NOTES
(The first figures refer to pages of text, and second figures to the reference figures in text).
1-1: Capitanía general: headquarters of the Captain general, who has supreme military authority in his district.
1-2: Granada: a province (and its principal city), the former bordering on the Mediterranean. It is full of Moorish remains, including the Alhambra.
1-3: echado que hubo: a very common construction = asi que hubo echado.
1-4: edecán: a corruption of the French aide-de-camp.
1-5: Sr. D.: Señor Don.
1-6: toitico = todito, diminutive of todo. This diminutive ending often adds emphasis.
2-1: a que = para que.
2-2: se persigue: they have pursued. The perfect tense value is often represented by the present (and the pluperfect by the imperfect) after después or hace (ago).
2-3: se volvió a reír = volvió a reírse, laughed again. Volver a, followed by an infinitive, is to be rendered as a formula of repetition, as, again, once more, etc.
2-4: no hay quien lo haga: there is no one who can do it.
2-5: conoce nadie: does anybody know? Observe that nadie is not necessarily negative. Cf. use of jamás, etc.
3-1: me matan: a vivid use of the present for the future.
3-2: vestido de macareno: dressed in a loud or striking fashion. The macareno is a native of one of the districts of Seville.
3-3: caerme de espaldas: to fall on my back.
3-4: había de conocer = conocería. Haber de followed by the infinitive denotes (a) obligation: as: ha de ser, it must be; habrá de hacerlo, he will have to do it; (b) futurity (present tense of haber de + infinitive), as: he de hablar, I will speak: (c) conditioned action (imperfect of haber de + infinitive), as: quién había de creer? who would believe?
3-5: que haya madre: and (to think) that there should be a mother!
3-6: Jesús: the Spaniard, the most Catholic of men, is in the habit of interlarding his speech with copious expletives derived from his religion, such as Jesús, Ave María purísima, etc., which may often be rendered by the mildest of English substitutes.
3-7: ¡Que ... muera!: may I die! let me die! As the subjunctive used with imperative value, depends on some desiderative verb understood, the que which would follow that verb is usually retained in Spanish (as in French), though not when V. or VV. is used.
3-8: para decirte la buenaventura: to tell your fortune.
4-1: a todo trapo: under full sail (lit. rag), i.e. unrestrainedly.
4-2: si son de alegría: why! they are tears of joy. Si is often used to introduce an emphatic assertion. It may be translated by an expletive or omitted entirely. Cf. p. 45, line 31 and note.
4-3: tomado a este hombre: (a = from). The preposition a is regularly used with the value of the English from, after verbs like steal, deprive, buy, etc.
4-4: burro en pelo: a bare-backed donkey (pelo = hair).
4-5: la mano: observe the usual idiomatic mode of expressing possession of parts of the body, wearing apparel, etc., by the use of the definite article instead of the possessive adjective his, her, etc., the dative pronoun also being often added to indicate the possessor, as: Yo me corté el dedo, I cut my finger.
4-6: se la: for the possessive value of se cf. the preceding note. Observe also the regular use of se instead of le or les when followed by la, le, lo or their plurals.
4-7: con todas las veras: with all the sincerity or earnestness. Cf. de veras, truly.
4-8: tarde que (usually o) temprano: sooner or later.
4-9: ya me ... ya me: whether ... or. For me cf. note p. 4, 3.
5-1: doy el cante: I denounce him.
5-2: dices que cuándo: do you ask when? Que redundant is required after decir introducing an indirect question. Cf. digo que no, que sí; I say no, yes.
5-3: el mes que entra: next month.
5-4: salir por la tapa de los sesos: cf. levantarse la tapa de los sesos, to blow out one's brains.
5-6: te ahorco: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.
5-7: para esa fecha: by that time (date).
5-8: después de muerto: after (he is) dead.
5-9: de haber echado tan corto el plazo: for having set so near (lit. short) a time.
5-10: tomó el tole: departed hurriedly.
5-11: vamos: (imperative) and vaya (subjunctive) are often used, regardless of their original meaning, as mere interjections. Translate: come now, well, etc. Cf. French allons.
5-12: a lo que me contó: in view of what ... told me.
5-13: se va al infierno: translate disappears. (Infierno = infernal regions.)
6-1: ello es: the fact is.
6-2: llevarían: would live. Cf. lleva diez años de casado, he has been married ten years.
6-3: de servicio: on service, on duty.
6-4: hijos: children.
6-5: voy de vuelta: I am returning.
6-6: cómo he de perder: how am I to suffer the loss? Cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
6-7: no seas: don't be. Observe that the imperative is never used negatively, being then replaced by the subjunctive.
7-1: Alicante: a port on the eastern coast of Spain.
7-2: Sevilla: a city of southern Spain (Andalusia) on the Guadalquivir River. Also (as here) the province in which this city is situated.
7-3: Preparen: (sc. ustedes). This is an order addressed to the bandit's comrades.
7-4: Tengo seis hijos: observe that tener (to have) does not take the preposition a before its personal direct object, which likewise omits a when preceded by a numeral, unless certain specific persons are referred to.
7-5: lo que me digo: me is an ethical dative (indicating the person interested). Omit in translating.
7-6: ustedes: the polite form ustedes is in this single instance substituted in the peasant's speech for vosotros, by attraction after the ceremonious word Caballeros. Observe that the bandits end by addressing the peasant as usted likewise.
7-7: mis hijos ...¡Hijos míos!: observe the variant forms mis and míos. For explanation see any grammar (possessive adjectives).
7-8: el rey Nerón: (i.e. el emperador). The Roman emperor Nero (reigned A.D. 54-68) persecuted the Christians, burning them as torches before his palace and making them fight with wild beasts in the arena.
8-1: ¡Pues no quiere su dinero!: well! if he doesn't actually want his money too!
8-2: No sé cómo: I don't know why.
8-3: le habéis robado: for dative le cf. note tomado a este hombre, p. 4, 3.
8-4: se los: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.
8-5: ¡A la paz de Dios!: (a familiar formula of leavetaking) God be with you, good-by, etc.
8-6: No habría andado: he could not have gone. The conditional mood is often employed to express conjecture as to a (usually) past event, just as the future indicative is used to express conjecture about a (usually) present event.
8-7: volver pies atrás: retrace his steps.
9-1: estupefacto: words having originally an initial s followed by a consonant prefix an e on becoming Spanish, as: estupor, stupor; escuela, school.
9-2: se echó ... a la cara: brought up to a level with his face. Cf. also note la mano, p. 4, 5.
9-3: cayó redondo: fell suddenly (collapsed).
9-4: maldito seas: a rather exceptional use of the subjunctive for the imperative, though common with the verb ser. Cf. last line, page 124.
9-5: unos canallas: canalla is feminine in its usual collective meaning: rabble. Applied to an individual, however, it agrees in gender.
9-6: Si conforme soy yo: if, just as it was (lit. is) I.
9-7: se: (ethical dative). Cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
9-8: migueletes: militiamen, serving as police for the suppression of brigandage.
9-9: dándome la espalda: turning his back on me. Cf. note la mano, P. 4, 5.
9-10: a todo escape: with the utmost velocity.
9-11: se ha quedado con: has kept (lit. has remained with).
10-1: a otro: observe that the indefinite article is never used before otro, -a.
10-2: a fe mía: upon my word. Cf. note á fe que, p. 12, 6.
10-3: nadie: cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.
10-4: con sus cinco sentidos: with his five senses, i.e. with all his heart.
11-1: El llamado Manuel: the one named Manuel.
11-2: Cuesta del Perro: Dog's Hill.
11-3: Van once: that makes eleven.
11-4: Sierra de Loja: a mountain named from Loja, a town halfway between the cities of Granada and Málaga.
11-5: la lista nominal: the roll-call.
12-1: arrancó a correr: started to run.
12-2: del arma: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
12-3: ¡Qué Conde del Montijo ni qué niño muerto!: the expression niño muerto is often thus used in contemptuous rejection of an idea. Translate the count del Montijo! fiddlesticks!
12-4: lo que hay que hacer: what must be done.
12-5: lo mismo me da: it's all one to me. Cf. no se me da nada, I don't care at all.
12-6: A fe que: upon my word; surely. Cf. note a fe mía, p. 10, 2.
13-1: ¡Necio de mí!: fool that I was!
13-2: tan sólo: only (tan redundant and emphatic).
13-3: inescrutables: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.
14-1: ¿Cómo que no?: que is redundant. It is dependent on some form of the verb decir understood: How can you say that you will not?
14-2: ¡Que no sabe!: a kindred usage to that in the last note. Que is frequently used in this elliptical and emphatic manner at the beginning of a sentence.
14-3: ¡habrá hipócrita igual!: can there be, etc. Cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
14-4: regalemos el oído: flatter; say pleasant things.
14-5: ¡vamos!: cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11.
14-6: músico mayor: military bandmaster.
14-7: Palacio: the royal palace.
14-8: Espartero: (1792-1879) Spanish general and statesman, at one time regent.
14-9: ¡vaya!: used like vamos above, p. 14, 5.
14-10: especialidad: (in familiar parlance) a notability.
14-11: no he vuelto: cf. note se volvió a reír, p. 2, 3.
15-1: otro Rossini: cf. note a otro, p. 10, 1. Rossini: (1792-1868) Italian composer who once enjoyed an immense vogue. His music, light, brilliant, but lacking in sincerity and deeper artistic qualities, is now much neglected.
15-2: lo que es esta tarde: as far as this afternoon is concerned.
15-3: ha de tocar: must play. Cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
15-4: es mi día: it is my saint's day (which among Catholics is celebrated as a birthday).
15-5: papá abuelo: dear grandpa. Abuelo is often used in addressing an old man.
15-6: ¡Quita allá!: a phrase used to express emphatic dissent. Translate Not much!
15-7: Se lo suplica a V.: Se = le, redundant pronoun anticipating usted. See note se la, p. 4, 6.
16-1: Mazzepa: (or rather Mazeppa) a Pole, who in punishment for an intrigue, was bound to the back of a horse, which carried him among the Cossacks, where he rose to distinction and high command. Vide Byron's poem Mazeppa.
16-2: Carlos XII: (doce— the ordinal numerals above décimo not being used with names of sovereigns) Charles XII, king of Sweden (lived 1682-1718). He fought, at first with brilliant success, against the Czar, Peter the Great, but was ultimately defeated.
16-3: Carlos e Isabel: Fernando VII (see notes Fernando, pp. 34, 5 and 51, 17) left the Spanish throne to his daughter, Isabel II, but Don Carlos. her uncle, laid claim to it by virtue of the Salic law excluding women from the throne. A long and disastrous civil warfare ensued between his party, the Carlistas, and the party of the queen-regent, Maria Cristina, the Cristinos.
16-4: Estoy por decir: I am on the point of saying.
16-5: buenos humos tenía: was much too proud.
16-6: ni (al lucero, etc.): even. The negative is intruded from the underlying negative psychologic notion: Ramón would not have suffered an affront—not even from, etc. Cf. note ni, p. 99, 3. lucero del alba: the planet Venus, bearing (as morning star) the name Lucifer. For el alba cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
16-7: morrión: a kind of tall helmet-cap, worn by the Cristinos.
16-8: boina: a round woolen cap, worn by the Carlists.
16-9: el Principado: the territory of Asturias, in the north of Spain. The term is also applicable to Cataluña in the northeast of Spain.
17-1: regularmente: (i.e. según reglas; naturalmente) presumably.
17-2: no te expongas: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
17-3: se la ha fumado: for se cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
17-4: El que no asista, etc.: a very loosely constructed sentence. Translate: If either of us does not appear, etc.
18-1: alaveses: natives of Álava, a Basque province in the north of Spain.
18-2: boina blanca de carlista: see note boina, p. 16, 8.
18-3: pistoletazo: pistol-shot. Observe the use of the ending azo, denoting a blow, cut, or shot with a weapon.
18-4: era de suponer: it was to be supposed; it was presumable.
18-5: habrá perecido: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
18-6: da razón: give an account.
19-1: habían despertado: (intransitive).
20-1: a una voz: with one voice.
20-2: por último: finally. Cf. por fin.
21-1: Ánimas: ringing of bells, generally at sunset, inviting to prayer for the souls of the dead.
21-2: el nombre de siempre: the same name as always. Cf. lo de siempre, the same as ever.
21-3: Como sabrás: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
21-4: cristino: see note Carlos e Isabel, p. 16, 3.
22-1: al salir el sol: at sunrise (el sol is the subject of salir).
22-2: veintiún: (for veinte y un.) Observe that uno in compounds is not pluralized and drops o before a noun. Other compounds are similarly formed, e.g. dieciseis, veintiseis.
23-1: tanto me conocía: knew me so well.
23-2: un corneta: the nouns corneta, trompeta, etc., used in the feminine, denote the instrument, and in the masculine, the player.
24-1: sabré música: ordinarily the definite article is used before a noun employed in a general sense. Here a partitive sense is hinted: I shall know (some) music.
25-1: mi vida se reducía a soplar: I passed all my time in playing (soplar, to blow).
25-2: notabilidades: noted men; celebrities.
25-3: al ave: el replaces la before feminine nouns beginning with accented a or ha. Un is occasionally used for una in the same cases (not academic).
25-4: me encontré con que, etc.: con governs the whole following clause as its object. Psychologically an intervening noun is indicated: I met with (the discovery) that I could not, etc.
25-5: haga són: (make sound) play. Alarcón has accented són to distinguish it from the verb son.
26-1: Pedro Pablo Rubens: Peter Paul Rubens, the great Flemish painter (1577-1640). He enjoyed much royal patronage, and consequently much of his work is now in the galleries of Spain and France.
26-2: Castilla la Nueva: the southern portion of the province of Castile, in central Spain, the northern portion being called Castilla la Vieja.
26-3: de feísima capilla: una is understood before feísima.
26-4: al momento: instantly.
26-5: delante: in front (of himself).
26-6: Descendimiento: descent (from the cross).
26-7: que figuraba estar colgado: which was represented as being hung.
27-1: Velázquez, etc.: this list includes the greatest names in the history of Spanish painting. They were all contemporaries, though Murillo (1618-1682) was considerably younger than the others.
27-2: tal maravilla: such a marvel. Observe the frequent omission of the indefinite article before tal. Cf. note a otro, p. 10, 1, and also un tal García, p. 33, 4.
27-3: propio: personal.
27-4: Vos: you (singular). It is used nominatively and after prepositions, taking a verb in the second person plural. It is more formal than tú and less so than usted.
28-1: de veras: cf. note con todas las veras, p. 4, 7.
28-2: está de cuerpo presente: is lying in state.
28-3: el alma: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
28-4: que puede: que is redundant.
28-5: se habrá serenado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
29-1: en son de burla: by way of a jest. Cf. note haga són, p. 25, 5.
29-2: compraros: to buy of you. Cf. note tomado a este hombre, p. 4, 3.
29-3: inmortal: observe the variation from the English form, as in Spanish c and n are the only consonants doubled. The Spanish equivalents of English words with initial imm are written inm.
29-4: habéis de saber: cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
29-5: por ir unido: because of its being associated.
29-6: ¡vamos!: cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11.
30-1: un alma: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
30-2: el grande artista: the apocopated form gran, usual before initial consonants, is not favored before vowels.
30-3: siglo: world (lit. cycle, century). Cf. English use of secular.
30-4: por lo que: a preposition that logically divides lo que is regularly prefixed.
30-5: Llevaos: observe the dropping of final d when os is suffixed.
31-1: olvidado: oblivious. A number of past participles are employed with the value of present participial adjectives. Cf. divertido, amusing.
31-2: llevarían: must have brought. Cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
31-3: a lo largo del templo: (the length of the church) down one of the longitudinal aisles.
31-4: vámonos: observe the dropping of the final s of the first person plural when nos is suffixed.
31-5: ¡Calla!; What! A number of imperative verb-forms are used with the value of mere interjections. Cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11.
32-1: Palacio: cf. note Palacio, p. 14, 7.
32-2: teniéndole a la mesa: inviting him to dinner.
32-3: se encontró con que: cf. note me encontré con que, p. 25, 4.
33-1: gallego: Galician. The province of Galicia lies in the northwest corner of Spain.
33-2: allá por el año: back in the year.
33-3: sapos y culebras y agua llovediza: i.e. popular remedies not recognized in the legitimate materia medica.
33-4: un tal García: a certain García.
33-5: acaso, y sin acaso: quite certainly.
33-6: varón ilustre: a Greek athlete, Milo of Crotona (in southern Italy), frequent victor in the Olympic games. By lifting and carrying a bull-calf daily, he was able, so the legend runs, ultimately to carry the full-grown bull. He came to his death by trying to pull asunder a split tree, which, reacting, held him fast until devoured by the wolves.
33-7: campar por su respeto: (to be absolute master of one's own actions) to have everything one's own way; to have full sway.
33-8: se llamará: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
33-9: las Ánimas: cf. note Ánimas, p. 21, 1.
33-10 ¿Qué hacemos?: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.
33-11: Por judío: for (i.e. as being) a Jew (often used as a term of reprobation).
34-1: llevo echados: llevar and tener are sometimes used as auxiliaries with a past participle governing (and agreeing with) a direct object. Cf. the Latin consilium captum habeo.
34-2: era mía: observe that the article is usually omitted when the verb ser is followed by the possessive adjective (contrary to the French usage).
34-3: había de esperar: cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
34-4: ¡Toma! Como que vendía: Why! (cf. note ¡calla! p. 31, 5) didn't he sell (como que, inasmuch as).
34-5: Fernando VII: a weak and tyrannical monarch who began to reign in 1808, but yielded his crown to Napoleon I. Restored to power in 1814, he reigned till 1833. Cf. also note p. 51, 7.
34-6: qué algazara traen: what a noise they are making.
34-7: entramos: cf. note me matan, p. 3, I.
34-8: cuartos ... ochavos: the cuarto (1/4) was a small copper coin (obsolete) worth four maravedís. Cuarto is also, however, a (fourth) part of a lacerated body—cf. the English draw and quarter. Hacer cuartos may be translated by this phrase and hacer ochavos by make mincemeat.
34-9: ochavo: (1/8) half a cuarto.
34-10: corrían la francachela: were carousing.
35-1: contaría: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
35-2: dijérase: in either member of a conditional sentence (i.e. condition or conclusion) the simple tense may be substituted for the compound one. Thus dijérase = se hubiera (or habría) dicho.
35-3: alguna vez: sometimes. Vez is often used in the singular with plural value. Cf. rara vez, rarely.
35-4: Quién ... quién: are used as correlatives: this one ... that one. Cuál ... cuál are used in the same way. They then bear the accent— which otherwise is used only when quién and cuál are interrogative or exclamatory.
35-5: 2 de Mayo: the 2d of May, 1808, is one of the great days in the annals of Spain. Out of loyalty to the royal family, an insurrection of the populace of Madrid took place, which was put down by the French only after the most desperate and heroic resistance by the ill-armed Spaniards.
35-6: cuál: supply había contado, as after quién.
35-7: batalla de las Pirámides: won by General Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1798, in the neighborhood of the Pyramids of Ghizeh, in Egypt. The French pretended to be defending Egypt against the Turks.
35-8: Luis XVI: (diez y seis— cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2) Louis was guillotined in 1793 by the republican government (la Convention) which had usurped his power.
35-9: ninguno: cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.
35-10: del César: of the emperor. Cf. the manner in which the name of Caesar has become a fixed title in Czar and Kaiser.
35-11: a España: a geographical name (not preceded by the article) is preceded by the preposition a when it is the direct object of a verb.
35-12: quijotescas: quixotic, extravagantly romantic.
36-1: Sansón: cf. note Sansón, p. 41, 1.
36-2: Milón de Crotona: cf. note varón ilustre, p. 33, 6.
36-3: Rey Católico: Ferdinand V of Spain, husband of Isabella I, the patroness of Columbus. He occupied the throne after her death.
36-4: Quirinal: the Italian royal palace, formerly the summer residence of the popes.
36-5: Alejandro Borja: Rodrigo Borgia, a Spaniard, became pope in 1492. Died 1503.
36-6: como bueno: like a hero.
36-7: Cosenza ... Pavia: the first three cities are in southern Italy; Pavia is a town of northern Italy (near Milan), the scene of a battle in which Francis I of France was defeated by the Spanish in 1525. He remained a prisoner in Spain till 1526.
36-8: Murat: the apothecary is not quite able to repress his hatred of Murat, Napoleon's brother-in-law and commander at Madrid, particularly detested because of his barbarous massacre of the Madrileños after the dos deMayo (cf. note 2 de Mayo, p. 35, 5).
36-9: Francisco I: (primero) cf. note on Pavía above. Cf. also remark on doce in note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2.
36-10: en esto: hereupon; at this moment.
37-1: vendrán: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
37-2: vecinos: (lit. neighbors) citizens; townspeople.
37-3: que no: = y no (used adversatively).
37-4: Fernando: cf. note Fernando VII, p. 34, 5.
37-5: Galicia: cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1.
37-6: a que: cf. note a que, p. 2, 1.
37-7: mancebo: clerk, especially a drug clerk.
37-8: recado de escribir: writing materials.
37-9: Deuda: debit.
38-1: Vos: cf. note Vos, p. 27, 4.
38-2: habréis matado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
38-3: Pireneos: Pyrenees Mountains, dividing Spain from France.
38-4: a la derecha: in this phrase, and in a la izquierda (to the left), the feminine is always used. Cf. the French usage.
38-5: Volvamos a empezar: cf. note se volvió a reír, p. 2, 3.
38-6: ¿Quién calcula eso?: who can calculate that? (a vivid form).
39-1: orden: denoting a succession or arrangement, is masculine; denoting a command, it is feminine.
39-2: suma por separado: add up separately.
39-3: nos hemos bebido: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
39-4: o sean: (followed by a singular substantive, o sea) or.
40-1: Ya es hora: it is time now.
40-2: ¡Que entren: cf. note que ... muera, p. 3, 6.
40-3: En esto: cf. note en esto, p. 36, 10.
40-4: vecinos: cf. note vecinos, p. 37, 2.
40-5: toque de agonía: passing bell; knell for the dying.
40-6: ni: even. Observe that ni, like many of the Spanish negative pronouns and adverbs, sometimes loses its negative value. Cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5, and the use of ninguno, p. 35, line 23.
41-1: Sansón: Samson, who destroyed the Philistines by pulling down the column of their temple. Vide Book of Judges, xiii-xvi.
41-2: Pavía: cf. note Cosenza ... Pavía, p. 36, 7.
41-3: hierros: here used poetically for espadas, swords.
41-4: adheridos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.
41-5: no se esperaba: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
41-6: no tenéis para qué: you have no reason.
41-7: no los toquéis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
42-1: la Coruña: the principal port of Galicia (cf. note gallego, p. 33, 1).
42-2: Vierais: cf. note dijérase, p. 35, 2.
43-1: creáis a puño cerrado: believe implicitly (lit. with clenched fists).
43-2: presumo de liberal: I pride myself on being a liberal (and hence inclined to anti clericalism as well as republicanism).
43-3: ¡cuidado que: take note that.
43-4: Delfinado: Dauphiné, a province in the southeast of France, bordering on Italy.
43-5: que lo que sea no lo sé: for I don't exactly know what it is.
44-1: y maldita la falta que me hacía: and little need had I. Maldito is often used colloquially as a negative word.
44-2: ¡hombre! ¡me gusta!: well! I like that! The vocative hombre is frequently used to express surprise, expostulation, etc. Here it is evidently addressed to a mere schoolboy.
44-3: tierra adentro: inland.
44-4: Piamonte: Piedmont, a province of northern Italy.
44-5: que aprendan: cf. note ¡Que... muera, p. 3, 6.
44-6: a ver: let us see. A ver may sometimes be rendered more freely, as here! look here!
44-7: rendidos: worn out.
44-8: veintisiete: cf. note veintiún, p. 22, 2.
44-9: Gerona: a city of Cataluña (province of northeastern Spain). It surrendered to the French in 1808, after heroically sustaining a siege for seven months.
44-10: no creáis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
44-11: ello es: cf. note ello es, p. 6, 1.
44-12: Perpiñán: Perpignan, a Mediterranean port of France a few miles from the Spanish frontier.
44-13: Dijon: a large French city, about two hundred miles southeast of Paris, in the direction of Geneva.
44-14: el por qué: the reason (lit. the wherefore).
44-15: pasaba: allowed.
44-16: sin embargo de: (== a pesar de) in spite of.
44-17: divertidos: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.
44-18: en tanto que: while.
45-1: Prefecto: prefect, the head of a French department, corresponding in a way to the governor of a state in the United States.
45-2: boletas de alojamiento: billets (tickets directing soldiers in what house to lodge).
45-3: a la izquierda: cf. note a laderecha, p. 38, 4.
45-4: ventana de reja: grated window.
45-5: diputado á Cortes: deputy, member of the legislative body (Cortes).
45-6: Almería: city and province on the southern coast of Spain.
45-7: cosa que puede preguntarse: a thing that will bear inquiring into.
45-8: habrá contado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
45-9: que lo busque: cf. note que ... muera, p. 3, 6.
45-10: Le Pape!: (French) the Pope!
45-11: con un palmo de boca abierto: open-mouthed; agape.
45-12: papá abuelo: cf. note papá abuelo, p. 15, 5.
45-13: A ver: cf. note a ver, p. 44, 6.
45-14: Toma: cf. note calla, p. 31, 5.
45-15: ¡Y si está parado!: but it is stopped. Cf. p. 4, line 12 and note.
46-1: Le Pontife: (French): the pontiff, the Pope.
46-2: Oui, monsieur. Le Pape! Pie sept: (French) yes, sir. The Pope! Pius VII.
46-3: Pío VII: (sétimo or séptimo) cf. note Carlos XII, p. 16, 2. Pius VII was pope 1800-1823.
46-4: En aquel entonces: at that time.
46-5: recibo de contribución: tax receipt.
46-6: sér: used as a noun, is by some accented to distinguish it from the verb.
47-1: brillaban que era un contento: shone (so) that it was a delight.
47-2: en cambio: on the other hand.
48-1: que cuanto veíamos: (= que tanto cuanto veíamos): than everything we saw.
48-2: el Oriente: the reference is to Bonaparte's Egyptian campaign in 1798. Cf. note batalla de las Pirámides, p. 35, 7.
48-3: Silla de San Pedro: papal throne.
48-4: he de deciros: cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
48-5: por lo que a mí hace: as far as I am concerned; as for me.
49-1: por el que: el que, la que, etc., are frequently used as pure relatives with the value of el cual, etc.
49-2: a Roma: cf. note a España, p. 35, 11. Rome was the capital of the estados pontificios, which included a large part of Italy. In the papal states the Pope exercised temporal as well as spiritual power.
49-3: Quirinal: cf. note p. 36, 4.
49-4: Sant-Angelo: (Italian), a fortified castle on the Tiber at Rome, defending the papal palace, the Vatican.
49-5: bandera tricolor: the tri-colored flag, the red, white, and blue flag adopted in France at the time of the Revolution.
49-6: consummatum est: (Latin), it is finished (the last words of Christ on the cross).
49-7: hachazos: cf. note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.
49-8: Sala de las Santificaciones: one of the apartments of the Vatican.
49-9: el Rey de Roma: i.e. the Pope.
50-1: roquete y muceta: rochet (surplice with narrow sleeves) and purple mantle (worn over the rochet).
50-2: estados Romanos: cf. note a Roma, p. 49, 2.
50-3: cuatro reales de vellón: four reales make a peseta, approximately of the same value as the papetto (Italian), a papal coin worth a little more than a lira or approximately twenty cents of our coin.
50-4: puerta del Popolo: (Italian: Porta del Popolo) one of the gates of Rome.
50-5: voy allá (or allá voy): I am coming to that.
51-1: Ello fué: cf. note ello es, p. 6, 1.
51-2: a Cataluña: cf. note el Principado, p. 16, 9, and note a España, p. 35, 11.
51-3: se me ha olvidado: I have forgotten.
51-4: Bailén: a city of southern Spain (Andalusia), the scene of a signal victory of the Spanish over the French, who capitulated to the number of 20,000 (1808). Zaragoza, a city in northeastern Spain (Aragon), the scene of two sieges (1808-1809), the Spanish holding out with desperate heroism against the French invaders, and only surrendering after 50,000 of themselves had perished.
51-5: paladín: this term was applied to the knights of Charlemagne, and by extension, to any knight errant, or chivalrous and warlike hero.
51-6: cruzado: crusader (from cruz, cross, which was worn as a badge).
51-7: Fernando VII: cf. note Fernando, p. 34, 5. Ferdinand welcomed the intervention of the French in Spain to support him in his absolutism against the advanced party, which clamored for constitutional liberties. The French expedition (1823) was completely successful, the resistance being so slight that the French describe the invasion as a promenade militaire.
51-8: en contra nuestra: in opposition to us.
52-1: seguían con sus gorros encasquetados: kept on their caps (lit. continued with, etc.).
52-2: como quien hace: like (one) who makes.
52-3: pulcra y pobremente: neatly though poorly. When two or more adverbs ending in mente are joined by a conjunction, the first one loses this termination.
52-4: calle de Amargura: the Via Dolorosa, or road passed over by Jesus bearing the cross to the place of crucifixion.
53-1: Santo Padre: holy Father, i.e. the Pope, while Padre Santo is one of the Fathers of the church, as Saint Augustine, etc.,—a distinction not always observed,—cf. line 22.
53-2: Lo de menos: a far less important matter.
53-3: Vive le Pape: (French) long live the Pope.
54-1: la orden: cf. note orden, p. 39, 1.
54-2: Chateaubriand (1768-1848): a great French writer. He chose to be a kind of official paladin of Catholicism.
54-3: del hacha: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
55-1: echar por tierra: throw to the ground.
55-2: Don Quijote, Sancho Panza: the would-be knight errant and his squire, the chief figures of Cervantes' immortal story of Don Quixote, published in 1605. The passage is from part II, cap. XLII, sub fine.
55-3: Guerra de la Independencia: (1808-1814): the war waged against Napoleon, who invaded Spain in 1808.
55-4: ha de transigir: must compromise. Cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
55-5: según que: nearly always según is followed by the verb without the intervening que.
55-6: muy de cerca: very intimately.
56-1: abuelo: cf. note papá abuelo, p. 15, 5.
56-2: Linares: mining town near Almería.
56-3: Gádor: mining town near Almería.
56-4: Usted irá: and you are going—
56-5: Almería: cf. note p. 45, 6.
56-6: a la galera: beyond the wagon.
56-7: quitarse el sombrero: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.
56-8: ¿Por qué he de negarlo?: why should I deny it? Cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
56-9: andar largo: to go far.
56-10: eche V. por esa vereda: strike into that path.
57-1: A ver: cf. note a ver, p. 44, 6.
57-2: por más señas: what is more (a formula used in citing an additional circumstance, detail, or argument).
57-3: Siéntese V.: observe that this form may come from sentar as well as from sentir.
57-4: cigarro de papel: cigarette.
57-5: Vaya: cf. note ¡calla! p. 31, 5.
57-6: Delgadillo: pretty thin.
58-1: echó unas yescas: struck a light (yesca, tinder).
58-2: Flojillo es: it (the cigar) is pretty thin.
58-3: Gérgal: town of southern Spain, near Almería.
58-4: un polaco: many Poles served under Napoleon. It was expected that he would restore Poland to a place among the nations. It had been partitioned between Russia, Austria, and Germany in the latter part of the eighteenth century.
58-5: año 23: cf. p. 51 and note on Fernando VII, p. 51, 7.
58-6: Estará apuntado: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
58-7: rezan: (lit. pray) tell, recount (colloquialism).
58-8: se lo cree a puño cerrado: cf. notes lo que me digo, p. 7, 5, and creáis, etc., p. 43, 1.
58-9: tres duros y medio: a humorous expression, duro (dollar) equal to 20 reales, being used for score.
58-10: mes de San Juan: i.e. June.
58-11: el polaco aquel: (colloquial) that Pole.
58-12: bribonazo: great rogue. The ending azo is often merely augmentative. Cf. also note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.
58-13: otro: Napoleon III, emperor of France (1852-1870).
58-14: mamelucos de Oriente: The Mamelukes were a body of militia, operating in Egypt, under Turkish command. The curate apparently regards the Turks as a necessary barrier for preventing the Russians from overflowing Occidental Europe. Some commentators have succeeded in finding this calamity foretold in the Book of Revelation.
58-15: Gádor: cf. note Gádor, p. 56, 3.
58-16: rusos y moscovitas: These words are synonymous.
58-17: Constitución: most of the political activity of Spain, during the nineteenth century, was expended on the creation and maintenance of a constitution, in spite of domestic opposition, and even of foreign intervention. Cf. note Fernando VII, p. 51, 7.
58-18: Fiñana: a town near Almería. Cf. note p. 45, 6.
58-19: según supe: cf. note según que, p. 55, 5; cf. also note supe, p. 63, 2.
58-20: llevará: must have passed (i.e. in Paradise). Cf. note llevarían, p. 6, 2, and note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
59-1: Alcazaba: the cerro de Alcazaba, a peak of the Sierra Nevada range, about halfway between the cities of Granada (note 1, 2) and Almería.
59-2: candil: an iron kitchen lamp attachable to the wall.
59-3: llevaba: cf. note llevarían, p. 6, 2.
59-4: a la media hora: after half an hour.
59-5: se me ha olvidado: cf. note, p. 51, 3.
59-6: en cuanto a: as regards.
59-7: cómo miraría: how he must have viewed.
59-8: didon: a term used as an insulting equivalent for Frenchman, derived from dis done (say!) so frequent in colloquial French.
59-9: gabacho: used as a synonym of the preceding. Properly, it is applied to natives of the Pyrenean frontier towns, whose dialect is full of French elements—hence the extension of the term.
60-1: tengo de costumbre: I am accustomed.
60-2: picar un cigarro: crumble the tobacco for making a cigarette.
60-3: caídos: sunken; hecho: transformed into.
60-4: calle de la Amargura: cf. note, p. 52, 4.
60-5: Mí querer morir: The speech of the Pole is ungrammatical, and his verbs are all in the infinitive.
60-6: franchute: a contemptuous term, synonymous with Frenchman.
60-7: cayó redondo: cf. note, p. 9, 3.
60-8: ¡Suba V. ese mulo!: fetch up that mule.
61-1: ¿Dónde va V.?: Properly dónde is used after verbs of rest, and adónde after verbs of motion.
61-2: judío: cf. note Por judío, p. 33, 11.
61-3: Otro: cf. note a otro, p. 10, 1.
61-4: el que más: (sc. ama).
61-5: cuidado con lo que me dices: be careful what you say to me.
61-6: rompo la crisma: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1. crisma: (lit. chrism, holy oil used in the sacrament of baptism) head.
61-7: a la muerte: muerte, being personified, takes the preposition a. Cf. lines 26 and 28 above.
62-1: si reflexionarais en que: if you think of (the fact) that. Verbs of thinking are followed by the preposition en.
62-2: será un quinto: is probably a conscript. Cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
62-3: ¡que diablo!: why, surely! The expression has the value of a mere interjection.
62-4: Batíos: cf. note llevaos, p. 30, 5.
62-5: que sea: cf. note ¡Que muera! p. 3, 6.
62-6: no seáis: cf. note no seas, p. 6, 7.
62-7: ¡Basta de letanías!: enough of talk, or moralizing! (lit. litanies).
62-8: ¿qué hacemos?: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.
63-1: estaba malo: I was sick. Note the different value of ser malo, to be bad, wicked.
63-2: supe: I learned (a frequent value of the preterite of saber).
64-1: fué a parar nada menos que a Suecia: drifted into no less remote a place than Sweden.
64-2: Marqués de la Romana: a Spanish patriot and general, whom Napoleon sent with 15,000 Spaniards to Denmark. When Spain clashed with Napoleon (1808) he reëmbarked most of his troops and returned to fight against him.
64-3: tomé de ordenanza a Risas: I took Risas along as my orderly.
64-4: miedo cerval: mortal fear (cerval, adj. from ciervo, deer, stag).
64-5: Polonia: Poland.
64-6: tal: is occasionally used for tal cosa, i.e. as a sort of neuter. Cf. note ni es tal tierra, p. 68, 1.
64-7: espirituosas: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.
64-8: ora ... ora: either ... or.
64-9: guerra de España: cf. note Guerra de la Independencia, p. 55, 3.
64-10: Varsovia: Warsaw, the largest city and former capital of Poland.
64-11: sin perjuicio de que ... saliese: without preventing his setting out.
64-12: a las pocas horas de haber echado a andar: a few hours after starting. Cf. note a la media hora, p. 59, 4. Echar a, followed by an infinitive, means to begin, to set about. Hence echar a andar, to begin to march or go, etc.
64-13: de lo más singular: an idiomatic substitution of the singular for the plural.
65-1: aquí: after de aquí (hence) supply some verb like resultó.
65-2: el que ... ella se brindara: que ella se brindara is treated as a substantive clause, which el precedes as it would a mere noun.
65-3: por creer: because he believed.
65-4: la tal efigie: (familiar style) this (same) portrait.
65-5: debió de probar: must have proved. Cf. Idiomatic Commentary, 59.
66-1: Es cuanto sé: cf. note que cuanto veíamos, p. 48, 1.
66-2: Vive Dios que: as God lives. Cf. note como que no, p. 14, 1.
67-1: El Libro Talonario: a book of checks, receipts, etc., in which duplicate stubs remain as records of transactions.
67-2: bahía de Cádiz: Cádiz, the ancient Gades, reputed 300 years older than Rome itself, a large seaport of southwestern Spain, on the Atlantic, a little northwest of Gibraltar. It is situated on a narrow promontory forming the outer wall of the bay (bahía) of Cádiz.
67-3: con ser la menor: in spite of being the smallest.
67-4: a título de Duque de Arcos: in his right as Duke of Arcos.
67-5: el tío Buscabeatas: tío is familiarly used as a generic term applied to old men. Cf. note on papá abuelo, p. 15, 5.
67-6: Huelva: a seaport a little northwest of Cádiz.
67-7: Sevilla: the most brilliant and characteristic city of southern Spain, situated in Andalucía, toward the mouth of the Guadalquivir.
67-8: por lo que: (for which) wherefore. For relative use of lo que cf. note por el que, p. 49, 1.
67-9: Andalucía la Baja: lower Andalusia, the southwest portion bordering on the Atlantic.
67-10: roteños: natives of Rota.
67-11: calabaceros ... tomateros: retailers of pumpkins and tomatoes.
68-1: ni es tal tierra: nor is this (soil) really soil. For tal neuter cf. note tal, p. 64, 6.
68-2: ni Cristo que lo fundó: render freely far from it.
68-3: Vesubio: Mt. Vesuvius.
68-4: ni: not even.
68-5: ora ... ora: now ... now. Cf. p. 64, line 16, and note 8, for a variant usage.
68-6: humus: (Latin) soil.
68-7: del vuelo de un plato chico: of the size of a small plate.
68-8: a tal mata: to this or that plant.
69-1: se dan: they strike.
69-2: la barba: their chins. For the article cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.
69-3: y era que: and (the fact) was that.
69-4: llevaba: cf. note llevarían, p. 6, 2.
69-5: tamañas como: as big as. The usual tan of comparisons of equality is implicit in the first syllable of tamaños (from the Latin tam magnas).
69-6: pasábase: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7. 5.
70-1: se las coma: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7. 5.
70-2: ¡Lástima: it's a pity!
70-3: ¿Qué he de hacer?: what am I to do? Cf. note no había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
70-4: salir de ellas: sell them.
70-5: cuánto sería: how great must have been. Cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6. Cf. also line 25 below.
70-6: Para ahorrarme de razones: to save words, i.e. to be brief.
70-7: Kemble: (John Philip) a great English tragedian (1757-1823).
70-8: ¡si te encuentro!: vide Merchant of Venice, Act I, sc. 3, line 47 (Globe edition).
70-9: por otra parte: (on the other hand) moreover.
70-10: debió de robármelas: cf. note debió de probar, p. 65, 5.
70-11: barco de la carga: freight boat.
70-12: barco de la hora: (lit. hour boat) passenger boat.
70-13: fe de livores: (legal phrase) declaration of injuries suffered.
70-14 hacerse a la vela: to set sail.
71-1: ciudad de Hércules: Hercules is claimed as the founder of Cádiz. Cf. note bahía de Cádiz, p. 67, 2.
71-2: ¡que no!: cf. note ¿Cómo que no? p. 14, 1.
71-3: ¡Tío ladrón!: you old thief! Cf. note el tío Buscabeatas, p. 67, 5.
71-4: educación: often loosely used for cortesía, its supposed fruit.
71-5: so indecentes: so, expletive, is often coupled with certain depreciative epithets like indecente, etc.
71-6: faltarse: fail to respect, i.e. insult each other.
71-7: puñetazo: cf. note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.
71-8: o sea: cf. note o sean, p. 39, 4.
72-1: Resignó ... en: resigned to.
72-2: A quién: cf. note compraros, p. 29, 2.
72-3: Al tío Fulano: from old So-and-so. Fulano is used as substitute for a real name when the latter is forgotten or avoided.
72-4: vecino: cf. note vecinos, p. 37, 2.
72-5: abonado: fit, adapted, disposed (often in a bad sense).
72-6: rebolonda: thick-set, stout.
72-7: cachigordeta: small and fat.
72-8: barrigona: big-bellied.
72-9: coloradilla: ruddy.
73-1: subió de punto: increased.
73-2: recién llegado: recién is used instead of recientemente before a past participle.
73-3: se lo: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.
73-4: materialmente: by bodily force.
73-5: el mismo Regidor: usually mismo intervening between article and noun means same. Occasionally it corresponds to the emphatic pronoun himself, etc.
73-6: ha de ver: must look to it, must beware.
73-7: Egido: apparently the name of his garden.
73-8: tirando de él: pulling at it (so as to empty it).
73-9: libraco: (big, ugly) book. The suffix aco is depreciative.
73-10: tocón o pezuelo: a stub. Cf. note libro talonario, p. 67, 1.
73-11: tal o cual: such and such.
74-1: o sea: cf. note ó sean, p. 39, 4.
74-2: en tanto que: while. Cf. note mientras tanto que, p. 82, 9.
74-3: espectadores: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.
74-4: el mismo Concejal: cf. note el mismo Regidor, p. 73, 5.
74-5: llevárselo: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
75-1: fuese diciendo: observe that the preterit (and its derived tenses) of ser and ir are identical.
75-2: He debido traerme: I should have brought back.
75-3: comérmela: me, ethical dative (like traerme).
76-1: Alpujarra: coast mountains of southern Spain near Almería, a ramification of the Sierra Nevadas. They formed the last refuge of the Moors.
76-2: hacia Levante: toward the east.
76-3: ni nadie: nor anybody else. Cf. note conoce nadie, p. 2, 5.
76-4: ponga en cuarentena: put into quarantine, i.e. regard with suspicion.
76-5: Aben-Humeya: (the prefixes ben and aben in Moorish names mean son, the son). Lived 1520-1568. He was the king of the Moors of la Alpujarra, and was condemned to death by Philip II.
76-6: (a): alias.
77-1: el tal Juan: this same John. Cf. note la tal effigie, p. 65, 4.
77-2: no entendía de letra: was illiterate.
77-3: a censo enfitéutico: on a long-time (or perpetual) lease.
77-4: caudal de Propios: public property (belonging to the town).
77-5: castillejo: the ending ejo is usually depreciative as well as diminutive.
77-6: por lo que: cf. note por el que, p. 49, 1.
77-7: a sus solas: all alone. For a similar idiomatic plural, cf. de veras, and (on p. 4, line 31) con todas las veras.
77-8: que daba asco: (such or so) that it inspired disgust. Que is often elliptical.
78-1: vas a echar un siglo: it will take you forever.
78-2: componértelas: to take the proper measures; to go about a thing; to manage.
78-3: divertido: cf. note olvidado, p. 31, 1.
78-4: todo lo que es deshacer: destruction in any form.
78-5: hay que deshacer: cf. note lo que hay que hacer, p. 12, 4.
78-6: francmasón: in Catholic countries the freemason is regarded as the embodiment of radical and subversive ideas. The church ofticially disapproves of freemasonry.
78-7: que tengo: que, for. Que is often used elliptically for pues que, etc.
78-8: cañuto: tube. Apparently soldiers carried their discharge in a metallic tube to protect it from exposure.
78-9: ni tan siquiera: not even. Cf. note tan sólo, p. 13, 2.
79-1: también me estorba a mí lo negro: I also am embarrassed by whatever is set down in black (and white), i.e. print or writing.
79-2: licencia absoluta: the testimonial given to a soldier on completing his military service.
79-3: Mahoma: Mohammed.
79-4: de medio a medio: completely.
79-5: entraban en quintas: practiced conscription (the drafting of men by lot for military service).
79-6: en torno suyo: round about himself.
79-7: Granada: cf. note Granada, p. 1, 2.
79-8: en cuanto Dios eche sus luces: as soon as God lights his lamp (the sun).
79-9: puerto: mountain pass.
80-1: Ugijar: a small half-Moorish town on the southern base of the Alpujarras.
80-2: compadre: the compadrazgo (gossipry) is the relation which exists between the father of a child and its godfather, who call each other compadre (gossip). It is often used also as a mere friendly epithet: My friend!
80-3: entiende de todo: understands all things.
80-4: todo será apretar un poco a la caballería: it will be a question only of urging along the mount (a mule, of course) a little.
80-5: cuidado: take care.
80-6: Valencia: a large seaport of eastern Spain. Its richly colored paving tiles are its most famous specialty.
80-7: de más de vara en cuadro: more than a yard square.
80-8: so pena: in this and a few other expressions the antiquated preposition so (= bajo, under) still survives.
80-9: hay que excavar: cf. note lo que hay que hacer, p. 12, 4.
80-10: dice hubo trampa: says (that) there was some trickery. The conjunction que is occasionally omitted after decir.
80-11: tengo entendido: cf. note llevo echados, p. 34, 1.
81-1: A saber: it remains to be learned.
81-2: Por de pronto: meanwhile; provisionally; for the present, i.e. as things now stand.
81-3: cuando se pronunció Riego: this patriotic officer, by his pronunciamento (1820), boldly set the example of revolt against the perfidious conduct of Fernando VII (see notes pp. 34, 5, and 51, 7), who violated the constitution adopted in 1812. After the French intervention the king had Riego executed.
81-4: habría que mandar: cf. note lo que hay que hacer, p. 12, 4.
81-5: Guadix: city of southern Spain (between Granada and Almería) the birthplace of Alarcón.
81-6: puede que: (i.e. se puede que) it is possible.
81-7: No serían: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
81-8: doctor en ambos Derechos: Latin: doctor in utroque (jure) doctor in civil and canonical law.
81-9: oído que hubo: cf. note echado que hubo, p. 1, 3.
81-10: debió de ser: cf. note debió de probar, p. 65, 5.
81-11: babuchero: closet? The babucha is a Moorish slipper.
82-1: viernes: Friday is the Mohammedan Sabbath.
82-2: Comisaría de los Santos Lugares: commission (for the maintenance, etc.)of holy places.
82-3: onzas de oro: the gold onza is worth about sixteen dollars.
82-4: en letra: (sc. de cambio) in (the form of) a draft.
82-5: lo del tesoro: the matter of the treasure.
82-6: a fe que: cf. note a fe que, p. 12, 6.
82-7: de a cuatro: this use of de a occurs in expressing the price or value per piece of merchandise, coins, etc.
82-8: guardárselas: to put them away. For se (+ el bolsillo) see note se la, p. 4, 6.
82-9: mientras tanto que: while. Tiempo, or rather, the notion of time, may be understood after tanto, which is in reality a neuter. Cf. en tanto que, p. 74, line 11, and en esto.
82-10: Tudela y González: in his or her full family name, the Spaniard joins the mother's family name to the father's with an (omissible) y.
82-11: Maestro de capilla: chapel-master (the musical director in a church).
82-12: Ceuta: a city in Africa opposite Gibraltar. It is still a Spanish possession.
82-13: sobrino político: nephew-in-law. The various relatives-in-law may all be indicated by analogous expressions, though specific names also exist in most cases.
83-1: en carta certificada: in a registered letter.
83-2: como no sea: unless it be, except.
83-3: Que estés mejor: cf. que ... muera, p. 3, 6.
83-4: dolor de estómago: (usually: stomach-ache) stomachic disorder.
83-5: Escrita la carta: in the absolute construction, the favorite position for the participle is at the beginning of the phrase.
83-6: Encarnación: many Spanish proper names are derived from the mysteries of religion, as Dolores (Maria de los Dolores), etc.
83-7: meses mayores: the months just before harvest.
83-8: la de todos los días: your usual daily performance, i.e. chocolate that is not good.
83-9: Tarifa: the most southern and the most Moorish city of Spain.
84-1: Peñón: (sc. de Gibraltar) the Rock of Gibraltar. Peñón is an augmentative of peña.
84-2: Anghera, Benzú, Atlas: mountains of Africa, opposite Spain.
84-4: ¡Y vaya si es gorda!: and I tell you it's a long (lit. fat) one! For vaya cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11. For si cf. note si son de alegría, p. 4, 2.
84-5: ¡Hombre!: used here as a mere emotional interjection. Cf. note hombre, etc. p. 44, 2.
84-6: cata aquí: (equivalent to he aquí) behold, here is, this is, etc.
84-7: abencerraje: properly: a member of the princely Moorish family of the Abencerrajes. (Cf. note Aben-Humeya, p. 76, 5.) Translate: old heathen.
84-8: dicho esto: cf. note escrita la carta, p. 83, 5.
84-9: por sí propio: of its own accord.
84-10: gaditana: of Cádiz (Latin Gades). Cf. note bahía de Cádiz, p. 67, 2.
84-11: por más señas: cf. same note, p. 57, 2.
84-12: papelote: huge document.
84-13: En tanto que: cf. note mientras tanto que, p. 82, 9.
85-1: guardándose, etc.: cf. note guardárselas, p. 82, 8.
85-2: no se te olvide: cf. note se me ha olvidado, p. 51, 3.
85-3: ¡Que si tenemos hijos!: this may be rendered as an indirect question dependent on the verb pregunta (he asks) understood. In such cases the redundant que is generally used after the interrogative verb. Cf. note dices que cuándo, p. 5, 2.
85-4: zambombo, tonel, desagradecido: lout, wine-cask, ingrate.
85-5: Virgen de las Angustias: cf. the Latin: Mater Dolorosa.
85-6: tirando un pellizco: suddenly pinching.
86-1: plaza fuerte: stronghold. Ceuta is garrisoned by Spanish troops.
86-2: chilava: a garment with a hood.
86-3: jaique: Arab cape with a hood.
86-4: Querer: do you wish? (The Moor's speech is ungrammatical.)
86-5: poniéndose en cruz: crossing his arms.
87-1: sudando a mares: (sweating seas) breaking out into a profuse perspiration.
87-2: Alah: (or Alá): Allah (Arabic), God.
87-3: a la boca: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.
87-4: lo menos: (for a lo menos) at least.
88-1: Quesada y Sánchez: cf. note Tudela y González, p. 82, 10.
88-2: Aben-Humeya: cf. same note, p. 76, 5.
88-3: Penitenciario: father-confessor.
88-4: está en los huesos: is reduced to mere skin and bones.
88-5: alcuzcuz: pellets of honey and flour, a favorite Moorish dish.
88-6: candil: cf. note candil, p. 59, 2.
89-1: dicha de pronto: suddenly reported.
89-2: Fez: a large inland city of Morocco, south of Tangier.
89-3: como quiera que esta sea la hora ... que no se haya vuelto a saber de Manos-Gordas: inasmuch as up to the present hour no one has ever heard anything more of Manos-Gordas.
89-4: dicho se está: it remains said or settled.
89-5: Rey absoluto: Fernando VII (cf. note p. 34, 5).
89-6: zapateta: the striking together of the feet, or of foot and hand, in dancing.
89-7: toda el África: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
89-8: Jauja: "fool's Paradise."
90-1: tal día hizo (or hará) un año: (expression of indifference or unconcern) it's no great matter.
90-2: con poner mucha tierra por medio: by going a long way off.
90-3: no hay que pensar: cf. note lo que hay que hacer, p. 12, 4.
90-4: Toma aquí: go this way.
90-5: Tetuán: city of Morocco, south of Ceuta.
90-6: Llegado que hubieron: cf. note echado que hubo, p. 1, 3.
90-7: ben-Carime: cf. note Aben Humeya, p. 76, 5.
90-8: recién salida: cf. note recién llegado, p. 73, 2.
90-9: tal o cual: this or that, some ... or other.
91-1: se coman: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
91-2: Aben-Humeya: cf. note p. 76, 5.
91-3: Don Juan de Austria: a natural son of the Emperor Charles V, suppressed an insurrection of the Moors in Granada (1570) and later Footnote: won the battle of Lepanto, where he crushed the Turkish armament. Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote, served under him in this battle.
92-1: sin perjuicio de que: cf. same note, p. 64, 11.
92-2: andando los años: cf. note escrita la carta, p. 83, 5.
92-3: setecientos: it will be observed that in this and other compounds of siete, ie reverts to the original etymological e in accordance with the general rule operating through the whole Spanish vocabulary that e changes to ie, and o to ue, only in the accented syllable.
92-4: volverá a pertenecerles: it is said that some of the African Moors still preserve the title deeds to their Andalusian estates and even the keys of the houses, to which they hope to return.
92-5: los cartagineses: The Carthaginian influence predominated in Spain for several centuries till the end of the second Punic war in 201 B.C.; the Roman domination extended over several centuries from that date. The Vandals and Goths ruled in Spain from the fifth to the eighth century and the Moors from the eighth to the fifteenth.
92-6: por la (or lo or el) presente: at the present time.
92-7: suponiendo que: assuming that.
92-8: prójimo: (noun) one's neighbor, fellow-man; próximo -a (adj.) next, nearest, neighboring.
92-9: nada más que: solely.
92-10: escrito: written (in the book of Destiny). Fatalism and predestination are essential tenets of Mohammedanism.
93-1: no es de hombres honestos: it is not (the characteristic) of honorable men, i.e. it does not befit good men.
93-2: maldito seas: cf. same note, p. 9, 4.
93-3: ni tan siquiera: cf. same note, p. 78, 9.
93-4: egira: (or égira or hégira) the year of Mohammed's flight from Mecca (622 A.D.), from which the Mohammedans reckon chronologically.
93-5: de resultas de: as a result of.
93-6: Corán: Coran or Koran (the Mohammedan Bible).
94-1: compaña: an obsolescent form of compañía.
94-2: no me estará de más: it will not be superfluous.
94-3: Luego: presently.
94-4: puede que: cf. same note, p. 81, 6.
94-5: por de pronto: cf. same note, p. 81, 2.
94-6: sinvergüenzona: shameless creature. (Augmentative form of sin vergüenza.)
95-1: de lo que: cf. note por lo que, p. 30, 4.
95-2: agareno: Mohammedan. Originally applied to those who were supposed to descend from Hagar, as opposed to Saracen, a superior class, claiming descent from Sarah, the wife of Abraham. Vide Book of Genesis.
96-1: se viene: he will come along. The reflexive pronoun, so common with verbs of motion, is redundant. For tense cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.
96-2: alcuzcuz: cf. same note, p. 88, 5.
96-3: muy recocido: thoroughly cooked.
96-4: a ver: (= para ver). The preposition a, introducing an infinitive expressing purpose, is regularly used after verbs of motion like ir, venir, etc.
96-5: dorado a fuego: bronzed.
97-1: Orán: an Algerian province, bordering on Morocco.
97-2: Marruecos: Morocco.
97-3: Supe: cf. note supe, p. 63, 2.
97-4: por resultas de: cf. note de resultas de, p. 93, 5.
97-5: a fuerza de: by dint of, at the price of.
98-1: visto lo cual: cf. escrita la carta, p. 83, 5.
98-2: te has hecho cargo: you have taken note of, you have understood.
98-3: cuando menos: at least.
98-4: después de descubierto: cf. note después de muerto, p. 5, 8.
98-5: subir ... hasta rey: rise even to the dignity of king.
98-6: ¿Qué te parece mi proyecto?: how does my plan strike you?
99-1: Tú no has caído en una cuenta: there is one thing you have failed to understand. Caigo en ..., I understand.
99-2: tonto de capirote: utterly foolish.
99-3: Ni: and. This peculiarly idiomatic use of the negative may be explained as being carried into the expression of the thought by suggestion from its essentially negative nature. Cf. note ni, p. 16, 6.
100-1: el veintitantos: between the 20th and 28th. The word is compounded in the same manner as veintiseis, etc. Cf. note veintiún, p. 22, 2.
100-2: nevaba si había que nevar: (freely) it snowed if it ever did.
100-3: sierra andaluza: i.e. Sierra Nevada.
100-4: señá: provincialism for señora.
100-5: cata aquí: cf. same note, p. 84, 6.
100-6: todo de un solo golpe: all at once.
100-7: se harán ustedes cargo: cf. note te has hecho cargo, p. 98, 2.
100-8: cruzándose la mantilla: crossing the ends of her mantilla over her breast.
100-9: Estaría de Dios: it must have been God's will. Cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
100-10: echases la misa en el puchero: (should throw the mass into the kettle) should stay at home and not go to mass.
100-11: sobre si: on (the question) whether; as to whether.
101-1: Marchado que se hubo: cf. note echado que hubo, p. 1, 3.
101-2: manta de muestra: a showy wrap or blanket.
101-3: maestro de obras: master-mason.
101-4: hizo como que se marchaba: acted as if he were going off, i.e. pretended to go.
101-5: ni tan siquiera: cf. same note, p. 78, 9.
101-6: en cuanto fué de día: as soon as it was day.
101-7: los tales ruidos: cf. note la tal efigie, p. 65, 4.
101-8: cuartucho: (fr. cuarto, room) mean little room. The diminutive ending ucho is depreciative.
102-1: Alcalde de monterilla: an ignorant rustic magistrate.
102-2: catalán: of Cataluña, province in northwestern Spain.
102-3: Yo me pinto solo: I excel.
103-1: Es que: but the fact is that. Cf. note y era que, p. 69, 3.
103-2: paró mientes: considered attentively.
103-3: Tampoco dejaría de agradarme: nor would it displease me (lit. fail of pleasing me).
103-4: echó los brazos a la espalda: folded his arms behind his back.
104-1: me lo sé: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
104-2: al pie de la letra: literally, word for word.
104-3: No me da por ahí: I have no interest in those parts.
105-1: chino: the Chinese were formerly reputed to be very guileless.
105-2: Melilla: Mediterranean seaport of Morocco.
105-3: un sobrino que tiene de músico: a nephew of his, a musician.
105-4: compadre: cf. note compadre, p. 80, 2.
105-5: dado que: inasmuch as.
105-6: en seguidita que almorcemos: just as soon as we have breakfasted. This diminutive form in ita emphasizes the ordinary en seguida.
106-1: entre si parece o no parece: while we are waiting to learn if it will appear or not appear.
106-2: De lo contrario: (in the contrary case), if you do not.
107-1: Juzgado de primera instancia: an inferior court for trying civil cases; primary court of claims.
107-2: (q.D.g.): que Dios guarde, whom may God preserve.
108-1: echarle mano: lay hands on him.
108-2: Chancillería de Granada: formerly one of the two supreme courts of Spain.
108-3: Compadre: cf. same note, p. 80, 2.
108-4: Ni la Caridad: not Heaven itself.
108-5: salva: cf. note me matan, p. 3, 1.
108-6: o sea: cf. note o sean, p. 39, 4.
108-7: por lo pronto: cf. note por de pronto, p. 81, 2.
108-8: ha prescrito: has been outlawed or rendered null.
109-1: Vaya si me lo llevaré: why! of course I will carry it away with me. For vaya cf. note vamos, p. 5, 11; for si cf. note si son de alegría, p. 4, 2; and for me cf, note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.
109-2: me he de vengar: cf. note había de conocer, p. 3, 4.
109-3: ¡Vamos andando!: Let's be a-going!
109-4: habidos y por haber: (that have been and that shall be) past and future.
109-5: el Viernes de Dolores: the Friday before Palm Sunday.
109-6: regresado que hubo: cf. note echado que hubo, p. 1, 3.
109-7: Domingo de Ramos: Palm Sunday.
109-8: Miércoles Santo: Wednesday of Holy Week.
109-9: Sábado de Gloria: Easter Sunday.
110-1: mandó poner una carta: he directed that a letter be dispatched.
110-2: no volvió a echar más luz: Echar luz, to recover health and strength. For volvió a cf. note se volvió a reír, p. 2, 3.
110-3: Por manera que: so that.
110-4: con posterioridad a: subsequent to.
110-5: andando el tiempo: cf. note escrita la carta, p. 83, 5.
111-1: Spitzberg: Spitzbergen, a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean north of Norway.
111-2: al hacha: cf. note al ave, p. 25, 3.
111-3: lo que sí sé: sí (yes) is often redundantly used to emphasize a verb.
111-4: emigrarían: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
112-1: a fines de Agosto: the plural forms fines, mediados, and principios are used in indefinite reference to end, middle, and beginning of the month, year, etc.
112-2: Siquiera: at least.
112-3: por si quería: in case I wished.
112-4: Parry: the English explorer who made various Arctic exploring expeditions between 1811 and 1827.
112-5: Robinsón: Robinson Crusoe.
113-1: recorrer su ocaso: revolve around its setting point.
113-2: esculpidos: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.
114-1: posterior a su Apocalipsis: after the Apocalypse (the end of the world). This is the Greek title of the Book of Revelation.
115-1: lo mata todo: kills everything. Lo ... todo as object of a verb is often equivalent to everything.
116-1: mi no ser: the non ego.
116-2: Groenlandia: Greenland.
116-3: Nueva Zembla: Nova Zembla, a group of two islands in the Arctic Ocean, north of Russia.
116-4: descorrió: infused.
116-5: Oceanía: Oceanica, the collective name of the islands of the Pacific.
116-6: Atila: Attila, king of the Huns, who devastated Europe about the middle of the fifth century.
117-1: ¿De que pecan?: in what respect are they wrong (lit. do they sin)?
117-2: de exagerados: (i.e. pecan de exagerados) they have the fault of being exaggerated.
118-1: pro indiviso: (Latin) undivided.
118-2: habrá: cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6.
119-1: Lázaro: for the story of the resurrection of Lazarus, see the Gospel of John, xi.
120-1: capella ardente: (Italian) place where a dead body lies in state amid burning tapers.
121-1: frente a: in front of.
121-2: Ya ... ya: now ... now.
123-1: Noé: Noah (cf. Genesis, viii).
124-1: Día 5: (sc. de Febrero).
125-1: a la Creación: this is the direct object of he aquí (= behold). The preposition a, regularly used before the personal direct object, may be used before things also when personified. Cf. p. 61, last line.
126-1: Círculo polar: Arctic Circle (66-2/3° N. latitude).
126-2: mallemak, etc.: retain the original name in translating.
126-3: Escocia: Scotland. Cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.
127-1: Prometeo: Prometheus, who was chained to a rock by order of Jove for stealing fire from heaven.
127-2: ¡Necio de mí!: cf. same note, p. 13, 1.
129-1: de consiguiente: the usual phrase is por consiguiente.
(p173)