. See also pages 48 and 49.
[177] The Venetian ambassador to the Porte bore the title of Bailo or Baily. This title was probably given to him on account of the protection and jurisdiction he exercised with regard to the persons and goods of all Venetian subjects, who lived and traded in all the factories of the Levant. He, with the ambassadors of the Pope and the Emperor, took precedence of all other ambassadors. On account of the importance of the post, appointments to it were not made by the Senate, but by the Great Council. Marc Antonio Barbaro, the subject of Yriarte’s interesting work, La Vie d’un Patricien de Venise, was appointed to this office in 1568.
[178] This story is referred to by Bacon, Essays, XIII.: Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature. ‘The inclination to goodness is imprinted deeply in the nature of man; insomuch that if it issue not towards man, it will take unto other living creatures; as it is seen in the Turks, a cruel people, who nevertheless are kind to beasts, and give alms to dogs and birds; insomuch as Busbechius reporteth, a Christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl.’ Bacon, in his Essays, also alludes to Jehangir, Solyman’s son, to Roxolana, to Selim, and to the fate of Mustapha.
[179] Busbecq’s countrywomen enjoyed great liberty. ‘Les femmes, oultre ce qu’elles sont de belle et excellente forme, sont de beau maintien et gracieuses; car elles commencent dés leur enfance, selon la coustume du païs, à converser librement avec un chacun.’—L. Guicciardini, Description de tout le païs bas, p. 38.
[180] The festival called by Busbecq the Turkish Easter was that of Bairam. It succeeds Ramazan, the month of abstinence, which he terms their Lent. It lasts three days, and seventy days later is the Kourban Bairam, or Feast of Sacrifice, which lasts four days.
[181] See Thirty Years in a Harem for a description of taking off the veil.... It was the conclusion of the marriage, and the Bridegroom made a present to the Bride on the occasion.
[183] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[184] Ten years later Solyman died while besieging this place.
[187] The Turks could hardly object to the use of ‘villainous saltpetre’ as by its aid Solyman’s father, Selim I., had been enabled to crush the Mamelukes. See Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, chap. viii. After the battle ‘Koort Bey poured forth a brilliant eulogy on the valour of the Mamelukes, and spoke with contempt and abhorrence of guns which, he said, killed so cowardly, and so like an assassin.’
[188] Arslan was Sanjak-bey of Stuhlweissenburg and Veli of Hatwan.
[189] Compare Brantôme, Discours sur Duels, vi. p. 151.
[190] Of the nations mentioned in this passage the Mingrelians live along the coast from the Turkish frontier to Sukhum Kaleh; the Iberians correspond to the modern Imeritians, while the ancient Albanians lived in what is now the part of Georgia that borders on the Caspian and in Daghestan, the country of the Lesghians. According to Mr. Bryce (Transcaucasia and Ararat, p. 99) the modern Mingrelians correspond to Busbecq’s description of their ancestors. ‘They are the ne’er-do-wells of the Caucasian family. All their neighbours, however contemptible a Western may think them, have a bad word and a kick for the still more contemptible Mingrelian. To believe them, he is lazy, sensual, treacherous and stupid, a liar and a thief. Lazy the Mingrelian certainly is, but in other respects I doubt if he is worse than his neighbours; and he lives in so damp and warm a climate that violent exercise must be disagreeable.’ According to Malte Brun, ‘the Prince of Mingrelia assumes the title of Dadian or Master of the Sea, though he possesses not even a fishing-boat: he generally moves about with his suite from place to place, and his camp is the scene of licentiousness as well as poverty.’ The Caspian Gates mentioned in the text are probably the Dariel Pass. ‘There were three passes, between which boundless confusion has arisen: first, the Dariel, sometimes called the Caucasian, sometimes the Caspian, sometimes the Iberian Gates; second, the pass between the mountains and the sea near Derbend, where is the wall of Gog and Magog, called sometimes the Caucasian, sometimes the Caspian, sometimes the Albanian Gates; third, a pass somewhere on the south coast of the Caspian, which was really visited and fortified by Alexander the Great.’—Bryce, Transcaucasia and Ararat, p. 76.
[191] ‘A plant of the millet kind, differing from it in the disposition of the flower and seeds, which grow in a close thick spike. It is sown in parts of Europe as corn for the sustenance of the inhabitants.’—Johnson’s Dictionary.
[192] Medea was a Colchian, i.e. Mingrelian.
[193] M. Génin, in the introduction to his edition of the Song of Roland, the most famous hero of the Carlovingian epic cycle, speaking of the wide-spread popularity of the legend, quotes this passage. He also mentions that Bellonus, or Belon (see note, page [140]), states that the Turks preserved at Broussa the sword of Roland, who, they declared, was one of their countrymen. This illustrates what Busbecq in his first letter says of the way in which the Turks identified St. George with one of their own legendary heroes. Godfrey de Bouillon was one of the leaders of the first Crusade, and the first Christian King of Jerusalem.
[195] The chief production cf Lemnos was a red earth called Terra Lemnia, or sigillata, which was employed by the ancient physicians as a remedy for wounds and the bites of serpents, and which is still much valued by the Turks and Greeks for its supposed medicinal virtues. It is dug out of a hill, made into small balls, and stamped with a seal which contains Arabic characters. Mattioli, in his letter to Quacquelben (see note 1, page 415), asks him for information about this earth, and requests him to procure some for him. See also page [416].
[196] The reference is to Terence, Heauton timorumenos, 3. 1. 48.
[197] This was before March 13, 1559, as Verantius, in a letter of that date, mentions that Hooz, Busbecq’s secretary, had been taken prisoner with his Turkish escort by some Hungarians and brought to Kaschau, and that he had said that Baldi was then on his way back.—Katona, Historia Regum Hungariæ, xxiii. 227.
[198] In 1540, Luigi Badoer was sent as ambassador to treat for peace on the basis of the status quo ante bellum, and the payment of 30,000 ducats, but was forbidden in any case to cede Malvasia and Napoli di Romania. Such were the instructions of the Senate, but the Council of Ten gave him in addition secret instructions, empowering him to surrender these places, if he found it impossible to obtain a peace on easier terms. The brothers Cavezza, of whom one was secretary to the Senate, and the other to the Council of Ten, betrayed the secret, probably through a French diplomatist, to the Porte. The consequences are described in the text. See Daru, Histoire de Venise, book xxvi. p. 82, Von Hammer, book xxix., and Charrière, Négociations de la France dans le Levant, i. 548.
[200] Some further details as to the intrigues which caused Bajazet’s ruin may be gathered from the history of Ottoman Ali, who had been secretary to Lala Mustapha. The latter was a protégé of Achmet, the Grand Vizier, and was on that account hated by Roostem, who, knowing he was a friend of Bajazet’s, hoped to ensure his ruin by getting him appointed Governor of Selim’s household. Lala saved himself by betraying his former master. With Selim’s approval he encouraged the unfortunate Prince to attack his brother, and caused some of the Sultan’s messengers to be murdered in such a manner as to make it appear that Bajazet was responsible for the crime, and thus widen the breach between him and his father. It is the evidence of the secretary of this double-dyed traitor that Von Hammer prefers to Busbecq’s. He may have had more information than our writer; the question is, was he as likely to speak the truth? See Von Hammer, book xxxii.
[202] This was a very serious step. See page [187].
[205] The allusion is to the ancient and famous oracle of Zeus at Dodona in Epirus, which is mentioned in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The god, according to one legend, was said to dwell in an ancient oak tree, and to give oracles by the rustlings of the branches. These ‘talking oaks’ are alluded to by Æschylus in the Prometheus Vinctus, and by Sophocles in the Trachiniæ. Busbecq’s Latin, ‘A quo in rebus dubiis responsa petuntur,’ is suggested by Virgil’s lines—
‘Hinc Italæ gentes omnisque Œnotria tellus
In dubiis responsa petunt.’
Æneid, vii. 85.
[206] Koniah was the ancient Iconium.
[207] The Arabic word Memlook or Mameluke means a slave. The first caliphs formed their body-guard of slaves, and in the decadence of the caliphate these slaves, like the Roman prætorians, played a principal part in the numerous revolutions that occurred. It was in Egypt, however, that the Mamelukes attained their highest power. They were Sovereigns of that country for more than 250 years, from the fall of the dynasty of Eyoub to the Ottoman conquest, and even after that event were the real rulers of Egypt till their massacre in the present century by Mehemet Ali. They were composed of three bodies, the Mamelukes, properly so-called, who were of pure Circassian blood; the Djelbans, who were mostly composed of Abyssinian slaves, and the Korsans, an assembly of mercenaries of all nations. They were governed by twenty-four beys, over whom was a Sultan. Their dominion extended over Egypt and Syria with the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and the adjacent parts of Arabia. Selim I., Solyman’s father, after his victorious campaign against Shah Ismael attacked the Mamelukes, defeated and killed their Sultan, Kausson Ghawri, near Aleppo (Aug. 24, 1516), and, marching into Egypt, defeated Touman Bey, the new Sultan, at Ridania (January 22nd), and added Syria and Egypt to his empire. When in Egypt, he induced the last of the Fatimite caliphs, who had been a puppet in the hands of the Mamelukes, to transfer that dignity to himself and his successors. It is in virtue of this transaction that the present Sultan and his predecessors since the time of Selim have claimed to be the head of the Mahommedan faith throughout the world. See Von Hammer, book xxiv.
[208] The Kurds are descended from the Carduchi or Gordiæans of the ancients. (See Xenophon, Anabasis, iv.) They have gradually advanced from their original mountain homes into the plains in the south-east of Armenia and the north of Mesopotamia. They are a warlike race, and much addicted to brigandage.
[210] ‘The most remarkable building in Koniah is the tomb of a saint, highly renowned throughout Turkey, called Haznet Mevlana, the founder of the Mevlevi Dervishes. His sepulchre, which is the object of a Mussulman pilgrimage, is surmounted by a dome, standing upon a cylindrical tower of a bright green colour.’—Leake, Asia Minor, p. 50.
[211] May 29, 1559, was the date of the battle.
[213] Compare the account of the Turkish horses and equipments seen by Evelyn in 1684:—
‘It was judged by the spectators, among whom was the King, Prince of Denmark, Duke of York, and several of the Court, that there were never seene any horses in these parts to be compar’d with them. Add to all this, the furniture, consisting of embroidery on the saddle, houseings, quiver, bow, arrows, scymetar, sword, mace or battle-axe à la Turcisq, the Bashaw’s velvet mantle furred with the most perfect ermine I ever beheld; all which, yron-worke in common furniture, being here of silver, curiously wrought and double-gilt, to an incredible value. Such and so extraordinary was the embrodery, that I never saw anything approching it. The reins and headstall were of crimson silk, cover’d with chaines of silver gilt. There was also a Turkish royal standard of an horse’s taile, together with all sorts of other caparisons belonging to a general’s horse, by which one may estimate how gallantly and magnificently those infidels appeare in the field, for nothing could be seene more glorious.’—Evelyn, Diary, p. 461.
[215] In Busbecq’s time it was the fashion in Europe to wear clothes with slashes or eyelet-holes. Compare page [155].
[218] ‘Cedo alteram,’ the original Latin, is a quotation from Tacitus. (Annals, i. 23).
[219] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[220] The Persian dominions were bounded on the east by the country now known as Afghanistan, which then formed part of the empire of the Mogul Emperors, or Padischahs, of Delhi, the second of whom was Humayoum, the father of the famous Akbar. During his life of forty-nine years Humayoum experienced extraordinary changes of fortune, losing his throne, and being obliged, after undergoing the greatest hardships and dangers in his flight through the desert, to take refuge with Shah Tahmasp. Eventually he regained his dominions, and at his death in 1556 was the ruler of Cabul and Candahar, and also of the Punjaub, together with Delhi and Agra and the adjoining parts of India.
[221] Shah Ismael was the founder of the dynasty of the Sofis or Saffis, so called from Sheik Suffee-u-deen of Ardebil, a devotee renowned for his sanctity, from whom Shah Ismael was the sixth in descent. His father, Hyder, on the death of his uncle and father-in-law Uzun Hussun, the prince of the dynasty of the White Sheep, invaded Shirwan at the head of a body of partisans. He made his troops wear red turbans, whence, according to one account, comes the name of Kizilbash (Red Heads), by which the Persians were known among the Turks. Hyder was killed in battle, and his sons were thrown into prison, but they afterwards escaped. The eldest was killed in battle, the second died in Ghilan, Ismael, the youngest, in 1499, at the age of fourteen, took the field against the Turkomans, who were then in possession of the greater part of Persia, and in the course of four campaigns succeeded in establishing his authority throughout the country. His family claimed descent from the seventh Imaum, and their great ancestor, Ali, was the special object of their reverence. The very name of Schiah, which means a sectary, and which Ismael’s enemies had given him as a reproach, became a title in which he gloried. When Sultan Selim I. massacred his co-religionists (see note page 161), the natural consequence was a war between Turkey and Persia. The Turkish army advanced through Kurdistan and Azerbijan on Tabriz, which was then the Persian capital. They were much embarrassed by want of provisions, as the Persians retired, laying waste the country in their retreat. A threatened mutiny among the Janissaries was quelled only by Selim’s presence of mind and resolution. Ismael at last abandoned his Fabian tactics, and took up a position in the valley of Tschaldiran, some 30 miles south-east of Bayezid. A bloody and fiercely contested battle (August 23, 1514) ended in the complete victory of Selim, which he owed mainly to his artillery and the firearms of the Janissaries. This success was followed by the occupation of Tabriz, but Selim was obliged by the discontent of his troops to return homewards. The acquisition of Diarbekir and Kurdistan was, however, the result of this campaign. Apart from his defeat by Selim, Ismael reigned with unbroken success till his death in 1523. He was succeeded by his son Shah Tahmasp.—See Malcolm, History of Persia, i. ch. 12.
[222] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[224] ‘The youths among the Christian tribute children most conspicuous for birth, talent, and beauty were admitted into the inferior class of agiamoglans or the more liberal rank of ichoglans, of whom the former were attached to the palace and the latter to the person of the prince.’—Gibbon, ch. lxv. Busbecq, in his Art of War against the Turks, gives an account of the method by which the Turkish army was recruited from the children of Christians. Every year the Sultan sent to his different provinces, and took one out of every three or four of the boys. When they arrived at Constantinople, the handsomest and cleverest were placed in the households of the Sultan and Pashas. Of the rest some were hired out to farmers, &c., and the remainder employed in public works. The former were fed and clothed by their masters, till they grew up, when they were drafted into the ranks of the Janissaries, as vacancies occurred. Those who were placed in the Sultan’s household often rose to the highest offices of the state. The last of these levies of Christian children was made in 1638.—Von Hammer, book xlviii. tome ix. p. 325.
[225] In the account of the Shah’s dealings with Bajazet, we have followed the readings given in all the editions prior to the Elzevir. See Appendix, [List of Editions].
[226] ‘The Persians dwell with rapture on the character of Ismael, deeming him not only the founder of a great dynasty, but the person to whom the faith they glory in owes its establishment as a national religion.’—Malcolm, History of Persia, i. p. 328. On his accession Ismael declared Schiism to be the national religion. See also note 2, p. [299] and note p. [161].
[227] For a fuller account of the siege and capture of Gerba or Djerbé or Gelves the reader is referred to Prescott’s Philip II., vol. ii. book iv. chap. 1, and Von Hammer, book xxxiii. The Spanish historians cited by Prescott are so conflicting that he defies the reader to reconcile them, but Busbecq’s narrative, as far as it goes, may be considered of the highest authority, as no doubt it was founded on what he heard from his friend Don Alvaro de Sandé, who commanded the garrison. In the spring of 1559 the Duke of Medina Celi, the Viceroy of Sicily, was ordered to fit out an expedition against Tripoli and its corsairs, to which Tuscany, Rome, Naples, Sicily, Genoa, and Malta furnished contingents. John Andrew Doria, nephew of the great Andrew Doria, commanded the Genoese forces. The fleet consisted of more than 100 sail, including 54 galleys, and had 14,000 troops on board. The armament assembled at Syracuse, from which they sailed in November. They met with such bad weather, however, that they were forced to put into Malta, where they stayed more than two months refitting. So much time had now been lost, that they gave up the attempt on Tripoli as hopeless, and attacked Djerbé instead. They took it without much difficulty on March 14, and spent two months there fortifying it, and placed in it a garrison of 5,000 men, commanded by Don Alvaro de Sandé. As the troops were preparing to re-embark, news was brought of the approach of the Turkish fleet. A council of war was held, in which opinions were divided; but the arrival of the Turkish fleet under the command of Pialé, which included 86 galleys, each with 100 Janissaries on board, saved them the trouble of deciding (May 14). The Christians were seized with panic. Many of their ships were sunk, and many more surrendered. A few took refuge under the guns of the fortress. The Duke of Medina Celi and Doria were among those who escaped, and they took advantage of the darkness of the following night to fly to Sicily in a frigate. Next morning Pialé commenced the siege. After a breach had been made, he assaulted the fortress, but was repulsed with great loss, and several other attacks of the Turks met with the same fate. The siege lasted nearly three months, although at the end of six weeks provisions and water had begun to fail. On July 31, 1560, two hours before dawn, Don Alvaro, accompanied by hardly 1,000 men, sallied out and tried to cut his way through, with the intention of seizing a vessel and escaping, but the attempt proved unsuccessful, and the same day the rest of the garrison surrendered. On September 27 the victorious fleet returned to Constantinople, as described in the text. Don Alvaro lived to take ample vengeance for all he had suffered. When the Spaniards raised the siege of Malta in 1565 Don Alvaro, as second in command, again encountered his old opponent Pialé. The gallant Spaniard was in the thick of the fighting, had a horse killed under him, and was one of those who contributed most to the defeat of the Turks.
[228] Chios was first brought under the immediate dominion of the Sultan by Pialé Pasha in 1566, though it had previously acknowledged his suzerainty and paid tribute. It had been conquered by the Genoese admiral, Simon Vignoso, in 1346. The form of government was so peculiar as to deserve some notice. It is the first example of the territorial administration of a mercantile company of shareholders exercising in a distant country all the duties of a sovereign. Of this form of government the East India Company is the best known specimen. The Genoese treasury in 1346 was so exhausted that the funds for fitting out the twenty-nine galleys of Vignoso’s fleet were raised by private citizens, who subscribed the money in shares. The Republic promised to secure them against all loss, and pledged a portion of its annual revenue to pay the interest. After the conquest of Chios, Vignoso, in virtue of the full powers with which he was invested, established a committee of the subscribers, who administered the Government of Chios, and collected the revenues under the sovereignty of the Republic of Genoa. The contributors had formed themselves into a joint-stock company, according to the established usage at Genoa; and this society or maona assumed the name of the Maona of Scio. The Republic being unable to repay the advances, a convention was concluded between the State and the Maona, by which the shareholders were recognised as the lawful proprietors and administrators of Chios, subject to the terms on which the Greek population had capitulated, for a term of twenty years, during which the Republic reserved the right of resuming possession of the island on repayment of the sum advanced. This, however, the Republic was never able to do, so the arrangement became permanent. The greater part of the shares passed into the hands of the family, or, more correctly speaking, the firm of the Justiniani, and the Joint-Stock Company of Scio was generally called the Maona of the Justiniani. For further details as to the Government of Scio while held by this company, see Finlay, History of Greece, vol. v. ch. ii., from which this note is taken. It must, however, be added that the Government of the company, notwithstanding its defects, was for a long period the least oppressive in the Levant.
[229] Petremol, the French chargé d’affaires, mentions some Spanish slaves being brought to Constantinople from Chios. The Sultan, it was said, did not intend to keep them in servitude, but wished to see whether Roostem’s contention was true, namely, that Pialé had stolen all the prisoners of high rank, and had presented to the Sultan, under the names of the different officers, common soldiers who could pay no ransom. Charrière, Négotiations de la France dans le Levant, ii. 671.
[230] Adam von Dietrichstein was born in 1527. He accompanied Maximilian on his journey to Spain, when he went to marry his cousin, the Infanta Maria. In 1561 he was sent by Maximilian to the Pope as ambassador. Maximilian appointed him his High Chamberlain in 1563, and sent him to conduct his sons to Spain as head of their household. Busbecq therefore served under him on this mission (see page 61). About the same time Ferdinand appointed him his ambassador to Spain, and after Ferdinand’s death he remained there as Maximilian’s representative. In this post he had the delicate task of keeping the bigoted Philip and the tolerant Maximilian on friendly terms. In 1573 he escorted the Archdukes home, and was appointed Privy Councillor and Governor of Rodolph’s household. He died in 1590, and was buried at Prague, at the feet of his master Maximilian. He married in 1555 Margaret, daughter of Don Antonio de Cardona.
[231] In Wervicq Church, about a mile from Busbecq’s home, stands a life-size figure of a galley-slave, with this inscription: ‘Vrais Chrétiens, soyez touchés de cœur à faire charité aux esclaves Chrétiens.’ The utter, hopeless misery there depicted illustrates the force of this appeal.
[232] July 8, 1561.
[234] One of the Princes’ Islands in the Sea of Marmora, where the British Fleet was stationed during the spring of 1878.
[235] We have here a good description of a serious attack of the plague. Compare pages 163-4.
[236] Busbecq went there in the beginning of August 1561. He was accompanied by a cavasse, and twenty Janissaries as a guard. Charrière, Négotiations de la France dans le Levant, ii. 668-9.
[237] These references are to Cicero, De Naturâ Deorum, ii. cap. 48, and De Finibus, iii. cap. 19; Pliny, Natural History, ix. cap. 66, and Athenæus, iii. p. 93. For descriptions and figures of the pinna and pinnophylax or pea-crab, see Wood’s Natural History, pages 422 and 588. They are frequently found in the shells of bivalves. The real reason for this habit is not certainly known. For an account of Belon, see note, page [140].
[238] This passage illustrates the statement in the Life, pages 50, 51.
[239] In ancient times, and now in the English Church, the title of Metropolitan (Archbishop) was confined to the chief bishop of a province; but in the Greek Church at the present day the title is given to many ordinary bishops.
[241] After the Spaniards, in 1533, abandoned the fortress of Coron in the Morea, some Greeks, who had taken their part, fled with them to Charles V. Among them was one James Heraclides, whose ancestors had been Despots, or Lords, of Samos and Paros. In his suite was a lad named John Basilicus, the son of a ship-captain in Crete. He took a fancy to the young man, and had him educated, and for some years he worked as a copyist in the Vatican library. On the death of his patron, John persuaded his household to acknowledge him as the nephew of their deceased master by allowing them to take possession of the property left by him, only keeping for himself all the diplomas, title-deeds and other documents he could find. Many years afterwards he repaired to Charles V. in his retirement at Yuste, and obtained from him an acknowledgment that he was nephew and heir of Heraclides, and as such was recognised by him as Despot of Samos and Paros. Charles V. also acknowledged the good service he had done while in the Albanian light cavalry attached to the Spanish army, and according to some accounts gave him the right of conferring the degree of Doctor and creating Notaries and Poet-Laureates. Armed with these credentials he repaired to Wittenberg, where he became acquainted with Melancthon, published an historical work in Latin, and with the Emperor’s consent exercised his powers by creating some Poet-Laureates. At Lubeck he assumed the character of a prince banished by the Turks, and thence repaired to the courts of Denmark and Sweden, and next went by Dantzic to Albert of Brandenberg, the first Duke of Prussia. He then visited Nicholas Radzivill at Wilna, who introduced him to Sigismund, King of Poland. To gain Radzivill’s favour he professed himself a Protestant. In Poland he heard of the disturbed state of Moldavia, and found that the wife of the Hospodar Alexander was a kinswoman of his pretended uncle. Armed with letters of recommendation from Radzivill and the King, he entered Moldavia, assumed the name of James Heraclides, and on the strength of a forged pedigree, passed himself off as a descendant of the ancient Moldavian dynasty of that name. He applied himself to learn the language and to gain the affections of the nobles. Thereon Alexander, who at first had received him well, tried to poison him, but he escaped to Upper Hungary; here he obtained the assistance of Albert Laszky and would have invaded Moldavia through Ruthenia, if the Palatine had not stopped him by the King of Poland’s orders. He then retired to Kaschau, where he gained the confidence of Busbecq’s old colleague Zay, then Governor of Upper Hungary. Having come to an understanding between themselves, they wrote to Ferdinand, who entered into a secret agreement to assist Basilicus with money, and allow him to levy troops in his dominions. To lull the suspicions of Alexander, a report of Basilicus’s death was circulated, and his funeral was actually performed by Laszky at Kesmark, the capital of the County of Zips. His second invasion proved more successful. In November, 1561, he defeated Alexander near Suczawa, who fled to Jassy, and thence to Constantinople. There he endeavoured to prejudice the Sultan against him, and spread reports that he was about to invade Thrace with his German mercenaries. Though Solyman was much annoyed at these events, and had commenced to assemble an army to attack the Despot, yet he deemed it wiser to dissemble his vexation, and, yielding to the representations of the Despot’s envoys, which were supported by a judicious administration of bribes, he conferred on him the vacant dignity. The Despot, however, soon made himself unpopular by raising the taxes, which he was obliged to do in order to provide the increased tribute he had agreed to pay, Alexander having carried off all the money in the treasury. Moreover, to save expense he dismissed his German and Italian troops, retaining only Hungarians. The priests and common people were alienated by his religious innovations, especially as they could not refute his arguments, ‘having learnt to worship God with more zeal than knowledge.’ He declared his intention of abolishing vain ceremonies and false doctrines, and introduced Calvinist preachers from Poland, who ridiculed the mass-books, expressed their abhorrence of all ceremonies, destroyed images, and, in the words of the episcopal historian, had the arrogance to affirm that their doctrines agreed with the testimony of the Scriptures. He began to plunder the churches of their treasures, plate, &c., which made the priests fear their turn would come next. His crowning act of sacrilege was to melt down certain silver crosses, venerable both from their age and the relics they contained, and to coin them into pieces bearing his image and superscription. The nobles were further estranged by his projected marriage with the beautiful Christina, daughter of Martin Zborowski, Castellan of Cracow, a man of great influence in Poland, and the leader of the Protestant party. Accordingly, they conspired against him, treacherously surprised and killed most of his foreign guards, his other partisans, and his infant child, and besieged him in Suczawa. After three months his Hungarian troops mutinied and surrendered the fortress, and he was cruelly murdered by Tomza, the leader of the conspirators.
[243] The farewell audience took place on the Tuesday before September, 10, 1559. Apparently, however, it was on June 6 that Lavigne procured the release of the prisoners. The Baily, Marini di Cavallo, was much annoyed at the favour, which had been refused to his entreaties and bribes, being granted to Lavigne. ‘Et il ne s’est peu tenir, tout saige et cavallo qu’il est, de se faire cognoistre fol et asino: car usant de paroles magnifiques et de ceste bonne créance de Realto contre moy, au lieu de me louer et vous faire remercier par sa seigneurie d’une si bonne œuvre qu’il n’eust jamais sceu mectre à fin, soubz main il a tasché de faire dresser les commandements desdits pellerins en son nom, et de corrompre l’ambassadeur du roy des Romains (Busbecq) affin qu’il escripvit à l’empéreur que c’estoit à la requeste de ladicte seigneurie qu’ils avoient esté déliverez.’—Charrière, Négociations &c., ii. 584.
[244] It is curious to find that some Goths still existed in the Crimea so late as Busbecq’s days. They occupied the south coast from Balaklava to Sudak, and the mountains north of the latter, and the Genoese officer who governed this coast in the fifteenth century, bore the title of Capitanus Gotiæ. They are mentioned by the monk Rubruquis, who was sent in 1253 by Saint Louis to the Great Khan, and also by Marco Polo, (book iv. c. 24, Yule’s edition, ii. p. 421 and note). The traveller Pallas, at the end of the last century, could find no traces of them or of their language, so that he thinks (Travels, vol. ii. p. 358), that Busbecq’s belief in their existence must have arisen from some German, Swedish, or other captives being found in the Crimea. Busbecq, however, is not the only writer who notices these Goths, and it is not difficult to understand that the tribe may have disappeared before the time of Pallas in the numerous wars which devastated the Crimea. The ruins of Mancup still remain, four leagues south of Simferopol, and nearly due east of Sebastopol. It is an almost inaccessible fortress, on a high isolated rock. Pallas describes the ruins of it in the second volume of his Travels. One of Gibbon’s numerous references to Busbecq is found in a note to Chapter xl., where he alludes to ‘these unambitious Goths.’
[245] The Flemish is not given by Busbecq, but has been taken by the translators from an article on Busbecq in Les Voyageurs Belges, ii. p. 30, by the Baron de Saint-Génois,
[246] This is a mistake on Busbecq’s part. The first German immigrants came to Transylvania at the invitation of Geisa II., king of Hungary, in the times of Conrad III. and Frederick Barbarossa, i.e., about the middle of the twelfth century. Most of them came from the Lower Rhine. They still form distinct communities, marrying only among themselves, and are known as Saxons.
[248] A similar legend is told of St. Raymond, a Spanish saint, who lived in the thirteenth century. He was confessor to Don James, King of Aragon. In the words of Mrs. Jameson (Legends of the Monastic Orders, p. 421), ‘the latter’ (the King) ‘had but one fault; he was attached to a certain beauty of his court from whom Raymond in vain endeavoured to detach him. When the King summoned his confessor to attend him to Majorca, the saint refused unless the lady were left; the King affected to yield, but soon after their arrival in Majorca, Raymond discovered that the lady was also there in the disguise of a page; he remonstrated; the King grew angry; Raymond intimated his resolution to withdraw to Spain; the King forbad any vessel to leave the port, and made it death to any person to convey him from the island. The result is thus gravely related: St. Raymond, full of confidence in God, said to his companion, “An earthly King has deprived us of the means of escape, but a heavenly King will supply them!” Then walking up to a rock which projected into the sea, he spread his cloak on the waters, and setting his staff upright and tying one corner to it for a sail, he made the sign of the cross, and boldly embarked in this new kind of vessel. He was wafted over the surface of the ocean with such rapidity that in six hours he reached Barcelona. This stupendous miracle might perhaps have been doubted, if five hundred credible witnesses had not seen the saint land on the quay at Barcelona, take up his cloak, which was not even wetted by the waves, throw it round him, and retire modestly to his cell; more like an humble penitent than one in whose favour Heaven had so wonderfully wrought.’
[249] This feat is by no means impossible. See Hone’s Everyday Book, ii. p. 771-9.
[250] A receipt by which this feat may be accomplished is given in the Booke of Secrets of Albertus Magnus, imprinted at London by H. Jackson. ‘Take the juice of Bismalua, and the white of an egge, and the seed of an herb called Psillium, also Pulicarius herba, and break it into powder, and make a confection, and myxe the juice of Radysh with the white of an egge. Anoynt thy body or hand with this confection, and let it be dryed, and after anoynte it againe; after that thou mayest suffer boldely the fire without hurt.’ (See Hone’s Everyday Book, ii. p. 774.) Similar feats were performed before Evelyn. (Diary, p. 370.)
[252] Treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, concluded between France and Spain, April 3, 1559.
[253] ‘Alvaro de Sandé fit tres bien à la bataille de Gerbes, là où combattant vaillamment il fut pris et mené à Constantinople en signe de triumphe et presenté au grand Solyman, qui le fit garder fort curieusement et estroictment, en faisant serment sur son grand dieu Mahom(!) qu’il ne luy feroit jamais plus la guerre, et qu’il vieilliroit et mourroit en prison sans le vouloir jamais mettre à rançon; car il sçavoit bien que le roy d’Espagne son maistre le rechapteroit de beaucoup. Enfin, voyant que pour or ny argent il ne le pouvoit faire rançonner ny avoir, il envoya prier avec grande suplication le roy Charles, son beau et bon frere, par le moyen de ceste bonne Reyne d’Espaigne sa sœur, d’envoyer une ambassade vers le Grand Seigneur pour le luy demander et le luy donner; dont le Roy (comme je le vis moy estant lors à la Cour) despescha aussitost M. le chevalier de Salvyaty, qui a esté depuis premier escuyer de la reyne de Navarre, homme fort digne pour ceste charge, et fort habile, qu en fit l’ambassade, avec danger de sa vie, pourtant qu’il courut par les chemins, me dict il à son retour. Le Grand Seigneur du commancement en fit un peu de refus à ce qu’il me dict; mais vaincu par prieres du Roy, il ne l’en voulut refuser, et le luy accorda pour la premiere demande qu’il luy avoit faicte, parce que c’estoit son avenement à la couronne: outre plus, luy envoya les plus belles offres du monde. Par ainsy ledict chevalier s’en retourna libre avec son prisonnier, qui ne pensoit rien moins à cela devoir à nostre Roy sa vie et sa liberté.’—Brantôme, i. 218.
It is needless to point out the absurdities and gross inaccuracies of this account, which is given by Salviati’s friend. It is contradicted by the despatches of the French representative at Constantinople, which show that Salviati’s mission was a complete failure: ‘Solyman ne se souvenant plus de ses parolles et de ce qu’il avoit escrit au roy dernièrement par M. le chevalier Salviati, que sa foy ne permettoit point de délivrer les chrestiens pris en bataille, accorda la délivrance desdits trois chevaliers espagnols, à la premiere requeste et instance que Ferdinand luy en a faicte soubz ombre de cent cinquante esclaves turcqs qu’ilz ont promis dellivrer.’—Charrière, Négotiations de la France dans le Levant, ii. 704.
[254] ‘Quant à l’aultre point des chevalliers espagnols délivrez, Ali me dit que certainement leur foy ne permettoit point délivrer les chrestiens pris en bataille, mais que le Grand Seigneur ayant remis ce pesché sur ses bassats, ils avoient trouvé par leur loy que pour eschange d’esclaves en tel nombre que les Espagnols promettent, et faire un bien public comme la paix, leur foy, comme par une indulgence spécialle, permettoit ladite délivrance.’—Charrière, ii. 706.
[256] These ants are mentioned first by Herodotus, iii. c. 102, where he gives an account of the stratagem by which the Indians steal the gold thrown up by them as they burrow. The most plausible conjecture is that which identifies this animal with the Pangolin or Ant-eater. See Blakesley’s and Rawlinson’s notes on the passage, in the latter of which the statement in the text is referred to.
[257] This headdress must have resembled that of the Janissaries Busbecq saw at Buda. See p. [87] and note.
[258] Aleppo is really a considerable distance from the Euphrates.
[259] The date of Bajazet’s death was September 25, 1561.
[261] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[262] Compare page 159.
[263] Theriac, the original form of the word treacle, is derived from θηρίον, i.e. a venomous serpent (see Acts xxviii. 4). It originally meant a confection of vipers’ flesh, which was popularly believed to be the most potent antidote to vipers’ poison. Hence the word came to mean any antidote against poison.
[264] The value of this balsam is illustrated by the amusing account of the adventures in Ireland of Jean de Montluc, Bishop of Valence, given by Sir James Melville in his Memoirs (page 10, Bannatyne Club edition). Like his friend Busbecq (see vol. ii. p. [34], Letter to Maximilian, XI.) he had been ambassador at the Turkish Court, and was afterwards sent in the same capacity to Scotland. On his return he paid a visit to Ireland to intrigue with the chieftains who were hostile to England. Melville, then a boy of fourteen, was sent back with him by Mary of Guise, the Queen Regent, to be a page to her daughter Queen Mary. They landed on Shrove Tuesday, 1550, in Lough Foyle, and were taken to Odocarte’s house. A woman, who had been brought to entertain the bishop, and was kept quietly in his chamber, ‘found a little glass within a case standing in a window, for the coffers were all wet by the sea waves that fell in the ship during the storm. But she believed it had been ordained to eat, because it had an odoriphant smell; therefore she licked it clean out; which put the bishop in such a rage that he cried out for impatience.... But the Irishmen and his own servants laughed at the matter, for it was a phial of the only most precious balm that grew in Egypt, which Solyman the great Turk had given in a present to the said bishop, after he had been two years ambassador for the King of France in Turkey, and was esteemed worth two thousand crowns.’
[266] Here we part from the gallant Spaniard. For his future career see note p. [317]. He was finally Governor of Oran, ‘où il a finy ses jours fort vieux et cassé.’—Brantôme, i. 219.
[267] The then Duke, or rather Elector, of Saxony, was Augustus the Pious, who succeeded his brother, the famous Maurice, in 1553, and died in 1586. The Duke of Bavaria was Albert III., surnamed the Magnanimous, who reigned from 1550 to 1579. His wife was a daughter of Ferdinand. William the Rich was then Duke of Juliers, Cleves and Berg, &c. He reigned from 1539 to 1592, and he also had married a daughter of Ferdinand. He was younger brother of Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII.’s fourth wife.
[268] Ferdinand might have defended himself by the example of his predecessor Sigismund. See the story in Carlyle’s Frederick the Great, i. 187, of his speech at the Council of Constance. “‘Right Reverend Fathers, date operam ut illa nefanda schisma eradicetur,’ exclaimed Sigismund, intent on having the Bohemian schism well dealt with,—which he reckons to be of the feminine gender. To which a Cardinal mildly remarking, ‘Domine, schisma est generis neutrius (Schisma is neuter, your Majesty),’ Sigismund loftily replies, ‘Ego sum Rex Romanus et super grammaticam (I am King of the Romans, and above Grammar)!’”
[269] An allusion to Horace, Odes, iii. 3, 1-10.
[270] In the battle of Nicopolis, A.D. 1396, Bajazet defeated Sigismund, King of Hungary (afterwards Emperor), and a confederate army of 100,000 Christians, who had proudly boasted that if the sky should fall, they would uphold it on their lances. Among them was John, Count of Nevers, son of Philippe-le-Hardi, Duke of Burgundy, afterwards the Duke known as Jean Sans-Peur, who led a contingent of French knights. In the battle of Varna, A.D. 1444, Ladislaus, King of Hungary and Poland, was defeated, and killed by Sultan Amurath II. For Mohacz, see Sketch of Hungarian History.
[271] Compare Camoens: ‘Eu nunca louvarei o general que diz “Eu não cuidei.”—I will never praise the general who excuses himself by saying, “I thought not.”’
[272] See Sketch of Hungarian History.
[273] The Suleimanyeh, or mosque of Solyman, is the most glorious masterpiece of Ottoman architecture. It is built after the pattern of St. Sophia, and was intended to surpass it. As regards the regularity of the plan, the perfection of the individual parts, and the harmony of the whole, that intention appears to have been fully attained. It was begun in 1550 and finished in 1555.
[274] Johann Trautson von Matray, Freiherr von Sprechenstein, &c., descended from an ancient Tyrolese family, was Governor of the Tyrol, and Privy Councillor and Lord High Chamberlain to Ferdinand, who created him a Baron. Leonard von Harrach, a member of an ancient Bohemian family, Privy Councillor and Court Chancellor of Ferdinand, is probably the person meant.
[275] Mattioli or Matthioli, an Italian physician, was one of the founders of modern botany. He was born at Siena in 1500, and died at Trent in 1577. He was educated at Venice and Padua, and afterwards lived at Siena and Rome, but was compelled by the sack of the latter city to retire to Trent, from which he removed to Goritz. In 1562 he was summoned by Ferdinand to his Court, where for ten years he was first physician to Maximilian. His most celebrated work is his Dioscorides and his Commentary on that author. In this he made especial use of two MSS. discovered at Constantinople by his intimate friend Busbecq, one of which is presently mentioned in the text.
Mattioli in his Commentaries, continually refers to the specimens and information he had received from Quacquelben, Busbecq’s physician. He gives a figure and description of the Acorus, the plant mentioned in the text, which Busbecq had had collected for him from the Lake of Nicomedia, and also mentions the Napellus under the head of Aconite. Apparently there were two species known by that name, one of which was extremely poisonous. Mattioli gives instances of experiments tried with it upon condemned criminals, some of which proved fatal. Mattioli also describes and gives figures of the horse-chestnut and lilac, taken from branches and seed sent him by Busbecq.
Quacquelben took advantage of the return of Busbecq’s colleagues in August 1557, to send Mattioli a box of specimens accompanied by a long letter, which, with Mattioli’s reply, is printed among the letters of the latter.
[276] The sweet or aromatic flag was used as a medicine in cases of bites from mad dogs, &c. See Salmon’s Herbal. It was also used for scenting rooms, and for ornamental purposes. See Evelyn’s description of Lady Clarendon’s seat at Swallowfield: ‘The waters are flagg’d about with Calamus aromaticus, with which my lady has hung a closet that retains the smell very perfectly,’ Diary, p. 490. See also Syme’s English Botany, vol. ix. p. 11.
[278] Matarieh, a village near Cairo, occupies the site of the ancient On or Heliopolis, where Cleopatra’s Needles originally stood.
[279] See page [256] and note.
[280] This MS. was purchased by the Emperor, and is still preserved at Vienna. It is one of the most ancient and remarkable MSS. in existence. It was written at Constantinople, towards the end of the fifth century, for Juliana Anicia, daughter of the Emperor Olybrius, who died A.D. 472. On the second and third pages are two miniatures, each representing seven famous botanists and physicians assembled in consultation. Among those represented in the second are Dioscorides himself and Cratevas. On the fifth page is a picture of Dioscorides engaged in the composition of his work. Visconti considers that the resemblance of the two portraits of Dioscorides proves that they were taken from a real original, and are not imaginary. On the sixth page is a picture of Juliana Anicia seated on a throne between two allegorical figures of Wisdom and Magnanimity. A winged Cupid, above whom is written ‘The Love of the Creator of Wisdom,’ is presenting her with an open book, while a kneeling figure entitled Gratitude is kissing the feet of the princess. Engravings of these pictures, which, apart from their antiquity, are remarkable as works of art, are given by Visconti, Iconographie Grecque, vol. i. ch. 7, and by Montfaucon, Palæographia Græca, bk. iii. ch. 2. Throughout the MS. the description of each plant is illustrated by a figure.
Dioscorides was a famous botanist and physician, who wrote a celebrated treatise on Materia Medica. Cratevas was a Greek herbalist, who is supposed to have lived about the beginning of the first century B.C. The great work of Busbecq’s friend, Mattioli (see note 1 page 415), was his edition of Dioscorides.
END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.
LONDON: PRINTED BY
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INDEX TO THE LETTERS.
- AA, John Van der, member of Ferdinand’s privy council, presents Busbecq to Ferdinand, i. [78]
- Abbot of Turkish Monastery—his alleged miracles, i. [363]-365
- Achmet Pasha, appointed Grand Vizier, i. [118];
- Aconite or Napellus, used by Turkish pilgrim, i. [362]
- Acorus calamus, plant sent by Busbecq to Mattioli, i. [415]
- Adrianople, town of, i. [107];
- Affenstein, commander of German reiters, killed, ii. [104]
- Aga of the Janissaries, mentioned, i. [232], [285]
- Agiamoglans, name of a class among the Christian tribute children, i. [306], and note
- Aigues-Mortes, seaport in Languedoc, surprised by the Huguenots, ii. [42], and note;
- Italian nobles captured by the Huguenots taken thither, [155]
- Akschehr, town in Asia Minor taken by Bajazet, i. [273]
- Albacar, Spanish physician sent by Busbecq to Lemnos, i. [416]
- Albanians, a Georgian tribe, i. [246]
- Albanians or Epirotes, ii. [143], and note
- Aldegonde, St., a prisoner in the hands of the Royalists, ii. [4];
- Alençon, Francis, Duke of, afterwards Duke of Anjou, waiting at Lyons for his brother, ii. [7];
- his constitution delicate, [43];
- at the Cardinal de Lorraine’s funeral, [46];
- at the ball given on the Marquis de Nomeny’s marriage, [81];
- his restless spirit, [95];
- supposed to have dealings with the Huguenots, [96];
- accompanies the Queen to the gates of Paris, ib.;
- his flight and his motives, [100]-104, and note;
- expected to return to Blois, [105];
- demands that the negotiations be held at Blois instead of Poitiers, [114];
- supposed to have instigated du Guast’s murder, [116];
- interferes in his quarrel with Thoré, [118];
- takes possession of Châtelherault, [120];
- demands Bourges and other towns, ib.;
- will probably come to terms, [131];
- his expedition to the Netherlands, [141];
- intends ravaging Hainault, [143];
- sends to Italy to hire horse, ib.;
- a champion of the Catholics, [144];
- reinforcements for him, [147];
- witnesses the battle at Ghent, [148];
- disposition of his troops, [149];
- expects to visit England [156];
- prevails on citizens of Antwerp to admit 300 French noblemen, [162];
- his attempt to seize Antwerp, [166];
- retreats to the monastery of St. Bernard, [167];
- and thence to Dendermonde, [168];
- his probable course of action, ib.;
- blackness of his conduct, [170];
- excuses made for it, ib.;
- complete breach with citizens of Antwerp, [173];
- his ill-regulated mind, [174];
- proposed compromise with him, [174]-175;
- chooses Dunkirk as his residence, [179];
- reported to be concerned in fresh disturbances, [180];
- ill at Dunkirk, [181];
- presents Fervaques with an abbacy, ib.;
- sends Pibrac to Antwerp, ib.;
- writes to stop his mother from coming, [182];
- meets her at La Fère, [185];
- has lost everything in Netherlands but Cambrai, [186];
- returns to France, ib.;
- said to be going to marry the daughter of the Duke of Lorraine, [194];
- said to have handed over Cambrai to his brother, [195];
- his probable plans, ib.;
- appointed by the king his Lieutenant with limited powers, [196];
- at Cambrai in great want of money, [198];
- envoys to him from the States, ib.;
- likely to come to Paris, [199];
- goes to Château Thierry, [201];
- intends to winter at Angers, [202];
- goes to Laon, ib.;
- will not come to court, [203];
- his rumoured negotiations with Spain for sale of Cambrai, [204];
- changes his plans, will winter at Château Thierry, [206];
- his humiliating position, ib.;
- suspected attempt to murder, [209];
- about to receive an embassy from the Netherlands, [210];
- urges his claim to be made Lieutenant-General of the kingdom, [212];
- visits his mother, [213];
- by her advice approaches the king submissively, ib.;
- advised to secure the favour of Joyeuse and Epernon, ib.;
- returns to Château Thierry, [214];
- his serious illness, [216];
- reported to be in a decline, [217];
- given over, [218];
- confined to his bed, [219];
- importance of his death for France, ib.;
- his death, [221];
- his character, ib.;
- preparations for his funeral, ib.;
- said to have bequeathed Cambrai to his mother, [222];
- his funeral, [223]
- Ali Pasha, second vizier, and afterwards Grand Vizier, his origin and character, i. [157], [342];
- banquet given by him to Persian ambassador, [157];
- his foolish speech, [234];
- becomes Grand Vizier, [334];
- grants Busbecq’s request to leave his house, ib.;
- sends a cavasse to him, [342];
- contrasted with Roostem, [343]-345;
- his interviews with Busbecq, [345];
- his policy, [346];
- his accident, ib.;
- conversation with Busbecq about the invasion of Moldavia, [349]-351;
- helps to procure the release of Busbecq’s servants, [368];
- sends him sweetmeats, [375];
- informs him of Bajazet’s death, [385];
- his presents to him on his departure, [388];
- what he wished in return, [391]
- Ali Pasha, the eunuch, appointed to the command in Hungary, i. [236];
- Alost, taken by Alençon, ii. [143]
- Alva, the Duke of, his death, ii. [162]
- Amasia, capital of Cappadocia, description of, i. [150]-151;
- Bajazet ordered thither, [267]
- Amber, great quantities of it exported to Turkey and Persia, i. [257]
- Amiens, attempt to surprise, ii. [88]
- Amurath I., Sultan, his death, i. [153], and note
- Ancyranum Monumentum, account of the, i. [142]-143, and note
- Angers, town of, demanded by Alençon, ii. [120];
- Alençon going to winter there, [202]
- Angers, citadel of, held by de Brissac, ii. [245];
- Angoulême, town of, demanded by Alençon, ii. [120]
- Angora, town of, description of the, i. [142];
- Bajazet occupies and raises forced loan from merchants of, [275]
- Angora goats, i. [137], and note;
- manufacture of mohair from their hair, [143]
- Annonay, town in the Vivarais, siege of, ii. [9], and note
- Ant, Indian, as large as a dog, sent as a present by the Shah to Solyman, i. [375], and note
- Antonio, Don, pretender to the crown of Portugal, his Constable killed, ii. [146];
- Antwerp, the French Fury at, ii. [164]-168;
- Antwerp, inhabitants of, their kind treatment of the prisoners, ii. [169];
- Archery, Turkish skill in, i. [253]
- Aremberg, the Countess of, ii. [113], note;
- Arslan Bey, Sanjak-bey of Stuhlweissenburg, his feud with Veli Bey, i. [244]
- Athenæus, his statement as to the pinna and pinna guard referred to, i. [339]
- Aubigny, Comte d’, and Duke of Lennox, reported to be besieged in Scotland, ii. [148], and note
- Auger, Edmund, the king’s confessor, rebuked by Catherine de Medici, ii. [182]
- Aumale, the Duke of, accompanies the Queen to Bourg-la-Reine, ii. [96];
- Aumont, Maréchal d’, with Navarre, ii. [262]
- Auxonne, town in Burgundy, its inhabitants charge their governor with treason and pull down the fortifications, ii. [248]-249
- Axylos, woodless tract in Asia Minor, i. [215]
- BABOCSA, a Hungarian fortress, i. [237]
- Baden, the Margrave of, meets the Queen, ii. [134]
- Bailen, the Comte de, Spanish ambassador, starts for Lyons, ii. [11];
- Baily, title of the Venetian ambassador, i. [226], note;
- Bairam, the feast of, parents allowed to see their married daughters at, i. [229], and note;
- description of its celebration by the Turkish army, [302]-304
- Bajazet I., Sultan, indignities he and his wife received from Tamerlane, i. [112]
- Bajazet II., Sultan, defeats his son Selim, i. [108]
- Bajazet, son of Solyman, his mother’s favourite, i. [179];
- implicated in the rising of Mustapha, the Pretender, [180], [185];
- his interview with his father, [187]-189;
- his story continued, [264]-281;
- conspires against his brother, [265];
- removed from Kutaiah to Amasia, [267];
- complains of his new government, ib.;
- accuses his brother, [268]-269;
- prepares for war, [270];
- sends back Pertau Pasha, [271];
- his message to Solyman, [272];
- takes town of Akschehr, [273];
- occupies Angora, and raises a forced loan from the merchants, [275];
- his appearance and character, [275]-276;
- marches on Koniah, [277];
- his speech to his army, [277]-278;
- his gallant conduct, [278];
- defeated at Koniah, retreats to Amasia, [279];
- reputation acquired by him, [280];
- sounds his father’s disposition, [298];
- warned by his friends to beware of him, [301];
- one of his spies executed, ib.;
- starts on his flight to Persia, [302];
- his rapidity, [304];
- his stratagems to deceive the Pashas of Siwas and Erzeroum, [304]-305;
- offers double pay to soldiers joining him, [306];
- crosses the Araxes and enters Persia, [306]-307;
- his speech to the Shah’s envoys, [307];
- his reception by the Shah, [308];
- his message to his father, [309];
- atrocious speech of one of his officers, ib.;
- is seized and thrown into prison, [311];
- conjectures as to his probable fate, [311]-312;
- the end of his story, [375], [378]-381;
- his execution, [381];
- his four sons share his fate, ib.;
- execution of his infant son at Broussa, [382]
- Balagny, Governor of Cambrai, ii. [205], and note;
- his tyrannical conduct there, [227]
- Baldi, Philip, an Italian sent to Busbecq by the Emperor, i. [259];
- mentioned again, [263]
- Baldwin, Count of Flanders and Latin Emperor of Romania—taken and killed by the Bulgarians, i. [105], and note;
- mentioned, [130], note
- Balsam, given by Ali Pasha to Busbecq, i. [388];
- Balsam-tree, not now to be found in Asia Minor, i. [142]
- Basilicus, John, Greek adventurer—his story, i. [347], note;
- invades Moldavia, [347]
- Baths, intrigues carried on in them by Turkish women, i. [231]
- Bavaria, the Duke of, attends the coronation at Frankfort, i. [399], and note;
- his health, ii. [134];
- his handsome reception of the Queen, ib.;
- thinks the Danube her best route, ib.;
- presses her to remain, ib.
- Bavaria, the Duchess of, sends messages and letters to the Queen, ii. [3]
- Bavaria, Ferdinand, Duke of, meets the Queen, ii. [134]
- Bavaria, William, Duke of, with his wife meets the Queen at Nancy, ii. [129];
- Belgrade, town of, described, i. [93];
- Bellegarde, Roger de Saint-Lary de, Marshal, sent as ambassador to Poland, ii. [61], and note;
- said to have fallen sick, [66]
- Bellièvre, Pomponne de, Ambassador of Charles IX. in Poland, ii. [49], and note;
- Belon (Bellonus), Pierre, French traveller and physician, his mistake about the hyena, i. [140];
- referred to for figure of the pinna, [339]
- Bergen, town in Brabant, taken by the Hollanders under their protection, ii. [217]
- Bernard, Monastery of St., outpost established there by garrison of Lier, ii. [148];
- Alençon passes the night there after the French Fury, [167]
- Berry, Duchy of, the Queen’s dower partly charged on it, ii. [109]
- Besançon, attempt to surprise, ii. [88]
- Besme, murderer of Coligny, taken prisoner by the Huguenots, ii. [99], and note
- Beyler-bey of Greece, the, sent to Selim’s assistance, i. [271];
- Billy, Seigneur de, killed at the Antwerp bridge, ii. [247]
- Birague, Cardinal de, Chancellor of France, ii. [39];
- Biron, Marshal, the probable commander in the Netherlands, ii. [147];
- takes the command there, [149]-150;
- asks for more cavalry, ib.;
- halts on the Somme, [154];
- joins Alençon, [156];
- his army, [157];
- going to the Campine, [162];
- said to be the author of the attempt on Antwerp, [165];
- clears himself of all blame, [175];
- his letter pressing Alençon to abandon the scheme discovered, [181];
- retakes some small forts, [182];
- defeated at Steenbergen, and wounded, [184];
- at Antwerp pressing for money, [186];
- returns to France, [195];
- his attack on Cateau Cambrésis repulsed, [202];
- with Navarre, [262]
- Black Sea, Busbecq’s visit to it, i. [129], [131];
- Polybius wrong in supposing it was silting up, [132]
- Blaye, town near Bordeaux, garrisoned by the younger de Lansac, ii. [245]
- Blois, Busbecq obliged to go thither, ii. [141];
- Blot, Hugo de, recommended by Busbecq to Maximilian as librarian, ii. [73]-74, and note
- Bodin, Jean, paper relating to French Fury attributed to him, ii. [171], and note
- Bokhara, city of, visited by Turkish pilgrim, i. [360]
- Bonnivet, de, defends Endhoven, ii. [182]
- Bosphorus, description of the Thracian, i. [129], [131];
- for distinction between it and the Cimmerian Bosphorus, see [111], note
- Bouchain, taken by Alençon, ii. [144]
- Bouillon, Godfrey de, first King of Jerusalem, mentioned, i. [250]
- Bouillon, the Duc de, warns the King of the Guises’ preparations, ii. [241], and note
- Bourbon, Charles, Cardinal de, claims to be successor to the throne, ii. [228];
- reported to intend to give up his orders and to marry the Duchesse de Montpensier, ib.;
- joins the Guises, [239];
- nominally their chief leader, [241];
- claims the succession to the throne, [242];
- changes his cardinal’s robes for a soldier’s dress, [243];
- with the Duke of Guise, [246];
- a prisoner, [253], and note;
- Parliament issues decrees in his name as Charles X., [256];
- the Legate summons the people of Langres to acknowledge him as their king, [257]
- Bourbon, House of, its position, ii. [40];
- will be heirs presumptive to the crown on Alençon’s death, [218]
- Bourges, demanded by Alençon, ii. [120];
- likely to surrender to Navarre, [255]
- Brabant, people of, pronounce sevene differently from the Flemings, i. [358];
- Breda, peace negotiations opened there, ii. [54]
- Brissac, de, a Leaguer, seizes the citadel of Angers, ii. [245], and note
- Broussa, execution of Bajazet’s infant son there, i. [382]
- Bruges, obliged to call in garrison of Menin for its protection, ii. [194];
- Brussels, to be Alençon’s residence, ii. [175];
- Buda, city of, description of the, i. [89];
- hot springs there, [90]
- Buda, the Pasha of, Busbecq’s interviews with, i. [169], [396];
- see also Touighoun Pasha
- Bulgarians, their bread, i. [103];
- dress of their women, ib.;
- their origin, history, and language, [105], and note
- Buren, town in Gelderland, taken, ii. [90], and note
- Burgundian secretary, letter from him to Busbecq, i. [233]
- Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, at marriage of Philip and Mary, i. [77];
- summoned to Vienna, ib.;
- bids his family farewell, ib.;
- sees Don Pedro at Brussels, ib.;
- travels to Vienna, ib.;
- interview with Ferdinand, [78];
- visits Malvezzi, ib.;
- returns to Vienna, [82];
- prepares for journey and starts, ib.;
- reaches Komorn, ib.;
- Gran, [83];
- Buda, [85];
- makes acquaintance with the Janissaries, [86]-87;
- his interview with the Pasha, [91];
- embarks for Belgrade, [92];
- collects coins, [93], [94], [139], [141];
- journeys through Servia, [95];
- disgusted with Turkish inns, [98];
- lodges in a stable, [99];
- how he got wine, [100];
- reaches Sophia, [102];
- Philippopolis, [106];
- Adrianople, [107];
- Constantinople, [111];
- visits the ex-vizier Roostem, ib.;
- sees the sights of Constantinople, [122], et seq.;
- has a dead giraffe dug up for examination, [128];
- visits the Bosphorus and Black Sea, [129], [131];
- starts for Amasia, [133];
- passes through Nicomedia, [134];
- Nicæa, [135];
- Angora, [139];
- enjoys sherbet and preserved grapes, [147];
- reaches Amasia, [150];
- visits Achmet Pasha and the other viziers, [152];
- his first audience of Solyman, [152]-153;
- his second, [158];
- leaves Amasia, [159];
- ill of fever, [161];
- reaches Constantinople, ib.;
- leaves, [162];
- finds scordium, [164];
- has another fever, [166];
- in danger from brigands, [167]-8;
- visits Pasha of Buda, [169];
- compensates a Turk for his nose, [171];
- recovers from his fever, ib.;
- reaches Vienna, ib.;
- effects on him of his hardships, ib.;
- sent back to Constantinople, [175];
- arrives there, [176];
- unfavourably received by the Pashas, [176]-178;
- left alone at Constantinople, [193];
- his politic conduct, [194]-197;
- summoned to Adrianople, [199];
- alarmed by an earthquake, [200];
- returns to Constantinople, [201];
- hires a house, ib.;
- sent back to his former lodging, ib.;
- his menagerie, [204];
- shoots kites, [212];
- his partridges, ib.;
- his horses, [214];
- his camels, [218];
- complains of his letters being intercepted, [234];
- Roostem tries to convert him, [235];
- his interview with Ali Pasha, the eunuch, [237];
- his amusements and occupations, [252];
- practises the Turkish bow ib.;
- his visitors, [257];
- his retort on Roostem, [264];
- sees the Sultan leave Constantinople, [281]-287;
- his retorts on his cavasse, [287];
- summoned to the Turkish camp, ib.;
- his sojourn and observations there, [287]-297;
- presents Ferdinand’s gifts to the Sultan, [297];
- witnesses the celebration of the Bairam, [302]-304;
- his policy influenced by Bajazet’s fortunes, [313];
- apologises for his long letter, [314];
- overwhelmed by the news of the Spanish defeat, [316];
- rescues the standard of the Neapolitan galleys, [322];
- becomes surety for Don Juan de Cardona, [325];
- his charity to the Spanish prisoners, [326]-330;
- fears he will lose the money advanced to them, [329];
- good effects of his example, [330];
- the plague in his house, ib.;
- allowed to import wine for his private use, [332];
- his request to leave his house on account of the plague refused by Roostem, [333];
- granted by Ali, [334];
- visits Quacquelben on his death-bed, [335]-336;
- erects a monument to him, [337];
- goes to Prinkipo, ib.;
- his fishing there, ib.;
- his walk with the friar, [340];
- his acquaintance with the Metropolitan Metrophanes, [341]-342;
- Pashas afraid he may escape, [342];
- returns to Constantinople, ib.;
- interview with Roostem, [343];
- Ferdinand’s bounty to him, [344];
- his inquiries for Ali, [347];
- alarmed by the invasion of Moldavia, [349];
- interview with Ali on the subject, [349]-351;
- sends home the released pilgrims, [353];
- accused by Lavigne as a Spanish spy, [354];
- his interview with Goths from the Crimea, [355]-359;
- with Turkish pilgrims, [359]-364;
- feats of a mountebank he saw at Venice, [365];
- his confinement relaxed, ib.;
- refuses to appease the Cadi by a bribe, [368];
- writes to encourage de Sandé, [372];
- asks Ferdinand to intercede for the Spanish prisoners, [373];
- argues with his cavasse on predestination, [383]-384;
- fears the effect of Bajazet’s death on his negotiations, [385];
- hears of his death from Ali, ib.;
- makes inquiries of his friends, ib.;
- his precautions in concluding peace, [387];
- his presents from Ali, [388]-389;
- starts for home, [390];
- a good walker, [391];
- recovers his appetite, ib.;
- his application to Ibrahim, [395];
- reaches Buda, [396];
- visits the Pasha, ib.;
- reaches Gran and Vienna, [397];
- informs Ferdinand of his arrival, ib.;
- is graciously received by him, [398];
- longs for home, [399];
- prefers retirement to a court, [399]-400;
- his high opinion of Hannibal, [408];
- books, plants, animals, &c.,
- brought back by him, [414]-417;
- sent a physician to Lemnos, [416];
- his journey to Paris, ii. [3];
- stays at Speyer from illness, ib.;
- his second visit to Spain, [4], note;
- reaches Paris, [5];
- his interviews with Queen Elizabeth, [5]-7;
- dissatisfied with the dower business, [14];
- asks for instructions, ib.;
- his forecast of the future, [15];
- his conversation at Kaiserslautern, ib.;
- complains of Paris prices, [19];
- intends going to the Netherlands, ib.;
- his interview with Pibrac, [29];
- his conversation about the dower with the Bishop of Paris and others, [33];
- asks for credentials, [34];
- goes to Lyons and sees the Spanish ambassador, ib.;
- sails to Avignon, [35];
- visited by Bishop Montluc at Valence, [36];
- his interviews with the King and Queen-Mother, [36], [37];
- with the Bishops of Orleans and Limoges, [37];
- sees the siege of Livron, [44];
- draws up ciphers, [48];
- asks for his salary, [50], [58], [93], [112];
- hopes Maximilian will pardon his being addressed as ambassador, [50];
- asks for instructions and a speedy answer, [51], [52];
- intends going to Brussels, [52];
- at Brussels, [53];
- returns to Paris and delivers Maximilian’s letter to the King, [55];
- his audiences of the Queen-Mother, the Queen and the King, [59];
- recommends Hugo de Blot as librarian, [73];
- asks Maximilian in the Queen’s name to intercede for Montmorency, [75];
- his interview with the Portuguese ambassador, [76];
- suggests, if the Queen marries the King of Portugal, the economy of sending her direct from Paris, [78];
- suggests his recall, [83];
- asks for new credentials, [84];
- also for watches as presents, [84], [93];
- which are refused, [115];
- his audience of the King, [85];
- his interviews with Birague and de Morvilliers, [87];
- requested by Maximilian to remain in Paris, [93];
- his answer to the Duke of Brunswick’s envoy, [94];
- hopes the Queen will not be long in Paris, [97];
- his audiences of the King, [106], [107];
- is to accompany the Queen as her chief chamberlain, [128];
- complains of the non-payment of de Vulcob’s advances, [132];
- writes to Governor of Upper Austria, [136];
- obliged to go to Blois on the Queen’s business, [141];
- his audience of the King, ib.;
- asks for settlement of the purchase of the Greek books, [163], [188], [200];
- his account of the French Fury at Antwerp, [164]-168;
- asks for St. Hilaire’s discharge, [188];
- goes to Blois to condole with the King in the Queen’s name on Alençon’s death, [230];
- fears his despatches will be stopped, [247];
- some actually missing, [250];
- seldom has opportunity of sending a letter, ib.;
- fears the town where he will be attacked, [255];
- calls the Emperor’s attention to the Queen’s position, [256];
- his description of Navarre and Parma and their respective armies, [261]-264
- Busbecq’s house at Constantinople, description of, i. [201]-203
- Busbecq’s servants, their first taste of Turkish luxury, i. [84];
- Bussy d’Amboise, notorious duellist, his end, ii. [191], and note
- CADI of Pera, his quarrel with Busbecq’s servants, and its consequences, i. [365]-368
- Caen, seaport in Normandy, held by the Marquis of Elbœuf, ii. [245]
- Cæsar. See Julius Cæsar
- Calloo, fort of, near Antwerp, held by Parma, ii. [226]
- Calvi, of Genoa, and Capello, of Milan, sent out of France on suspicion of sending money to Parma, ii. [151]
- Cambrai, its restoration demanded by the States, ii. [173];
- besieged by Parma, [183];
- hard pressed, [186];
- said to be handed over to the King of France, [195];
- Alençon there, [198];
- its unsafe state, [202];
- reported disturbances there, [203];
- origin of reports, [204];
- Alençon thinks of selling it to Philip, ib.;
- held by Balagny, [206] and [205], note;
- King about to take it under his protection, [214];
- said to be bequeathed by Alençon to his mother, [222];
- a thorn in the side of Artois and Hainault, ib.;
- said to be made to swear allegiance to the Queen-Mother, [225];
- its restoration to Spain one of the terms demanded by the League, [246]
- Camelopard, dead, dug up and described by Busbecq, i. [128]
- Camels, description of, i. [218];
- numbers of them in the Sultan’s baggage-train, [219]
- Campine, district in the Netherlands, Biron going to the, ii. [162]
- Cape Sheep, i. [138], and note
- Capello. See Calvi
- Caravanserai, description of a, i. [97]
- Carestran, the meeting-place between Bajazet and his father, i. [187]
- Cardona, Don Juan de, Spanish officer, manages to get left at Chios, i. [323];
- is ransomed by his brother-in-law, with Busbecq’s help, [325]
- Casimir, John, son of the Elector Palatine, sketch of him, ii. [15], note;
- Castella, Don Juan de, Spanish officer, his gallant conduct, i. [320]
- Cat, the, preferred by Turks to the dog, i. [225];
- Mahomet’s, ib.
- Cateau Cambrésis, treaty of, Turks indignant at, i. [369]
- Cathay, or China, account of, given by a Turkish pilgrim, i. [359]-362
- Catherine de Medici, Queen of France, waits for her son at Lyons, ii. [7];
- offended at Pibrac’s advice, [10];
- supposed to favour war in order to keep her power, [11], [50];
- threatens execution of Montmorency, if his brothers invade France, [16];
- grants Busbecq an audience, [36];
- her power over the King, [37];
- given good advice by Maximilian, [38];
- her illness from walking in a procession at night, [45];
- fancies she sees the Cardinal’s ghost, [46], and note;
- offers the Queen her services, [55];
- her unpopularity, [57];
- her regard for Maximilian, [59];
- tries to keep Alençon quiet, [95];
- follows him, [102];
- interview between them, [103];
- regrets she cannot bid Elizabeth farewell, [122];
- concludes a six months’ truce with Alençon, [126];
- intends visiting certain towns to persuade them to admit him, [127];
- invested with the government in the King’s absence, [145], [183];
- grants Don Antonio an audience, [161];
- her claims on Portugal, ib. and note;
- her exclamation on hearing of the French Fury, [167];
- intends visiting Alençon, [180];
- indignant at his folly, [181];
- disgusted at the King’s neglect of his duties, [182];
- rebukes his confessor, ib.;
- Alençon puts off her visit, ib.;
- goes to Boulogne to see him, [184];
- meets him at La Fère, [185];
- incensed with her daughter for her conduct, [193];
- returns to La Fère, [194];
- goes to Alençon at Château Thierry, [202];
- and then to Laon, ib.;
- returns to Paris, [203];
- again goes to Alençon, [209];
- visited by him, [213];
- her advice to him, ib.;
- visits him, [217];
- said to be sick with grief, [218];
- her grief for Alençon genuine, [221];
- importuned by Netherland ambassadors, [224];
- strongly supports their appeal to the King, [225];
- resolved to keep Cambrai, [228];
- goes to the Loire, ib.;
- her hatred of Spain, [235];
- her answer to the Netherland ambassadors, [237];
- with the Duke of Guise, [246]
- Cavasses, nature of their office, i. [85], [201];
- Busbecq’s cavasse induces the Pashas to confine him in his old quarters, [201];
- their general behaviour to Busbecq, [258];
- rudeness of one, and Busbecq’s retaliation, [259]-260;
- one tries to prevent Busbecq seeing the Sultan’s departure, [281];
- Busbecq retorts on him, [287];
- Busbecq’s argument with his cavasse on predestination, [383]-384.
- Champagny, M. de, brother of Cardinal Granvelle, in danger at Ghent on account of alleged conspiracy ii. [209]
- Chanvallon, M. de, former favourite of Alençon, and lover of the Queen of Navarre, flies to Germany, ii. [193];
- his manners and appearance, ib.
- Charité, La, town of, demanded by Alençon, ii. [120]
- Charlemagne, the Emperor, dispersed the Saxons, i. [359];
- House of Guise said to be descended from him, ii. [238]
- Charles V., the Emperor, his truce with the Turks, i. [78];
- Charles IX., King of France, questions as to his leaving a will, ii. [33];
- had appointed his brother Henry his Lieutenant, [104]
- Charlotte de Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Montpensier, her marriage with the Prince of Orange, ii. [66], and note;
- her death, [142]
- Chartres, attempt on town of, ii. [98];
- Chattes, M. de, a Knight of Malta, commanding Don Antonio’s fleet, ii. [188]
- Chederle, fabulous hero identified by the Turks with St. George, legend of, i. [148]-150
- Chios, tame partridges from, i. [212];
- Cicero, his statements as to the pinna and pinna-guard referred to, i. [339]
- Ciphers, Pashas puzzled by supposed, i. [233];
- Busbecq draws some up, ii. [48]
- Claudius, the Emperor, the story of his murder alluded to, i. [172]
- Clervant, M. de, Huguenot leader, taken prisoner, ii. [104], and note
- Cocq, Jerome de, Busbecq asks his salary to be paid to, ii. [50]
- Codignac, M. de, French Ambassador at Constantinople, his quarrel with his successor, i. [370]
- Coins, ancient, found by Busbecq, i. [94], [139], [141]
- Colchians. See Mingrelians
- Cologne, disturbances at, ii. [162], and note;
- King hopes to profit by them, [185]
- Compiègne, attempt to surprise, ii. [88]
- Condé, Prince de, expected to take the field, ii. [32];
- messenger from him at Avignon, [41];
- some wish him sent to Hungary against the Turk, [49];
- likely to invade France, [68];
- terms of peace to be referred to him, [70];
- suggestion that he should go to assist Orange, [72];
- said to be coming with an army, [88];
- Mezières appointed as his residence, [127];
- his covenant for mutual defence with Casimir, ib.;
- will not hear of a truce, [131];
- spoken of for the command in the Netherlands, [233];
- marriage reported between him and Navarre’s sister, ib.;
- report of a bull declaring him disqualified to succeed to the throne, [243], [249];
- marches on Angers, but fails in his enterprise, [248]
- Constantinople, description of, and its antiquities, &c., i. [122]-127;
- Cossé, Maréchal de, imprisoned in the Bastile, ii. [8];
- Crane, story of a Balearic, i. [207]
- Cratevas, a Greek herbalist, fragments of, in Busbecq’s MS. of Dioscorides, i. [417], and note
- DADIAN, King of the Mingrelians, his appearance and character, i. [245];
- Dalmatian horseman, his objection to fire-arms, i. [241]-242
- Damville, Comte de, afterwards Duc de Montmorency, sketch of him, ii. [11], note;
- summoned by the King, ib.;
- said to have caused Montpellier to revolt, [22];
- to have made an attempt on Avignon, [23];
- prepares to defend himself, [32];
- carries war through Languedoc and Guienne, [56];
- report of his death, [68], and note;
- terms of peace to be referred to him, [70];
- comes to life again, [77];
- King wishes to deprive him of his government, [187];
- intended campaign against him, [214];
- pronounced contumacious by the Parliament, ib.;
- campaign given up, [218];
- said to be appointed Constable of France by Navarre, [255].
- Dantzic, amber merchant of, at Constantinople, i. [257]
- Dauphin, the Prince. See Montpensier
- Delegates from the rebels expected in Paris, and their demands, ii. [57], [60];
- sent back with the King’s answer, [60]
- Dendermonde, Alençon withdraws thither, ii. [168];
- attacked by Parma, [226]
- Denmark, King of, application to the, suggested in Congress of Middelburg, ii. [202];
- his eldest daughter married to King James of Scotland, [258]
- Derby, Earl of, comes to Paris as the bearer of the Order of the Garter from Queen Elizabeth to the King, ii. [234];
- his magnificent reception, [237];
- his departure, ib.
- Diest, town belonging to Prince of Orange, blockaded by Parma, ii. [157];
- Dietrichstein, Adam von, Austrian Baron, i. [325], note;
- ransoms his brother-in-law, ib.
- Dijon, the Pope’s legate summons people of Langres to, ii. [257];
- transfers their bishopric to, ib.
- Dioscorides, famous MS. of, found by Busbecq at Constantinople, i. [417], and note
- Divan, custom of entertaining ambassadors on leaving in the, i. [159], [387];
- Divorce, Turkish laws about, i. [230]
- Dixmude, hard pressed, ii. [194]
- Djerbé, account of the Spanish defeat at, i. [317], note, and [317]-321
- Dodona, the oak of, alluded to, i. [272]
- Dorothea, sister of the Duke of Lorraine, her marriage, ii. [124], [129]
- Dower, the Queen’s, Duchy of Berry said to be assigned as, ii. [20];
- Duck, species of, whose cry was like a post horn, i. [139]
- Duel, a, in France, ii. [188]-191
- Duelling, Turkish opinion about, i. [244]
- EARTHQUAKE, at Adrianople, i. [200];
- at Constantinople, ib.
- Egmont, Count, Louise de Vaudemont his niece, ii. [51];
- his brother compromised by Salceda’s evidence, [154]
- Egypt, eggs artificially hatched in, i. [214];
- disaffected to the Turks, [273]
- Elbœuf, Marquis of, cousin of the Duke of Guise, one of the leaders of the League, ii. [241];
- seizes Caen, [245]
- Elephant, that danced and played ball, i. [128]
- Elizabeth, Queen of England, peace renewed between her and France, ii. [60];
- Elizabeth, daughter of Maximilian, widow of Charles IX., sends her carriages for Busbecq, ii. [5];
- her proposed marriage to Henry III., [6];
- the general topic of conversation, [11];
- her uncomfortable position in Paris, [14];
- difficulties about her dower, ib.;
- her illness apprehended, [22];
- her recovery, [24];
- questions as to her future arrangements, [25];
- report of her marriage to Henry III. discredited, [27];
- her health, [29];
- marriage with King of Portugal talked of, [30], [77];
- arrangements as to her establishment and return, [31], [32];
- wishes Busbecq to go to the King, [33];
- her escort home, [47];
- consults Busbecq as to her conduct to the new Queen, [51];
- shows him the Queen-Mother’s letter, ib.;
- suggested for the governorship of the Netherlands, [54];
- how her current expenses are to be provided, ib.;
- intends going to Amboise after Easter, [58];
- anxious to see her daughter, but prevented by want of funds, [64];
- no money to pay her servants, [65];
- her position intolerable, [67];
- longs to return and also to see her daughter, [78];
- her poverty, ib.;
- her illness caused by anxiety, [79];
- arrangements about her journey, [84], [115], [119], [123];
- the municipality of Paris inclined to defray her expenses, [91];
- requires money, [92];
- receives proposal from Duke Eric of Brunswick, [94];
- starts for Amboise, [96];
- arrives there, [97];
- the date of her departure, [109];
- questions about her route, [110]-111;
- her anxiety to leave, [113];
- sends Orleans wine to her father, [124];
- starts from Paris, [128];
- arrives at Nancy, [129];
- present at the Duke of Brunswick’s wedding, ib.;
- sends courier to Madame d’Aremberg, [130];
- arrives at Bâle, Augsburg, and Munich, [133], [134];
- whether her route is to be by land or water, [133];
- her health, [135]; anxious to reach her father, [136];
- her life and character, ib. note;
- business relating to her, [141];
- her rights disregarded, [172];
- curtailment of her income from the troubles in France probable, [256]
- Elizabeth, daughter of the preceding, probably will not be allowed to leave France, ii. [56];
- Elkass Mirza, assisted by Solyman against his brother, Shah Tahmasp, i. [301]
- Endhoven, town in Brabant, capitulates, ii. [182]
- English ambassador suspected of intriguing with Alençon, ii. [99]-100.;
- See also Derby, Earl of
- Epernon, Duke of, favourite of the King, applies for governorship of Brittany, ii. [172];
- King wishes the Duke of Lorraine to give him his daughter, [176];
- description of him, [177];
- King wishes to make him governor of Metz, [184];
- Alençon advised to secure his interest, [213];
- escorts Alençon on his departure, [214];
- sent to the King of Navarre, [220];
- honourably received by him, [223];
- ill of scrofula, [230];
- his reported marriage to Navarre’s sister, [242];
- finds out where his hat is, [246];
- sent to his command at Metz, [251]
- Eric, Duke of Brunswick, proposes for Elizabeth, ii. [94], and note;
- Ernest, the Archduke, suspected of being concerned in the affair of Antwerp, ii. [168];
- Philip II.’s daughter said to be betrothed to him, ib.
- Erzeroum, the Pasha of, how deceived by Bajazet, i. [304]-305;
- afterwards put to death by Selim, [305]
- Espinoy, Prince of, accompanies the Netherland ambassadors to France, ii. [234]
- Essek, town of, famous battle there, i. [166]
- Este, the Cardinal of, applies for the honour of escorting the Queen, ii. [55], and note;
- Estrées, d’, family of, banished from Court, ii. [13]
- Etampes, town of, taken by Navarre, ii. [252]
- Eunuchs of Solyman’s bed-chamber, the chief of the, procures Pialé Pasha’s pardon, i. [324];
- de Sandé recalled at his wish, [326].
- See also Hassan Aga
- Evreux, town of, threatened by Navarre, ii, [258]
- FAST, the Turkish, how kept, i. [290]-291
- Ferdinand, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of the Romans and afterwards Emperor, summons Busbecq to Vienna, i. [77];
- Busbecq’s interview with him, [78];
- sends Malvezzi to the Porte, ib.;
- recovers Transylvania, [79];
- sends Zay and Wranczy to the Porte, [80];
- engaged at the Imperial Diet, [172];
- sends Busbecq back to Constantinople, [175];
- his bounty to Busbecq, [344];
- at Frankfort, [397];
- receives Busbecq graciously, [398];
- panegyric on him, [401]-414;
- his Fabian tactics, [409];
- his difficulties, [411]
- Ferdinand, the Archduke, sees Busbecq at Vienna, i. [171]-172;
- Ferrara, the Duke of, a candidate for the Polish crown, ii. [43]
- Ferrier, M. de, formerly Ambassador at Venice, sent by the King to the King of Navarre, ii. [182]
- Fervaques, officer of Alençon, said to be the suggester of the French Fury, ii. [169];
- Fiesco, the Comte de, account of him, ii. [26], and note;
- Fire-arms, objection of the Turks to, i. [242]-243
- Flagellants, guilds of, ii. [45];
- Flushing, town of, bought by Orange, ii. [183]
- Foix, François de, Comte de Candale and Bishop of Aire, dedicates a translation of Hermes Trismegistus to Maximilian, ii. [17], and note
- Forez, county of Le, the Queen’s dower partly charged on, ii. [109]
- France, M. de, the Queen’s first steward, ii. [33]
- France, state of, ii. [38]-42, [48]-50, [67]-68, [70]-73, [77], [87]-89;
- Francis I., influences the Sorbonne to decide in Henry VIII.’s favour, ii. [27]
- Franciscan friar, story of a, i. [340]
- Frederic III., Emperor, his alliance with the House of Portugal, ii. [77], and note
- Frederic III., Elector Palatine, his reception of Henry III., ii. [15] note
- Fregosi, a great Genoese family, ii. [89], and note
- French gentlemen, their characters, ii. [72], [92]
- Fünfkirchen, Bishop of, defeated by Ali Pasha, i. [236]
- GANNAT, town in the Bourbonnais, added to the Queen’s dower, ii. [109]
- Gaston, Don. See Medina-Celi, Duke of.
- Genoa, a safety-valve for restless Frenchmen, ii. [89]
- George, St., identified by the Turks with their hero, Chederle, i. [148];
- Georgians, their prudent answer when asked to attack the Shah, i. [377]
- Germain, St., en Laye, King at, ii. [211];
- reforms of assembly at, ib.;
- King returns thither, [230]
- German reiters, report that 2,000 are coming to join Damville, ii. [96];
- defeated by Guise, [104];
- more reported to be coming, [110], [113], [119];
- said to have crossed the Rhine, [127];
- scouring the country, [129];
- seen from the ramparts of Nancy, [131];
- 1,500 hired by Alençon, near Cambrai, [143];
- Navarre said to be hiring, [212];
- rumours of some being brought to France, [239];
- much dreaded in France, [249]
- Ghent, battle before, ii. [148];
- Ghourebas, name of a regiment of the Imperial guard, i. [154], and note;
- mentioned, [283]
- Gienger, Cosmo, governor of Upper Austria, ii. [138], and note
- Gilles, or Gyllius, Peter, French traveller, referred to, i. [132], and note
- Goatsucker, cruel treatment of a, by a Venetian goldsmith, i. [226], and note
- Goigny, Seigneur de, officer of King of Spain, seen at Cambrai, ii. [204]
- Goldfinches, tricks of trained, i. [228]
- Goldsmith, story of a Venetian goldsmith and a bird, i. [226]
- Goths remaining in the Crimea, i. [355]-359, and [355] note;
- vocabulary of their language, [357]-359
- Gotzen, Dr. Joachim, sent by Duke Eric of Brunswick to propose for the Queen, ii. [94]
- Gran, city of, description of, i. [83];
- surprised by the Imperial troops, [239]
- Grapes, Turkish mode of preserving, i. [147]-148
- Greeks, their superstitions about unclean food, i. [124];
- test Solyman’s prohibition of wine, [332]-333
- Guadagni, an Italian in the French service, seneschal of Lyons, ii. [40];
- Guast, Louis du, one of the King’s favourites, his murder, ii. [116]. and note;
- Guise, Henry, Duke of, le Balafré, hostile to Alençon, ii. [95];
- accompanies the Queen to the gates of Paris, [96];
- appointed the King’s Lieutenant, [98];
- defeats the German reiters, [104];
- wounded, [105];
- his triumphal return to Paris, [121];
- offers to go to Alençon’s rescue, [167];
- one of the leaders of the League, [241];
- declares he is simply a private gentleman fighting for the League, [246];
- takes Verdun, [247]
- Guise, the young Duke of, a prisoner, ii. [253], and note
- Guise, House of, its position, ii. [40];
- Guises, their party striving to make themselves masters of France, ii. [224]
- Güns, town in Styria, taken by Solyman, i. [409]
- HALYS (Kizil Irmak), the river, fishing in, i. [145]
- Harrach, Rodolph von, a minister of Ferdinand’s, i. [412]
- Hassan Aga, chief of the eunuchs of the bed-chamber, sent as ambassador to Persia, i. [380];
- and again as Bajazet’s executioner, [381]
- Havre de Grâce, likely to surrender to Navarre, ii. [255]
- Hawking, Solyman’s taste for it, i. [198]
- Hebrus, or Maritza, the river, i. [106], [107]
- Henry, one of Busbecq’s servants, his quarrel with the Janissary of Tolna, i. [392]-396;
- does not take de Sandé’s remonstrance in good part, [394]
- Henry VIII., King of England, decision of the Sorbonne on the validity of his marriage, ii. [27], and note
- Henry III., King of France, his obligations to Maximilian, ii, [6], note;
- expected at Lyons, [7];
- hires Swiss and other troops, [8];
- arrives at Lyons, [9];
- resolves to continue the war, [12];
- and begins it with a light heart, [13];
- offers an amnesty, ib.;
- cedes certain towns to the Duke of Savoy, ib.;
- his reception by the Elector Palatine, [15], note;
- his return to Paris uncertain, [20];
- publishes a second edict, [23];
- report of his marriage to his brother’s widow discredited and why, [27];
- likely to go to Avignon, [28];
- said to have fallen in love with Louise de Vaudemont, [32];
- gives Busbecq an audience, [36], [55], [59], [85], [106], [107];
- under his mother’s influence, [37];
- sets out for Rheims, [38];
- his character, [43];
- wishes to keep Poland for one of his children, ib.;
- at the Cardinal de Lorraine’s funeral, [46];
- orders his ambassador at Constantinople to support Maximilian’s interests, [49], and note;
- about to marry Louise de Vaudemont, [51];
- his unpopularity [57];
- gives away all Damville’s offices, [69];
- cannot digest the rebel demands, [70];
- suffering from influenza, [74];
- raises fresh cavalry, [81];
- promises an escort for Elizabeth, [84], [86];
- his goodwill to Maximilian, [86];
- hopes Montmorency is innocent, ib.;
- convenes a mock States-General, [87];
- orders the crops in Languedoc to be burnt, [88];
- his amusements, [91];
- wishes to keep Poland, [92];
- accompanies the Queen to the gates of Paris, [96];
- his military preparations, [97];
- appoints Guise his lieutenant, [98];
- orders the ambassadors to move into Paris, [100];
- sends Nevers in pursuit of Alençon, [102];
- his remarks on Alençon’s conduct, [107];
- his interference in the quarrel between du Guast and Thoré, [118];
- regrets the Queen’s departure, [123];
- sends Maximilian a present of grey-hounds and lime-hounds, [124];
- undertakes to pay Casimir and his troops 500,000 francs, [127];
- pledges jewels to Duke of Lorraine, ib.;
- his unwilling consent to the truce, [128];
- disclaims all responsibility for Alençon, [141];
- goes to Lyons, [145];
- his fondness for pilgrimages, [145], [156], and note;
- goes to Bourbon-les-Bains, [149];
- more favourable to Alençon’s enterprise, [150];
- witnesses Salceda’s execution, [153];
- his interview with him, [154];
- his reply to the Spanish ambassador, [155];
- makes a pilgrimage to Nôtre Dame de Liesse, [156];
- commands the Bretons to build fifty galleys, ib.;
- orders money to be paid to Alençon, ib.;
- expected in Paris, [158];
- sends commissioners through France, ib.;
- who returned without success, [172];
- his financial expedients, [160];
- his extravagance, [172], [178];
- his conduct unfavourably criticised, [173];
- moves troops to the frontier, ib.;
- presses the Duke of Lorraine to betroth his daughter to Epernon, [176];
- his affection for Joyeuse and Epernon, [178];
- institutes a new order of Flagellants, [179];
- orders footmen who mimicked the Flagellants to be whipped, [180];
- his devotion to religious observances, [182];
- sends M. de Ferrier to the King of Navarre, ib.;
- going to Foullenbraye to drink the Spa waters, [183];
- in bad health, ib.;
- urged by the Pope to accept and publish the decrees of the Council of Trent, [184];
- wishes to make Epernon governor of Metz, ib.;
- hopes to profit by the troubles at Cologne, [185];
- will go to Lyons, ib.;
- sends a courier with an autograph letter to Joyeuse, [187];
- hurries back to Paris, ib.;
- going to Lyons, ib.;
- his outbreak against his sister, [192];
- writes to Navarre accusing her, [193];
- sets out for Lyons to meet Joyeuse, [194];
- his demands from the Pope through Joyeuse, [197];
- refused, [198];
- goes to Saint-Germain en Laye on account of the plague, [201];
- his financial difficulties, ib.;
- not sorry for Alençon’s absence, [203];
- regrets his outburst against his sister, ib.;
- said to have written to Alençon cautioning him, [205];
- holding assemblies at Saint-Germain, [206];
- attempts to enforce his sumptuary laws about dress, [207];
- intends to reform, [210];
- in retirement at Saint-Germain, [211];
- returns to Paris, [213];
- meets Alençon, ib.;
- going to take Cambrai under his protection, [214];
- resolved to make Joyeuse’s father governor of Languedoc, ib.;
- his attack on the Prior of Champagne, [215]-216, and note;
- gives up his campaign against Damville, [218];
- estranged from his wife, [219];
- said to be thinking of a divorce, [220];
- sends Epernon to Aquitaine, ib.;
- intends going to Lyons, ib.;
- wears black mourning for Alençon, [221];
- goes to Lyons, [224];
- asks Navarre to come to him, offering to make him Lieutenant-General of the kingdom, ib.;
- returns from Lyons, [227];
- building a church for himself and his penitents, ib.;
- his campaign against vice, ib.;
- goes to the Loire, [228];
- is driven away from Blois by the plague and returns to Saint-Germain, [230];
- has a chance of trying his power of healing scrofula, [231];
- undecided as to assisting the Netherlanders, [232];
- grants their ambassadors a private audience, [234];
- invested with the Garter, [235];
- reluctant to take up the cause of the Netherlands, ib.;
- distressed at attempt to assassinate Navarre, [236];
- his final answer to the Netherland ambassadors, [237];
- suspected of secretly approving of the Guises’ plans, [240];
- neglects the Duke of Bouillon’s warning, [241];
- difficulties of his position, [244];
- sends deputies in vain, [246];
- on condition of receiving 100,000 crowns a month from the clergy, orders the Huguenots to leave France within fifteen days, [247]-248, and note;
- recalls his army, [248];
- sequestrates Navarre’s property, [249];
- resolves not to let a Huguenot remain in France, [250];
- sends some Huguenot women to England under his safe conduct, ib.;
- given up to his devotions and living like a hermit, ib.;
- Parliament removed to Tours by him, [256]
- Henry, King of Navarre and Duke of Vendôme, afterwards King of France, his position and family, ii. [7], note;
- waits at Lyons for the King, [7];
- attends the Cardinal of Lorraine’s funeral, [46];
- accompanies the Queen to the gates of Paris, [96];
- receives his wife courteously, [203];
- demands her punishment if guilty, otherwise that of her accusers, [204];
- said to have sent to Germany to hire reiters, [212];
- given the duchy of Alençon, [222];
- receives Epernon honourably, [223];
- well qualified to lead an army to the Netherlands, [233];
- likely to give his sister to Condé, ib.;
- attempt to assassinate him, [235]-236, and note;
- his accession dreaded by the Guises, [238];
- on his guard, [240];
- reported Bull declaring him disqualified for the throne, [243], and note;
- offers assistance to the King, [246];
- Bull declaring him and Condé disqualified to succeed, [249], and note;
- his property sequestrated by the king, ib.;
- attacks the faubourgs of Paris, [251];
- retreats after offering battle, [252];
- retakes Etampes, ib.;
- his plans for the winter, [253];
- takes Vendôme and Le Mans, [254];
- his reported coronation, ib.;
- his declaration about religion, [255];
- said to have made Montmorency Constable, ib.;
- convenes the States-General at Tours, [257];
- attacks Evreux, [258];
- summons Rouen, [259];
- besieges Paris, ib.;
- Cardinal de Gondi and the Archbishop of Lyons sent to him, [260];
- threatens to break off negotiations, [261];
- places his cannon at St. Denis, ib.;
- contrasted as a general with Parma and comparison of their armies, [262]-264
- Hermes Trismegistus, reputed work of, translated by François de Foix, ii. [18], and note
- Heydons, kind of banditti, i. [92];
- Hilaire, St., French cadet in Rodolph’s service, his discharge requested, ii. [188]
- Horses, Busbecq’s, i. [214];
- account of Turkish, how they are reared, trained, &c., [215]-217
- Humayoum, Mogul Emperor of Delhi, i. [299], and note
- Hungarian nobles, certain, go over from the Voivode to Ferdinand, i. [386]
- Hungary, its great fertility, i. [165];
- events there, [236]-242
- Hyena, account of the, i. [140];
- used for love-charms, ib.;
- story about it, [141]
- IBRAHIM Pasha, a eunuch, governor of Constantinople, i. [111];
- Ibrahim, the interpreter, a Polish renegade, his notion of a cipher, i. [233];
- disgraced by Lavigne’s and restored by Busbecq’s influence, [370];
- his gratitude, ib.;
- encourages Busbecq to ask for de Sandé’s release, [372];
- appointed to go to the Emperor with Busbecq, [387];
- rates the Janissary of Tolna for his conduct, [395];
- is to go to Frankfort, [398];
- wishes to visit the Archduke Ferdinand, ib.;
- witnesses the coronation, has an audience of the Emperor, and is sent home, [399]
- Ilsing, ii. [64], note;
- Imaret, Turkish word for hostel, i. [110]
- Imbize, accuses nobles at Ghent of conspiracy against the authorities of the city, ii. [209], and note
- Imeritians, a Georgian tribe, i. [246];
- their feuds with the Mingrelians [246]-247
- Isabella, widow of John Zapolya, returns to Transylvania, i. [236]
- Ismael, son of Shah Tahmasp, a deadly enemy of the Turks, i. [300]-301
- Italian merchants of Pisa, their charity to the Spanish prisoners, i. [330]
- Italian-Greek, his reasons for refusing to help the prisoners, i. [330]
- Italian renegadoes, i. [294]-296
- Italians, strong feeling in France against Italians in the French service, ii. [39]-40
- JACKALS, i. [135]
- Jagodin, Servian village, Busbecq sees a Servian funeral there, i. [95]
- James, King of Scotland, said to be a prisoner, ii. [148];
- said to be about to attack England, and also to marry a Spanish princess, ib.;
- marries daughter of the King of Denmark, [258]
- Janissaries, account of the i. [86]-87, and note;
- a few stationed in each town as police, [86], [392];
- employed as firemen, [151];
- suspected of incendiarism, ib.;
- how Busbecq put his escort of Janissaries in good humour, [199];
- their tents, [222];
- their equipment and mode of fighting, [223];
- help Busbecq to get out, [282];
- procession of, [285];
- defend their conduct against Busbecq’s cavasse, [287];
- frugal dinner of one, [289];
- their punishments, [293];
- quarrel of some with Busbecq’s servants, [295]-296;
- how they are regarded by the Sultan, [296];
- entitled to the Sultan’s dinner on the day of Bairam, [304].
- Janissary stationed at Tolna, his quarrel with Busbecq’s servants, i. [392]-396
- Jehangir, Solyman’s youngest son, his appearance, character, and death, i. [178]-179
- Jews, Busbecq finds himself in a house full of, i. [282];
- two sent by Janissary of Tolna to Busbecq, [395]
- Jorneton, mentioned, ii. [74]
- Joyeuse, account of the Duke of, a favourite of the King, ii. [177]-178;
- his pilgrimage to Loreto, and visit to the Pope, [185];
- given the governorship of Normandy, [188];
- his instructions on going to Italy, [197];
- Alençon advised to secure his interest, [213];
- escorts Alençon in his departure, [214];
- King wishes to make his father governor of Languedoc, ib.;
- his quarrel with the Duc de Mercœur, [219];
- its origin, [220], [245];
- marches to recover places seized by the Duc d’Aumale, [245]
- Juliers, Duke of, at the coronation at Frankfort, i. [399], and note
- Julius Cæsar, his opinion of his soldiers, i. [223];
- Junius, secretary to the late Elector Palatine, sent by the States to Alençon, ii. [198], and note
- Juppenbier (spruce beer), a barrel of, presented to Busbecq, and its effect on his guests, i. [257]-258
- KANÛNS, or Turkish Domesday Book, i. [142], and note
- Katzianer, Austrian General, his defeat alluded to, i. [166]
- Kevi, Island in the Danube, i. [167]
- Khodja, story of a, at a Pasha’s table, i. [377]-378
- Khuen, Don Rodolph, Master of Horse to Maximilian, Busbecq asks his salary to be paid to him, ii. [58], and note
- Kinsky, John, his business with Schomberg, ii. [112], [125]
- Kites, the scavengers of Constantinople, i. [212];
- Busbecq shoots, ib.
- Kizilbash, name given by Turks to the Shah, i. [219]
- Koniah, the ancient Iconium, Selim ordered to, i. [267];
- Koran, any Christian sitting on a, punished with death, i. [111];
- Kurds, their origin, i. [275], and note;
- LANGRES, Guise raises troops near, ii. [98];
- bishopric of, removed to Dijon, [257]
- Languedoc and Guienne, the chief Huguenot region, ii. [41];
- the crops in, ordered to be burnt, [88]
- Lansac, de, seizes Blaye, ii. [245], and note
- La Noue, Huguenot leader, account of him, ii. [21], note;
- Laon, Alençon goes there, ii. [202]
- Lasso de Castilla, Don Pedro, Ambassador of Ferdinand at the marriage of Philip and Mary, urges Busbecq to hasten to Vienna, i. [77], and note
- Laval, the Comte de, son of d’Andelot, and nephew of Coligny, goes to the Netherlands, ii. [147], and note;
- Orange intends giving him his daughter, [179];
- to be governor of Antwerp, ib.
- Lavigne, the French Ambassador, procures the release of the Venetian prisoners, i. [353];
- Lazarus, an Albanian chief, recaptured after escaping, and impaled, i. [131]-132
- Legate, from the Pope (Cardinal Caietano), summons people of Langres to Dijon, ii. [257];
- lays them under an Interdict for refusing to acknowledge the Cardinal de Bourbon, ib.;
- encourages the Parisians to hold out, [260]
- Le Mans, town of, taken by Navarre, ii. [254], [255]
- Lemnian Earth, a medicine used by Quacquelben, i. [164];
- Lenoncourt, Cardinal de, said to have crowned Navarre at Tours, ii. [254], and note
- Leonora, sister of Charles V., widow of Francis I., difficulties about arranging the settlement of her dower, ii. [53], [83]
- Leyden, reports about the siege of, ii. [4]
- Leyva, Don Sancho de, Spanish Admiral, commander of the Neapolitan galleys, brought prisoner to Constantinople, i. [321];
- Lier, its garrison erect an outpost at the monastery of St. Bernard, ii. [148]
- Lillo, fort near Antwerp, besieged, ii. [224]
- Limoges, de l’Aubespine, Bishop of, ii. [37]
- Listhius, John, Hungarian noble, Bishop of Wessprim, ii. [73], and note
- Livron, siege of, ii. [44];
- turned into a blockade, [46]
- Livy, thought Alexander would have been defeated if he had attacked Rome, i. [408]
- Lorraine, Charles, Cardinal de, his illness, death, and character, ii. [45], and note;
- Lorraine, Cardinal de, brother of the Duke of Guise, one of the chiefs of the League, ii. [241]
- Lorraine, Christina, Duchess Dowager of, her portrait taken for Henry VIII., ii. [63], note;
- sends a message to Maximilian, [132]
- Lorraine, Duke of, expected in Paris, ii. [63], [70];
- at the Marquis de Nomeny’s marriage, [80];
- asked to allow the passage of Spanish troops through Lorraine, [91];
- accompanies Elizabeth to Bourg-la-Reine, [96];
- his conversation with Busbecq at dinner, ib.;
- notice of the Queen’s departure sent to him, [124];
- jewels sent by Henry III. to induce him to be security to Casimir, [127];
- comes to meet Elizabeth, [129];
- expected in Paris, [158];
- arrives, [163];
- demands Navarre’s sister for his son, ib.;
- his horror at the notion of giving his daughter to Epernon, [176];
- his subterfuges, ib.
- Lorraine, House of, King devoted to, ii. [32];
- its connection with Maximilian, [59], and note
- Luc, St., his outrageous behaviour in Alençon’s chamber, ii. [159], and note;
- his repartee to Orange, [160]
- Lusignan, castle of, account of the, ii. [12], note;
- Luxembourg, M. de, mentioned as likely to escort Elizabeth, ii. [126]
- Lynx, story of an Assyrian, i. [206]
- Lyons, inhabitants of, demolish their citadel, ii. [249]
- Lyons, Pierre d’Espinac, Archbishop of, ii. [260], note;
- MAHOMET, story of and his cat, i. [225];
- why he forbade the use of wine, [292]-294
- Mahomet II., Sultan, builder of the castle of Europe on the Bosphorus, i. [131]
- Mahomet, son of Solyman, who died young, i. [178]
- Malvezzi, John Maria, former ambassador to the Porte, Busbecq visits him, i. [78];
- Mamelukes, their ancient dominion in Egypt, i. [273], and note
- Mancup, town of Goths in the Crimea, i. [356]
- MSS., Greek, collected by Busbecq at Constantinople, i. [416]-417
- Marasch, the Pasha of, sent as ambassador to Persia, i. [380]
- Marche, La, the Queen’s Dower partly charged upon, ii. [109]
- Marguerite de Valois, wife of Henry of Navarre, catches cold when walking in procession of Flagellants, ii. [45];
- Alençon’s confidante and on bad terms with Henry III. and her husband, [96];
- as yet childless, [176];
- assailed by the King, [192];
- leaves Paris for Vendôme, ib.;
- King said to intend to imprison her, [193];
- declares she and the Queen of Scots are the most unhappy beings in the world, [194];
- joins her husband, [203];
- to live apart from him till her case has been investigated, ib.;
- expected to revenge the insult, [204];
- said to be reconciled to her husband, [212];
- refuses to see Epernon, [223]
- Marseilles, attempt to seize, ii. [245]
- Martigues, the Vicomte de, his daughter about to marry the Marquis de Nomeny, ii. [64]
- Mary, sister of Henry VIII. and widow of Louis XII., her marriage with the Duke of Suffolk, ii. [76]
- Mary, Queen of England, her marriage, i. [77]
- Mary, Queen of Scots, her pension so settled as to be worthless, ii. [34];
- Matarieh, gardens of, near Cairo, the true balsam grown there, i. [416]
- Mattioli, Italian physician and botanist, specimens sent him by Busbecq, i. [415], and note
- Maximilian, King of Bohemia, afterwards King of Hungary and Emperor, receives Busbecq graciously on his return to Vienna, i. [171];
- Mayenne, the Duke of, accompanies Elizabeth to Bourg-la-Reine, ii. [96];
- likely to escort Elizabeth, [126];
- a Leaguer, [241];
- hurries to relieve Angers, [248];
- his troops in contact with the enemy, [250];
- enters Paris, [252];
- has large forces embodied but no means to pay them, ib.;
- attacks the fort of Meulan, [258];
- arrives at Meaux, [259];
- his letters intercepted, [261];
- an unlucky general, [262]
- Medina Celi, Duke of, commander of the expedition to Djerbé, retires to citadel and escapes by night, i. [319];
- Medina de Rio Sicco, Duke of, coming from King of Spain to congratulate Henry III. on his marriage, ii. [74]
- Mehemet Sokolli Pasha, third of the Vizierial Pashas, afterwards Grand Vizier, despatched by Solyman to Selim, i. [270];
- Melun, town of, said to have surrendered to Navarre, ii. [255]
- Menagerie, Busbecq’s, stories of animals in, i. [204]-208
- Mendoza, Don Bernardino de, implicated in conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth, ii. [212];
- Menin, evacuated, and then plundered and sacked, ii. [194]
- Meninx, island of. See Djerbé
- Mercœur, Duc de and Marquis de Nomeny, the king’s brother-in-law, ii. [244], note;
- Méru, M. de, younger son of the Constable Montmorency, ii. [16], note
- Metrophanes, the Metropolitan, a friend of Busbecq’s, anxious for a union between the Greek and Latin churches, i. [341]-342
- Metz, great Protestant disturbances at, ii. [251]
- Meulan, fort on the Seine, attacked by Mayenne, ii. [258], [259]
- Mezières, appointed as Condé’s residence, ii. [127]
- Michel, Giovanni, Venetian ambassador, visits Busbecq, ii. [121], and note
- Middelburg, Congress of Netherland States at, ii. [202]
- Milan, useful as a training school for French soldiers, ii. [72], and note
- Minarets, serve the purpose of our belfries, i. [291]
- Mingrelians, account of the, i. [245]-252;
- Mirambeau, brother of Lausac, sent to Alençon, ii. [171];
- thinks there is little hope of an arrangement, [173]
- Mohacz, battle of, i. [167], [407], and note
- Mohair goat. See Angora goat
- Mola, of Augsburg, a courier, ii. [119]
- Mondragon, Spanish officer, his projects, ii. [90], and note
- Montal, notorious bravo, his end, ii. [190], and note
- Montbéliard, Pibrac waylaid near, ii. [62], and note
- Montbrun, Vicomte de, Huguenot chieftain, said to be with Damville, ii. [23];
- Montluc, Jean de, Bishop of Valence, i. [389], note;
- ii. [35], and note
- Montmorency, Duc de, Marshal of France, his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. [8];
- account of him, ib. note;
- his execution threatened, [16];
- guarded more strictly, [67], [68], and note;
- better treated, [77];
- offers to stand his trial, [86];
- considered innocent by Vaudemont, [91];
- his release decided on, [103];
- sets out to Alençon, [114];
- a notable instance of the fickleness of fortune, [115]
- Montmorency, Madame de, asks Elizabeth to request Maximilian to intercede for her son, ii. [75];
- contributes to the forced loan, [98]
- Montpellier, said to have revolted at Damville’s instigation, ii. [22]
- Montpensier, Louis de Bourbon, Duc de, account of, ii. [9], note;
- Montpensier, Duc de, son of the preceding, intends going to the Netherlands, ii. [147];
- Morvilliers, Jean de, Bishop of Orleans, ii. [37], note;
- Mufti, Turkish chief priest, consulted by Solyman, i. [116], [272], [374]
- Mustapha, Solyman’s eldest son, his high character and popularity, i. [113];
- Mustapha, the Pretender, his first appearance, i. [179];
- NANTEUIL, fortress of, appointed for the meeting of the Peace Commissioners, ii. [260]
- Napellus. See Aconite
- Napoli di Romania, its surrender by the Venetians, i. [261]-263
- Navarre. See Henry IV.
- Netherland Ambassadors with Alençon, ii. [212];
- Netherlands, news from the, ii. [4], [90], [195];
- dykes opened in the, [205]
- Nevers, Louis Gonzaga, Duc de, ii. [82], note;
- Nicæa (Isnik), description of, i. [136]
- Nicomedia (Ismid), ruins of, i. [134]
- Nicopolis, battle of, i. [407], and note
- Niort, town of, given to Alençon, ii. [126]
- Nissa or Nisch, town of, i. [96]
- Nocle, Beauvois de la, deputy from Condé, ii. [89], and note
- Nogarola, Count, Commander of German horse, ii. [44];
- returns to Vienna, [58]
- Nomeny, Marquis de. See Mercœur, Duc de
- Northumberland, Earl of, arrested for conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth, ii. [212], note
- O, Monsieur d’, holds the citadel of Caen for the League, ii. [245]
- Olympus, Mount, in Asia, view of, from Constantinople, i. [123], [202];
- Orange, William, Prince of, peace negotiations opened with him, ii. [4];
- his plan of misleading the Spanish fleet by false beacons, ib.;
- his marriage to Mademoiselle de Bourbon, [66];
- suggestion that Condé should lead troops to his assistance, [72];
- if beaten, will hand over the Netherlands to a foreign power, [90];
- recovers from his wound, [142];
- likely to secure Holland and Zealand for himself, [145];
- rebukes St. Luc, [159];
- prayed for during his illness by the reformed churches in France, [162];
- excused himself from going with Alençon to the camp, [169];
- to be appointed Alençon’s Lieutenant, [175];
- mobbed in Antwerp, [176];
- intends to marry Teligny’s widow, and to give his own daughter to Laval, [179];
- buys Flushing, [183];
- his influence declining, [185], [196];
- tries to arouse the men of Antwerp, [186];
- crosses to Zealand, ib.;
- reinforces Ostend, [194];
- in retirement at Flushing, [196];
- likely to be soon made Count of Holland and Zealand, [205];
- schemes to recover Zutphen, [208];
- Hollanders said to have sworn allegiance to him, [210];
- assassinated, [224]
- Orchan, son of Bajazet, a marriage suggested between him and the Shah’s daughter, i. [308]
- Orleans, declares for the Guises, ii. [245]
- Ostend, resists Parma, ii. [194];
- said to have come to terms with him, [219]
- Othman, founder of the Turkish royal family, i. [137]
- Oudenarde, besieged, ii. [143];
- surrenders, [144]
- Ouloufedgi, name of a regiment of the Imperial guard, i. [154], and note;
- mentioned, [283]
- mentioned, [283]
- PALYNA, Paul, fails to keep his appointment with Busbecq, i. [82];
- overtakes him at Buda, [86]
- Paper, Turkish reverence for, and the reason of it, i. [110]
- Paris, proposal in the municipality of Paris to defray Elizabeth’s expenses, ii. [91];
- Paris, Pierre de Gondi, Bishop of, and Chancellor to Elizabeth, ii. [33];
- Parma, Alexander Farnese, Prince of, besieges Oudenarde, ii. [143];
- takes it, [144];
- encamps at Arras, [149];
- threatens to attack St. Quentin in case of a French invasion, [150];
- sickness of his troops, [157];
- retakes Cateau Cambrésis, and blockades Diest, ib.;
- takes Diest, [162];
- prepares to besiege Alost and threatens Brussels, [182];
- besieges Cambrai, [183];
- sends the governor of Namur to the King, [184];
- takes Dunkirk, [186];
- checked at Ostend, [194];
- relieves Cateau Cambrésis, [202];
- master of nearly all the country but Ghent and Antwerp, [205];
- receives overtures from Flanders, [217];
- removes to Dendermonde, [226];
- said to be dangerously ill, [256];
- in retirement, [258];
- comes to the relief of Paris, [260];
- he and his army contrasted with Navarre and his army, [262]-264;
- his devices for encountering the French cavalry, [263]
- Partridges, from Chios, i. [212];
- how reared, [213]
- Pashas, keep open house before Ramazan, i. [376]
- Patriarch of Constantinople, consulted in vain by the Pashas, i. [234]
- Pax, John, commander at Komorn, i. [83]
- Pernantius, of Lorraine, said to have reconciled the Queen of Navarre to her husband, ii. [212]
- Persia, its barrenness, i. [219];
- Persians, their religious differences with the Turks, i. [161]-162, and [236], note;
- complain of the violation of their territory, [307]
- Persian Ambassador, his arrival at Amasia, i. [156];
- Persian Ambassadors bring presents to Solyman, i. [156]-157, [375]
- Pertau Pasha, fourth Vizierial Pasha, and married to the widow of Mahomet, the Sultan’s son, i. [183];
- Pescara, Marquis of, report of his brother’s capture by the Huguenots, ii. [155]
- Peter, the courier, mentioned, ii. [58], [65], [67], [112], [119]
- Philip II., King of Spain, his marriage, i. [77];
- Philippopolis, town of, i. [106]
- Pialé Pasha, the admiral, sent in command of the Turkish fleet to Djerbé, i. [318];
- Pibrac, Guy du Faur, Seigneur de, account of him, ii. [10], note;
- offends the Queen-Mother by advising the King to dismiss his Italian troops, [10];
- reported to be coming from Lyons, [23];
- arrives in Paris, [28];
- his conversation with Busbecq, [29];
- the advocate of peace, [50];
- starts for Poland as ambassador, [61];
- waylaid near Montbéliard, [62], and note;
- is to visit the Polish Palatines, [79];
- his opinion of Polish affairs, [81];
- his return expected, [122];
- his unpleasant position in Poland, ib.;
- returns, [126];
- what he thinks the Poles have gained from France, [132];
- will probably be sent to the Netherlands as Alençon’s chancellor, [169];
- sent to Antwerp by Alençon, [181]
- Pignerolo, town and fortress in Piedmont, ceded by Henry III. to the Duke of Savoy, ii. [13]
- Pigs, Turkish prejudice against them turned to account by Busbecq’s friend, i. [205]
- Pilgrimages, fashion of making, in France, ii. [199]
- Pilgrims to Jerusalem, seized by the Syrians and imprisoned at Constantinople, i. [352];
- their release procured by the French ambassador, [353];
- sent home by Busbecq, ib.
- Pinnas, a kind of mollusc, caught by Busbecq, i. [339];
- account of them and their guards, [339]-340
- Plague, the, Busbecq’s suite attacked by, i. [163];
- Plane-tree, great, opposite Busbecq’s house, i. [227];
- the cavasse when shut out ties his horse to it, [260]
- Pliny, his statements as to the pinna and pinna-guard referred to, i. [339]
- Poitiers, attempt to surprise, ii. [88]
- Poland, account of affairs in, ii. [29];
- Pont-à-Musson, Marquis of, eldest son of the Duke of Lorraine, goes to Flanders on his way home, ii. [255]-256
- Pope, the, offers the King 3,000 Swiss, ii. [122];
- Portugal, Sebastian, King of, account of him, ii. [30], note;
- Portuguese Ambassador arrives in Paris, ii. [70];
- Poussin, Huguenot fortress, besieged, ii. [21];
- taken, [23]
- Predestination, Turkish notions about, i. [341], [382]-383
- Prinkipo, the largest of the Princes’ Islands in the sea of Marmora, Busbecq allowed to retire thither, i. [334];
- account of it, [337]-340
- Puygalliard, M. de, acting governor at Cambrai for the King of France, ii. [195];
- leaves the town, [205]
- leaves the town, [205]
- QUACQUELBEN, native of Courtrai, Busbecq’s physician, attends the Pasha of Buda, i. [86];
- shares Busbecq’s taste for ancient coins, [94];
- his treatment of intermittent fever, [161];
- of the plague, [164];
- is attacked by the plague, [335];
- his opinion of the plague, ib.;
- Busbecq’s last visit to him, [335]-336;
- his death, [336];
- his high character and abilities, ib.;
- examines aconite brought by Turkish pilgrim, [362]
- Quesnoy, Le, town in Hainault, failure of Alençon’s attempt on, ii. [198]
- Quentin, St., town in Picardy, garrisoned against any attack by Parma, ii. [150];
- Marshal de Retz there, [227]
- Marshal de Retz there, [227]
- RAAB, Busbecq’s escort attacked by soldiers from its garrison, i. [170]
- Rakos, plain near Pesth, the former meeting-place of the Hungarian Diet, i. [168]
- Rambouillet, family of, ordered to leave the Court, ii. [13], and note
- Ramée, Pierre de la, his method, i. [99], note
- Rascians, their language, i. [105];
- extent of their country, [166];
- their character, ib.
- Remorantin, a château, suggested by Busbecq as a residence for Elizabeth, ii. [25];
- assigned as part of her dower, [109]
- Requesens, Don Berenguer de, Spanish Admiral, commander of the Sicilian galleys, brought a prisoner to Constantinople, i. [321];
- Retz, Comte de, Marshal of France, ii. [39], note;
- some of his troops cut to pieces by Damville, [32];
- supports Elizabeth’s interests, [82];
- attends the Queen-Mother to Boulogne, [184];
- commands in Picardy, [223];
- makes the people of Cambrai swear allegiance to the Queen-Mother, [225];
- at St. Quentin negotiating with Balagny, [227];
- still in Picardy, [228]
- Retz, Comtesse de, likely to be one of Elizabeth’s escort, ii. [126]
- Rhodope, Mount, i. [106]
- Richardot, Councillor, sent to King of Spain, on account of Parma’s conduct, ii. [258]
- Richebourg, Marquis of, formerly resident at the Court of Maximilian, ii. [234];
- killed at the Antwerp bridge, [247]
- Rimini, the Bishop of, the Apostolic Nuncio, his death, ii. [198]
- Rochefoucauld, goes to the Netherlands, ii. [147]
- Rodolph II., Emperor, suspected of being concerned in the affair of Antwerp, ii. [168];
- said to be betrothed to Philip II.’s daughter, ib.
- Roland, mythic Carlovingian hero, the legend said to be known to the Mingrelians, i. [250], and note
- Roostem, Grand Vizier, Busbecq and his colleagues visit him, i. [111];
- his origin, character, and abilities, [113]-114, [343];
- sent in command against the Shah, [115];
- his dismissal from office, [118];
- restored to office, [176], [190];
- urges Busbecq to remain, [196];
- complains of Hungarian raids, [199];
- his opinion of Busbecq, [234];
- tries to convert him, [235];
- his orthodoxy suspected, ib.;
- his conversation with Busbecq, [235]-236;
- his exultation at his kinsman’s raid, and sorrow at his death, [240]-241;
- raises a troop of dragoons from his household servants, [242];
- failure of the experiment, [243];
- his remarks on Busbecq’s obstinacy, [261];
- his emblematic present, [263]-264;
- warns Busbecq not to quarrel with the Janissaries, [296];
- excites Solyman’s wrath against Pialé, [324];
- his conversation with de Sandé in the Divan, [325];
- refuses to let Busbecq leave his house on account of the plague, [333];
- his death, [334];
- contrasted with Ali, [343], [345];
- story of him and Busbecq, [344];
- dreaded interviews with Lavigne, [354];
- scene at one, [355];
- his conduct towards Busbecq’s servants when falsely accused, [367]-368
- Rouen, threatened by Navarre, ii. [257], [259]
- Roxolana, Solyman’s wife, her real name Khourrem, account of her, i. [111]-112, and note;
- Ryhove, Flemish noble, accused by Imbize of conspiracy, ii. [209]
- SALCEDA, implicated in a plot, ii. [148];
- Saluzzo, the marquisate of, proposal to sell or pawn, ii. [61];
- 200,000 crowns borrowed on security of it, [79]
- Salviati, his mission to procure de Sandé’s release, and its failure, i. [371], [374], note
- Samarcand, city of, visited by a Turkish pilgrim, i. [360]
- Sandé, Don Alvaro de, commander of the citadel at Djerbé, attempts to escape and is captured, i. [320];
- exhibited on Pialé’s galley, [321];
- before the Divan, [325];
- imprisoned in the fortress of Caradenis, [326];
- how Busbecq procured his release, [369]-373;
- his hatred of Leyva, [373];
- his speech to the steward of the French representative, ib.;
- his journey home with Busbecq, [390]-397;
- his jokes, [391];
- fears he will be sent back to Constantinople, [393];
- chides Busbecq’s servant for his temper, [394];
- his gratitude to Busbecq, [397]
- Sanjak-bey, derivation of the word, i. [84], and note;
- Sanjak-bey of Gran, Busbecq’s interviews with the, i. [84], [170]
- Saumur, town of, given to Alençon, ii. [126]
- Savigliano, town and fortress in Piedmont, ceded by Henry III. to the Duke of Savoy, ii. [13]
- Savona, reported capture of, by the Duke of Savoy, ii. [74]
- Savoy, Emanuel Philibert, Duke of, receives Savigliano, and Pignerolo from Henry III., ii. [13] and [14], note;
- Savoy, Charles Emmanuel, Duke of, son of the preceding, said to be estranged from Spain, and likely to marry Navarre’s sister, ii. [148];
- about to be betrothed to the Duke of Lorraine’s daughter, [163]
- Saxon colonists in Transylvania, i. [359]
- Saxony, the Elector of, attends the coronation at Frankfort, i [399], and note
- Schomberg, Gaspard de, Comte de Nanteuil, ii. [124], note;
- Schwartzenberg, Count von, meets Elizabeth at Nancy, ii. [129];
- Schwendi, Lazarus von, an Alsatian seigneur, a scholar and a soldier, ii. [73], and note;
- prevented by illness from coming to Nancy, [129]
- Scivarin, Gothic town in the Crimea, i. [356]
- Scordium, or water germander, a remedy for the plague, i. [164], and note
- Scotland, news of disturbances in, ii. [148];
- King of Scotland. See James, King of Scotland
- Scutari, town of, i. [133]
- Scuter, Lawrence, a courier, ii. [119]
- Sebastian, King of Portugal. See Portugal, Sebastian, King of
- Selim I., the father of Solyman, his defeat by his father at Tchourlou, i. [108], and note;
- Selim, Solyman’s son, afterwards Sultan Selim II., destined by his father as his successor, i. [179];
- warns his father against Bajazet, [265];
- removed to Koniah from Magnesia, [267];
- marches on Ghemlik, [268];
- occupies Koniah, [273];
- his appearance and character, [275]-276;
- awaits his brother’s attack, [277];
- puts the Pasha of Erzeroum to death, [305];
- his succession advantageous to the Shah, [312];
- procures Pialé Pasha’s pardon, [324]
- Selimbria, town of, i. [109]
- Selles, M. de, a prisoner in Zealand, ii. [233], and note
- Semendria, formerly a fortress of the despots of Servia, i. [95]
- Servians, the, their funeral customs, i. [95];
- Seure, Michel de, Prior of Champagne, his quarrel with the King, ii. [215]-216, and note
- Sforzia Palavicini, defeated by Ali Pasha at Fülek, i. [236]
- Shad, the common Danube, found also in the Halys, i. [145]
- Sherbet, mode of making, i. [147]
- Silihdars, name of a regiment of the Imperial guard, i. [153], note;
- mentioned, [283]
- Siwas, the Pasha of, deceived by Bajazet, i. [304]
- Slavery, its advantages discussed, i. [210]-211, and note
- Slaves, Christian, met by Busbecq, i. [162]
- Slaves, use made by the Turks of the numerous slaves captured by them, i. [209]-211
- Sluys, town of, holds out against Parma, ii. [219]
- Snakes, in Busbecq’s house, i. [203]-204
- Solyman, Sultan, takes Belgrade, i. [94];
- induced by Roxolana to marry her, [112];
- goes to the army and summons Mustapha, [115];
- consults the mufti, [116];
- rebukes the mutes for their slackness, [117];
- mohair his usual dress, [144];
- Busbecq’s first and second interviews with him, [152], [158];
- his appearance and character, [159]-160;
- avenges an insult, [162];
- sends Pertau Pasha against the false Mustapha, [183];
- his anger against Bajazet appeased by Roxolana, [185]-186;
- interview with Bajazet, [187]-188;
- goes to Adrianople, [198];
- remonstrates with Bajazet, [266];
- changes his sons’ governments, [267];
- refuses to listen to Bajazet’s complaints, [270];
- consults the mufti about him, [272];
- his appearance, [285];
- his opinion of the Janissaries, [296];
- is presented by Busbecq with Ferdinand’s gifts, [297];
- pretends to be inclined to pardon Bajazet, [298];
- orders the execution of one of his spies, [301];
- orders his army to return to Constantinople, [302];
- orders Bajazet’s child to be brought up at Broussa, ib.;
- sends Pashas and Sanjak-beys in pursuit of Bajazet, [305];
- removes Pasha of Erzeroum from office, ib.;
- alarmed at Bajazet’s flight to Persia, ib.;
- wishes to pursue him, but is restrained by the Pashas, [306];
- deeply hurt at the loss of Djerbé, [318];
- sends an armament thither, ib.;
- sees the triumphal entry of his fleet, [321];
- his demeanour, [322];
- his increasing superstition, [331];
- his prohibition of wine tested by some Greeks, [332]-333;
- his reply to Busbecq’s request to leave his house, [333];
- releases pilgrims at Lavigne’s request, [353];
- his letter to the King of France, [369];
- tries to induce the Shah to surrender Bajazet, [378];
- sends messages to the Georgians and Turkomans, [379];
- persuades the Shah to permit Bajazet to be executed, [380]-381;
- orders Bajazet’s child to be executed at Broussa, [382];
- his parting speech to Busbecq, [390];
- a terrible enemy, [405]-407;
- his attacks on Hungary and Austria, [409];
- his three wishes, [410]
- Sophia, town of, i. [102]
- Sorbonne, decision of the, about Henry VIII.’s marriage, ii. [27], and note
- Spahis, name of a regiment of the Imperial guard, i. [154], and note;
- mentioned, [283]
- Spain, the posts to, stopped, ii. [151];
- threatens the liberties of Europe, [226]
- Spaniards, the, take Djerbé, i. [317]-318;
- Spanish ambassador, his remonstrances about Salceda’s head, ii. [155]
- Spanish officer employed as gooseherd, i. [209]
- Stag, fierceness of a, i. [208]
- Standing armies, dangers of, i. [296]-297
- States-General, their meeting demanded, ii. [57];
- Sterckenburg, officer sent by Casimir to Elizabeth, ii. [130]
- Strasburg, the Bishop of, notice of Elizabeth’s departure sent to him, ii. [124], and note;
- Strozzi, Philippe, Marshal of France, ii. [39];
- killed at the Azores, [146]
- Sunnites and Schiis, the two great sects of Mohammedans, i. [161], note
- Sweden, marriage between the daughter of the King of, and Henry III. spoken of, ii. [43];
- her portrait, [63]
- Swiss Ambassadors at Paris, ii. [63];
- Swiss troops defeated by Montbrun, ii. [78]
- Symplegades or floating islands at the mouth of the Bosphorus, i. [132]
- Szigeth, fortress in Hungary, attacked by Ali Pasha, i. [236];
- relieved by the Archduke Ferdinand, [237]-238
- relieved by the Archduke Ferdinand, [237]-238
- TAHMASP, Shah, at war with Solyman, i. [115];
- his character and mode of life, [300];
- sends envoys to Bajazet, [307];
- invites him to visit him, [308];
- his treachery towards him, ib.;
- and his motives, [309];
- causes him to be arrested at his table and his followers to be murdered, [311];
- prefers that Selim should succeed to the throne, [312];
- his treacherous conduct, [378];
- consents to Bajazet’s execution, [381]
- Tamerlane, indignities inflicted by him on Bajazet and his wife, i. [112];
- his descendants, [379]
- Tartar, a, his hair his only head covering, i. [85]
- Tartars in the Crimea, account of the, i. [356]
- Tashkend, city of, visited by Turkish pilgrim, i. [360]
- Tassis (or Taxis), J. B., Spanish ambassador in Paris, superseded and sent to the Netherlands, ii. [230], and note
- Taxis, Leonhard de, Postmaster-General in the Netherlands, ii. [28], and note
- Tchekmedjé, Buyuk and Kutchuk, bays near Constantinople, i. [109], note
- Tchourlou, town of, famous for the defeat of Selim, i. [108]
- Thoré, M. de, younger son of the Constable Montmorency, ii. [16], note;
- Tolna, a Hungarian town, its good wine and civil inhabitants, i. [93];
- quarrel between the Janissary there and Busbecq’s servant, [392]-396
- Tortoises, i. [134]
- Touighoun, Pasha of Buda, meaning of the name, i. [85];
- Tours, attempt on, ii. [98];
- Trajan’s Bridge, remains of, i. [95]
- Trajan’s Gate, or pass of Ichtiman, i. [106], and note
- Transylvania, recovered by Ferdinand, i. [79], [80];
- Transylvanian, the most popular candidate for the Polish crown, ii. [43], and note
- Trautson, John von, Ferdinand’s minister, i. [412]
- Tschaldiran, battle of, alluded to, i. [299]
- Tulips, i. [107]
- Turenne, the Vicomte de, brings reinforcements to Navarre, ii. [261]
- Turkish ambassador intervenes at the Polish Diet. ii. [29]
- Turkish cavalry, Busbecq’s first sight of, i. [83]
- — commissariat, i. [219]-221, [289]
- — fanatics at Buda, i. [396]
- — fleet, reported arrival of a, ii. [257]
- — horseman, a, described, i. [283]-284
- — horses, their rearing, training, &c., i. [215]-217
- — hostels, described, i. [98]
- — inns. See Caravanserai
- — military punishments, i. [293]-294
- — officer induced by Busbecq to give up the royal standard of the Neapolitan galleys, i. [322]
- — old woman, her romantic story, [231]-232
- — pilgrim gives Busbecq an account of his journey to Cathay and of that country, i. [359]-362;
- feats performed by another, [362]-363
- — soldiers contrasted with Christian, i. [221];
- their clothing and its distribution, [222]
- — women, their treatment and mode of life, i. [228]-229
- Turkoman chiefs invited to attack the Shah, i. [379]
- Turks, their notions about wine-drinking, i. [88];
- about houses, [90];
- consider the left-hand the place of honour, [92];
- their methods of dividing time, [101];
- attach no distinction to birth, i. [104], [154];
- their fondness for flowers, [108];
- and money, ib.;
- their reverence for paper and the reasons for it, [110];
- their superstitions as to unclean food, [124], [134];
- their favourite colours, [144];
- their notions about omens, ib., [269];
- surprised at the Germans’ fishing, [145];
- their frugal fare, [146];
- their notions of chronology, [149];
- how promotion is regulated among them, [155];
- their dress, ib.;
- their horror of pigs, [205];
- slavery among them, [209]-211;
- their kindness to animals, [224];
- prefer cats to dogs and why, [225];
- ransom birds from bird-catchers, [227];
- some think it wrong to keep birds in cages, ib.;
- their marriage laws, [229];
- do not inquire closely into crimes, but punish them severely if detected, [232];
- think it their duty to make one offer to a Christian of conversion to their religion, [235];
- their religious differences with the Persians, ib.;
- their skill in archery and mode of shooting and practising, [253]-255;
- their readiness to accept foreign inventions and to adopt various Christian customs, [255]-256;
- their Parthian tactics, [257];
- their treatment of ambassadors, [261];
- believe that the souls of those killed in battle ascend to heaven, [289];
- their notions of the Carnival, [290];
- their fast, ib.;
- dislike to eat or drink standing, [291];
- their endurance under the bastinado, [294];
- their reverent behaviour at their prayers, [303];
- impression made on them by the Spanish successes, [318];
- their exultation at their victory, [319];
- their taunts of the prisoners, [322];
- how they treat prisoners, [326];
- their recklessness about infection, [341];
- disturbed at Basilicus’ invasion of Moldavia, [349];
- at dinners carry off things for their wives and children, [375];
- their notions about predestination, [341], [382]-383;
- pray for Busbecq’s conversion, [384];
- league against them suggested to divert the restless spirits of France, ii. [49];
- their victories over the Persians render them formidable, [243]-244, and note;
- offer to assist Navarre, [257], and note
- UZES, Duc de, commands for the King at Aigues-Mortes, ii. [42]
- VARNA, battle of, i. [407], and note
- Vaudemont, Louise de, afterwards Queen of France, Henry III. in love with her, ii. [32];
- Vaudemont, Nicolas, Comte de, the King’s father-in-law, a probable peacemaker, ii. [63];
- Veli Bey, Sanjak-bey of Hatwan, his feud with Arslan Bey, i. [244]
- Veltwick or Velduvic, Gerard, ambassador of Charles V. to the Porte, i. [79], and note;
- his detention by the Turks referred to, [263]
- Vendôme, Cardinal de, brother of Condé, Navarre’s sequestrated property placed in his hands, ii. [249]
- Vendôme, Duc de. See Henry IV.
- Vendôme, House of, its position, ii. [40]
- Vendôme, retaken by Navarre and the governor executed, ii. [254]
- Vendôme’s sister Catherine, rumours of her intended marriage to Alençon, ii. [51], and note;
- Venetian Baily. See Baily
- Venetian goldsmith, adventure of a, i. [224]
- Verdun, town of, taken by Guise, ii. [247]
- Vimioso, the Count of, Don Antonio’s Constable, killed off the Azores, ii. [146]
- Viteaux, the Baron de, a famous duellist, murders du Guast, ii. [116], note;
- account of his death, [189]-191, and notes
- Vopiscus, quoted, i. [214]
- Vulcob, M. de, French Ambassador at Vienna, ii. [36], and note, [85];
- WEASELS, stories of, i. [203]
- Wranczy or Verantius, Antony, Bishop of Fünfkirchen, afterwards of Erlau and finally Archbishop of Gran, sent as ambassador to the Porte, i. [80];
- Busbecq finds him at Constantinople, [111]
- Wyss, Albert de, comes with presents from Ferdinand to the Sultan, i. [297]
- YPRES, given up for lost, ii. [194];
- still blockaded by Parma, [199]
- still blockaded by Parma, [199]
- ZAY, Francis, commander of the Danube flotilla known as Nassades, afterwards governor of Kaschau, sent as ambassador to the Porte, i. [80];
- Zutphen, town in Gelderland, taken by the Spaniards, ii. [208]