FOOTNOTES:
[209] Stirner p. 439. [The page-numbers of Stirner's first edition, here cited, agree almost exactly with those of the English translation under the title "The Ego and His Own." Any passage quoted here will in general be found in the English translation either on the page whose number is given or on the preceding page; for the early pages, subtract two or three from the number.]
[210] Ib. pp. 435-6.
[211] Ib. p. 465.
[212] Ib. p. 464.
[213] Ib. p. 466.
[214] Stirner p. 473.
[215] No more do his adherents, e. g. Mackay, "Stirner" pp. 164-5.
[216] Stirner p. 322.
[217] Ib. p. 343.
[218] Ib. p. 45.
[219] Ib. p. 318.
[220] Ib. p. 318.
[221] Ib. p. 420.
[222] Ib. pp. 189-90.
[223] Stirner p. 427.
[224] Ib. p. 428.
[225] Ib. p. 429.
[226] Ib. p. 258.
[227] Ib. p. 478.
[228] Ib. p. 426.
[229] Stirner p. 395.
[230] Ib. p. 387.
[231] [To understand some of the following citations it is necessary to remember that in German "law" (in the sense of common law, or including this) and "right" are one and the same word.—While it is probably not fair to say that these assaults of Stirner are directed only against some laws, it does seem fair to say that they deny to the laws only some sorts of validity. We have very little material for compiling the constructive side of Stirner's teaching, for he avoided specifying what things the Egoists or their unions were to do in his future social order; he said explicitly that the only way to know what a slave will do when he breaks his fetters is to wait and see. But, while he may nowhere have stated a law which is to obtain in the good time coming, neither has he said anything which authorizes us to declare that none of his unions will ever make laws on such a basis as (for instance) the rules of the Stock Exchange. On [page 114] below is quoted a passage where he distinctly and approvingly contemplates the possibility that a union of his followers may fix a minimum wage, and may threaten violence to any person who consents to work below the scale. This would be law, and might easily be the germ of a State. On [pages 108] and [page 109] are quoted passages which strongly suggest that the Egoistic union would undertake to defend its member against all interference with his possession of certain goods; this would be both law and property.]
[232] Stirner p. 247.
[233] Stirner p. 248.
[234] Ib. p. 246.
[235] Ib. p. 314.
[236] Ib. p. 268.
[237] Ib. p. 317.
[238] Ib. pp. 317, 316.
[239] Ib. pp. 265-6.
[240] Ib. p. 276.
[241] Ib. p. 270.
[242] Ib. pp. 326-7.
[243] Ib. pp. 248-9.
[244] Stirner p. 275.
[245] Ib. p. 275.
[246] Ib. pp. 259, 256.
[247] Ib. p. 220.
[248] Ib. p. 251. [The German idiom for "it suits me" is "it is right to me">[.
[249] Ib. p. 8.
[250] Ib. p. 490.
[251] Ib. p. 491.
[252] Ib. p. 491.
[253] Ib. p. 7.
[254] Stirner p. 8.
[255] Ib. p. 207.
[256] Ib. p. 219.
[257] Ib. p. 214.
[258] Ib. p. 212.
[259] Ib. p. 220.
[260] Stirner p. 314.
[261] Ib. p. 295.
[262] Ib. pp. 231-2.
[263] Ib. p. 231.
[264] Ib. p. 259.
[265] Ib. p. 337.
[266] Stirner p. 258.
[267] Ib. p. 339.
[268] Ib. p. 280.
[269] Ib. p. 257.
[270] Ib. p. 298.
[271] Ib. p. 298.
[272] Ib. p. 299.
[273] Stirner p. 298.
[274] Ib. p. 336.
[275] Ib. pp. 337-8.
[276] Ib. p. 235; Stirner "Vierteljahrsschrift" p. 192.
[277] Stirner p. 304.
[278] Stirner p. 258.
[279] Ib. p 411.
[280] Ib. p. 416.
[281] Ib. p. 411.
[282] Stirner pp. 417-18.
[283] Stirner "Vierteljahrsschrift" pp. 193-4.
[284] Stirner p. 305.
[285] Ib. p. 332.
[286] Ib. pp. 327-8.
[287] Ib. pp. 328, 326.
[288] Stirner pp. 328-9.
[289] Zenker fails to recognize this when he asserts (p. 80) that Stirner demands property based on the right of occupation
[290] Stirner p. 340.
[291] Ib. p. 339.
[292] Ib. p. 351.
[293] Stirner p. 351.
[294] Ib. pp. 351-2.
[295] Ib. pp. 343-4.
[296] Ib. p. 349.
[297] Ib. p. 342.
[298] Stirner pp. 329-30. [See footnote on [page 97].]
[299] Ib. p. 330.
[300] Stirner pp. 421-2.
[301] Stirner p. 423.
[302] Ib. p. 284.
[303] Ib. p. 483.
[304] Ib. p. 344.
[305] Ib. p. 343.
[306] Ib. p. 422.
[307] Ib. p. 199.
[308] Ib. 259.
[309] Stirner pp. 198-9.
[310] Ib. p. 344. [But Stirner does not mean that all are to fight against all; they are merely to declare themselves no longer bound by the obligations of peace, and then those who are able to agree with each other can at once make terms to suit themselves.]
[311] Ib. p. 340.
[312] Ib. p. 341.
[313] Stirner p. 479.
[314] Ib. p. 424.
[315] Ib. pp. 326-7.
[316] Stirner pp. 359-60.
CHAPTER VI
BAKUNIN'S TEACHING 1.—GENERAL
1. Mikhail Alexandrovitch Bakunin was born in 1814 at Pryamukhino, district of Torshok, government of Tver. In 1834 he entered the Artillery School at St. Petersburg; in 1835 he became an officer, but resigned his commission in the same year. He then lived alternately in Pryamukhino and in Moscow.
In 1840 Bakunin left Russia. In the following years revolutionary plans took him now to this part of Europe, now to that; in Paris he associated much with Proudhon. In 1849 he was condemned to death in Saxony, but was pardoned; in 1850 he was handed over to Austria and was condemned to death there also; in 1851 he was handed over to Russia and was there kept a prisoner first at St. Petersburg, then at Schluesselburg; in 1857 he was sent to Siberia.
From Siberia Bakunin escaped to London in 1865, by way of Japan and California. He took up his revolutionary activities again at once, and thereafter lived by turns in the most various parts of Europe. In 1868 he became a member of the Association internationale des travailleurs, and soon afterward he founded the Alliance internationale de la démocratie socialiste. In 1869 he came into intimate relations with the fanatic Nechayeff, but broke away from him in the next year. In 1872 he was expelled from the Association internationale des travailleurs on the ground that his aims were different from those of the Association. He died at Berne in 1876.
Bakunin wrote a number of works of a philosophical and political nature.
2. Bakunin's teaching about law, the State, and property finds its expression especially in the "Proposition motivée au comité central de la Ligue de la paix et de la liberté"[317] offered by him in 1868; in the principles[318] of the Alliance internationale de la démocratie socialiste, drawn up by him in 1868; and in his work "Dieu et l'Etat"[319] (1871).
Writings which cannot with certainty be assigned to Bakunin are here disregarded. Among such we may name especially the two works "The Principles of the Revolution"[320] and "Catechism of the Revolution,"[321] in which Nechayeff's views are set forth. They are indeed ascribed to Bakunin by some,[322] but their matter is in contradiction to his other utterances as well as to his deeds; he even used vehement language on several occasions against Nechayeff's "Machiavellianism and Jesuitism."[323] Even on the assumption that they are by Bakunin, they would at any rate express only a very insignificant chapter in his development.
3. Bakunin designates his teaching about law, the State, and property as "Anarchism." "In a word, we reject all legislation, all authority, all privileged, chartered, official, and legal influence,—even if it were created by universal suffrage,—in the conviction that such things can but redound always to the advantage of a ruling minority of exploiters and to the disadvantage of the vast enslaved majority. In this sense we are in truth Anarchists."[324]