RECONSTRUCTED AND ALTERED STONES
Ruby fragments may be heated at high temperature to partially melt them into a large mass that can be cut into a more valuable stone. Ruby is the only stone that can be successfully reconstituted in this way, but there are many other ways of tampering with natural stones to make them more desirable.
Sometimes natural stones are backed with foil or a metallic coating to enhance their color, to provide brilliance, or to produce a star effect. It is said that in an inventory of the Russian crown jewels by the Soviet Government, the ruby-colored Paul the First Diamond was discovered to be a pale pink diamond backed by red foil. Today, some diamonds are coated on the back with a blue film to improve their color.
Aquamarine, when pale greenish blue, may be heated in order to deepen the blue color, and poorly colored amethyst may be heated to produce a beautiful yellow-brown quartz, called citrine, that often is misrepresented as topaz. By strong heating, the brown and reddish brown colors of zircon can be changed to blue or colorless, both of which states are unknown in natural zircon. Dyes, plastics, and oils are used to impregnate porous gems such as turquoise and variscite, and even jade. Off-color diamonds, when exposed to strong atomic radiation, can be changed to attractive green, brown, and yellow colors, causing them to resemble higher-priced fancies.
In the constant search for something new, gem suppliers sometimes introduce into gemstones colors that are not always an improvement. For example, the beautiful purple of some amethyst can be converted, by heat treatment, to a peculiar green. Such an altered stone is marketed as greened amethyst.
All of this tampering with gemstones complicates the problem of identification, so it is a matter of serious concern to the gem trade.