Notes

[1.] See above, p. [41 ff.]

[2.] Paschal M. d'Elia, S. J., The Triple Demism of Sun Yat-sen, p. 132, Wuchang, 1931.

[CHRONOLOGY OF DYNASTIES]

This is the accepted time scheme in China. The dates are the Western equivalents of the most widely current Chinese computation, which is known to be incorrect or haphazard from the eighth century b.c. back. The periods given for the dynasties are chronological formulas rather than the exact expression of political realities. For a discussion of the materials of Chinese historiography, see Charles S. Gardner, Chinese Traditional Historiography, Cambridge, 1938. For an excellent short summary of Chinese history, see the "Historical Sketch" by Lei Hai-tsung in The Chinese Year Book, 1936-1937, Shanghai. Chronologies are to be found in the major Chinese-English dictionaries, and—among many others—in Leon Wieger, S. J., La Chine à travers les âges, Hsien-hsien, 1920, where they are accompanied by a great deal of the old-style, uncritical, but nevertheless informative, Chinese scholarship.

HSIAended 1765 (?)b.c.} prehistoric or semihistoric
SHANG 1765(?)-1123 (?)b.c.
CHOU1122(?)-256 b.c.
Ch'un Ch'in (Spring and Autumn Epoch)770-473 b.c.
Chan Kuo (Warring States Epoch) 473-221 b.c.
CH'IN 221-203 b.c.
EARLY HAN (including Wang Mang) 202 b.c.-a.d. 25
LATER HANa.d. 25-220
SAN KUO (Three Kingdoms)a.d. 221-264} China's "dark ages"
CHIN a.d. 265-419
NAN PEI CH'AO (Northern and Southern Dynasties)a.d. 420-588
SUI a.d. 589-619
T'ANG a.d. 620-906
WU TAI (Five Dynasties)a.d. 907-960
SUNG a.d. 960-1279
YÜAN (the Mongols)a.d. 1280-1367
MING a.d. 1368-1643
CH'ING (the Manchus)a.d. 1644-1911
MIN KUO (The Republic)1912-

[INDEX]

  1. A
  2. Administration (see Hsien; Scholastic bureaucracy; and Yüan system)
  3. Agrarian problems, [115ff.]
  4. Aircraft, military, [108ff.]
  5. Anfu party, after 1916, [47], [157]
  6. Armies, under the Han, [83ff.];
    1. Manchu period, [86ff.];
    2. Nationalist, [105ff.];
    3. national, [110ff.];
    4. tuchünal, [104ff.]
  7. B
  8. Barga Mongol Soviet Republic, [185]
  9. Borodin, Michael, [53], [162]
  10. Boxer uprising, [95], [117]
  11. Buddhism, [24], [131]
  12. C
  13. Canton governments (established by Sun in opposition to the Peking Republic), [156ff.], [160ff.]
  14. Canton-Moscow entente (see Nationalist-Communist coalition)
  15. Capitalism, [46], [69]
  16. Chan Kuo epoch, 473-221 B.C., [15ff.], [82]
  17. Chang Chung-chang, the Dog-Meat General, [103]
  18. Chang Hsüeh-liang, 1898- (ex-tuchün of Manchuria, son of Chang Tso-lin), [108]
  19. Chang Hsün (monarchist tuchün), [156]
  20. Chang Tso-lin, 1876-1928 (tuchün of Manchuria), [103ff.], [158], [168]
  21. Charioteers (Chou period), [80ff.]
  22. Ch'en Tu-hsiu, 1879- (excommunicated Communist leader), [65]
  23. Chiang K'ai-shek [Chiang Chieh-shih], 1888- (military heir to Sun Yat-sen; educated in Japan, further trained by Russians, advised by Germans; leading general in China after 1927, and outstanding figure in the National Government), [52], [105ff.], [122], [164], [182]
  24. Ch'in Shih Huang Ti, 259-210 B.C. (king of Ch'in, legalist, despot, unifier, conquered all China by 221 B.C.), [80ff.], [128ff.]
  25. Chinese Soviet Republic (established in Kiangsi, 1931; merged with National Government, 1937), [66], [182ff.]
  26. Ch'ing dynasty (see Manchu dynasty)
  27. Chinputang (Progressive Party), [151]
  28. Chou, Duke of (died 1105 B.C.[?]; semi-historic state founder), [127]
  29. Chou dynasty, 1122(?)-256 B.C., [14ff.], [80ff.], [127ff.]
  30. Christianity, [48ff.]
  31. Chu Hsi, 1130-1200 (Sung philosopher; interpreter of Confucianism), [16]
  32. Ch'un Ch'iu epoch, 770-473 B.C., [15], [81], [128]
  33. Communism, [51ff.], [63ff.], [72ff.], [182ff.]
  34. Communist Party, [54ff.], [68], [182ff.]
  35. Concessions, foreign, [140]
  36. Confucius [K'ung Ch'iu], 551-479 B.C. (China's most important philosopher, spent his life teaching, with intervals of practical administration), [15ff.], [128]
  38. Constitutions: Constitution of 1923, [158];
    1. Constitutional Compact, 1914, [153];
    2. Draft Constitution, 1937, [181];
    3. Nanking Organic Law, 1928, [172];
    4. Nanking Provisional Constitution, 1931, [172];
    5. Provisional Constitution of 1912, [148ff.]
  41. Council of State (see Yüan system)
  42. Customs, Maritime, [159]
  43. D
  44. Democracy (see San Min Chu I)
  45. Double Ten Day, [145]
  46. E
  47. Emperor, in old China, [18ff.], [130ff.]
  48. Empress Dowager Tzuŭ Hsi [Yeho-nola], 1835-1908 (actual ruler of China in the latter days of the Ch'ing), [141]
  49. Extraterritoriality, [140]
  50. F
  51. Family system, [3], [136ff.]
  52. Federal Revolutionary Government, 1932-1933 (Foochow), [184ff.]
  53. Fêng Yü-hsiang, 1880- (the Christian general, later pro-Soviet, joined the Nationalists, revolted in 1930, took part in anti-Japanese agitation), [103ff.]
  54. Feudalism, [80ff.]
  55. Foreign Office, [139], [159]
  56. G
  57. Genyosha (ultra-patriotic Japanese group), [71]
  58. George, Henry, [118]
  59. Goodnow, Professor Frank, [154]
  60. Gordon, Charles George, 1833-1885 (British commander of the Ever-Victorious Army), [93]
  61. H
  62. Han dynasty, 202 B.C.-A.D. 220, [82ff.], [116], [129]
  63. Han Lin (Imperial Academy), [130], [177]
  64. Hsia dynasty, 2205(?)-1765(?) B.C., [13]
  65. Hsien (district) system, [178ff.]
  66. Hsüan T'ung (last Manchu emperor of China; abdicated in his boyhood; now Kang Têh, Emperor of Manchoukuo), [156], [186]
  67. Hu Han-min, 1886-1937 (leader, Right Kuomintang), [59]
  68. Hu Shih, 1891- (philosopher, literary critic, language reformer), [76]
  69. Huang Hsing (early military leader of Republicans), [96]
  70. Hui (guild, league) system, [3], [136ff.]
  71. Hundred Days, the (see Reform Movement)
  72. I
  73. Ideology (see San Min Chu I)
  74. Imperialism, [119ff.]
  75. Islam, [24ff.], [94]
  76. Islamistan, [184]
  77. J
  78. Japanese-Chinese conflict, [34], [69ff.], [74], [122ff.], [154], [188ff.]
  79. "Japanese Monroe Doctrine," [70]
  80. Joffe, Adolf (Soviet agent in China), [51ff.], [161ff.]
  81. K
  82. K'ang Yu-wei, 1856-1928 (monarchical reformer), [140]
  83. Kuang Hsü, Emperor, 1871-1908 (modernist and reformer), [95], [140ff.]
  84. Kublai Khan, 1214-1294 (emperor, Yüan dynasty), [88]
  86. K'ung, H. H. [K'ung Hsiang-hsi], 1881- (industrial and financial administrator; Kuomintang leader), [60]
  87. Kuomintang, [31ff.], [38ff.], [50ff.], [57ff.], [72ff.], [161ff.], [167ff.]
  88. L
  89. Lao Tzŭ, traditionally 6th century B.C. (founder of Taoism, mystical philosophy antistate in effect), [24], [128]
  90. Li Hung-chang, 1822-1901 (Ch'ing viceroy), [92], [142]
  91. Li Yüan-hung (military opportunist; once President), [146], [155]
  92. Linebarger, Judge Paul (adviser to Sun Yat-sen), [161]
  93. Local government (see Hsien)
  94. M
  95. Manchoukuo, [28], [72], [185ff.]
  96. Manchu (Ch'ing) dynasty, 1644-1911, [32], [86ff.], [135ff.]
  97. Mandarins (see Scholastic bureaucracy)
  98. Marxism (see Communism)
  99. Mêngkokuo, [185]
  100. Militarism (see Armies; Tuchünism)
  101. Min shêng (see San Min Chu I)
  102. Ming dynasty, A.D. 1368-1643, [17], [85]
  103. Missionaries (see Christianity)
  104. Mohammedanism (see Islam)
  105. Municipal government, [181]
  106. N
  107. Nanking government (see National Government of China; "Reformed Government")
  108. National Government of China (Nanking, 1927-1937; inland thereafter), [114], [164], [167ff.]
  109. Nationalism (see San Min Chu I)
  110. Nationalist-Communist coalition 1923-1927, [54ff.], [161ff.]
  111. Nationalist Government at Nanking (see National Government of China)
  112. "Nationalist Government" of Peking, 1930-1931 (rebellious coalition of Northern tuchüns and Left Kuomintang; suppressed), [59], [107]
  113. Nationalist Government, soviet in form (Canton, 1925-1926; Wu-han, 1926-1927), [162ff.]
  114. Nationalists (see Kuomintang)
  115. New Life movement, [61]
  116. O
  117. Opportunist movements, [44ff.]
  118. Outer Mongol People's Republic, [185ff.]
  119. Overseas Chinese, [35ff.]
  120. P
  121. Pan-Asianism, [47], [70ff.]
  122. Pan-Mongolism, [47]
  123. Parliamentary Republic at Peking, 1912-1928, [114ff.], [149ff.], [157ff.]
  124. Party Congress, Kuomintang, [170ff.]
  125. Political doctrines, Sun Yat-sen's, [41ff.]
  126. Pro-Japanese movements, [47]
  127. Propaganda, [23ff.]
  128. Provincial government, [134], [177ff.]
  129. "Provisional Government" at Peking, 1937- , [186]
  130. Provisional Government of the United Provinces of China, Nanking, 1911-1912, [146]
  131. R
  132. Red Army, Chinese, [107], [182ff.]
  133. Reform Movement, Manchu, [140ff.]
  134. "Reformed Government" at Nanking, 1938- , [186]
  135. Republicans (see Kuomintang)
  137. Revolution, doctrine of, [59], [162];
    1. of 1911-1912 [the Republican Revolution], [38], [97ff.], [145ff.];
    2. of 1926-1927 [the Great Revolution], [55], [105ff.], [168]
  152. Revolutionists (see Kuomintang)
  153. S
  154. Salt Revenue Administration, [159ff.]
  155. San Min Chu I (the philosophy of Sun Yat-sen, since 1927 the official state dogma of China), [36], [41ff.], [59ff.], [72ff.], [120], [167ff.]
  156. Scholastic bureaucracy, [5], [86], [129ff.], [188]
  157. Settlements, foreign, [140]
  158. Shang dynasty, 1765(?)-1123(?) B.C., [14], [80], [126]
  159. Shih Huang Ti (see Ch'in Shih Huang Ti)
  160. Siam, [69]
  161. Sian, kidnaping of Chiang K'ai-shek at, [62], [66ff.]
  162. Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, [34]
  163. Soong, T. V. [Sung Tzŭ-wen], 1894- (brother-in-law of Sun Yat-sen; Kuomintang leader; finance administrator), [59ff.], [121]
  164. Soviet Republic, Chinese (see Chinese Soviet Republic)
  165. Soviet Russia (see Nationalist-Communist coalition)
  166. Sun K'ê [Sun Fo], 1891- (son of Sun Yat-sen; Kuomintang leader; railway administrator), [59ff.]
  167. Sun Yat-sen [Sun I-hsien; Sun Wên], 1867(?)-1925 (agitated for a republic; first President, 1912; author of the San Min Chu I; elected Leader, Tsung-li, of the Kuomintang; known after death as Chung Shan), [31ff.]
  168. Sun Yat-sen, Mme., [59]
  169. Sung Chiao-jen, Nationalist, [152]
  170. Sung dynasty, A.D. 960-1279, [1], [16]
  171. T
  172. Taikwa reforms, 645 A.D., [132]
  173. T'ai-p'ing rebellion, 1849-1865 (Christian agrarian jacquerie), [32ff.], [117]
  174. T'ang dynasty, A.D. 620-906, [1], [85], [132ff.]
  175. Tannu-Tuva People's Republic, [185]
  176. Taoism (see Lao Tzŭ)
  177. Toa-shugi [Far-Easternism], [71]
  178. Treaties, with Western states, [48], [139ff.]
  179. Treaty ports, [140]
  180. Tsao Kun (Northern tuchün), [103]
  181. Tsêng Kuo-fan, 1811-1872 (Ch'ing viceroy), [82]
  182. Tuan Chi-jui (Northern tuchün; once President), [103]
  183. Tuchünism, [45ff.], [76ff.], [107ff.], [114ff.], [157]
  184. Tungpei troops (Chinese soldiers exiled from Manchuria), [67]
  185. U
  186. United Front policy, 1937- , [60], [67ff.], [72ff.], [184]
  187. V
  188. Village system, [3], [136ff.]
  189. W
  190. Wang Ch'ing-wei, 1885- (leader, Left Kuomintang), [59]
  191. Wang Mang, 33 B.C.-A.D. 23 (Utopian who usurped the throne, dividing early and later Han), [17]
  192. War, in Chinese thought, [79]
  193. War lord (see Tuchünism)
  194. Ward, Frederick Townsend, 1831-1862 (American adventurer in Manchu service), [93]
  195. Whampoa Military Academy, [105]
  197. Wu Chih-hui, 1864- (Kuomintang leader with anarchist leanings), [59]
  198. Wu P'ei-fu (tuchün of the Yangtze valley), [28], [103ff.]
  199. Wu-han regime (see Nationalist Government, soviet in form)
  200. Y
  201. Yellow Turbans, 3rd century A.D. (farmer rebels), [63]
  202. Yen Hsi-shan, 1881- (the "Model Governor"; Northern tuchün who joined the Nationalists, revolted in 1930, subsequently retired), [103]
  203. Yen, Dr. James [Yen Yang-chu], 1894- (mass-education leader), [76]
  204. Yüan Shih-k'ai, 1859-1916 (administrator, soldier, politician; served the Manchus, leading in army modernization; became President, attempted usurpation, failed, and died), [38], [44], [94ff.], [146ff.]
  205. Yüan system (five-fold division of powers), [172ff.]

Transcriber's Notes: Obvious errors in spelling have been silently corrected.