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| FEUDALISM | [1] |
| Origin.—Barbaric Laws.—Enfeoffment.—Charlemagne and the Church.—First Construction
of Strongholds.—Vassal and Suzerain.—Feudal Eights.—The Truce of
God.—Feudal Churches and Abbeys.—Communal Principles.—New Townships.—Origin
of the French Bourgeoisie.—The English Magna Charta.—Alienation of
Fiefs.—Liberation of the Serfs.—Imperial Cities.—Feudal Rights of the Bishops.—St.
Louis.—Wars between France and England.—La Bulle d’Or.—The States-General.—Origin
of the Third Estate. | |
| WAR AND ARMIES | [38] |
| The Invasions of the Barbarians.—Attila.—Theodoric seizes Italy.—Organizations of
Military Fiefs.—Defences of Towns.—Totila and his Tactics.—The Military Genius of
Charlemagne.—Military Vassalage.—Communal Militia.—Earliest Standing Armies.—Loss
of Technical Tradition.—The Condottieri.—The Gendarmerie.—The Lances
Fournies.—Weakening of Feudal Military Obligations.—The French Army in the
Time of Louis XI. and his Successors.—Absence of Administrative Arrangement.—Reforms.—Mercenary
Troops.—Siege Operations and Engines. | |
| NAVAL MATTERS | [74] |
| Old Traditions: Long Vessels and Broad Vessels.—The Dromon.—The Galéasse.—The
Coque.—Caracks and Galleons.—Francis I.’s Great Carack.—Caravelles.—The Importance
of a Fleet.—Hired Fleets.—Poop Guards.—Naval Laws.—Seaport Tribunals.—Navigation
in the open Seas.—The Boussole.—Armament of Men-of-war.—Towers
and Ballistic Engines.—Artillery.—Naval Strategy.—Decorations and Magnificent
Appointments of Vessels.—Sails and Flags.—The Galley of Don Juan of Austria.—Sailors’
Superstitions.—Discipline and Punishments. | |
| THE CRUSADES | [104] |
| Arab Conquest of the Holy Land.—Swarm of Pilgrims in the Year 1000.—Turkish Invasion
of Judea.—Persecution of the Christians.—Pope Silvester II.—Expedition of
the Pisans and the Genoese.—Peter the Hermit.—Letter from Simeon the Patriarch
to Pope Urban II.—First Crusade.—Expedition of “Gautier sans Avoir.”—Godefroi
de Bouillon.—The Kingdom of Jerusalem.—Second Crusade.—St. Bernard.—Third
Crusade: Philip Augustus and Richard Cœur-de-Lion.—Fourth Crusade.—Fifth and
Sixth Crusades.—Louis IX. turns Crusader.—Seventh Crusade.—St. Louis taken
Prisoner.—Eighth and last Crusade.—Death of St. Louis.—Results of the Crusades. | |
| CHIVALRY (Duels and Tournaments) | [136] |
| Origin of Chivalry.—Its different Characteristics.—Chivalric Gallantry.—Chivalry and
Nobility.—Its Relations with the Church.—Education of the Children of the Nobility.—Squires.—Chivalric
Exercises.—Pursuivants at Arms.—Courts and Tribunals of
Love.—Creation of Knights.—Degradation of Knights.—Judicial Duels.—Trials by
Ordeal.—Feudal Champions.—Gages of Battle.—The Church forbids Duels.—Tournaments
invented by the Sire de Preuilly in the Tenth Century.—Arms used in a
Tournament.—Tilt.—Lists.—The part taken by Ladies.—King René’s Book. | |
| MILITARY ORDERS | [172] |
| Pierre Gérard founds the Order of St. John of Jerusalem; History of that Order.—The
Siege of Rhodes.—History of the Order of the Knights Templars.—Order of the
Knights of Calatrava.—Order of the Teuton Knights.—Order of the Knights of
the Golden Fleece.—Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus.—Orders of the Star, of
the Cosse de Geneste, of the Ship, of St. Michael, and of the Holy Ghost. | |
| LITURGY AND CEREMONIES | [203] |
| Prayer.—Liturgy of St. James, of St. Basil, and of St. John Chrysostom.—Apostolical
Constitutions.—The Sacrifice of the Mass.—Administration of Baptism.—Canonical
Penances.—Plan and Arrangement of Churches.—Ecclesiastical Hierarchy.—The
Ceremony of Ordination.—Church Bells.—The Tocsin.—The Poetry of Gothic
Churches.—Breviary and Missal of Pius V.—Ceremonies used at the Seven Sacraments.—Excommunication.—The
Bull In Cœnâ Domini.—Processions and Mystery
Plays at the Easter Solemnities.—Instrument of Peace.—Consecrated Bread.—The
Pyx.—The Dove. | |
| THE POPES | [245] |
| Influence of the Papacy in the Reformation of Early Society.—St. Leo the Great.—Origin
of the Temporal Power of the Popes.—Gregory the Great.—The Iconoclastic
Emperors.—Stephen III. delivered by France.—Charlemagne crowned Emperor of
the West.—Photius.—The Diet of Worms.—Gregory VII.; his Plan for a Christian
Republic.—Urban II.—The Crusades.—Calixtus II.; Termination of the Dispute as
to Investiture.—Innocent III.—Struggle of Boniface VIII. against Philippe le Bel.—The
Great Western Schism.—Council of Florence.—Battle of Lepanto.—Council of
Trent. | |
| THE SECULAR CLERGY | [274] |
| The Minor and the Major Orders in the Early Centuries of the Church.—Establishment
of Tithes originally voluntary, and afterwards obligatory.—Influence of the Bishops.—Supremacy
of the See of Rome.—Form of Episcopal Oath in the Early Centuries.—Reform
of Abuses by the Councils.—Remarkable sayings of Charlemagne and Hincmar.—Public
Education created by the Church.—The Establishment of the Communes
favoured by the Bishops.—The Beaumont Law.—Struggle with the Bourgeoisie in the
Fifteenth Century.—The Council of Trent.—Institution of Seminaries. | |
| THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS | [299] |
| The First Monks.—St. Anthony and his Disciples.—St. Pachomius and St. Athanasius.—St.
Eusebius and St. Basilius.—Cenobitism in the East and in the West.—St. Benedict
and the Benedictine Code.—Monkish Dress.—St. Columba.—List of the Monasteries
in Charlemagne’s Time.—Services rendered by the Monks to Civilisation, Arts, and
Letters.—Reform of the Religious Orders in the Twelfth Century.—St. Norbert.—St.
Bernard.—St. Dominic.—St. Francis of Assisi.—The Carmelites.—The Bernardines.—The
Barnabites.—The Jesuits. | |
| CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS | [339] |
| Christian Charity in the First Centuries of the Church.—The Eastern Empresses.—The
Holy Roman Ladies.—Olympiade, Melanie, Marcella, and Paula.—Charity at the
Court of the Franks.—St. Margaret of Scotland and Matilda of England.—Hedwige
of Poland.—Origin of the Lazar-houses.—The Lazarists in France and in England.—Progress
and Vicissitudes of the Order of St. Lazarus.—The Foundations of St. Louis.—The
Order of Mercy founded by St. Nolasque.—St. Catherine of Sienna and
St. Francis.—Bernardin Obrégon.—Jean de Dieu.—Philippe de Néri.—Antoine Yvan. | |
| PILGRIMAGES | [362] |
| The first Pilgrimages to Jerusalem and Rome.—The Worship of the Martyrs.—Pilgrims’
Hospitals.—Images of the Virgin Mary.—Relics brought from the East
by the Crusaders.—Celebrated Pilgrimages of Early Days.—The Roman Basilicas.—St.
Nicholas de Bari.—Notre-Dame de Tersatz.—St. Jacques de Compostella.—Notre-Dame
du Puy, de Liesse, de Chartres, de Rocamadour.—Pilgrimages in
France, Germany, Poland, Russia, and Switzerland. | |
| HERESIES | [394] |
| The real Meaning of the word Heresy.—The Heretics of the Apostolic Days.—Simon the
Magician.—Cerinthus.—The Nicolaitans.—The Gnostics.—The Schools of Philosophy
of Byzantium, Antioch, and Alexandria.—Julian the Apostate.—The Pelagians and
the semi-Pelagians.—Nestorius.—Eutyches.—The Iconoclasts.—Amaury.—Gilbert de
la Porrée.—Abelard.—Arnold of Brescia.—The Albigenses.—The Waldenses.—The
Flagellants.—Wickliff.—John Huss.—Jerome of Prague.—Luther.—Henry VIII.
and the Anglican Church.—Calvin. | |
| THE INQUISITION | [423] |
| General Principles of the Inquisition; its Existence amongst the Greeks and Romans.—The
Papal Inquisition.—The Inquisition in France.—The Albigenses.—The Royal
Spanish Inquisition; its Political Purposes; it is opposed by the Popes.—Inquisitors
of Toledo excommunicated by Leo X.—The Holy Hermandad.—The Spies of the
Inquisition.—The Holy Office and the Supreme.—The Prisons of the Inquisition.—The
Auto-da-fé.—The Inquisition in the Netherlands.—The Protestant Inquisition in
Holland, Germany, France, England, and Switzerland. | |
| BURIALS AND FUNERAL CEREMONIES | [447] |
| Embalming and Incineration of Bodies amongst the Ancients.—Interment brought
into practice by Christianity.—The Wrapping of the Dead in Shrouds.—The
Direction in which the Bodies were laid.—Absolution Crosses.—Funeral Furniture.—Coffins
and Sarcophagi in the Middle Ages.—Funereal Sculpture and Architecture,
from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century.—The Catacombs at Rome.—Charnel-houses
in the Churches.—Public Cemeteries.—The Cemetery of the Innocents, Paris.—Lanterns
for the Dead.—Funerals of the Kings and Queens of France.—The Rolls
of the Dead.—Consoling Thought of the Resurrection and of Eternal Life. | |
