Report on the Indian schools of Manitoba and the North-West Territories

by P. H. Bryce

THE HEALTH OF THE PUPILS OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND BOARDING SCHOOLS.

When we know that it is only within the last ten years that what is known as the ‘medical inspection of schools’ has been undertaken in the largest urban populations of this continent, it might be said that it is not to be wondered at that in our Indian schools but little of this work could hitherto have been expected. But the circumstances in the two cases are quite different. In the public school everywhere the child returns to its parents at night and they are naturally chiefly responsible for its health. On the other hand, our industrial and boarding schools have been for the full term of residence in them the home of the child, and for his health the staff of the school is immediately responsible. Not only so, but this fact has been recognized by the government, which has for many years appointed and paid medical officers for supervising the health of the children. Nevertheless, it was natural, under what may be termed the accidental circumstances under which, especially the day and boarding schools were begun, and owing to the lack of any system under which they came under government inspection that those teachers accustomed daily to mingling with the Indians in camp would not exercise any fine discrimination as to the degree of health of those admitted to school. When in addition, in almost every instance, it was found difficult to maintain the school attendance up to the number allowed upon which the per capita payment was made, it is not surprising that cases of scrofula and other forms of constitutional disease were admitted into the schools. Such cases, under the defective sanitary condition of many schools, especially in the matter of ventilation, have been the foci from which disease, especially tubercular, has spread, whether through direct infection, from person to person, or indirectly through the infected dust of floors, school-rooms and dormitories. That the actual situation has not been fully realized, either by the staffs of the schools or by the medical officers except in a few instances is shown by the reports received from month to month and year to year by the department. This fact was fully borne out by my own experience during the recent inspection. Principals and teachers and even physicians were at times inclined to question or minimize the dangers of infection from scrofulous or consumptive pupils and nothing less than peremptory instructions as to how to deal with cases of disease existing in the schools will eliminate this ever-present danger of infection.

One of my special instructions was to obtain a statistical statement of the past history and present condition of the health of the children who have been pupils at the different schools. A list of questions was, therefore, left with each principal, requiring that they be answered and sent directly to my address in Ottawa. It is to be regretted that more have not, up to date, been received, but the following table from fifteen schools supplies much valuable information and food for thought.

Table VI.—Statement giving the Physical Condition of Presentand Discharged Pupils of Indian Industrial and Boarding Schools.

Boarding Schools.	When established.	Total Admissions.	Condition of Pupils now in Schools or Discharged.			Present Condition of all Pupils.						Present Condition of Ex-Pupils.
			Good.	Sick.	Dead.	Good.		Sick.		Dead.		Good.		Sick.		Dead.
						Number of pupils.	p.c.	Number of pupils.	p.c.	Number of pupils.	p.c.	Number of pupils.	p.c.	Number of pupils.	p.c.	Number of pupils.	p.c.
Birtle	1888	187	42	6		112	60	58	9	57	30
File Hills	1889	31 Ex-pupils										9	29	1	3	21	69
Emmanuel College (Prince Albert)	1889	151	71	17 41 at school. 22 unknown.	1	99	65	20	15	32	20
Church of England (Blood Reserve)	1891	82	54	7	5 unknown.	48	58	8	9	26	30
C. E. (Peigan Reserve)	1892	119				32	16	7	5	48	30	Unknown, 22	19
C. E. (Sarcee)	1892	57	22	12	10 died within few weeks of leaving.	32	56	5	8	20	35
Onion Lake (Church of England)	1893	61				52	85	2	3	7	5·11
Blackfoot (C. E.)	1889	129	54	18	11	70	54	8	7	51	40
Blood (Roman Catholic)	1898	71				54	76	2	2	14	20	1 unknown.
Peigan (R. C.)	1896	56				36	62	4	7	16	30
Ermine Skin (R. C.)	1895	124				72	57	28	20	14	11	7 unknown.
St. Albert Orphanage (R. C.)	1887	254	208	46		195	76	18	7	38	15	8 unknown.
Onion Lake (R. C.)	1894	124	49·40	20·16	10·80	84	67	11	9	25	20
Muscowequan (R. C.)	1889	64				39	60	7	10	10	18
Keeseekoose (R. C.)	1905	30				25	83	4	3	4	13

Allowing for the defective way in which the returns have been made, some returning the present condition of all pupils in school and of all discharged as far as ascertained, while others have returned only the status of ex-pupils, it appears that of 1,537 pupils returned from 15 schools which have been in operation on an average of fourteen years, 7 per cent are sick or in poor health and 24 per cent are reported dead. But a close analysis of some of the returns reveals an intimate relationship between the health of the pupils while in the school and that of their early death subsequent to discharge. Thus, of a total of 31 discharged from the File Hills school, 9 died at the school, of 6 others there is no record of condition on discharge, but all are reported to be dead, 7 others died from within a few months to three years after discharge and 9 are reported as in good health, 7 being farmers or their wives at the File Hills Colony, 1 a student, and 1 at Coté’s reserve. It is most interesting to note that but 7 have been discharged during the past 5 years and that of these 5 are File Hills Colony farmers, and 2 are dead. In every instance where the cause of the 21 deaths was known, it is given as consumption or tuberculosis. I have referred in detail to this school because of the definiteness of statement made, giving an accurate picture of a school probably no worse than many others, and within the last 5 years, under its present management, notably better than many others. Changes in the principal and staff of a school and lack of interest in discharged pupils make many school records defective, and nothing less than a carefully carried out correspondence could give us absolute data regarding all the discharged pupils of the schools. It suffices for us to know, however, that of a total of 1,537 pupils reported upon nearly 25 per cent are dead, of one school with an absolutely accurate statement, 69 per cent of ex-pupils are dead, and that everywhere the almost invariable cause of death given is tuberculosis. Wherever an answer is given to the question, ‘Condition of child on entry?’ it is either not answered or given as ‘good’; so that we have during a fifteen year period of school history, a study full of information from the medical standpoint. A reference to the details contained in tables VII. and VIII. shows

that with but two or three exceptions no serious attempt at the ventilation of dormitories or school-rooms has hitherto been made; that the air-space of both is, in the absence of regular and sufficient ventilation, extremely inadequate; that for at least 7 months in the long winter of the west, double sashes are on the windows in order to save fuel and maintain warmth and that for some 10 continuous hours children are confined in dormitories, the air of which, if pure to start with, has within 15 minutes become polluted, so as to be capable of detection by ordinary chemical tests. It is apparent that general

ill health from the continued inspiration of an air of increasing foulness is inevitable; but when sometimes consumptive pupils and, very frequently, others with discharging scrofulous glands, are present to add an infective quality to the atmosphere, we have created a situation so dangerous to health that I was often surprised that the results were not even worse than they have been shown statistically to be. On the other hand, there were two or three instances where the knowledge that fresh air or oxygen is life has been positively realized, and where fresh air is allowed to so pour into the dormitories that the air breathed is that of the outer atmosphere. One principal in an otherwise indifferent old school building said: ‘The medical officer has not been here for eighteen months, for no one has been sick, for when the wind is in the east we open the west windows and when in the west we open the east and leave them open all night.’ But, however far one particularly clear-headed man may push this modern gospel of fresh air, it is apparent that it is everywhere the old-fashioned buildings, their very varied and imperfect methods of heating and an almost complete lack of a knowledge of the meaning of ventilation and of methods for accomplishing it in the different schools, that are responsible for this most serious condition which has been demonstrated and which demands an immediate remedy.

What further was very noticeable was the almost complete absence of any drill or manual exercises amongst the boys or calisthenics or breathing exercises amongst the girls. One would suppose that in boarding schools the need for such exercises would be looked upon as an elementary necessity; but it was found that it was only in some isolated cases that it had ever been heard of or put into practice. And yet the disciplinary value of such exercises, apart wholly from their health value, is so obvious that one was not surprised at the remark of that remarkable woman the Mother Superior of the St. Albert Orphanage, who said that the musical tambourine drill (which I had the pleasure of witnessing) was the first means she had discovered of making the Indian children stand erect and raise their eyes. Perhaps however, remembering the very varied types of teachers, the difficulty often experienced in obtaining permanent ones of high quality, and the sources from which they are drawn, it may be expecting too much to suppose that so elementary a necessity of school hygiene as physical exercises should have been a regular part of the course in these schools.

PETER H. BRYCE,
Chief Medical Officer.
Ottawa, June 19, 1907.

	Brandon.	Elkhorn Industrial, Church of England.	Qu’Appelle Industrial, Roman Catholic.	Regina Industrial School.	Battleford Industrial, Church of England.	High River Industrial.	Calgary Industrial School.	Red Deer Industrial School, Methodist.
Material in building.	Brick and frame	Brick	Brick	Brick	Frame	Brick ven. (girls), frame (boys).	Stone, not in good condition, floors mostly good.	Stone and brick well constructed.
Heating	Furnace	Hot water boilers and some stoves.	Steam	Furnaces	Furnace and stoves	Furnace and stoves		Smead Dowd in parts and stoves.
Water	Wells and windmills.	Well and gasoline pumping engine, 1½ h.p.	Lake Qu’Appelle and well.	Wells unsatisfactory. No soft water.	Wells pumped to tank.	Well engine pumps to tanks.	2 Pease combined hot air and water. Had to close up rooms. (Cold). Well (good).	H. P. pump from wells to tank water to basins in kitchen.
Sewerage	Outdoor earth closets	Outdoor earth closets	Water closets indoors, separate tank.	Baths and sinks drain to cesspool. No indoor closets, outside box closets.	Outdoor privy vaults.	Baths and basins indoors, w. c. in dormitories, outdoor earth closets.	W. C. sewer to river, protected against reflex in high water.	Outdoor dry earth closets.
Ventilation	Smead Dowd system on bluff.	Most windows vented in central shaft in part.	Very inadequate small vents in large dormitories.	No special attempt at ventilation.	Windows and openings in attic. Not good.	Windows, 2 stoppers in chimneys closed very inadequate.	No special means but windows. Air space adequate for number present.	Smead Dowd in partial operation in many rooms very defective.
Location	Overlooking Assiniboine at Brandon.	Near Elkhorn town	Beautiful location in Qu’Appelle valley.	Fine site near creek.	‘Beautiful’ on bluff over Battle river.	In beautiful valley of High River.	4 miles from Calgary in valley of Bow river.	Beautiful location on banks of Red Deer.
Land	320 acres	380 acres	5 acres in valley, ¾ section on bluff.	920 acres two miles from Regina.	640 acres	100 acres mostly in valley and balance of 1,550 is bluffs.	275 acres	640 acres for hay, plus 500 acres.
Cultivation	166 acres	75 acres in addition to grounds.	350 acres	131	About 100	138 acres	About ¼ cultivated. No school this year, all boys working.	325 acres.
Products	See annual report. Wheat, barley, oats, &c.	1,200 bush. wheat, 640 oats, 300 barley, 350 potatoes, and vegetables.	130 wheat, 125 oats, barley, potatoes.	2,300 oats, 80 barley, 1,500 wheat, 300 potatoes.	60 Acres, 6 acres of garden and potatoes.	14 acres wheat, 1,000 tons hay, 20 acres turnips, 60 acres of oats, 34 acres barley and large garden.	See annual report.	2,000 wheat, 2,000 oats, 1,000 barley, 1,500 potatoes, 25 flax.
Grant				Wholly by government.
Fire-escapes	Pipe with hose	McRobie’s, 2 babcocks hose to all floors.	McRobie, extra escapes to verandahs.	McRobie fire extinguishers.	Tank fire hose, broad gallery. Good.	Tanks, pipes and hose, babcock extinguisher.	Standpipe and hose from tank, also fire extinguishers.	None, except stairs and windows to balcony.
Established	1887	1888	1884	1891	1884	1884, 1890 (boys)	1896	1893
Founder	By government. Staff (8).	By government. Staff (10). Total salary, $5,818.	By government. Staff (16).	By government. Staff (8).	Government. Staff (9).	Government. Staff (10)	By government. Staff (6).	By government (cost $60,000). Staff (7).
Accommodation	25	100	230	100	80	125	40 allowed, 45 in June, 1898.	80
Attendance	98	97	235	56	59	45 (boys), 38 (girls)	19 boys	78, July, 1906.
School population	Not on reserve	Not on reserve	Near reserve	Not on reserve	Not on reserve 15 miles from nearest.	Not on reserve. Difficult to get. Pupils rather decreasing in number.	Not on reserve, nearest 13 miles.	Not near any reserve.
Age of pupils	4 to 18	12 to 18	7 to 18	10–18	6–18	14–19	13–18
Number entered, 1906–7.	4	Two or three		4	4	Three (3)	None. Reduced from 27 to 16.
Discharged, 1906–7.	3 to leave for colony. 2 tubercular phthisis.	7 discharged, none on account of sickness.		5	Number grown up and left last year.	7 discharged	11, 1 ran away, 1 stole horses.
No. tuberculized	2 with glands, 2 with eye trouble.	Two (2)	15 sick with scrofula and 1 consumptive.	4 scrofula	None noticed, 10 with impetigo contagiosa.	7 girls, 4 boys	Two (2), (1 one sent to Morley Sanatorium).	Four with scrofulous glands (4).
Deaths, 1906–7	None	One (1)		One (1)		No deaths in last two years.	One died (1).	Six died (6).

REPORT ON THE INDIAN SCHOOLS OF MANITOBA AND THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES.

TABLE VIII.—STATEMENT SHOWING SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS ON INSPECTION OF 25 BOARDING SCHOOLS.

Name.	Material in building.	How heated.	Source of Water Supply.	Method of Sewage Disposal.	Quality of Ventilation.	Location.	Amount of Land.	Amount Cultivated.	Amount of Products	Fire Protection.	When begun.	By whom built.	Accommodation.	Present Attendance.	Present School Population on Reserve.	Age of Pupils.	Number entered 1906–1907.	Number discharged 1906–1907.	How many Tuberculized.	How many Died 1906–1907.
Morley.	Frame addn. 1900; very much out of repair; floors old.	2 very old furnaces.	Spring; flows to building.	W. C. indoors drain to ravine. Also outdoor W. C. Baths.	Very poor; 1 fresh air pipe, 3-in., drawing foul air to furnace to be reheated.	On a hillside, 6 miles from Morley Stn.	1,437 stony.	Only 10 acres. Hopes to have 100 acres; green fodder.	No statement; garden stuff.	Pipe and hose.	1887.	Methodist Ch.	45 allowed. Boys’ ward now over-crowded with 16.	16 boys; 17 girls.	100 pupils.	6 to 18 years.	7 pupils.	3 pupils.	5 by exam. Dr. Lafferty reports 20 per cent.	None.
Sarcee Bdg. Schl.	Old frame building.	Stoves.	Water by pipe to kitchen from windmill; this out of order.	Buckets to carry away slops; outdoor earth closets.	Old, small windows in low dormitories.	On Sarcee reserve in a valley of Elbow.	Small garden.	Only the garden.				By C. E.	25 allowed.	5 boys; 6 girls.	12 on reserve not at schl.	6 to 14 years.	1 pupil.		1 died after being sent home.	1 died. A number died in 1905–6 of T.B.
Blackfoot. (Old Suns) C. E. Bdg. Schl.	Frame.	Stoves.	Wells; all bad.	Outdoor privies.	Only windows; very defective; crowded dormitories.	On river bottom.	On reserve, 7 acres.	2 acres.	Only garden stuff.		1884 old bldg.; 1894 boys’ bldg. closed in 1901.	By C. E.	50 allowed.	17 boys; 18 girls.		6 to 15 years.			Only 3 pupils not under care of physician. Most are tuberculized. So many were sick at hospital that the classes were interrupted.	1.
Blackfoot. (Crowfoot) R. C. Bdg. Schl.	Frame.	1 furnace; rest stoves.	1 well; not used; has caved in; water brought 1 mile from river.	Outdoor privy closets.	Only windows; no evidence of any attempt to ventilate.	In valley of Bow river.	5 acres.	3 acres garden; 2 potatoes.	Only garden produce.	No fire-escapes, except inside stairs.	1900.	By R. C.; govt. gave $2,500.	30 allowed.	33 pupils.		6 to 16 years.			Health fair; general health indifferent.
Blood (St. Pauls) C. E. Bdg. Schl.	Frame and logs.	Stoves.	Good driven well in gravel.	Outdoor privies.	Only windows; no attempt at adequate ventilation.	In valley of Belly river opposite Blood reserve.	161 acres.	25 ac.; 2,500 trees planted; grounds graded.	Garden products and oats.	No fire-escapes, except inside stairs; no extinguishers.	1893.	By the Ch. of England.	80 pupils.	33 pupils.	162 pupils.	6 to 17 years.			No sickness this year says Dr. Edwards.	None.
Blood (R. C.) Bdg. Schl.	Frame.	2 furnaces.	Well with force pump to kitchen.	Outside privies.	Windows; vents in attic closed.	In valley of Belly river, on reserve.	10 acres.	8 acres.	2 acres of garden; 6 potatoes.	None except inside stairs.	In 1885 a mission. Present school, 1895.	By R. C. Ch.	42 pupils.	42 pupils.	162 pupils.	6 to 17 years.			Health good, according to Dr. Edwards.	None.
Peigan (C. E.) Bdg. Schl.	Frame.	Pease furnaces.	Good well.	Outdoor privy vaults.	Windows and vents into attic either end. Attic windows open; good attempt.	On Powder creek, just outside res’ve.	40 acres.	Only 2 ac. (garden) cultivated.	Garden produce.	Only inside stairs.	1898; previously a mission and day school.	By the Ch. of England.	30 pupils.	31 pupils.		6 to 17 years.			3 with scrofulous glands.	2.
Peigan (Sacred Heart) R. C. Bdg. Schl.	Frame.	Stoves.	Good well.	Outdoor privies.	No attempt at ventilation. Crowded dormitories.	In valley of Old Man’s river on reserve.	2 acres.	2 acres.	Garden products.	Only inside stairs.	1897; previously was a mission and day school.	By R. C. Ch.	30 pupils.	34 pupils.		5 to 16 years			2 with scrofulous glands.	1.
Hobbema (Ermineskin) R. C.	Frame.	Stoves.	1 well; cistern in attic.	Outdoor privies.	No ventilation save by one 6-in. duct.	On the reserve.	160 acres.	40 acres.	10 ac. potatoes; garden stuff.	2 canvas tubes; good.	In 1881 was a mission; since 1895 a boarding school.	By R. C. Ch.	50 pupils.	54 pupils.		5 to 16 years.			1 with T.B.; 2 with scrofulous glands.
St. Albert Bdg. Schl. and Orphanage.	Frame.	Furnaces and stoves.	Well. Engine to tanks; hot and cold water.	Outdoor privies; some indoor closets.	No adequate ventilation; some vents open in ceiling; dormitories all over-crowded.	Beautiful site on bank of Sturgeon river near village of St. Albert.	320 acres.	200 acres.	Bushels:—1,250 barley; 4,520 oats; 1,500 wheat; 2,035 potatoes. (4 men work here)	Outside verandah for escapes; good.	1889.	By R. C. Ch.	230 in all.	68 pupils. (Indians educated in part with whites.)	Not on res.	5 to 18 years.			A number.
Saddle Lake, R. C. (Blue Quill)	Frame.	Stoves.	3 wells, 1 with broken windmill; not very satisfactory supply.	Outdoor privies.	Windows; have opening into attic—closed, rooms close.	Good site on high ground on reserve.	6 acres.	3 acres; as garden.	Garden stuff.	Outer stairway to lobby.	A mission until 1891.	By Ch.	40.	48.		5 to 16.	3.		6 with scrofulous glands.
Onion Lake, (St. Barnabas) C. E. Schl.	Frame.	Stoves.	Well in bakery; good supply.	Outdoor privies.	Windows only; girls’ school-room crowded; boys’ good.	Fine location, near agency on reserve.	10 acres on reserve.	2 in garden; 8 in oats.	Garden stuff.	Fire-exting’rs. Balconies.	In 1891 a day school bdg. schl. since 1896.	By Ch.	50.	16; also 37 whites and half-breeds.		5 to 17.			1 boy with scrofulous glands.
Onion Lake, (Sacred Heart) R. C. Schl.	Frame.	Stoves.	Good well and cistern.	Outdoor privies.	Windows; some openings into attic, closed.	Fine location, near agency on reserve.	4 acres.	2 in garden; some oats.	Garden stuff.	No fire-escapes; are fire-extinguishers.	1895.		60.	35 and 17 half-breeds.		6 to 17 years.	3.	1.	2.	1.
Thunderchild, (Delmas) R. C. Schl.	Frame.	Stoves.	Well.	Outdoor privies.	Only windows; no attempt at ventilation.	On ¼ section adjoining reserve.	100 acres.	Good crops on the farm.	Good crops.	2 exting. inside stairs, no escapes.	1901, a bdg. school originally started in 1879.	By Ch.	20.	22.		6 to 16.			1 with consumption, 1 with sc. glds. (both boys.)
Emmanuel Col. (Prince Albert) C. E. Schl.	Frame.	Stoves.	Wells.	Outdoor earth boxes.	Windows; no special means.	At suburb of town.	200 acres in town; belongs to Ch.	65 acres.	Wheat, oats and vegetables.	No special escapes; only stairs.	1895, a day school.	By Ch.	100.	47.	Not on reserve.	6 to 18.	6 on acct. of poor health.	6 on acct. of poor health.	None present; had been sent away.	1 of T.B.
Duck Lake (R. C. Schl.)	Frame.	3 furnaces.	Wells.	Girls’ closets off dormitories but outside. Outdoor privies for boys.	Rooms crowded; air reheated by furnaces. Poor.	Located 1 mile from Duck Lake station.	100 acres. Govt. land; ½ sec. of Ch. land near by.	60 acres.	300 bush. wheat, barley and oats.	Only inside stairs.	1895.	Was a mission first, then by Govt.	100.	106.	Not very far from res., 2 or 3 whites.	7 to 18.	3.	5 to leave this year.	No. scr., 1 with apparent T.B.	1 died of T.B.
Gordon’s C. E. Bdg. Schl.	Frame and logs.	Stoves.	Wells.	Outdoor privies.	Only windows; air space good.	On 3½ acres on reserve.	½ sec. owned by scl. lying 1½ miles distant.	5 acres.	Oats; potatoes and vegetables.	Only stairs.	1890.	Was a church mission first.	35.	29.		6 to 16.	8.	1.	3 with scrf., 2 treated in Touchwood Tent Hospital.
Muscowequan (Touchwood) R. C. Schl.	Stone and logs.	Stoves.	Wells; by windmill to tank.	Outdoor privies.	Windows and attic openings; some attempt at ventilation.	On Ch. land adjoining reserve.	2½ sec.	110 acres.	Bushels. Wheat, 1,600. Oats 1,200. Barley 250. Hay 250 tons, potatoes and vegetables.	Tank in attic with hose; no special protection.	1895.	By Ch.	30.	33.		7 to 18.			3.
Crooked Lake (Cowessess) R. C. Schl.	Frame.	Steam boiler.	Wells and gas engine.	Outdoor privies, drain to river.	Mainly windows; some vents to attic.	In valley of Qu’Appelle.	¼ sec.; 40 acres in valley.	100 acres.	Bushels. Wheat 2,000. Oats 800. Potatoes 400.	Tank in attic with hose; no outside escapes.	1898.	By Ch. asst. by Gov’t.	65.	45.		6 to 16.		2 sent to Qu’Appelle for operati’n.	2.
Round Lake, Pres. Scl.	Frame.	Furnace and stoves.	Wells; also river.	Outdoor closets.	Windows only; but left open systematically.	In valley of Qu’Appelle.	320 acres.	100 acres.	All in farm crops.	No special escapes.	1884.	By Ch.	80 (too many.)	36.		6 to 18.		None.	None.	None.
Keesekoose (St. Philippe) R. C. Schl.	Frame and logs.	Stoves.	Wells; insufficient.	Outdoor privies.	Windows only.	Adjoining Keesekoose reserve.	160 acres.	30 acres.	Wheat, oats, barley and potatoes.	No special provision.	1901.	By Ch.	30.	25.		6 to 16.		None.	None.	None.
Crowstand (Pres.) Bdg. Scl.	Frame.	Furnace.	Wells and windmill.	Outdoor privies.	Windows and vents shafts from most rooms; fair.	On brow of hill overlooking Assiniboine river. On farm adjoining reserve.	380 acres.	75 acres.	Bushels. Wheat 725, Oats 2,200. Barley, ——	No special provision.	1889.	By Ch.	50.	45.		6 to 17.		2.	3.	None.
File Hills (Pres.) Bdg. Scl.	Frame and stone.	Stoves.	Wells; inadequate.	Outdoor privies.	No special ventilation.	On File Hills’ reserve.	250 acres.	75 acres.	Wheat, 300. Oats, 700.	No special provision.	1889.	By Ch.	25.	22.	A good number.	4 to 18.	4.	3; leave for colony.	2 Tub. 2 scrf. glands. 2 eye trouble.	None.
IN MANITOBA.
Portage la Prairie (Pres.) Bdg. Scl.	Frame and brick.	Furnace.	Wells.	Outdoor closets.	Fair. Some air reheated and then breathed.	On suburbs of town.	2 acres.	Only garden plot.	Vegetables.	2 exting. No other provision.	1895.	By Ch.	25.	26.	Not near reserve.	6 to 17.		1.	2.	1.
Birtle (Pres.) Bdg. Scl.	Stone.	Hot-air furnaces.	Spring, piped to Scl. But is on other premises; looking for a new supply.	Indoor closets, sewer and septic tank; dry earth closets, outdoors.	Ventilators in windows; partially successful.	On hillside overlooking Bird Tail river.	300 acres. About 10 leased. Breaking 10 more.	Fodder, corn, oats and roots.		Outside escapes; no extinguishers.	1888.	By Ch.	50.	49.	Not near reserve.	6 to 17.	2.	3.	3 with scrf. glands.	None.

Transcriber’s note:

Minor errors and inconsistencies of punctuation and list styling in the original have been silently corrected.

Some ditto marks in tables have been replaced with their intended word.

Three other corrections of misprints have been recorded in HTML comments.

Some tables are very wide and may not render well in some versions of this eBook.